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Felicioli, Antonio, Mario Forzan, Simona Sagona, Paola D’Agostino, Diego Baido, Baldassare Fronte e Maurizio Mazzei. "Effect of Oral Administration of 1,3-1,6 β-Glucans in DWV Naturally Infected Newly Emerged Bees (Apis mellifera L.)". Veterinary Sciences 7, n. 2 (25 aprile 2020): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7020052.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Honeybee pathogens have an important role in honeybee colony mortality and colony losses; most of them are widely spread and necessitate worldwide solutions to contrast honeybee’s decline. Possible accepted solutions to cope with the spread of honeybee’s pathogens are focused on the study of experimental protocols to enhance the insect’s immune defenses. Honeybee’s artificial diet capable to stimulate the immune system is a promising field of investigation as ascertained by the introduction of 1,3-1,6 β-glucans as a dietary supplement. In this work, by collecting faecal samples of honeybees exposed to different dietary conditions of 1,3-1,6 β-glucans (0.5% and 2% w/w), it has been possible to investigate the Deformed wing virus (DWV) viral load kinetic without harming the insects. Virological data obtained by a one-step TaqMan RT-PCR highlighted the ability of 1,3-1,6 β-glucans to reduce the viral load at the 24th day of rearing. The results indicated that the diet supplemented with 1,3-1,6 β-glucans was associated with a dose-dependent activation of phenoloxidase. The control group showed a higher survival rate than the experimental groups. This research confirmed 1,3-1,6 β-glucans as molecules able to modulate honeybees’ defense pathways, and this is the first report in which the kinetic of DWV infection in honeybee faeces has been monitored by a RT-qPCR.
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Wirta, Helena Kristiina, Mohammad Bahram, Kirsten Miller, Tomas Roslin e Eero Vesterinen. "Reconstructing the ecosystem context of a species: Honey-borne DNA reveals the roles of the honeybee". PLOS ONE 17, n. 7 (13 luglio 2022): e0268250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268250.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
To assess a species’ impact on its environment–and the environment’s impact upon a species–we need to pinpoint its links to surrounding taxa. The honeybee (Apis mellifera) provides a promising model system for such an exercise. While pollination is an important ecosystem service, recent studies suggest that honeybees can also provide disservices. Developing a comprehensive understanding of the full suite of services and disservices that honeybees provide is a key priority for such a ubiquitous species. In this perspective paper, we propose that the DNA contents of honey can be used to establish the honeybee’s functional niche, as reflected by ecosystem services and disservices. Drawing upon previously published genomic data, we analysed the DNA found within 43 honey samples from Northern Europe. Based on metagenomic analysis, we find that the taxonomic composition of DNA is dominated by a low pathogenicity bee virus with 40.2% of the reads, followed by bacteria (16.7%), plants (9.4%) and only 1.1% from fungi. In terms of ecological roles of taxa associated with the bees or taxa in their environment, bee gut microbes dominate the honey DNA, with plants as the second most abundant group. A range of pathogens associated with plants, bees and other animals occur frequently, but with lower relative read abundance, across the samples. The associations found here reflect a versatile the honeybee’s role in the North-European ecosystem. Feeding on nectar and pollen, the honeybee interacts with plants–in particular with cultivated crops. In doing so, the honeybee appears to disperse common pathogens of plants, pollinators and other animals, but also microbes potentially protective of these pathogens. Thus, honey-borne DNA helps us define the honeybee’s functional niche, offering directions to expound the benefits and drawbacks of the associations to the honeybee itself and its interacting organisms.
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Amssalu Bezabeh, Esubalew Shitaneh e Emana Getu. "Temperament of Ethiopian honeybees". International Journal of Science and Research Archive 8, n. 2 (30 marzo 2023): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2023.8.2.0229.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Information on the relative defensive behavior variations of Ethiopian bees and factors associated with temperament variation is not available. The objective of this study was to identify the temperament conditions of these honeybee populations. Two hundred forty farmer beekeepers from 57 localities were interviewed based on pre-structured questionnaire to determine aggressive behavior of Ethiopian honeybees, seasons and factors responsible for heightening their aggressiveness. The aggression rate of Ethiopian honeybee groups were determined for 3001 honeybee colonies and analyzed using Kruskal-wallis ANOVA. The aggressiveness varies among honeybee groups. Apis mellifera jemenitica honeybees are highly aggressive while Apis mellifera monticolla honeybees are relatively docile. The seasons of the year in which aggressiveness enhanced also vary both within and between honeybee groups depending on climatic conditions of their respective areas. The aggression generally heightens when nectar and pollen are abundantly available which is associated with honey flow and harvest and brooding periods. Attacks of enemies are also found the primary factor enhancing the aggression behavior across all honeybee groups. Aggression rate is significant and positively correlated with temperature and negatively with altitude. Generally lowland and southern region honeybees are more aggressive than highlands and northern region honeybees.
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Rasic, Sladjan, Mica Mladenovic e Ljubisa Stanisavljevic. "Use of geometric morphometrics to differentiate selected lines of Carniolan honeybees (Apis mellifera carnica) in Serbia and Montenegro". Archives of Biological Sciences 67, n. 3 (2015): 929–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs140224054r.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In a selection of honeybees from autochthonous ecotypes, different lines must be identified. Honeybee lineages are usually distinguished by classical morphometrics and molecular markers, but these approaches are both costly and time-consuming to implement. Recognition of the purity of races is very important for regional and country regulations to allow a sustainable conservation of the huge variety of local honeybees. A geometric morphometric approach has been frequently used. In this work, honeybee samples were collected from stationary apiaries (belonging to the centers for honeybee queen selection) from two different Serbian areas: Vrsac (northeastern Serbia, mostly flatland) and Vranje (southern Serbia, mostly mountainous), and two different Montenegrin areas: Bijelo Polje (northern Montenegro, mountainous region) and Sutomore (southern Montenegro, coastal region). Each sample consisted of 150 honeybee workers, collected from 10 hives (15 specimens each). On the honeybee left forewings, a total of 19 vein intersections were used to determine the differences among the honeybees using MorphoJ 1.4a software. Canonical variate analysis (CVA) slightly separated the honeybee lines into one overlapping cloud of specimens at the individual level. The first canonical variable (60.57% of the total variability) discriminated mainly between Bijelo Polje and Sutomore honeybee lines. Therefore, on the colony level, CVA separated all four groups of breeding honeybee lines. The results show that geometric morphometrics are reliable in the discrimination of honeybee lines within subspecies only at the colony level.
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Chiari, Wainer César, Vagner de Alencar Arnaut de Toledo, Maria Claudia Colla Ruvolo-Takasusuki, Arildo José Braz de Oliveira, Eduardo Shiguero Sakaguti, Valeria Maria Attencia, Fabiana Martins Costa e Marina Hitomi Mitsui. "Pollination of soybean (Glycine max L. Merril) by honeybees (Apis mellifera L.)". Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 48, n. 1 (gennaio 2005): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132005000100005.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of the honeybee pollination in the production and quality of soybean seeds (Glycine max L. Merril). Seed production was higher (P=0.0001) in covered areas with honeybee colonies (50.64%) and uncovered areas (57.73%) than in covered areas without honeybee colonies. It could be concluded that honeybees were responsible for 95.5% of the pollination accomplished by insects. The pod number in covered treatment with honeybees was 61.38% higher (P=0.0002) than in the covered treatment without honeybees. The average weight of 100 seeds was larger (P=0.0001) in the area covered without honeybees, and reached 17.8 g. The medium content of crude protein in grains was 36.7% and the average oil content was 20.2%. The germination test did not show differences (P>0.05) among the seeds in different treatments. It was concluded that the honeybee pollination in the soybean increased the seeds production.
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Kasangaki, Patrice, Gideon N. Nyamasyo, Paul N. Ndegwa, Christopher Angiro e Robert Kajobe. "Apis mellifera adansonii Is the Most Defensive Honeybee in Uganda". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2018 (21 giugno 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4079587.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Honeybee defensive behaviour is an important trait for selection of honeybees for breeding programs. We evaluated the variation in honeybee defensive behaviour with environmental factors and hive conditions. Factors such as the difference in the agro-ecological zones, colony strength, mean elevation, type of bee hive used, and the vegetation cover were considered. The number of honeybees attacking the researchers’ protective gear within one minute of disturbance was recorded per colony and analyzed. Apis m. adansonii was found to be the most defensive. Variations in the agro-ecological zones, colony strength, and mean elevation were found to significantly influence the defensive behaviour of the honeybees. Honeybee colonies in the Mid North AEZ were the most defensive. The type of bee hive and vegetation cover did not have any influence on the defensive behaviour. From this study, we suggest that selection of honeybees that are less defensive for breeding programs should consider A. m. scutellata and honeybee colonies from West Nile and Southern Highland AEZs at higher elevations.
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Kim, Dae Yoon, Soohyun Maeng, Sung-Jin Cho, Hui Jin Park, Kyungsu Kim, Jae Kwon Lee e Sathiyaraj Srinivasan. "The Ascosphaera apis Infection (Chalkbrood Disease) Alters the Gut Bacteriome Composition of the Honeybee". Pathogens 12, n. 5 (19 maggio 2023): 734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12050734.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The declining honeybee populations are a significant risk to the productivity and security of agriculture worldwide. Although there are many causes of these declines, parasites are a significant one. Disease glitches in honeybees have been identified in recent years and increasing attention has been paid to addressing the issue. Between 30% and 40% of all managed honeybee colonies in the USA have perished annually over the past few years. American foulbrood (AFB) and European foulbrood (EFB) have been reported as bacterial diseases, Nosema as a protozoan disease, and Chalkbrood and Stonebrood as fungal diseases. The study aims to compare the bacterial community related to the Nosema ceranae and Ascosphaera apis infection on the gut of the honeybee and compare it with the weakly active honeybees. The Nosema-infected honeybees contain the phyla Proteobacteria as the significantly dominant bacterial phyla, similar to the weakly active honeybees. In contrast, the Ascosphaera (Chalkbrood) infected honeybee contains large amounts of Firmicutes rather than Proteobacteria.
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Alatawy, Marfat, Sanaa G. Al-Attas, Ahmad I. Assagaf, Rashad R. Al-Hindi, Khalid M. Alghamdi, Jazem A. Mahyoub, Alshehri D et al. "Gut Microbiome of Two Different Honeybee Workers Subspecies In Saudi Arabia." Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 17, n. 4 (15 gennaio 2021): 659–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2870.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Honeybees play a vital role in the world’s food supply by acting as essential pollinators in the agricultural fields. Interestingly, more than one third of the world’s essential crops are honeybee’s dependant. The adult honeybeeworkers harbour a simple specific bacterial spectrum in their guts with vital role in bees’ health. Gut microbial diversity of adult honeybee workerswasstudied through targeting the V3 and V4 regions of the 16S rRNA geneviaIllumina MiSeq. The study identified four phyla of the gut microbiomesinadult workersof the two-honeybee subspecies A.m. jemeniticaandA.m. carnica. The most abundant phylum in microbiome of A.m. jemeniticawasFirmicutes (48%), while Protobacteria and Actinobacteriaphylawere less abundantat figures of31% and 10%, respectively. In microbiome of A.m. carnica,Firmicutes (57%) was also the most dominant phylum, while Protobacteria and Actinobacteria had lower prevalence at figures of 31% and 10%, respectively. At genus level, adult honeybee workers harboured a number ofLactobacillus spp.in their guts with relative abundance of 80% in A.m. jemeniticaworkers compared to52%forA.m. carnicaworkers.Up toour knowledge, this is the first study of its kind on gut microbiome diversity inhoneybee workersof different origins conducted in Saudi Arabia using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology. The results indicatedthat the variability inmonophyletic origin of host of honeybee workers affectedgut microbiota composition.
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Asem Surindro Singh e Machathoibi Takhellambam Chanu. "Combined role of immediate early genes Egr-1, Hr-38 and Kakusei in the foraging behavior and learning in honeybees". World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 16, n. 2 (30 novembre 2022): 458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.16.2.1169.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The foraging behavior of honeybees is one of the most systematically composed behaviors among social insects which are admirable to watch. The main purpose of honeybee foraging is to collect food for their colony and since ancient days honeybee products have been used for various medicinal purposes (Singh and Takhellambam, 2021) (1). During foraging, honeybees gather information and transmit to their colony members regarding the location, distance, and profitability of forage sites with the help of unique movements called waggle dance. The capacities of honeybees’ time memory enable the foragers to return to a good food source in anticipation of the time of day. This highly intellectual, dynamic, and well-coordinated behavior of honeybees makes them to be one of the best choices of behavioral model to study various aspects of dynamic behaviors. As a result, vast knowledge in honeybee behavior has been accumulated and several recent studies immerge towards finding the underpinning regulatory biology of honeybee foraging behaviors. Immediate early genes (IE) genes are well documented neural markers and their promising roles in honeybee foraging have been demonstrated. Two of our recent studies showed three IE genes Egr-1, Hr-38 and Kakusei involvement during the daily foraging of honeybees. This finding has provided an avenue to further explore and identify the regulatory genes/proteins and neurons that underlie a specific behavior such as learning, memory, communication, and interaction etc. In this study we further analyze our previous published data to examine interaction of the three genes during the daily foraging of honeybees.
10
Bazhaw, Taryn, David Drake, Johanna Delgado-Acevedo e Derald A. Harp. "Factors Influencing Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) Visits to Crepe Myrtle (Lagerstroemia sp.)". Journal of Environmental Horticulture 39, n. 4 (1 dicembre 2021): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-39.4.143.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) are important pollinators and will selectively forage on crepe myrtle (CM) during the summer months. Unfortunately, CM pollen can become contaminated with pesticides used to control insects, especially crepe myrtle bark scale (Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae Kuwana). An experiment was conducted in July and August of 2019 and 2020 to compare honeybee visits to CM among four cultivars (‘Natchez', ‘Tuscarora', ‘Ebony Fire', and ‘Pocomoke') at an isolated location, and within a single cultivar series (Ebony) near other pollinator-friendly plants. ‘Natchez' had the most honeybee visits per tree, averaging 1.4 visits per 75 seconds per tree per day in 2019 and 1.2 visits per 75 seconds per tree per day in 2020, followed by ‘Tuscarora' with 0.8 and 0.4 honeybee visits per 75 seconds per tree per day, in 2019 and 2020, respectively. In 2020, there was a significant, moderate correlation (P< 0.001, r = 0.51) between bloom number and honeybee visits, with ‘Natchez' (158.9) and ‘Tuscarora' (148.2) having more average blooms per tree than ‘Ebony Fire' (35.6) and ‘Pocomoke' (35.7). Landscape environment and proximity to pollinator-friendly plants did not affect honeybee visits. CM are an important foraging resource for honeybees in the summer, and honeybees have a strong preference for cultivars with large, productive bloom clusters. Index words: pollinators, crepe myrtle bark scale, Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae, crepe myrtle Species used in this study: Crepe myrtle, Lagerstroemia indica L.; Lagerstroemia × faurei; Honeybee, Apis mellifera L.; American bumblebee, Bombus pensylvanicus De Geer.
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Toplak, Ivan, Laura Šimenc, Metka Pislak Ocepek e Danilo Bevk. "Determination of Genetically Identical Strains of Four Honeybee Viruses in Bumblebee Positive Samples". Viruses 12, n. 11 (16 novembre 2020): 1310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12111310.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In recent years, there has been growing evidence that certain types of honeybee viruses could be transmitted between different pollinators. Within a voluntary monitoring programme, 180 honeybee samples (Apis mellifera carnica) were collected from affected apiaries between 2007 and 2018. Also from August 2017 to August 2018, a total 148 samples of healthy bumblebees (Bombus lapidarius, B. pascuorum, B. terrestris, B. lucorum, B. hortorum, B. sylvarum, B. humilis) were collected at four different locations in Slovenia, and all samples were tested by using RT-PCR methods for six honeybee viruses. Direct sequencing of a total 158 positive samples (acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV n = 33), black queen cell virus (BQCV n = 75), sacbrood bee virus (SBV n = 25) and Lake Sinai virus (LSV n = 25)) was performed from obtained RT-PCR products. The genetic comparison of identified positive samples of bumblebees and detected honeybee field strains of ABPV, BQCV, SBV, and LSV demonstrated 98.74% to 100% nucleotide identity between both species. This study not only provides evidence that honeybees and bumblebees are infected with genetically identical or closely related viral strains of four endemically present honeybee viruses but also detected a high diversity of circulating strains in bumblebees, similar as was observed among honeybees. Important new genetic data for endemic strains circulating in honeybees and bumblebees in Slovenia are presented.
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Coulibaly, Krouholé, Muhammad Majeed, Chao Chen, Kolo YEO, Wei Shi e Chun-Sen Ma. "Insights into the Maternal Ancestry of Côte d’Ivoire Honeybees Using the Intergenic Region COI-COII". Insects 10, n. 4 (29 marzo 2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10040090.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Honeybee populations in Côte d’Ivoire have been previously identified as belonging to one subspecies, Apis mellifera scutellata, but other studies have since reported a mixed population consisting of A. m. adansonii and A. m. jemenitica. The population structure and the geographic distribution of honeybees in Côte d’Ivoire remain unclear. This study aimed to profile the population structure of honeybees and their biogeography in Côte d’Ivoire. A total of 33 honeybee colonies were sampled from 15 localities to investigate the maternal ancestry of indigenous honeybee populations using the DraI COI-COII mtDNA test. The results revealed that the honeybee population in Côte d’Ivoire is composed of African haplotypes, all belonging to the AI sublineage. Haplotypes A1 and A4 were recorded with five new sequence variants, including three types of haplotype A1 and two types of haplotype A4. The A1e variant was the most frequent in the A. m. adansonii distributional area. The distribution of the haplotype variants was correlated with the climate pattern in Côte d’Ivoire. This is the first study in Côte d’Ivoire that gives insights into the biogeography and mitotype structure of the local honeybee populations.
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Yu, Li, Jieliang Zhao, Zhiyun Ma, Wenzhong Wang, Shaoze Yan, Yue Jin e Yu Fang. "Experimental Verification on Steering Flight of Honeybee by Electrical Stimulation". Cyborg and Bionic Systems 2022 (21 luglio 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2022/9895837.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The artificial locomotion control strategy is the fundamental technique to ensure the accomplishment of the preset assignments for cyborg insects. The existing research has recognized that the electrical stimulation applied to the optic lobes was an appropriate flight control strategy for small insects represented by honeybee. This control technique has been confirmed to be effective for honeybee flight initiation and cessation. However, its regulation effect on steering locomotion has not been fully verified. Here, we investigated the steering control effect of honeybee by applying electrical stimulation signals with different duty cycles and frequencies on the unilateral optic lobes and screened the stimulus parameters with the highest response successful rate. Moreover, we confirmed the effectiveness of steering control by verifying the presence of rotation torque on tethered honeybees and the body orientation change of crawling honeybees. Our study will contribute some reliable parameter references to the motion control of cyborg honeybees.
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Yashdeep, Ayush Kumar, K. Dharineesh, Siddharth Sa Sonar, Nikhil Chaudhary, Sneha Bag e S. K. Gharde. "Effect of Environmental Stresses on Honeybee Population". International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, n. 8 (21 giugno 2023): 2087–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i82165.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Honeybees are essential pollinators that play a crucial role in maintaining the global ecosystem and food security. However, in recent years, honeybee populations have been declining rapidly due to a combination of factors, including environmental stresses. Environmental stresses such as habitat loss, pesticide use, climate change, and disease are some of the major stresses that affect the survival and health of honeybee colonies. These stresses can affect honeybees in several ways, including reduced foraging efficiency, impaired immune function, decreased reproductive success, and increased susceptibility to pathogens. Habitat loss and fragmentation have a direct impact on honeybees' foraging efficiency by reducing the availability of floral resources. Pesticide use, especially neonicotinoids, has been shown to affect honeybees' immune function, navigation, and communication. Climate change can affect the time of flowering and alter the distribution of floral resources, which can lead to reduced foraging efficiency. Varroa mites, Nosema, and American foulbrood are some of the diseases that can cause significant damage to honeybee colonies. The presence of these diseases can lead to reduced reproductive success, impaired immune function, and increased mortality.
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Dong, Van Quyen, Thuy Duong Bui Thi, Thi Lanh Pham, Thi Hoa Nguyen, Quang Huy Nguyen, Thi Thu Ha e Hong Thai Pham. "Profile of the gut microbial composition in Apis mellifera larvae collected in Ha Noi". Academia Journal of Biology 46, n. 2 (23 giugno 2024): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2615-9023/20165.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in food digestion, enhances the host's immune system, and against pathogens. Numerous studies have been conducted on the microbiota of insects in general and honeybees in particular. However, studies have primarily focused on adult honeybees, with fewer studies dedicated to larvae. Despite being within the hive, honeybee larvae still possess their distinct microbiota. To gain a deeper understanding of the microbiota in the larvae of Apis mellifera honeybees, the larva from honeybee colonies collected in Ha Noi, Vietnam was investigated. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) targeting the 16S rRNA gene was employed for microbiome analysis. Results revealed the presence of 5 phyla including Proteobacteria (70.43%), Actinobacteria (1.16%), Firmicutes (20.87%), Bacteroidetes (2.72%), and Chloroflexi (2%). Representative genera included Bombella (29.97%), Lactobacillus (14.91%), Gilliamella (9.59%), Frischella (4.69%), Snodgrassella (3.85%), and Marinobacter (1.21%). Further characterized species composition in the sample we identified the prevalence of Bifidobacterium intestini (29.96%), Gilliamella apicola (8.08%), Frischella perrara (4.55%), Lactobacillus kimbladii (2.85%), Lactobacillus plantarum (2.80%), Snodgrassella alvi (2.77%), Lactobacillus mellis (2.59%), Lactobacillus_uc (unclassified or not yet classified to species, 2.19%), Lactobacillus kunkeei (1.43%), and Lactobacillus melliventris (1.31%). Understanding these microbial dynamics is crucial for developing strategies to support honeybee health and mitigate the challenges posed by factors, such as pesticides, environmental pollution, and honeybee diseases.
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Nowak, Adriana, Daria Szczuka, Anna Górczyńska, Ilona Motyl e Dorota Kręgiel. "Characterization of Apis mellifera Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Lactic Acid Bacteria for Honeybee Protection—A Review". Cells 10, n. 3 (22 marzo 2021): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10030701.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Numerous honeybee (Apis mellifera) products, such as honey, propolis, and bee venom, are used in traditional medicine to prevent illness and promote healing. Therefore, this insect has a huge impact on humans’ way of life and the environment. While the population of A. mellifera is large, there is concern that widespread commercialization of beekeeping, combined with environmental pollution and the action of bee pathogens, has caused significant problems for the health of honeybee populations. One of the strategies to preserve the welfare of honeybees is to better understand and protect their natural microbiota. This paper provides a unique overview of the latest research on the features and functioning of A. mellifera. Honeybee microbiome analysis focuses on both the function and numerous factors affecting it. In addition, we present the characteristics of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as an important part of the gut community and their special beneficial activities for honeybee health. The idea of probiotics for honeybees as a promising tool to improve their health is widely discussed. Knowledge of the natural gut microbiota provides an opportunity to create a broad strategy for honeybee vitality, including the development of modern probiotic preparations to use instead of conventional antibiotics, environmentally friendly biocides, and biological control agents.
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Horak, Richard D., Sean P. Leonard e Nancy A. Moran. "Symbionts shape host innate immunity in honeybees". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, n. 1933 (26 agosto 2020): 20201184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1184.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The gut microbiome plays a critical role in the health of many animals. Honeybees are no exception, as they host a core microbiome that affects their nutrition and immune function. However, the relationship between the honeybee immune system and its gut symbionts is poorly understood. Here, we explore how the beneficial symbiont Snodgrassella alvi affects honeybee immune gene expression. We show that both live and heat-killed S. alvi protect honeybees from the opportunistic pathogen Serratia marcescens and lead to the expression of host antimicrobial peptides . Honeybee immune genes respond differently to live S. alvi compared to heat-killed S. alvi, the latter causing a more extensive immune expression response. We show a preference for Toll pathway upregulation over the Imd pathway in the presence of both live and heat-killed S. alvi . Finally, we find that live S. alvi aids in clearance of S. marcescens from the honeybee gut, supporting a potential role for the symbiont in colonization resistance. Our results show that colonization by the beneficial symbiont S. alvi triggers a replicable honeybee immune response. These responses may benefit the host and the symbiont, by helping to regulate gut microbial members and preventing overgrowth or invasion by opportunists.
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Nasir, Muhammad. "Susceptibility Comparison of Bumblebee and Honeybee to Acetamiprid and Imidacloprid". Jammu Kashmir Journal of Agriculture 1, n. 1 (27 marzo 2023): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.56810/jkjagri.001.01.0006.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
midacloprid and acetamiprid are neonicotinoid insecticides introduced in the market for the control of insect pests of agricultural crops, but unfortunately these insecticides are causing harmful effect on non-target organisms including honeybees and bumblebees. Insecticides of this group effect acetylcholine nicotinic receptors. Apis mellifera, the European honeybee and Bombus haemorrhoidalis are important pollinators for wild and managed crops in Pakistan, but unfortunately their population is declining day by day at alarming rate. This study was design to find out the susceptibility level and insecticidal toxicity comparison on A. mellifera and B. haemorrhoidalis to acetamiprid and imidacloprid under controlled laboratory conditions by using contact and oral exposure methods. The results of oral method by using sugar solution showed that honeybee is more susceptible as compared to bumblebee on both insecticides. Maximum mortality i.e. 20%, 35%, 66%, in honeybee and 16%, 29%, 45% in bumblebee workers at acetamiprid and at imidacloprid 46%, 67%, 83% in honeybee and 34%, 56%, 72% in bumblebee were observed respectively after the exposure of 3hrs. 6hrs. and 24hrs. Similar susceptibly results were found on pollen and contact method. Overall results demonstrate that these both neonicotinoid insecticides are toxic for bumblebees and honeybees, and honeybee workers are more susceptible as compared to bumblebee workers at company recommended field realistic dose.
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Brozovic, Danilo, Annika Ravald e Fredrik Nordin. "Making sense of service dynamics: the honeybee metaphor". Journal of Services Marketing 29, n. 6/7 (14 settembre 2015): 634–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsm-01-2015-0046.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the honeybee colony metaphor as a tool to make sense of the dynamics of service systems surrounding a service relationship. Design/methodology/approach – Based on qualitative case research, this study develops and applies the metaphor of honeybee colonies as a tool to analytically and discursively draw parallels between different aspects of honeybees and service systems surrounding a service relationship, focusing on the dynamic nature of both. Findings – The honeybee colony metaphor can serve as an analytical tool, helping managers to make sense of the dynamics of service interactions and, as a discursive tool, giving sense to the strategic implications of service providers’ everyday activities. Research limitations/implications – Few metaphors, no matter how complex, can wholly capture reality. The honeybee colony metaphor describes the dynamics surrounding a service relationship at a comprehensive level. Further research can focus on the metaphor’s particular aspects (the changing role of honeybees in the system, for example) or distortions (e.g. parasitic relationships). Practical implications – The honeybee colony metaphor illustrates the strategic importance of part-time marketers; they “pollinate” and “fertilize” the customers and properly assessed information that they report represents a basis for strategic decisions. Originality/value – The introduction of the honeybee colony metaphor in this paper provides a new lens for capturing the dynamic aspects of service systems surrounding a service relationship and the strategic implications derived from adopting a systemic outlook on service.
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Power, Karen, Manuela Martano, Gennaro Altamura, Nadia Piscopo e Paola Maiolino. "Histopathological Features of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Honeybees Naturally Infected by Deformed Wing Virus". Pathogens 10, n. 7 (10 luglio 2021): 874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070874.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Deformed wing virus (DWV) is capable of infecting honeybees at every stage of development causing symptomatic and asymptomatic infections. To date, very little is known about the histopathological lesions caused by the virus. Therefore, 40 honeybee samples were randomly collected from a naturally DWV infected hive and subjected to anatomopathological examination to discriminate between symptomatic (29) and asymptomatic (11) honeybees. Subsequently, 15 honeybee samples were frozen at −80° and analyzed by PCR and RTqPCR to determinate the presence/absence of the virus and the relative viral load, while 25 honeybee samples were analyzed by histopathological techniques. Biomolecular results showed a fragment of the expected size (69bp) of DWV in all samples and the viral load was higher in symptomatic honeybees compared to the asymptomatic group. Histopathological results showed degenerative alterations of the hypopharyngeal glands (19/25) and flight muscles (6/25) in symptomatic samples while 4/25 asymptomatic samples showed an inflammatory response in the midgut and the hemocele. Results suggest a possible pathogenic action of DWV in both symptomatic and asymptomatic honeybees, and a role of the immune response in keeping under control the virus in asymptomatic individuals.
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STRAUSS, URSULA, VINCENT DIETEMANN, HANNELIE HUMAN, ROBIN M. CREWE e CHRISTIAN W. W. PIRK. "Resistance rather than tolerance explains survival of savannah honeybees (Apis mellifera scutellata) to infestation by the parasitic mite Varroa destructor". Parasitology 143, n. 3 (22 dicembre 2015): 374–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182015001754.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
SUMMARYVarroa destructor is considered the most damaging parasite affecting honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). However, some honeybee populations such as the savannah honeybee (Apis mellifera scutellata) can survive mite infestation without treatment. It is unclear if survival is due to resistance mechanisms decreasing parasite reproduction or to tolerance mechanisms decreasing the detrimental effects of mites on the host. This study investigates both aspects by quantifying the reproductive output of V. destructor and its physiological costs at the individual host level. Costs measured were not consistently lower when compared with susceptible honeybee populations, indicating a lack of tolerance. In contrast, reproduction of V. destructor mites was distinctly lower than in susceptible populations. There was higher proportion of infertile individuals and the reproductive success of fertile mites was lower than measured to date, even in surviving populations. Our results suggest that survival of savannah honeybees is based on resistance rather than tolerance to this parasite. We identified traits that may be useful for breeding programmes aimed at increasing the survival of susceptible populations. African honeybees may have benefited from a lack of human interference, allowing natural selection to shape a population of honeybees that is more resistant to Varroa mite infestation.
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Du, Yali, Kai Xu, Huiting Zhao, Ying Wu, Haibin Jiang, Jinming He e Yusuo Jiang. "Preliminary Study on the Pathogenic Mechanism of Jujube Flower Disease in Honeybees (Apis mellifera ligustica) Based on Midgut Transcriptomics". Genes 15, n. 5 (24 aprile 2024): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes15050533.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Honeybees are prone to poisoning, also known as jujube flower disease, after collecting nectar from jujube flowers, resulting in the tumultuous demise of foragers. The prevalence of jujube flower disease has become one of the main factors affecting the development of the jujube and beekeeping industries in Northern China. However, the pathogenic mechanisms underlying jujube flower disease in honeybees are poorly understood. Herein, we first conducted morphological observations of the midgut using HE-staining and found that jujube flower disease-affected honeybees displayed midgut damage with peritrophic membrane detachment. Jujube flower disease was found to increase the activity of chitinase and carboxylesterase (CarE) and decrease the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and the content of CYP450 in the honeybee midgut. Transcriptomic data identified 119 differentially expressed genes in the midgut of diseased and healthy honeybees, including CYP6a13, CYP6a17, CYP304a1, CYP6a14, AADC, and AGXT2, which are associated with oxidoreductase activity and vitamin binding. In summary, collecting jujube flower nectar could reduce antioxidant and detoxification capacities of the honeybee midgut and, in more severe cases, damage the intestinal structure, suggesting that intestinal damage might be the main cause of honeybee death due to jujube nectar. This study provides new insights into the pathogenesis of jujube flower disease in honeybees.
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Renner, Susanne S., Marie Sophie Graf, Zoe Hentschel, Helen Krause e Andreas Fleischmann. "High honeybee abundances reduce wild bee abundances on flowers in the city of Munich". Oecologia 195, n. 3 (7 febbraio 2021): 825–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-021-04862-6.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractThe increase in managed honeybees (Apis mellifera) in many European cities has unknown effects on the densities of wild bees through competition. To investigate this, we monitored honeybees and non-honeybees from 01 April to 31 July 2019 and 2020 at 29 species of plants representing diverse taxonomic and floral-functional types in a large urban garden in the city of Munich in which the same plant species were cultivated in both years. No bee hives were present in the focal garden, and all bee hives in the adjacent area were closely monitored by interviewing the relevant bee keepers in both 2019 and 2020. Honeybee numbers were similar in April of both years, but increased from May to July 2020 compared to 2019. The higher densities correlated with a significant increase in shifts from wild bee to honeybee visits in May/June/July, while visitor spectra in April 2019 and 2020 remained the same. Most of the species that experienced a shift to honeybee visits in 2020 were visited mostly or exclusively for their nectar. There were no shifts towards increased wild bee visits in any species. These results from a flower-rich garden have implications for the discussion of whether urban bee keeping might negatively impact wild bees. We found clear support that high honeybee densities result in exploitative competition at numerous types of flowers.
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Sang, Huiling, Yancan Li e Cheng Sun. "Conservation Genomic Analysis of the Asian Honeybee in China Reveals Climate Factors Underlying Its Population Decline". Insects 13, n. 10 (19 ottobre 2022): 953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13100953.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Asian honeybee, Apis cerana, is one of the most important native pollinators in Asia. Asian honeybees were believed to be under significant decline in China based on a report in 2005. On the contrary, a recent survey revealed that Asian honeybee populations in China are stable and even slightly increased in some regions. Therefore, the declining status of A. cerana populations in China is still unclear. Taking advantage of the abundant, publicly available genomic data for Asian honeybees in China, we employed conservation genomics methods to understand if Asian honeybee populations in China are declining and what the underlying climate factors are. We reconstructed the changes of effective population size (Ne) within the recent past for 6 population groups of Asian honeybees and found out that only one of them (population in Bomi, Tibet) showed a consistently declining Ne from the last 100 generations to 25 generations. Selective sweep analysis suggests that genes related to the tolerance of low temperatures and strong ultraviolet radiation are under selection in the declining population, indicating that these two climate factors most likely underlie the decline of BM populations during the recent past. Our study provides insights into the dynamic changes of Asian honeybee populations in China and identifies climate factors that underlie its population decline, which is valuable for the conservation of this important pollinator.
25
Le Conte, Y., Z. Y. Huang, M. Roux, Z. J. Zeng, J. P. Christidès e A. G. Bagnères. "Varroa destructor changes its cuticular hydrocarbons to mimic new hosts". Biology Letters 11, n. 6 (giugno 2015): 20150233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0233.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Varroa destructor ( Vd ) is a honeybee ectoparasite. Its original host is the Asian honeybee, Apis cerana , but it has also become a severe, global threat to the European honeybee, Apis mellifera . Previous studies have shown that Varroa can mimic a host's cuticular hydrocarbons (HC), enabling the parasite to escape the hygienic behaviour of the host honeybees. By transferring mites between the two honeybee species, we further demonstrate that Vd is able to mimic the cuticular HC of a novel host species when artificially transferred to this new host. Mites originally from A. cerana are more efficient than mites from A. mellifera in mimicking HC of both A. cerana and A. mellifera . This remarkable adaptability may explain their relatively recent host-shift from A. cerana to A. mellifera .
26
Worku, Zemene, Addisu Bihonegn, Desalegn Begna, Sebsib Ababor e Arse Gebeyehu. "The Indirect Threats of Desert Locust Infestation on Honeybees in Ethiopia". Advances in Agriculture 2022 (11 aprile 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4269565.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This review focuses on the potential effects of a desert locust infestation on Ethiopian honeybees. Data on the country’s infestation, locust activity, honeybee foraging behavior, pesticide kinds, and application rates were collected and analyzed in connection to honeybee life and performance. Desert locust has damaged a considerable number of plants of various kinds, possibly causing pollen and nectar loss. As a result, honeybees are likely to produce less brood, less honey, suffer from poor health, and abscond. Besides, studies suggested that the use of pesticides to control the locust could directly harm honeybees. The pesticide was used for 21 days in a row to cover a huge region infected with locusts, which could have had a severe effect on honeybees. The probability of an influence is also indicated by the overlap of pesticide administration with honeybee foraging seasons and hours. Furthermore, forager bees leave their hive 1 to 13 times per day, spending about 3 hours outside each time, indicating higher chemical exposure. Malathion is one of the pesticides that could harm honeybees, while there is no comprehensive list of the chemicals used on the internet or anywhere else. Finally, the current desert locust invasion and eradication operation in Ethiopia may have caused substantial damage to honeybees as a result of bee forage loss and pesticide hazard, emphasizing the need for future precautions. Because this is speculative work based on evidence, detailed survey research is recommended to determine the actual impact imposed on honeybees.
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Al-Kahtani, Saad N., e El-Kazafy A. Taha. "A Comparative Assessment of Hygienic Behavior of Carniolan (Apismelliferacarnica Pollmann) and Yemeni (Apismellifera jemenitica Ruttner) Honeybees Using Infra-Red Photography Video Recording". Sustainability 14, n. 19 (30 settembre 2022): 12524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912524.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The use of infra-red photography video recording is very useful for conducting behavioristic studies of honeybees against many brood diseases. The removal of dead or diseased brood from capped cells by honeybee workers is a heritable trait that confers colony-level resistance. This work aimed to compare the hygienic behavior of the native (Yemeni bees, A. mellifera jemenitica) and the exotic (Carniolan bees, A. m. carnica) honeybee races in Saudi Arabia using an infra-red photography video recording. In addition, hygienic behavior towards the related and non-related combs was examined. Therefore, it is possible to obtain honeybee colonies with greater disease resistance. The pin-killing method and infra-red photography video recording were used for the evaluation of hygienic behavior in colonies of the two races. Significant differences in hygienic behavior between the two races were detected at the beginning of the experiment. Under the environmental conditions of eastern Saudi Arabia, the Yemeni honeybee colonies showed a higher number of uncapped and cleaned cells containing dead brood in either the brood comb from the same colony, or the brood comb from the same race but a different colony, or brood comb from a different race. It was concluded that the honeybee’s ability to detect and clean the dead brood from comb cells can be correlated with race and it is more efficient for the non-related individuals of the same race than from a related or another race. The outstanding performance of a few individuals in the expression of various traits indicates their usefulness in carrying out breeding programs for Varroa resistance.
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Buescu, Elena, Maria Rodica Gurau e Doina Danes. "IDENTIFICATION OF THE HONEYBEE SUBSPECIES FROM SOME ROMANIAN COUNTIES USING A SEMIAUTOMATIC SYSTEM FOR ANALYZING WINGS". CBU International Conference Proceedings 6 (25 settembre 2018): 1124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v6.1304.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Morphometric analysis of honeybee wings can be used to discriminate between honeybee subspecies. The classic morphometric methods used to identify honeybee subspecies are time consuming while geometric morphometric analysis are proven to be more efficient and rapid for the identification of honeybee subspecies. Even if the geometric morphometric analysis involves several steps such as: obtaining the image of the honeybee wing, processing the wings image (settlement of the 19 points), classification and validation, in terms of consumed time,it takes less than classic morphometric methodes and it is easier to apply. The aim of this study was to identify honeybee subspecies from the Romanian South-Eastern area, using the geometric morphometric method. To accomplish this, the semiautomated French system ApiClass was used. This system allows us to identify the honeybee subspecies based on the wing's image of the Apis mellifera honeybee worker. The program is using the recent approaches of geometric morphometry and is analyzing the wing considering 19 points corresponding to the intersections of the main veins of the bee forewings. These coordinates are processed by the system before being analyzed after which the system returns the probability of the analyzed honeybee belonging to one of the honeybee subspecies from its reference system. The system has more than 5000 honeybee wing references off the main lines and honeybee subspecies. Using this system we analyzed samples from the counties of Braila, Buzau, Galati and Ilfov. Each sample was composed from wings of 20 honeybees. Most of the analyzed samples were identified as hybrids without being possible to specify the type or the level of the hybridization: only three samples were identified as being Apis mellifera carnica presenting a homology degree over 90%.
29
Petrovic, Tamas, Dejan Vidanović, Diana Lupulović, Gospava Lazić e Sava Lazić. "HONEYBEE VIRUSES PRESENCE IN SERBIAN APIARIES: A REVIEW". Archives of Veterinary Medicine 14, n. 2 (31 dicembre 2021): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.46784/eavm.v14i2.291.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The honey bee Apis mellifera is an important beneficial insect recognized by production of honeybee products, having an important role in agricultural production through pollination, and play an equally crucial role in conserving the biodiversity in many natural ecosystems. According to available literature data, in the last more than 20 years, dramatic honey bee winter colony losses have been reported frequently all over the world that could have a direct influence on human food resources and can affect not only apiculture or agriculture, but also has an anthropological threats. One among many reasons for global bees-decline phenomenon is the influence of many viruses on honeybees’ health. Until today, in total, 36 viruses is detected in honey bees, and for many of them still without known pathogenicity on honeybees’ health. However, it is well known that some of these viruses like Acute Bee Paralysis Virus (ABPV), Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus (CBPV), Deformed Wing Virus (DWV), Black Queen Cell Virus (BQCV), Sacbrood Virus (SBV), Kashmir Bee Virus (KBV), Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV), Slow bee paralysis virus (SBPV), Varroa destructor virus (VDV1) and some others has direct or indirect influence on individual honeybee or on whole honeybees colony health. In this paper the review of existing literature data on the presence, prevalence and characterization of honeybee viruses detected in honeybee colonies and apiaries from different regions in Serbia from first detection of their presence in 1986 till nowadays is presented and discussed.
30
Matsumoto, Takashi. "Short- and long-term effects of neonicotinoid application in rice fields, on the mortality and colony collapse of honeybees (Apis mellifera)". Journal of Apicultural Science 57, n. 2 (1 dicembre 2013): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jas-2013-0014.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Declines in honeybee (Apis mellifera ) colonies have elicited great concern worldwide. Recently, many Japanese beekeepers have implied that midsummer use of a new insecticide, neonicotinoid, in rice fields, is causing widespread mortality of neighboring honeybees and frequently resulting in colony collapse. Since few field experiments have directly tested the effects of neonicotinoids, I addressed four research questions in the field. The questions are: 1) Does clothianidin application in rice fields cause the collapse of neighboring honeybee colonies? 2) Is colony collapse related to hive distance from the rice field? 3) Is the number of dead honeybee workers after spraying, related to hive distance from the field? 4) What are the long-term effects of neonicotinoid use on honeybee colony growth, especially brood production? In the late summer of 2010, honeybee hives were placed adjacent to two separate rice fields for 1 week. The hives were placed at the distance of 0, 30, 60, and 90 m. After spraying clothianidin, a daily count of dead worker honeybees was done for a week. Hives were weighed, and capped-brood areas were estimated weekly, for 2 months following insecticide application. Although the average number of dead workers ranged from 40 to over 100 within 24 hours after spraying, only a few dead workers were observed in the subsequent days. Distance from the rice field had no significant effect on the number of dead workers. There were no collapsed colonies during the 2-month, post-spray observation period. Hive weight and capped-brood area did not significantly differ among those hives placed at varying distances from the rice field. These results indicated that clothianidin spraying of the rice field increased the mortality of the honeybees, but did not always cause colony collapse.
31
Lindström, Sandra A. M., Lina Herbertsson, Maj Rundlöf, Riccardo Bommarco e Henrik G. Smith. "Experimental evidence that honeybees depress wild insect densities in a flowering crop". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, n. 1843 (30 novembre 2016): 20161641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1641.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
While addition of managed honeybees ( Apis mellifera ) improves pollination of many entomophilous crops, it is unknown if it simultaneously suppresses the densities of wild insects through competition. To investigate this, we added 624 honeybee hives to 23 fields of oilseed rape ( Brassica napus L.) over 2 years and made sure that the areas around 21 other fields were free from honeybee hives. We demonstrate that honeybee addition depresses the densities of wild insects (bumblebees, solitary bees, hoverflies, marchflies, other flies, and other flying and flower-visiting insects) even in a massive flower resource such as oilseed rape. The effect was independent of the complexity of the surrounding landscape, but increased with the size of the crop field, which suggests that the effect was caused by spatial displacement of wild insects. Our results have potential implications both for the pollination of crops (if displacement of wild pollinators offsets benefits achieved by adding honeybees) and for conservation of wild insects (if displacement results in negative fitness consequences).
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GIURGIU, Alexandru Ioan, Adela Ramona MOISE e Daniel Severus DEZMIREAN. "Varroa Destructor and the Sustainability of Apis Mellifera - an Overview". Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Animal Science and Biotechnologies 77, n. 1 (26 maggio 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-asb:0023.19.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Varroa destructor is a parasitic mite that represents a major global threat for the Western honeybee Apis mellifera. This parasite managed to switch from its natural host the Eastern honeybee, A. cerana, and within a few decades, it spread among A. mellifera populations around the world. Today beekeepers are using a variety of different acaricides to keep the parasite population under control. However, for many of these substances, the parasite evolved resistance asking for the development of novel compounds. Hence the treatment is less suited as a sustainable tool in honeybee health; consequently, other alternative options are needed, and breeding of Varroa resistant honeybees have been suggested as a more sustainable solution. Here we reviewed the successful efforts and the apicultural procedures needed to be implemented to achieve resistant honeybees. We also describe the underlying resistance mechanisms and discuss the benefits of breeding within regional populations, considering the biodiversity aspects of A. mellifera.
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Solomon, Semere, Tadesse Degu, Haben Fesseha e Mesfin Mathewos. "Study on Major Parasitic Diseases of Adult Honeybees in Three Districts of Kaffa Zone, Southern Ethiopia". Veterinary Medicine International 2021 (11 agosto 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6346703.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background and Methods. Since regular and timely control of all factors that endanger honeybee life and threaten their products is needed for effective apiculture, cross-sectional research was performed in the three districts (Bonga, Chena, and Gimbo) of the Kaffa Zone to assess the prevalence of major honeybee diseases. A total of 384 honeybee samples from 15 operating apiaries were chosen from each kebele based on their ability to provide a bee sample and the apiary farm’s accessibility. From each district, 128 bee colonies were selected from different apiaries; of these, there were 209 transitional, 74 traditional, and 101 modern hives. Results. Out of 384 samples, the overall prevalence of small hive beetle, Nosema apis, and amoeba (Malpighamoeba mellificae) diseases was 39%, 45.3%, and 40.3%, respectively. The overall prevalence of these three diseases was ascertained, with a statistically significant ( p < 0.05 ) variation in the overall prevalence of N. apis disease and amoeba (M. mellificae) disease between hive type and agroecologies. Conclusion. The research indicates that N. apis, M. mellificae, and small hive beetle are the major parasites that affect honeybees in the study area. In order to classify and describe honeybee diseases and pests associated with Ethiopia’s local honeybees, several field diagnostic surveys and laboratory research works need to be performed.
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Li, Nannan, Yizhao Huang, Wei Li e Shufa Xu. "Virome Analysis Reveals Diverse and Divergent RNA Viruses in Wild Insect Pollinators in Beijing, China". Viruses 14, n. 2 (24 gennaio 2022): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14020227.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Insect pollinators provide major pollination services for wild plants and crops. Honeybee viruses can cause serious damage to honeybee colonies. However, viruses of other wild pollinating insects have yet to be fully explored. In the present study, we used RNA sequencing to investigate the viral diversity of 50 species of wild pollinating insects. A total of 3 pathogenic honeybee viruses, 8 previously reported viruses, and 26 novel viruses were identified in sequenced samples. Among these, 7 novel viruses were shown to be closely related to honeybee pathogenic viruses, and 4 were determined to have potential pathogenicity for their hosts. The viruses detected in wild insect pollinators were mainly from the order Picornavirales and the families Orthomyxoviridae, Sinhaliviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Flaviviridae. Our study expanded the species range of known insect pollinator viruses, contributing to future efforts to protect economic honeybees and wild pollinating insects.
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Nedic, N., L. Stanisavljevic, M. Mladenovic e Jelena Stanisavljevic. "Molecular characterization of the honeybee Apis mellifera carnica in Serbia". Archives of Biological Sciences 61, n. 4 (2009): 587–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0904587n.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The sequences COI-COII of the mitochondrial DNA region in honeybee from four geographically distant regions in Serbia (Vrsac, Knjazevac, Kraljevo, and Vranje) are analyzed. The research was conducted on eight different, previously selected honeybee lines preserved (linear selection) in the four reprocenters for queen bees. All four studied honeybee lines differ in morphological and productive traits, each being specific for the corresponding region. In addition to analysis of the mtDNA sequences in Serbian honeybee, a comparative analysis of the phylogenetic group of so far known C2 haplotypes was also performed. The results revealed two novel polymorphic positions in the COI-COII mtDNA region, viz., h2 at position 3474 and l2 at position 3534 (a T nucleotide deletion in both cases) in honeybees from the regions of Vranje and Knjazevac, respectively. Two novel mtDNA haplotypes in the honeybee C2 phylogenetic group, together with C2I (the new polymorphic position l2 and G-A transition at position 3587) and C2J (the new polymorphic position h2), are described. Also, comparative analysis performed on sequences from GenBank data showed a high degree of similarity (similarity index = 99.4%) between the novel C2I mtDNA haplotype and an A. m. cypria haplotype originating from Turkey. Certain domestic Kranjska honeybee populations from Serbia represent an autochthonous gene pool that can be of great importance for further presentation of honeybee biodiversity. The present paper contributes to characterization of mtDNA in honeybee of Serbia.
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Yu, Jing, Weixing Zhang, Xuepeng Chi, Wenfeng Chen, Zhenfang Li, Ying Wang, Zhenguo Liu, Hongfang Wang e Baohua Xu. "The dietary arachidonic acid improved growth and immunity of honey bee (Apis mellifera ligustica)". Bulletin of Entomological Research 112, n. 2 (8 ottobre 2021): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485321000821.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractHoneybees cannot synthesize arachidonic acid (ARA) themselves, only obtain it from food. Most pollen is deficient or contains a small amount of ARA. The necessity of supplementary ARA in bees’ diet has not been studied. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary ARA levels on the growth and immunity of Apis mellifera ligustica. A total of 25 honeybee colonies were randomly assigned to five dietary groups which were fed basic diets supplemented with 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% of ARA. The diet with 4% ARA improved the body weight of newly emerged worker bees compared with the control group. Supplement of ARA in honeybee diets changed the fatty acid composition of honeybee body. SFA and MUFA contents of bees’ body declined, and PUFA content rised in the ARA group. Compared with the control group, the supplement of ARA in honeybee diets increased the contents of ARA, C22:6n-3 (DHA) and C18:3n-6 in bees’ body significantly, but decreased the contents of C16:1 and C18:3n-3. The diet supplied with 4% ARA reduced the mortality rate of honeybee infected with Escherichia coli. The activity of immune enzymes (phenoloxidase, antitrypsin, and lysozyme) and the mRNA expression levels of immune genes (defensin-2, toll, myd88, and dorsal) were improved by ARA diets to varying degrees depending on the ARA levels, especially 4% ARA. These results suggested that dietary ARA could improve the growth, survival, and immune functions of honeybees. Supplement of ARA in bees’ diet would be valuable for the fitness of honeybees.
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Muturi, Michael N. K., Joel L. Bargul e H. Michael G. Lattorff. "Influence of the Type of Pollen Diet on the Survival, Body Weight, and Immune Response in the African Honeybee". Journal of Apicultural Science 66, n. 1 (1 giugno 2022): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jas-2022-0003.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Pollen nutrition is critical for the development and well-being of the honeybee. Previous studies have compared the effect of pollen and carbohydrate-only diet on honeybee physiology. The effect of a monofloral versus polyfloral diet on the African honeybee (Apis mellifera scutellata) is poorly understood. This knowledge is critical as diversity-rich habitats are being altered to less diverse environments through increased urbanization and intensified agricultural activities, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Here, we report how lowly diverse (LD) and highly diverse (HD) pollen diets influence honeybee life-history traits and physiology. To achieve this, we fed caged bees with the two pollen diets and tested their effects on the parameters of survival, body weight, pollen consumption, and immune response. HD-fed bees had significantly higher survival and greater pollen consumption than LD-fed bees. However, LD-fed bees were heavier than HD-fed bees. The correlation between body weight gain and pollen consumption was expressed strongly in HD-fed bees than in LD-fed bees. Overall, our findings reveal the benefits that the highly diverse polyfloral diets provide to honeybee workers. This study shows how pollen diversity influences honeybee life-history traits, thus informing the need for conserving the biodiversity of environments for safeguarding the health of honeybees and other pollinators.
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He, Chunling, Kaiyue Zhang, Dongbo Han, Shuaibing Wang, Xiaogai Hou e Chaodong Zhu. "Foraging Behavior of Honeybees (Apis Mellifera L.) and Ground Bumblebees (Bombus Terrestris L.) and its Influence on Seed Yield and Oil Quality of Oil Tree Peony Cultivar ‘Fengdan’ (Paeonia Ostii T. Hong et J. X. Zhang)". Journal of Apicultural Science 64, n. 1 (2 luglio 2020): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jas-2020-0014.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractOil peony (Paeonia spp.) is a new type of woody oil crop in China with a large cultivation area. Inadequate pollination is one of the main reasons for low seed yield. A pollination net room was built at an oil tree peony base, the numbers of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) and ground bumblebees (Bombus terrestris L.) were artificially increased and the foraging behaviors and daily activities of the two bees on the plants were observed. Four different pollination methods (honeybee pollination, ground bumblebee pollination, natural field pollination and pollination without insects) were applied. The visit interval, single-flower visit time, number of single-flower visits, number of flowers visited per minute and number of stigma contacts were compared. Meanwhile, the effects of honeybee and bumblebee pollination on the oil yield and quality of peony seeds were compared. There were noticeable differences in daily activity between honeybees and ground bumblebees. Significant differences in the single-flower visit time, visit interval and visit frequency were also observed; honeybee and ground bumblebee pollination increased the seed yield of oil tree peony by 78.74% and 31.88%, respectively. Therefore, both honeybees and ground bumblebees are effective pollinators of oil tree peony. These results provide a theoretical basis for further utilization of bee resources for oil tree peony pollination.
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Aynalem Abejew, Tessema, e Zeleke Mekuriaw Zeleke. "Study on the Beekeeping Situation, the Level of Beekeepers Knowledge Concerning Local Honeybee Subspecies, Their Productive Characteristics, and Behavior in Eastern Amhara Region, Ethiopia". Advances in Agriculture 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6354250.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The study was undertaken in Amhara National Regional State, northeastern zones of Ethiopia in 2013/2014. The objectives of the study were to identify the existing local honeybees and their productive characteristics and behavior and generate baseline information for further research and development. Out of two zones, three potential districts have been purposively selected based on their potential. A total of 260 beekeepers personal interviewees were administered using structured and semi-structured questionnaires. The study was designed to address behavioral characteristics and productivities of different local honeybees. About 98.8% of interviewees were male and about 73.9% were at stages of literacy ranging from read and write to diploma level. Nearly 73.4% of beekeepers have more than 5 years of beekeeping experience. The average honeybee colony holding was 4.6 in highlands, 2.8 in mid altitude, and 2.7 in lowlands. About 34% of respondents harvest honey more than two times a year. Based on the honeybees individual color appearance, aggressiveness, and honey productivity, about 36.7% of the respondents have identified three local honeybee types, namely, brown red, black, and mixed. Brown red colored honeybee ecotype has been selected as best due to their better honey production, low aggressiveness, and relatively high reproductive swarming tendency.
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LIU, F. X., C. P. BU, T. TANG, G. M. CHEN, S. K. GU, Y. N. WANG e X. X. ZHAO. "Effects of Chinese honeybee foraging on oilseed rape gene flow and honey ingredients". Journal of Agricultural Science 155, n. 10 (16 novembre 2017): 1623–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859617000776.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
SUMMARYHoneybee foraging can transfer exogenous genes from genetically modified (GM) oilseed rape (Brassica napusL.) to closely related plants, which not only induces potential ecological risks but also contaminates non-GM seeds or honey products with GM ingredients. These events may lead to international trade disputes. Chinese honeybees (Apis cerana ceranaFabricius) and a herbicide (glufosinate)-resistant GM strain ofB. napus(Z7B10) were studied to examine the effects of honeybee short-range foraging on oilseed rape gene flow and honey ingredients. Results showed variable frequencies of gene flow between GM and non-GM oilseed rape cultivars, with the highest frequency under nylon net isolation with artificially stocked honeybees, the lowest frequency under nylon net isolation alone, and an intermediate frequency under natural pollination, suggesting the important role of honeybee foraging in gene flow frequency. Additionally, GM pollen grains were found in honey collected from honeybees foraging on both GM and non-GM oilseed rape cultivars. The phosphinothricin acetyltransferase protein was also detected in both unbroken pollen-containing and pollen-free honey by protein testing strips, suggesting that honeybee foraging on GM oilseed rape could lead to contamination with GM ingredients. Overall, the results provide a direct scientific basis for the ecological risk assessment and safety management of GM oilseed rape.
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El-Seedi, Hesham R., Hanan R. Ahmed, Aida A. Abd El-Wahed, Aamer Saeed, Ahmed F. Algethami, Nour F. Attia, Zhiming Guo et al. "Bee Stressors from an Immunological Perspective and Strategies to Improve Bee Health". Veterinary Sciences 9, n. 5 (21 aprile 2022): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9050199.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Honeybees are the most prevalent insect pollinator species; they pollinate a wide range of crops. Colony collapse disorder (CCD), which is caused by a variety of biotic and abiotic factors, incurs high economic/ecological loss. Despite extensive research to identify and study the various ecological stressors such as microbial infections, exposure to pesticides, loss of habitat, and improper beekeeping practices that are claimed to cause these declines, the deep understanding of the observed losses of these important insects is still missing. Honeybees have an innate immune system, which includes physical barriers and cellular and humeral responses to defend against pathogens and parasites. Exposure to various stressors may affect this system and the health of individual bees and colonies. This review summarizes and discusses the composition of the honeybee immune system and the consequences of exposure to stressors, individually or in combinations, on honeybee immune competence. In addition, we discuss the relationship between bee nutrition and immunity. Nutrition and phytochemicals were highlighted as the factors with a high impact on honeybee immunity.
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Grabensteiner, Elvira, Wolfgang Ritter, Michael J. Carter, Sean Davison, Hermann Pechhacker, Jolanta Kolodziejek, Otto Boecking et al. "Sacbrood Virus of the Honeybee (Apis mellifera): Rapid Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis Using Reverse Transcription-PCR". Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 8, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2001): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.8.1.93-104.2001.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT Sacbrood virus (SBV) infects larvae of the honeybee (Apis mellifera), resulting in failure to pupate and death. Until now, identification of viruses in honeybee infections has been based on traditional methods such as electron microscopy, immunodiffusion, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Culture cannot be used because no honeybee cell lines are available. These techniques are low in sensitivity and specificity. However, the complete nucleotide sequence of SBV has recently been determined, and with these data, we now report a reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) test for the direct, rapid, and sensitive detection of these viruses. RT-PCR was used to target five different areas of the SBV genome using infected honeybees and larvae originating from geographically distinct regions. The RT-PCR assay proved to be a rapid, specific, and sensitive diagnostic tool for the direct detection of SBV nucleic acid in samples of infected honeybees and brood regardless of geographic origin. The amplification products were sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis suggested the existence of at least three distinct genotypes of SBV.
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Kandi, Rasol Taheri Imam, Mokhtar Ghafari, Ataollah Rahimi e Ali Hashemi. "A Study of Hygienic and Grooming Behaviors in the Iranian Honeybee (Apis mellifera meda) Colonies Against Varroa destructor". Sociobiology 71, n. 2 (13 giugno 2024): e10302. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v71i2.10302.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study evaluated the grooming and uncapping & removing hygienic behaviors of the honeybee colonies of the West Azerbaijan province of Iran from April 2021 to October 2022. Eighty colonies of Iranian honeybees infected with Varroa mite from Mahabad, Urmia, Oshnavieh, and Khoy cities of West Azerbaijan province were selected and studied regarding grooming and uncapping & removing hygienic behaviors. The results showed that there is no significant difference between the studied cities in terms of grooming behavior. The results showed that the season affects the grooming behavior of honeybee colonies in the studied cities. Therefore, the grooming behavior of the studied honeybee population in summer was significantly higher than that of colonies in spring (P < 0.05). Comparing the means of uncapping & removing hygienic behaviors after 48 hours showed that the honeybee colonies of the studied cities significantly differ in terms of these behaviors (P < 0.05). So, the highest and lowest averages of uncapping & removing hygienic behaviors after 48 hours were observed in the honeybee colonies of Khoy and Oshnavieh cities, respectively. The results showed a positive correlation between hygienic behaviors and all the functional-behavioral characteristics of honeybee colonies in this research. Our finding showed that the Iranian honeybee colonies of West Azerbaijan province of Iran can defend themselves against the Varroa mite by performing both grooming and uncapping & removing hygienic behaviors. Therefore, it is possible to improve the level of these behaviors in the honeybee colonies of this province by implementing breeding programs.
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Ilyasov, Rustem A., Aleksandr V. Poskryakov e Aleksei G. Nikolenko. "Modern methods of assessing the taxonomic affiliation of honeybee colonies". Ecological genetics 15, n. 4 (25 dicembre 2017): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen15441-51.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
At least 30 subspecies of the honeybee Apis mellifera L. were formed allopatrically during the evolution, which spreaded throughout all Africa, Europe and West Asia. The dark forest bee Apis mellifera mellifera is the only and most valuable subspecies for the Northern and Western Europe countries, adapted to productive living in the hard-continental climate of Eurasia. In the past 100 years, natural geographical isolation of subspecies has been disrupted as a result of a human activities. Mass transportations of honeybee colonies beyond the boundaries of their area have been threatened of loss the identity of gene pool of subspecies as a result of hybridization. Preservation of the gene pool of subspecies is possible only when controlling the transportation of honeybee colonies using the methods of identification of taxonomic affiliation of honeybee colonies. Now, dozens of methods have been developed to identify the taxonomic affiliation of honeybee's colony, which are based on the variability of body parts, allozyme loci, mitochondrial DNA loci, microsatellite nuclear loci, sites of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). The variability of microsatellite loci and the single nucleotide polymorphism sites have shown the greatest informativeness in identification of the taxonomic affiliation of honeybee's colony.
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Si, Aung. "Aspects of Honeybee Natural History According to the Solega". Ethnobiology Letters 4 (30 luglio 2013): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14237/ebl.4.2013.4.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Honeybees and their products are highly prized by many cultures around the world, and as a result, indigenous communities have come to possess rich and detailed knowledge of the biology of these important insects. In this paper, I present an in-depth investigation into some aspects of honeybee natural history, as related to me by the Solega people of southern India. The Solega recognize, name, and exploit four honeybee species, and are well aware of the geographical and temporal distributions of each one. In spite of not being beekeepers – as they only forage for wild honey – their knowledge of obscure and complex phenomena such as honeybee gender and reproduction rivals that of comparable, non-industrial beekeeping societies. Swarming, another hard-to-understand honeybee behavior, is also accurately explained by Solega consultants. I contrast this knowledge to that of European bee-keeping cultures, as evidenced by the writings of Aristotle and 18th century European beekeepers. This paper shows that the Solega have a reliable and internally consistent body of honeybee knowledge based entirely on brief encounters with these wild, migratory insects that are present in the forest for only part of the year.
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Dittes, Julia, Heike Aupperle-Lellbach, Marc O. Schäfer, Christoph K. W. Mülling e Ilka U. Emmerich. "Veterinary Diagnostic Approach of Common Virus Diseases in Adult Honeybees". Veterinary Sciences 7, n. 4 (21 ottobre 2020): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7040159.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Veterinarians are educated in prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases in various vertebrate species. As they are familiar with multifactorial health problems in single animals as well as in herd health management, their knowledge and skills can be beneficial for the beekeepers and honeybee health. However, in education and in practice, honeybees are not a common species for most veterinarians and the typical veterinary diagnostic methods such as blood sampling or auscultation are not applicable to the superorganism honeybee. Honeybee colonies may be affected by various biotic and abiotic factors. Among the infectious agents, RNA-viruses build the largest group, causing covert and overt infections in honeybee colonies which may lead to colony losses. Veterinarians could and should play a more substantial role in managing honeybee health—not limited to cases of notifiable diseases and official hygiene controls. This review discusses the veterinary diagnostic approach to adult bee examination with a special focus on diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the common virus diseases Acute Bee Paralysis Virus (ABPV)-Kashmir Bee Virus (KBV)-Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV)-Complex, Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus (CBPV) and Deformed Wing Virus (DWV), as well as coinfections like Varroa spp. and Nosema spp.
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Leska, Aleksandra, Adriana Nowak, Justyna Szulc, Ilona Motyl e Karolina Czarnecka-Chrebelska. "Antagonistic Activity of Potentially Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria against Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) Pathogens". Pathogens 11, n. 11 (16 novembre 2022): 1367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111367.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are an essential part of the microbiota of the digestive tract of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). Antagonistic activity of 103 LAB strains (isolates from different environments) against 21 honeybee pathogens/opportunistic pathogens (with agar slab method) was screened. The growth of Paenibacillus genus was inhibited to the most extent. The highest antagonistic activity was demonstrated by Lacticaseibacillus casei 12AN, while the lowest by Apilactobacillus kunkeei DSM 12361, a species naturally inhabiting the honeybee gut. LAB isolated from the honeybee environment demonstrated stronger antagonism against pathogens than collection strains. The antagonistic activity of cell-free supernatants (CFSs) from 24 LAB strains against 7 honeybee pathogens was additionally assessed at physiological pH with the microtitration method. The same was determined for selected CFSs at neutralized pH. CFSs with physiological pH showed significantly stronger antibacterial activity than CFSs with neutralized pH. The results confirmed that the mechanism of antimicrobial activity of LAB is acidification of the environment. The obtained results may, in the future, contribute to a better understanding of the antagonistic properties of LAB and the construction of a probiotic preparation to increase the viability of honeybee colonies.
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Tlak Gajger, Ivana, Srebrenka Nejedli e Luka Cvetnić. "Influence of Probiotic Feed Supplement on Nosema spp. Infection Level and the Gut Microbiota of Adult Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.)". Microorganisms 11, n. 3 (28 febbraio 2023): 610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030610.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Honeybees’ gut microbiota can provide new valuable access into the pathogenesis-related factors included in infections. Hence, we researched the presence and comparison of gut microbiota groups in control and Nosema spp.-infected honeybee colonies through high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA. As the newest approach in apiary management, we hypothesize that the EM® probiotic for bees could have an important role in therapeutic and immunomodulatory effects on honeybee colonies. The aim of this study was to estimate its impact on the gut microbiota composition of adult honeybees. The major genera were detected, where Lactobacillus was the most abundant genus, followed by Gilliamela, Snodgrassella, and Bifidobacterium. Inoculation with Nosema spp. spores made the relative proportions of Bifidobacterium lower, which was ameliorated by EM® for bees’ application. In addition, EM® for bee applied treatments suppressed the increase in the number of Nosema spp. spores. This result points out that continuous EM® for bees treatment shall change bees’ gut microbiome composition and mitigate the influence of Nosema spp. infection. Snodgrassella alvi was a major member of the honeybee gut microbiota and may be significantly increased by long-term treatment with EM® for bees. Toward these results, it is possible that EM® for bees treatment will protect honeybees from herbicide glyphosate negative effects in agricultural fields by improving microbiome and immune functions.
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Ptaszyńska, Aneta A., e Marek Gancarz. "Microsporidiosis Causing Necrotic Changes in the Honeybee Intestine". Applied Sciences 13, n. 8 (14 aprile 2023): 4957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13084957.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background: Microsporidia from the Nosema (Vairimorpha) genus are pathogenic fungi that complete their life cycle in the honeybee intestine. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the impact of the course of infection on the viability of honeybee intestine cells. Methods and Results: Intestines isolated from healthy and N. ceranae-infected honeybees were stained using two dyes, SYTO 9 and propidium iodide, and analyzed under an Axiovert 200M fluorescence microscope immediately after the isolation of the intestines. The ImageJ program was used for the quantitative analysis of the cell structure parameters. Our study demonstrated for the first time that healthy bees have a higher number of live cells in their intestines than infected bees, and that the intestines of N. ceranae-infected honeybees contain dead cells concentrated in spots. The results obtained for these two cases differed significantly, and were confirmed by statistical tests. Conclusions: The intestines of infected honeybees contain dead cells concentrated in red/dead spots, which can lead to necrotic changes, the interruption of the host’s intestinal continuity, intestinal leaking and the increased mortality of the host.
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Vorobyev, Misha, e Robert Brandt. "HOW DO INSECT POLLINATORS DISCRIMINATE COLORS?" Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 45, n. 2-3 (13 maggio 1997): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1997.10676677.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Basic concepts of color vision in animals and, in particular in the honeybee, are reviewed. Four models of color discrimination in honeybees are presented. Because visual systems in Hymenoptera are similar to that of the honeybee, such models can also be used to describe color discrimination in many hymenopteran pollinators. We compare predictive capacities of the models and give practical recommendations for their usage. Although models have different mathematical formulations, in most cases they give similar predictions. Examples where predictions of different models deviate are discussed.