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1
Troebst, Stefan. "1667 – A Threshold Year? Debating the ‘Breakthrough of the Modern Age’ in Muscovite Russia". Revue de Synthèse 139, n. 1-2 (31 dicembre 2018): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552343-13900003.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract In this article of 1995, which had been translated into Russian already in 2013, the German Historian Stefan Troebst studied the question of the « breakthrough of the modern age » in Russia, usually attributed to tsar Peter I « the Great », suspecting that the new Era had in fact begun earlier, in the XVIIth century. After a theoretical reflexion about periodization in history, and its application to the history of Russia, he demonstrates that the « threshold year » takes place in 1667, examining this theory from different points of view: state and institutions, international relations, economical policy, religion, culture and fine arts. But this modernization has also caused violent revolts and oppositions during the reign of tsar Alexis Mikhailovitch.
2
TAVROVSKIY, Yury. "Russian-Chinese Treaties: Milestones and Zigzags of History. I. From the 17th century to World War II". Perspectives and prospects. E-journal, n. 2/3 (25/26) (2021): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32726/2411-3417-2021-2-3-51-65.
Abstract (sommario):
The relations between Russia and China were recorded in numerous documents, among which treaties were of particular value. Some of them were gradually becoming outdated, others were denounced after several years, but some remained quite relevant for decades. As documents of the highest international legal level leaving an indelible mark on the bilateral relations, treaties are the most suitable tool to track and perceive clearly their dynamics. Part I of the article reviews treaty relations between the two countries from the beginning of diplomatic contacts in the early seventeenth century to World War II. While Russian-Chinese relations expanded especially rapidly since the middle of the 19th century the Non-Aggression Treaty of 1937 is especially noteworthy as it proved to be of great value for the interests of both the USSR and the Republic of China at a critical juncture in their history.
3
Kamionka, Mateusz. "Andrij Potebnia – a forgotten hero of Polish-Ukrainian relations". Skhid 3, n. 1 (1 aprile 2022): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21847/1728-9343.2022.3(1).254229.
Abstract (sommario):
Poland and Ukraine have a lot of problems in establishing bilateral remembrance policy, first of all because of the history after World War I, and as well in topic connected to – mostly in frame of stereotypes – the history during The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Deep russification and anti-Polish state policy, which lasted from XVIII to XXI century, implemented by Russians in Ukraine should be underlined as well. Not only “Ukrainian” meant second category, but also world “Polski Pan” (Polish Lord) had a definite pejorative tone then – it was used even in propaganda during Soviet Invasion in 1920 and 1939. In article will ipso facto be presented one of the forgotten heroes (definitely in Ukraine) which can be a symbol of bilateral international relations. Andrij Potebnia should be one of main actors of building Polish-Ukrainian memory cooperation. The text not only reveals how memory of this officer is presented in Polish Internet today, but also how this forgotten hero of two nations is remembered by local communities in Poland.
4
Karassayev, Ganiy, Kanat Yensenov, Bolat Zhumagulov, Akbota Bexeitova e Aina Khamitova. "Kazakh Khanate in the middle of the XVIII-XIX century: External relations, process, results and significance". Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University Series Physics, n. 55 (8 gennaio 2024): 751–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54919/physics/55.2024.75ge1.
Abstract (sommario):
Relevance. This research article examines Abylai Khan's role as a historical figure in the Kazakh Khanate's foreign policy from the middle of XVIII century to 1781, as well as his diplomatic relations with the Qin Manchurian Empire of China, the Russian Empire, and, most importantly, good diplomacy connections. Purpose. The diplomatic relations of the Kazakh Khanate with neighboring countries in the seventeenth century, armed conflicts between the Kazakh Khanate and the Dzungarian Khanate, the heroic deeds of Abylai Khan, Kabanbai Batyr, Bogenbai Batyr, and others during the Qin Empire's invasion of the Kazakh Khanate are documented. Methodology. From a theoretical and methodological point of view, the work was carried out on historical principles, true objective research, analysis of historical events in chronological order, comparative use of archival data, references to the research of scientific literature. Results. On the basis of ancient and current scientific literature in Kazakh and international scientific libraries, the real data have been analyzed and methodically reviewed. All these have been considered from the point of view of historical research in the state archives of Russia and Kazakhstan. Conclusions. The history of further development of Kazakh people has proved that such a courageous and purposeful service, provided by Abylai Khan in the middle of the XVIII century, transcended the borders of one country and became the most important in the region.
5
Morozan, Vladimir V. "History of St. Petersburg’s Pavements". RUDN Journal of Russian History 22, n. 3 (15 dicembre 2023): 342–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2023-22-3-342-353.
Abstract (sommario):
Within the article, the author examines the history of everyday life of St. Petersburg through analyzing documents that have recorded the history of the city’s pavement replacement with various materials over a period of more than three hundred years. The study was mainly carried out on the basis of archival materials from the funds of the Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg and the Russian State Historical Archive. It is evident that this work is the first comprehensive study of the history of the pavements of the Russian Empire capital as a theme, a topic which has not yet been adequately reflected in either domestic or foreign historiography. It has been established that it took the city authorities a considerable time to pave the capital's roads during the imperial period. The paving of the city roads developed from the use of raw stone to natural asphalt. In the end, it took almost a century to bring the streets of the main part of the city to the proper condition; they have been previously been covered with mainly stone. Whereas in the XVIII century the main task of the central and city authorities was to pave as many streets as possible, then in the XIX - early XX centuries the city government instead concentrated on a way find an inexpensive but durable material for this purpose.
6
Mogilevskiy, Nikolay A., Alexey V. Skizhenok e Tatiana V. Chernikova. "Defensive Social Practices in the History of Russia: the Early Formation of “Cancel Culture” or a Rare Event of the Past?" RUDN Journal of Russian History 22, n. 3 (15 dicembre 2023): 470–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2023-22-3-470-483.
Abstract (sommario):
While the concept of “cancel culture” is already a given in contemporary culture; through this article, the authors propose to illustrate a comparable concept/term “defensive practice” in a broader historical retrospective. The authors emphasize that in general there were relative few examples of such “defensive practices” in Russian history, but analyzes the two earliest of them. The first is at the end of the XVII century, when a conflict broke out between the religious and political groups of “Latinisers” and “Graecophils.” Patriarch Joachim played an active role in resolving the conflict by unequivocally taking the side of the “Graecophils.” As a result, the writings of “latinising heretics” were banned, and they were either executed or condemned by the local council of the Russian Church. In the XVIII century manifestations of comparable defensive practice became even rarer, but already at the very end of the century, under Emperor Paul I, the highest authorities again re-used this technique. Fearing the spread of revolutionary “contagion,” Paul I set the goal of banning the spread of “French fashions” in Russia, individual French words, as well as writings by French authors (or those who sympathized with the events of the French Revolution). However, all these measures had no effect and were eventually ended under Alexander I. As a result, the authors come to the conclusion that at the initial stage of the Modern era and even in the XVIII century, practices comparable to modern cancel culture were not widespread in Russian life, and were an exception rather than socio-political practice.
7
Krom, Mikhail. "Patronage and Clientele in the Muscovite State in the 16th and 17th Centuries: Historiography and the Key Issues". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, n. 4 (agosto 2021): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.4.6.
Abstract (sommario):
Introduction. The paper deals with the phenomenon of patron-client relations in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Russia, which until recently has been almost completely neglected by the scholars. Relying on recent publications and his own findings, the author addresses the key issues of the topic including the origins of this phenomenon in Russia, the typology of patron-client relations and their specifics in Muscovy. Methods and materials. The paper combines a survey of the current historiography with examination of selected primary sources (mainly private letters from archival collections) and forays into the theory of patron-client relations elaborated by social scientists. Comparing the Muscovite patronage system to its counterparts in other European countries enables some hypotheses about the peculiarities of patron-client relations in pre-Petrine Russia. Analysis. Addressing the problem of the origins of the Russian patronage the author traces the evolution of social relations and the appearance of the specific language of patronage which leads him to a conclusion that the phenomenon in question might have emerged by the end of the 16th century. Proceeding then to the typology of patron-client relations, the author assumes that, although only aristocratic patronage has been thoroughly studied so far, similar phenomena can be detected in other milieus as well, including the Church, where nepotism and corporate clientelism flourished. Finally, the author isolates some specific features of the Muscovite patronage, especially its depoliticized and decentralized character, as contrasted to the analogous phenomena in Poland-Lithuania, England, and France. Results. Summing up the present-day knowledge of the Muscovite patronage, the author highlights it as a typically early modern phenomenon that evolved within the official state institutions and functioned as an addendum to them.
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Mamanovna, Tanieva Guldona. "The Issue Of The Central Asian Northern Pilgrimage Route In The Russian-Bukhara Diplomatic Relations In The XVIII Century (On The Example Of The Activities Of Ambassador Ernazar Maqsud Oglu)". American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research 02, n. 11 (30 novembre 2020): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/volume02issue11-19.
Abstract (sommario):
In the Middle Ages, Central Asian pilgrims traveled to Mecca in three directions: the North direction ‒ through the Russian Empire, the central direction‒ through the territory of Persia, and the south direction ‒ along roads through India and the Arabian Sea. Therefore, the question of the directions of the Hajj was reflected in the diplomatic correspondence of the Central Asian khanates with Persia, India, the Russian and Ottoman empires тоо. Depending on the political, economic and ideological interests of these states, sometimes pilgrims were given permits to be sent to Mecca through their territories, and sometimes not. The degree of intensity of pilgrimage movements, in most cases, depended on the activities of interstate ambassadors. On the issue of eliminating various prohibitions and obstacles in the movements of pilgrimage roads, the Central Asian ambassadors were active and historical documents reveal these data to us. In this period the Central Asian ambassadors, who were sent to the reception of the governors those neighbor states on other issues, in most cases negotiated precisely on the direction of the Hajj of the Central Asian pilgrims also. One of such far-sighted ambassadors was a rich merchant from Bukhara, who lived in the XVIII c. Ernazar Maksud ogli officially sent several times by the Central Asian rulers to the Russian Empire. In this article analyzes the question of how the problems of the Hajj road were solved at the international diplomatic level by the example of the activities this ambassador. The history of negotiations between Ernazar and the Russian emperors on matters of the northern direction of the Hajj road and their results illuminated on base documents on this issue, which stored in the fund of the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire (AFPRE). The scientific conclusions of this article serve for an extensive study of the issues of diplomatic and economic relations between the Central Asian khanates and the Russian Empire in the XVIII century, revealing the history of the embassy relations of the khanates and the history of the pilgrimage of the Hajj of the Central Asian people and the features of the directions of roads from Central Asia to Mecca.
9
Bazarova, Tatiana A. "THE PROBLEM OF ANNUAL PAYMENTS TO THE CRIMEAN KHANATE DURING THE RUSSIAN-TURKISH NEGOTIATIONS IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE 18TH CENTURY". Ural Historical Journal 73, n. 4 (2021): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2021-4(73)-183-191.
Abstract (sommario):
Тhe paper considers diplomatic struggle around fixing in the Russian-Turkish agreements the refusal of annual payments to the Crimean Khan. This problem was one of the key issues in Russia’s relations with the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate during the Petrine era. The participation of Crimean diplomacy in the discussion of the problem at the Russian-Turkish peace talks remains poorly studied in Russian historiography. The Treaty of Constantinople (1700) secured the abolition of annual payments to the Crimean Khanate. However, the failure of the Prut campaign and non-fulfilment of Russian-Turkish peace agreements obligations by the tsar led to the renewal of the demand for annual payments. In 1711 and 1712, during negotiations with Russian ambassadors, the Ottomans did not insist on including to the peace treaty a clause on payments to the Crimean Khan and were content with oral promises. A difficult diplomatic struggle on the “Crimean dacha” unfolded at the peace talks in 1713, when Kaplan I Giray joined the active discussion of the problem. The clause on Crimean payments (without declaring direct obligations) was included in the text of the Adrianople (1713) and Constantinople (1720) treaties. By supporting the “khan’s claims” at the Russian-Turkish peace talks, the Sublime Porte demonstrated the readiness to protect the interests of its vassal. Peter I regarded the return of the clause about the “Crimean dacha” as a blow to Russia’s international prestige.
10
Bohomolets-Barash, Oleksandr. "The European imprint in the linguistic picture of the world of an educated Ukrainian of the eighteenth century (based on private Cossack diaries)". Ukrainian Linguistics, n. 53 (2023): 88–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/um/53(2023).88-119.
Abstract (sommario):
Background. In the context of the ongoing Russian war against Ukraine, when its relations with European countries are strengthening as Ukrainians are defending not only themselves but the whole of Europe, it is important to examine the history of Ukrainian-European relations at the linguistic level. It is known that Ukrainian students studied at European universities already in XV–XVI centuries, mainly in Germany. Moreover, some embarked on a long educational journey through Europe, including studies in France and Italy. Later, in XVII–XVIII centuries, a significant role in the educational system played Kyiv (now Kyiv-Mohyla) Academy, the all-Ukrainian center of education, science, and culture of that period, from where the students went to Europe to deepen their knowledge. Following the best European educational practices, Kyiv Academy contributed to the rapid adaptation of Ukrainian students to the international environment in Europe. Amongst these students, were descendants from the families of the Ukrainian nobility and Cossack officers, including the Markovych and Khanenko families, whose diaries are the subject of research in this article. Aims and approach. Cossack diaries were the subject of in-depth historical & linguistic research, including educational background, intellectual interests, and individual style of writing of Yakiv Markovych, Mykola Khanenko, and Petro Apostol – the authors of the analyzed documents. However, so far, the lexical units related to Europe have not been the object of a separate study in the above-mentioned texts, which determines the scientific novelty of our research. Methodology. To fulfill the tasks, set out in the article, we used the method of analyzing the semantic space of the concept, which involves grouping the studied vocabulary according to the ideographic principle, which, in turn, makes it possible to reconstruct the linguistic picture of the world. The peculiarities of the functioning of adjectival-substantive phrases in the texts of the diaries were analyzed from the perspective of combinatorial linguistics. Results and findings. Cossack diaries are a valuable source of conceptual knowledge about Europe from the perspective of 18th-century Ukrainians. The authors of the diaries, the most educated people of their time, were quite rich both materially and spiritually. Accordingly, they studied foreign languages (Latin, French, German, Italian, Polish), read and translated from them, provided education for their descendants; were interested in the latest in European literature, science, and philosophical thought; exchanged books and communicated about what they had read; followed the cultural life of Europe, attending new performances by European authors. In everyday life, they paid tribute to fashion by buying fabrics for clothing from European countries, and as representatives of the Cossack elite, they had access to physical pleasures (drinks, tobacco) of European origin. As memoirists, they were particularly interested in history: they were aware of Europe’s social and political life by subscribing to European newspapers; at the same time, they were participants and witnesses of important historical events. Based on the analyzed diaries, a variety of lexical items, primarily adjectival and substantive phrases, have been identified to refer to items of European spiritual/material culture, phenomena, and persons related to Europe. Accordingly, the semantic fields “Spiritual Culture” and “Material Culture” were built in the semantic space of the concept of Europe. Conclusion. Europe left a noticeable impact on the linguistic picture of the world of educated Ukrainians of the eighteenth century, which is a natural result of the historical continuity of Ukrainian-European relations in the cultural, educational, scientific, art, and international trade fields.
11
Vovina-Lebedeva, Varvara. "Formation of Big Peasant Clans in the Russian North Based on the State Descriptions of the Vazhsky District from 17th to the Early 18th Century". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, n. 5 (dicembre 2022): 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.5.7.
Abstract (sommario):
Introduction. State descriptions of the northern peasant volosts of Russia demonstrate the features and techniques of business writing, typical for the Russian Middle Ages and early modern times. Methods and materials. The article analyzes scribal and census books for several villages of the volost Kurgomen of the Podvinskaya quarter of the Vazhsky district beyond the middle 17th – first half 18 centuries. On the basis of a microanalysis of peasant genealogies, several family clans of peasants living in neighboring villages were identified, the family surnames of the peasants were investigated. Analysis. The development or extinction of peasant clans, and some features of intra-family relations and the dynamics of population displacement at the village / volost level have been traced. The given data confirm the well-known fact that during the censuses, some of the peasants were hiding from the description. The period of Peter I caused heavy damage to the northern villages. The analyzed material shows that only large family clans were able to preserve themselves and their importance in the parish. Results. The results obtained in the article relate not only to the process of folding the branched peasant clans, which played a significant role in the volost and parish, defending, first of all, their own interests, but also the problems of the reliability of state descriptions.
12
El’yanov, A. "USA at the Stage of Catch-Up Development". World Economy and International Relations, n. 1 (2012): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2012-1-51-60.
Abstract (sommario):
The author deals with the lessons of the period of the so-called catch-up development in the United States of America (XVIII – the beginning of XX century). The overall thrust of the social and economic progress of this relatively young nation was then determined by the aspiration to adopt technological, organizational and managerial achievements of more advanced economies of the Old World. The author stresses that without resorting to this period of the American history it is difficult to understand the reasons for the extraordinary economic and social take-off of the USA. The author examines the origins of the industrial recovery, the role of the government and the main directions of development policies at that stage. A conclusion is made that the United States succeeded in prudently managing the nation’s resources and the available incomes. By ensuring favorable conditions for life and business procedures the government greatly facilitated the creative forces and rapid economic progress.
13
Lapshin, Andrei. "Grachevskaya and Mechetnaya Fortresses of Tsaritsyn Guard Line at the 18th Century Plans and Aerial Photographs from 1942–1943". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, n. 2 (aprile 2023): 40–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.2.4.
Abstract (sommario):
Introduction. The aim of the work is to establish the degree of consistency and graphical reliability of the information in existing manuscript plans of fortresses of Grachevskaya and Mechetnaya of the Tsaritsyn guard line drawn in the 18th century in comparison with their ruined remains which were recorded in the middle of the 20th century. One of the main tasks is to present new sources for the study of Tsaritsyn guard line: photo materials of 1942–1943 and a topographical plan. They reliably allow us to recognize not only about the exact location and configuration of the Mechetnaya and Grachevskaya fortresses, but also about their basic dimensions. The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that at present these sites no longer exist, and information about them has survived only in photographic or topographic form, which is introduced into scientific data for the first time. Methods and materials. The study is based on published material, archival manuscript plans from the 18th century, as well as aerial photographs from 1942–1943 and a topographical plan from the 1970s. Special technical methods of combining plans and maps with modern satellite imagery of terrain geo-information resources have allowed to compare these contemporaneous documents. Analysis. A comparative analysis of the size, shape and location of the fortresses of Grachevskaya and Mechetnaya, as well as some other sections of Tsaritsyn guard line, has been made. The article provides a comparative analysis of manuscript plans of 18th century fortresses, aerial photographs and other cartographic materials of the middle of the 20th century. Results. The use of photographs and satellite images, measurements of linear dimensions and calculations made it possible to establish the most accurate dimensional characteristics of the fortresses. The main conclusion of the research is the established fact that the plan of 1769–1770 of the fortresses of Grachevskaya and Mechetnaya, drawn by P.B. Inokhodtsev, is distinguished by quite a high degree of graphic correspondence with the ruined remains of these fortifications, fixed on the aerial photography of 1942–1943 and other materials from the 1960s and 1970s.
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Ivanyuk, Sergey. "Features of Fortifications of the Tsaritsyn Defense Line in the 20s of the 18th Century". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija 26, n. 1 (marzo 2021): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.1.5.
Abstract (sommario):
Introduction. Extending from the walls of the fortress of Tsaritsyn to the Don river, the Tsaritsyn defense line reliably protected this area from the systematic raids of nomads, gave an impetus to the active settlement of the region and its economic development. A number of research papers are devoted to the history of the Tsaritsyn line, but some aspects are still insufficiently studied. This article reveals the features of fortification and military engineering characteristics of the Tsaritsyn defense line defensive structures, its technical condition during the reign of Peter I. Methods and materials. The research is based on both published documents and ones stored in archives, which allow us to understand the principles that formed the fortified Tsaritsyn defense line, which fortifications were part of its complex in the 20s of the 18th century. Methods of the study: the principles of historicism and objectivity, analysis, synthesis, systematic approach. Analysis. The comparison of the evidence of participants in the construction of the Tsaritsyn defense line (1719–1720) and cartographic plans of its fortifications made it possible to determine the main characteristics of military engineering facilities located at it. Additionally, the analysis of cartographic sources, the manuscript division of the Library of the Academy of Sciences and the documents of the Main Office of Artillery and Fortification helped to determine the time frame and the author of the map “of the defensive line between the Volga and the Don” of 1723, which has not previously been used by researchers when working on the issue of fortification of the Tsaritsyn defense line in the first years of its operation. Results. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that since the beginning of commissioning in 1720, the main fortification objects were formed at the Tsaritsyn defense line, which were part of the complex of its defensive structures, which remained the main fortifications during the entire time of its operation until the abolition of service on it.
15
Tikhonova, Oxana. "The problem of the use of the term “Portuguese Aljamía”". Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, n. 4 (2022): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080020814-2.
Abstract (sommario):
The portuguese term “Aljamía” means ʻtexts in Portuguese in Arabic scriptʼ since the beginning of the XXth century under the influence of D. Lopes. The word “Aljamía” appears in Portuguese documents of the XVth century to designate the Portuguese language as it was perceived by the Moors. Thus, the word “aljamía” has two meanings: the historical ʻforeign languageʼ (Portuguese) and the modern ʻtext in Portuguese in Arabic scriptʼ. These meanings correspond to the Spanish “Aljamía” and “Aljamiado”. However, not all scientists agree with the terminological use of the word “Aljamía” as an analogue of the Spanish “Aljamiado”. The term “Aljamía” technically means portuguese texts in Arabic script, but it has other cultural and historical references. Spanish texts in “Aljamiado” were created by Spanish Muslims who lost their knowledge of Arabic in the period after the Reconquista (XIII–XVII). The Arabic script was a sign of their cultural and religious identity. The reason for the use of Arabic alphabet in Portuguese documents (XVIth century) is different. The Arab governors of the portuguese colonies in Africa had to address their reports directly to the Portuguese king. They knew Portuguese only in spoken form and used the Arabic alphabet to write down the Portuguese language. These documents are an important source in the history of the Portuguese language, especially in historical phonetics. However, from a cultural and historical point of view, they are not comparable with Spanish and cannot belong to the corpus of manuscripts in “Aljamiado”.
16
Nikolskaia, Kseniia D. "Rice and Arak: the South Indian Diet of the Early XVIII Century through the Eyes of Europeans according to the Documents of the Danish Royal Mission". Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, n. 1 (2024): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080029217-5.
Abstract (sommario):
Since the beginning of the XVIII century, the Danish Royal Mission has been working in the South of India. For the first years, it consisted mainly of people from the University of Halle. Many historical sources have been preserved, according to which this page of the history of the penetration of Christianity into Asia and the formation of European Oriental studies is being reconstructed today. Lutheran pastors studied languages, translated sacred literature, preached, created schools, built churches. A significant amount of research has been devoted to these problems. However, the daily life of Europeans in the South Asian region at the beginning of the XVIII century until now has attracted little attention. Numerous reports on the work of missionaries in India allow us to envision how the Lutheran ministers of the church adapted to local household traditions, including culinary traditions. The first head of the mission, B. Ziegenbalg in his works gives overall information about the diet of local residents. In addition to telling about the main dishes and drinks of India, he provides valuable data on the relationship between cooking and Indian medicine. His works also contain materials concerning the specifics of the diet of ascetics. Finally, in connection with culinary topics, his materials preserve data about the economy of the region (trade relations, cultivated crops, prices for basic food and beverages, etc.). The texts of Ziegenbalg allow us to raise an important academic problem of meeting, interaction and mutual adaptation of two completely different cultures – European and Indian.
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Semenov, Oleg. "The Procedure for Providing Verkhotur’s Yamschiks with a Money Wage in the 17th Century". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, n. 5 (novembre 2023): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.5.3.
Abstract (sommario):
Introduction. The article examines the procedure for obtaining a money wage by the yamschiks of Verkhoturye, which was one of the most important sources of their existence. Historians have hardly studied this issue. The changes in the procedure for issuing salaries in the 17th century are analyzed, and their influence on the yamschiks is shown. Methods and materials. The basis of the work was unpublished archival materials, many of which were introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. Comparative, genetic, and anthropological methods of historical research were used. Analysis. Since the emergence of the Verkhotursky Yam, a complicated procedure for obtaining a money wage has been in effect for yamschiks. It assumed the annual appeal of the yamschiks to Moscow. This was burdensome for the yamschiks and did not guarantee timely payment of wages. This prompted the yamschiks to seek permission from the authorities to change the procedure for providing salaries. The simplification of the procedure for issuing salaries was also favored by the growth of income in Verkhoturye. From 1659/60, yamschiks received salaries from the local budget without trips to Moscow until the first half of 1670. During the following decades of the 17th century, Verkhotursky Yam was supplied with funds from Moscow. Results. By the end of the 17th century, the procedure for providing Verkhotursky yamschiks with a money wage was not simplified. They went to Moscow for payment annually. This worsened the already difficult financial situation of the yamschiks, negatively affected their duties, and therefore hindered the Russian development of Siberia.
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Zykin, Alexey, Mikhail Anatol'evich Aref'ev e Antonina Gileevna Davydenkova. "Orthodox Old Believers in the synthesis of cultures of the Trans-Baikal region (on the history of Spiritual Missions of Transbaikalia)". Философская мысль, n. 3 (marzo 2024): 54–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8728.2024.3.43670.
Abstract (sommario):
This work is aimed at studying the role of spiritual missions in the cultural life of Transbaikalia on the example of the Daurian Spiritual Mission, which was created by the Russian Orthodox Church with the aim of spreading Orthodoxy and Russian culture among the indigenous population of the Daurian land and neighboring regions of Eastern Siberia. It is noted that in general, the Daurian Spiritual Mission has become the most important tool of the ROC in spreading the Orthodox faith of the XVII-XVIII centuries in Siberia. It made it possible to introduce many peoples of Eastern Siberia to Christianity, preserving a tolerant approach and the uniqueness of local cultural traditions, which contributed to the development of both trade and industry in this region. During the intensive development of the economy of this part of the Russian state, the Daurian Spiritual Mission played its role as a spiritual and economic connector. Separately, the interaction of the mission with Northern Buddhism (Lamaism) and the desire to attract Buddhists to Christianity is noted. However, due to concerns about the negative impact on international relations with China, this line of work was not continued. In addition to pagan and Buddhist influence on the ethnoculture of Eastern Siberia, the influence of Old Believers is noted. The Trans-Baikal Old Believers are an important spiritual experience of Russian Orthodox culture in Eastern Siberia and have a long history. The Semey Old Believers are considered separately as a kind of Old Believers in Transbaikalia, who were settled in this territory in the XVIII century, which is caused by an incomplete understanding of their life and everyday life. It is indicated that the mixing of cultural elements, including mixed marriages, has led to the formation of a unique culture and way of life of the Semeyskys, who continue to preserve their individuality and persist in the modern world.
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Юрій Степанович Фігурний. "COSSACK ARMED ACTIONS IN THE 20-30s OF THE XVIITH CENTURY – LOST CHANCE TO REFORM RZECHPOSPOLITA". Intermarum history policy culture, n. 5 (1 gennaio 2018): 154–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.111810.
Abstract (sommario):
The article analyses the Cossack armed actions in the 20-30's of the XVIIth century as the lost chance to reform Rzechpospolita and transform it into a powerful state of the three peoples – Polish, Lithuanian and Ukrainian. It has been found out that after the establishment of Rzechpospolita in 1569 and due to the intergovernmental union of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Ukrainian Cossacks considerably strengthened over the 50 years and became a powerful factor of influence in socio-political and interstate relations of that time. It has been established that at the beginning the Cossacks, conscious of their strength and combat ability, tried to peacefully negotiate with the authorities of Rzechpospolita. Nonetheless after the authorities abandoned a constructive dialogue they began recalcitrance actions, which subsequently turned into bloodthirsty uprisings. The conclusions of the paper state that the Cossack armed actions in the 20-30's of the XVIIth century played a decisive role in Ukrainian ethnic, ethno-cultural, state-building and nation-building processes, but they did not contribute to the reform of Rzechpospolita. In the first quarter of the XVIIth century due to P. Sagaidachny the evolutionary development dominated in the national state formation. In the second quarter of the same century revolutionary means of the Ukrainians (Rus’ians, Rusyns) state and nation formation prevailed. Those were armed actions, military confrontation between the Cossacks and the Polish authorities, the Rus’s magnates and their accomplices, including part of the registered Cossacks, as the main stratum of the social life in the Dnieper region in the second quarter of the XVIIth century. We firmly believe that the Ukrainian Cossacks were the main facilitators and the driving force of the state and nation-building in Ukraine, which ultimately caused the rebellion led by Khmelnitsky and the formation of the Ukrainian Cossack-Hetman State (Hetmanate), which in turn became the underlying ground for the Ukrainians in their heroic struggle for preservation of ethnic identity, restoration of their statehood and formation of a political nation from the end of the XVIIth and to the beginning of the XXIst century.
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Popov, Gregory G., e Dmitry S. Tokmakov. "Confrontation between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century: An institutional approach". Terra Economicus 21, n. 3 (25 settembre 2023): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2073-6606-2023-21-3-58-69.
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Suseeva, Danara, e Oksana Gorban. "Ways in the Life of the Kalmyk Khanate of the 18th Century (Based on the Documents of the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia)". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, n. 5 (novembre 2023): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.5.4.
Abstract (sommario):
Introduction. The object of the analysis is the ways in which the Kalmyk Khanate of the 18th century used communication routes and movements along these paths for a specific purpose. Methods and materials. The official correspondence of Kalmyk khans and owners with representatives of different government levels of the Russian state of the 18th century from the funds of the National Archives of the Republic of Kalmykia is considered, data on the movements of representatives of the Kalmyk Khanate is revealed, and a typology of these movements is proposed. Analysis. It is shown that ways differ in place, time, and purpose of movement. In the life of the Kalmyks, internal and external ways stood out. The internal ones are seasonal migrations within the khanate in order to change pastures for livestock. The documents report on the places of nomads, folk traditions, holidays, and various difficulties. External ways connected the Kalmyks with the world outside the khanate and were divided into postal (communication between different subjects), official (delivery of salaries, trips on judicial and other matters), diplomatic (visits to the court, trips to other states to conclude and maintain peace), military (military campaigns, border protection), trade (trips to Russian and other cities for the purchase and sale of livestock and various goods), and religious (pilgrimage to Tibet, trips for baptism to Stavropol-on-the-Volga). Results. The conclusion is made about the great importance of both internal ways, which determined the mode of life of the nomadic people, and external ones, thanks to which interaction with the Russian state and other countries was carried out. Sources of Kalmyk and Russian origin reveal facts from different points of view and show the actions of both sides as the realization of their complex, multifaceted interaction. Authors’ contribution. D.A. Suseeva proposed the classification principles, identified the main way types, and analyzed the letters of the Kalmyk khans and owners. O.A. Gorban supplemented the classification with individual species and analyzed V.N. Tatishchev’s letters and other documents of the Kalmyk Commission.
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Zavidovskaya, Ekaterina A. "CLASSIFICATION OF QING DYNASTY ALBUMS ON YUNNAN PROVINCE AND THEIR IMPORTANCE AS SOURCES ON SOUTHWESTERN CHINA". Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, n. 5 (2023): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080026513-1.
Abstract (sommario):
Two hand-written albums on Yunnan from the collection of the Academic library of Saint Petersburg State University have been produced circa first half of the XIX century. The first album is “Illustrated descriptions of yi-barbarians of the South and the West of Yunnan” (Xyl. F-26, preface 1839, 44 illustrations, republished with commentary in 2020), the second album Xyl F-25 is without original cover, title and date, contains 73 maps of various administrative units of Yunnan province (prefectures, regions, counties). Yunnan albums may roughly be divided into two types: 1. Albums depicting ethnic groups similar to “the Miao Albums” characteristic of Guizhou province; 2. Albums containing maps of various administrative units of the province with textual descriptions on these units, with details on various peoples. Earlier versions of Yunnan albums contained descriptive data from no longer extant Ming period writings on the province, but number of the Yunnan ethnic groups mentioned on the albums increased from about 44 in mid-late XVIII century to over 100 by the second half of the XIX century, this rise in numbers is related to the publication of an extended version of “Bo Lin album” of 1818. Upon comparing descriptions from the Xyl F-25 album and official Yunnan gazetteers (Yunnan tongzhi, 1736 and 1835) we draw a conclusion that data from the gazetteers was not borrowed to this album, and its descriptions may be the original work of their unknown author. Album Xyl F-25 did not pursue a goal of providing detailed information on various peoples of Yunnan.
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Tseluykina, Evgeniya. "Distribution of Lands by Prikazes of the Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery at the End of the 16th – Beginning of the 17th Century (Based on Economic Books)". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, n. 5 (novembre 2023): 6–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.5.1.
Abstract (sommario):
Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of the composition of the lands of the large patrimony of the Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries, the distribution of subordinate territories by monastic prikazes, and the clarification of their names. Despite the fact that the expansion and methods of acquiring monastery lands have been studied in detail for the 16th century, a complete list of monastic villages at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries was not compiled, and the issue of their distribution by prikazes – administrative-territorial units of patrimony management – was only touched upon. Methods and materials. The method of diachronic analysis of money and grain economic books of the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries has shown all the villages mentioned in them. The data obtained were compared with the land acts of the Compilation Book and systematized. Analysis. The resolutions of the Zemsky Sobors of 1580 and 1584 prohibited land contributions to monasteries; however, the cloister continued to receive new possessions. The prikazes, headed by the village elders, ruled the villages assigned to them. Results. A list of the villages of the Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries, distributed by 6 prikazes and 11 counties, was compiled. There were 49 villages identified. One of them was not mentioned in the literature before. The general tendencies towards impoverishment and desolation of lands are noted, which were typical for the central part of the Russian state during the period of Smuta.
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Stengach, Nadiia. "Autonomy as a form of state sovereignty of the Ukrainian Cossack State (late XVII-XVIII centuries)". Visegrad Journal on Human Rights, n. 1 (6 maggio 2024): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.61345/1339-7915.2024.1.17.
Abstract (sommario):
The study of Ukrainian statehood’s history is important for understanding the continuity of state formation in Ukraine and supporting the nation-state revival. It is crucial to examine Cossack statehood in the mid-17th century, specifically its foreign policy and international situation. The purpose of this article is to study the main directions of activity of the hetman administration of the Ukrainian Cossack state in the XVII-XVIII centuries, focusing on protecting the sovereignty of the Ukrainian government in domestic and foreign policy. The article’s methodological basis is rooted in general scientific principles and methods of cognition. These principles aim to provide an objective and comprehensive understanding of facts, events, and phenomena. The research follows the principles of historicism and objectivism, which prioritize factual material and avoid bias. General and specific historical methods of scientific research were employed in investigating the topic. These methods included: analysis and synthesis when examining sources and literature, periodization for organizing the research, problem-historical approach for presenting historical material, and comparative-historical analysis for comparing similar indicators and facts within the same historical context. Result: The elite’s perception of itself as a subject of socio-political life led to the creation of contractual orientations and the demand for mutual obligations to be recognized. This was evident in the requirements of the monarch’s oath to fulfill the contract. The Ukrainian political elite justified their intentions and actions towards protectorates based on the principle of contract, showing their willingness to fulfill contractual obligations on an equal footing. Conclusions: The legal subjectivity of the Ukrainian political elite has been reduced to post-sovereign autonomism due to increasing foreign policy imperial pressure. The typological characteristics of this are the following: 1) recognition of the supreme power of the protector-monarch; 2) refusal to regulate social relations by the laws of the protector’s country; 3) categorical denial of the right of the political elite of the monarch-protector’s country to perform any managerial functions within the political system of the Hetmanship.
25
Pitts, Jennifer. "International relations and the critical history of International Law". International Relations 31, n. 3 (settembre 2017): 282–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117817726227.
Abstract (sommario):
Just as the contemporary global structure is a product of nineteenth-century economic and political developments, namely, industrial capitalism and global empires dominated by European metropoles, a misleading conception of the international system as composed of formally equal sovereign states is a product of the same period, as Vattel’s conception of states as equal moral persons was taken up and transformed in the early nineteenth century, especially in imperial Britain. This model continues to shape interpretations of global politics in International Relations (IR), despite the persistence of the imperial legacy in the form of a stratified globe. Historical work informed by postcolonial studies and recent scholarship in International Law can give IR greater analytical and critical purchase on the current global order.
26
Nikolskaia, Kseniia D. "Bartolomäus Ziegenbalg on the Religion of the Indian South". Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, n. 5 (2022): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080021609-6.
Abstract (sommario):
Since the beginning of the XVIII century, a periodical was published at the University of the Saxon city of Halle under the title «Der Königlich. dänischen Missionarien aus Ost-Indien eingesandte ausführliche Berichte». It published texts sent from the city of Tranquebar in Southern India. Lutheran preachers, employees of the Danish Royal Mission, had been working in this city since 1706. For the first years, the mission was led by pastor Ziegenbalg, one of the founders of European Tamil studies. Most of the texts in the publication were written by him. Those texts sent by the pastor from India mainly dealt with the existence of the Tranquebar Lutheran community. At the same time, some publications were devoted to completely different problems. They told about the country where the missionaries conducted their work: about its geography, natural conditions, political structure, customs and traditions, about the daily life of Indians, and finally, about religion and mythology. Information about the religion of inhabitants of the South of India was later included in the fundamental work of Bartolomeus Ziegenbalg «Genealogie der Malabarischen Götter». However, this work was refused to be published in Europe for many years. It was issued only in 1867. Until that time, the main source of information about the religion of South India for European scholars remained only those notes that were printed in «Der Königlich. dänischen Missionarien aus Ost-Indien eingesandte ausführliche Berichte». A translation of one of those curious notes is offered to your attention.
27
Puchala, Donald J. "The History of the Future of International Relations". Ethics & International Affairs 8 (marzo 1994): 177–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1994.tb00164.x.
Abstract (sommario):
Most of the significant philosophies of history, ” Pitirim Sorokin observed, and “most of the intelligible interpretations of historical events…have…appeared either in periods of serious crisis, catastrophe, and transitional disintegration, or immediately More or alter such periods.” The twentieth century has been an age of continuing crisis in world politics. In terms of lives sacrificed to political idols, our century, in almost every interpretation, has been a profound catastrophe. This century's last decade is indeed a time of transitional disintegration.
28
Boland, Brian. "Keylor, The Twentieth-Century World - An International History". Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 22, n. 2 (1 settembre 1997): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.22.2.92-93.
Abstract (sommario):
This is an excellent text for an upper-level course in international affairs. It is about national interests, the "power, prestige, and prosperity" of nations in the twentieth century. Drawing upon secondary sources, Keylor has sifted them and written a clear story about power politics. He has made a special effort to include in this new edition explanations about the economic relations among nations and a narrative of the dramatic changes in Eastern Europe with the collapse of the U.S.S.R. Recent events in the Mid-East and Yugoslavia are also included.
29
Agensky, Jonathan C. "Recognizing religion: Politics, history, and the “long 19th century”". European Journal of International Relations 23, n. 4 (12 gennaio 2017): 729–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066116681428.
Abstract (sommario):
Analyses of religion and international politics routinely concern the persistence of religion as a critical element in world affairs. However, they tend to neglect the constitutive interconnections between religion and political life. Consequently, religion is treated as exceptional to mainstream politics. In response, recent works focus on the relational dimensions of religion and international politics. This article advances an “entangled history” approach that emphasizes the constitutive, relational, and historical dimensions of religion — as a practice, discursive formation, and analytical category. It argues that these public dimensions of religion share their conditions of possibility and intelligibility in a political order that crystallized over the long 19th century. The neglect of this period has enabled International Relations to treat religion with a sense of closure at odds with the realities of religious political behavior and how it is understood. Refocusing on religion’s historical entanglements recovers the concept as a means of explaining international relations by “recognizing” how it is constituted as a category of social life. Beyond questions of the religious and political, this article speaks to renewed debates about the role of history in International Relations, proposing entanglement as a productive framing for international politics more generally.
30
Barbakadze, Sophio. "Concept of Terrorism in International Relations". Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences 2, n. 1 (10 novembre 2023): 163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.62343/cjss.2009.27.
Abstract (sommario):
Terrorism is already recognized as a main threat to the international system in the XXI century, rightly compared with the Cold War problem in the 20th century. After the notorious 9/11 events, the issue of terrorism has prevailed over such serious problems as proliferation, organized crime, etc. Thus study of terrorism is increasingly becoming one of the most challenging activities. Terrorism is an extremely complicated phenomenon, making its study quite difficult. The scholars need to count with a variety of details, often leading them to confusion. Thus a number of directions for study of terrorism had been singled out, including definition of the concept itself; history of terrorism; theoretical explanation of terrorism; and finally-the various forms of terrorism.
31
Gozzi, Gustavo. "History of International Law and Western Civilization". International Community Law Review 9, n. 4 (2007): 353–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187197407x261386.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractThis paper discusses the origins 19th-century international law through the works of such scholars as Bluntschli, Lorimer, and Westlake, and then traces out its development into the 20th century. Nineteenth-century international law was forged entirely in Europe: it was the expression of a European consciousness and culture, and was geographically located within the community of European peoples, which meant a community of Christian, and hence "civilized," peoples. It was only toward the end of the 19th century that an international law emerged as the expression of a "global society," when the Ottoman Empire, China, and Japan found themselves forced to enter the regional international society revolving around Europe. Still, these nations stood on an unequal footing, forming a system based on colonial relations of domination. This changed in the post–World War II period, when a larger community of nations developed that was not based on European dominance. This led to the extended world society we have today, made up of political systems profoundly different from one another because based on culture-specific concepts. So in order for a system to qualify as universal, it must now draw not only on Western but also on non-Western forms, legacies, and concepts.
32
FAUCHER, CHARLOTTE. "Cultural Diplomacy and International Cultural Relations in Twentieth-Century Europe". Contemporary European History 25, n. 2 (12 aprile 2016): 373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777316000126.
Abstract (sommario):
In a 2004 review essay on transnational history published in the pages of this journal, Akira Iriye discussed the ‘internationalisation of scholarship’ and concluded that ‘historians easily cross oceans and traverse national boundaries’. The books under review here offer a striking example of this internationalisation, not only in their geographical remit but equally in the transnational interests and collaboration of their authors. Three of them are edited volumes – which, in their showcasing of different approaches, methodologies and topics, are particularly suited to addressing the hybrid nature of cultural diplomacy. Their rich variety of case studies reveals the interplay of micro and macro history, as well as the complex relations between local, national and transnational, as well as between governmental and non-governmental historical actors. The fourth volume is a jointly authored work by François Chaubet and Laurent Martin that presents a synthetic approach to cultural exchange, the relations between culture and policy and cultural globalisation. Together these recent books represent the evolution of a cultural approach to diplomatic history and international relations, epitomised by an interest in ‘soft power’ and closely shaped by the development of transnational history, entangled history (histoire croisée) and the study of cultural transfers. As such, they allow a more cumulative consideration of the roles and meanings of cultural diplomacy in twentieth-century Europe.
33
Sorescu, Andrei Dan. "National History as a History of Compacts". East Central Europe 45, n. 1 (30 aprile 2018): 63–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763308-04501004.
Abstract (sommario):
This article aims to show that concepts originating in the vocabulary of international relations were crucial to the rhetoric of nation-building in mid-nineteenth-century Europe. A close examination of the Romanian context elucidates in a more general way historical actors’ reflections and critiques of this conceptual vocabulary as well as the permeable nature of the (inter)national in the given historical context. The article explores two conceptual pairs: jus Gentium versus jus publicum Europaeum, and sovereignty versus suzerainty. In the process, it shows how Romanian nation- and state-builders became scholars of international relations. This they did in an effort to demonstrate the historically grounded sovereignty of the Romanian Principalities, in a manner compatible with the prevailing norms of the law of nations. The emphasis on a contractual relationship with the Ottoman Empire allowed for the assertion of national agency, both in the past and in the present. Increasingly focused on the imperfect translatability of concepts forged by the Western historical experience, pamphleteers of all stripes ultimately came to jettison the supposedly feudal, anachronistic vocabulary of suzerainty, militating for the inclusion of the Principalities as full parties in European public law. Thus, the article elucidates some significant conceptual tensions in the development of mid-nineteenth-century nationalism, simultaneously contributing to a growing body of scholarship on the intellectual history of international relations.
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Szarejko, Andrew A. "Bringing (inter)national history into ‘Introduction to International Relations’". Learning and Teaching 14, n. 3 (1 dicembre 2021): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/latiss.2021.140306.
Abstract (sommario):
Many introductory courses in International Relations (IR) dedicate some portion of the class to international history. Such class segments often focus on great-power politics of the twentieth century and related academic debates. In this essay, I argue that these international history segments can better engage students by broadening the histories instructors present and by drawing on especially salient histories such as those of the country in which the course is being taught. To elaborate on how one might do this, I discuss how US-based courses could productively examine the country’s rise to great-power status. I outline three reasons to bring this topic into US-based introductory IR courses, and I draw on personal experience to provide a detailed description of the ways one can do so.
35
Noordzij, Aart. "Personen, grenzen en politieke eenheden in de veertiende eeuw". Tijdschrift voor geschiedenis 127, n. 4 (1 novembre 2014): 579–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tvgesch2014.4.noor.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Personal agency, borders and political units in the fourteenth century. The duchy of Guelders and the history of international relationsTheories that offer a historicized account of international relations often consider the late middle ages as a period of fundamental change. Territorial political units, geographically defined borders, and distinctions between internal and external gradually developed and became increasingly important. As a result international relations were not only governed by competition between individual lords, by feudal networks, or by imperial and papal universalism, but also by the agency of newly developing geopolitical units, such as kingdoms, territories, towns, and local lordships. On the basis of the Guelders War of Succession (1371-1379) this paper offers a snapshot of this process of transition, demonstrating the dense and composite nature of international relations during the fourteenth century in the western part of the Holy Roman Empire.
36
Piatakov, A. N. "The relations between Turkey and Mexico: a comparative analysis, history and modernity". Cuadernos Iberoamericanos 8, n. 1 (23 agosto 2020): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2020-8-1-97-107.
Abstract (sommario):
The author analyzes the history of formation and current state of Turkey-Mexico political and economic relations in the context of Ankara intercontinental relations with the Latin American region. Comparative analysis of the two powers in their geo-economic ‘weight’, international activity, and other aspects is carried out. Evaluation of historical aspect of bilateral relations is specially emphasized. For the first time in Russian Latin American studies the evolution of Turkey-Mexico diplomatic relations in the 20th century is studied in their phases, including political contacts dynamics at the turn of the 20th and 21st century. The author also analyzes current state of countries’ trade and economic relations, as well as their interaction at the international arena.
37
CHITADZE, Nika. "Modern System of International Relations and Role of the USA". Journal in Humanities 10, n. 1 (12 luglio 2021): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31578/hum.v10i1.429.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractThe whole twentieth century and the beginning of the 21st century has been unique in modern history; for three centuries the structure ofinternational politics remained multipolar, in the twentieth century it has changed three times. Multipolar at the outset, it became bipolar after theSecond World War, unipolar with the disintegration of the Soviet Union, and as the new millennium dawns it is gradually becoming multipolar oncemore. In this regard, by the presenting of the comparative analysis of the different international systems in the world, it is important to determinethe role and place of the USA within the modern international system.Keywords: Bipolarity, International System, Multipolarity, Unipolarity, USA, World Order
38
Hall, Ian. "History, Christianity and diplomacy: Sir Herbert Butterfield and international relations". Review of International Studies 28, n. 4 (ottobre 2002): 719–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210502007192.
Abstract (sommario):
Sir Herbert Butterfield, Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge (1955–68), Regius Professor of History (1963–68), and author of The Whig Interpretation of History (1931), was one of the leading historians of the twentieth century. A diplomatic historian and student of modern historiography, Butterfield was deeply concerned too with contemporary international relations, wrote much on the subject and, in 1958, created the ‘British Committee on the Theory of International Politics’. Drawing upon published and unpublished material, this article seeks to sketch an outline of Butterfield's career and thought, to examine his approach to international relations, and to reconsider his reputation in the field.
39
BELL, DUNCAN S. A. "EMPIRE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN VICTORIAN POLITICAL THOUGHT". Historical Journal 49, n. 1 (24 febbraio 2006): 281–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x05005133.
Abstract (sommario):
This essay surveys recent scholarly work on the political theory of empire and international relations in Britain during the long nineteenth century. It traces the dominant themes and arguments to be found, points to some interpretative and methodological weaknesses, and highlights a number of topics that remain to be explored in detail. I focus on the following: the relationship between liberalism and empire and, in particular, the role played by the idea of civilization in circumscribing liberal claims to universality; the nature and evolution of international law, and the key role that jurisprudential thought played in shaping conceptions of civilization and setting the bounds of legitimacy for imperialism; the vexed relationship between the history of imperial thought and cultural/political history; and the important, though frequently marginalized, role of the colonial empire in the Victorian imperial imagination. Finally, I suggest that areas that remain to be explored in depth include non-liberal visions of international affairs; the role of theology in shaping conceptions of global order; and the balance between the United States, Europe, and the various (and very different) elements of the empire.
40
Akimkanova, Kunduz. "HISTORY OF SIMULTANEOUS INTERPRETION". Alatoo Academic Studies 23, n. 3 (30 settembre 2023): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2023.233.02.
Abstract (sommario):
This article provides a brief overview of the history of simultaneous interpretation, a method of instant interpretation of oral speech from one language to another in real- time. Since its inception at the beginning of the 20th century, associated with the need for international communication at events such as conferences and trials, the abstract outlines the evolution of this translation method in the context of technology development and international relations. It is noted that with the development of computer technology at the end of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century, simultaneous translation has become more accurate and efficient with the use of specialized programs and equipment. The influence and significance of this method in the modern world are analyzed, emphasizing its key role in ensuring successful intercultural communication.
41
Schauff, Frank. "Company choir of terror: The military council of the 1930s ‐ the red army between the XVIIth and XVIIIth party congresses". Journal of Slavic Military Studies 12, n. 2 (giugno 1999): 123–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13518049908430393.
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Brown, Chris. "Political Thought, International Relations theory and International Political Theory: an interpretation". International Relations 31, n. 3 (settembre 2017): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117817723062.
Abstract (sommario):
The relationship between political theory, including the history of political thought, and International Relations theory, including the history of international thought, has been, and to some extent remains, complex and troubled. On both sides of the Atlantic, the mid-twentieth century founders of International Relations as an academic discipline drew extensively on the canon of political thought, but approached the subject in an uncritical way, while political philosophers largely disdained the international as a focus. This changed in the 1970s and 1980s, with the emergence of the ‘justice industry’ based on critiques of Rawls’ A Theory of Justice and a consequent recovering of the past history of cosmopolitan and communitarian thought. A new discourse emerged in this period – International Political Theory – bridging the gap between political thought and international relations and stimulating a far more creative and scholarly approach to the history of international thought. However, in a social science environment dominated by the methods of economics, that is, formal theory and quantification, the new discourse of International Political Theory occupies a niche rather than existing at the centre of the discipline.
43
Wohlforth, William C. "Anarchy Is What Explains the History of International Relations". MGIMO Review of International Relations 64, n. 1 (22 marzo 2019): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2019-1-64-7-18.
Abstract (sommario):
The article examines the major events of the two previous centuries of international relations through main concepts of political realism. The author argues that in order to understand the present dilemmas and challenges of international politics, we need to know the past. Every current major global problem has historical antecedents. History from the late 19th century constitutes the empirical foundation of much theoretical scholarship on international politics. The breakdown of the Concert of Europe and the outbreak of the devastating global conflagration of World War I are the events that sparked the modern study of international relations. The great war of 1914 to 1918 underlined the tragic wastefulness of the institution of war. It caused scholars to confront one of the most enduring puzzles of the study of international relations, why humans continue to resort to this self-destructive method of conflict resolution? The article shows that the main explanation is the anarchical system of international relations. It produces security dilemma, incentives to free ride and uncertainty of intentions among great powers making war a rational tool to secure their national interests.
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Hall, Ian. "The history of international thought and International Relations theory: from context to interpretation". International Relations 31, n. 3 (settembre 2017): 241–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117817723061.
Abstract (sommario):
Over the past two decades, historians of international thought have markedly improved our understanding of the disciplinary history of International Relations (IR) and its wider intellectual history. During that period, ‘contextualism’ has become a leading approach in the field, as it has been for half a century in the history of political thought. This article argues that while the application of contextualism in IR has improved our understanding of its disciplinary history, its assumptions about the proper relationship between historians and theorists threaten to marginalise the history of international thought within IR. It argues that unless the inherent weaknesses in contextualism are recognised, the progress made in the field will go unrecognised by a discipline that sees little reason to engage with its history. It suggests that historians of international thought adopt an extensively modified version of contextualism that would allow them to rebuild bridges back into IR, especially IR theory.
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Booth, Ken. "International Relations: The Story So Far". International Relations 33, n. 2 (giugno 2019): 358–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117819851261.
Abstract (sommario):
‘The Story So Far’ is the conclusion of the first centenary Special Issue of the journal International Relations. The issue marks 100 years since the birth of the academic discipline of International Relations (IR), whose institutional moment was the endowment establishing the Department of International Politics at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, at the end of 1918, and its subsequent opening in April 1919. The collection of articles marking this unique event consists of reflections by a group of leading scholars on themes of continuity and change at the international level of world politics in that century. The present article considers these reflections in the context of problematising our attempts to understand the long history and complex dynamics of international relations.
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Black, J. "International Relations in the Eighteenth Century: Britain and Poland Compared". Diplomacy & Statecraft 13, n. 2 (giugno 2002): 83–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/714000315.
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Fitzpatrick, Sheila. "Russia's Twentieth Century in History and Historiography". Australian Journal of Politics & History 46, n. 3 (settembre 2000): 378–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8497.00103.
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ZOLLMANN, JAKOB. "African International Legal Histories – International Law in Africa: Perspectives and Possibilities". Leiden Journal of International Law 31, n. 4 (19 settembre 2018): 897–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156518000468.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractHitherto, the ‘African part’ of the history of international law has often been limited to the (critical engagement with) ‘the acquisition of Africa’ since the 1880s and questions of ‘state succession’ and international borders following independence starting in the 1950s. In this historical narrative, the dominance of colonialism is evident. It seems that ‘Africa’ as a narrative concept in international legal history remains tied to abstract contrasts such as ‘foreign domination’ versus ‘independence’, or ‘exploitation’ versus ‘development’. However, if twenty-first century writings about ‘international law in Africa’ and its histories remain shaped by this perspective, historians may lose sight of issues, questions, or ideas formed in historical Africa that do not fit into this preconceived dichotomous matrix. After discussing methodological challenges, this article asks for other ‘contacts’, other arenas of ‘internationality’ and international law in Africa’s pre-colonial past. These contacts reach back very far in history. Three arenas are mentioned: the Red Sea area and Ethiopian-Arab relations; the Indian Ocean rim; and finally, the case of nineteenth-century Ethiopia.
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Miller, Francesca. "The International Relations of Women of the Americas 1890-1928". Americas 43, n. 2 (ottobre 1986): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007437.
Abstract (sommario):
There is perhaps no area of historical literature where women—other than monarchs and Mata Haris—have been less visible than in the literature of international relations. Yet women of the western world were active at the international level by the last half of the nineteenth century, and in numbers commensurate to those of their male counterparts. The record of their organization, deliberations, tactics, correspondence, public statements and delegations to designated representatives of their governments adds a new dimension to the history of international relations.
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Ukolova, V. I. "School of History". MGIMO Review of International Relations, n. 5(38) (28 ottobre 2014): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-5-38-79-86.
Abstract (sommario):
The current international processes and events, world politics at the beginning of the 21 century have once again clearly demonstrated that their meaning often emerges through the historical context without which the understanding of what is happening is hardly possible. Rector of MGIMO A.V. Torkunov in his talk on International relations as an educational discipline remarked that "as for sciences the basis of professionalism is mathematical skills and competencies, for international relations such a basis is history". Historical disciplines are taught at MGIMO from the very start of education process. MGIMO is one of the leading centers of research in the fields of history, political sciences and humanities. Here, in different years academics E.V. Tarle, L.N. Ivanov, V.G. Trukhanovskiy, A.L. Narochnitskiy and other prominent scholars and historians taught. Historical School of MGIMO has united important areas of historical science: the history of political processes in the twentieth century, modern history, the history of international relations and diplomacy, historical regional studies and cultural studies, oriental, philosophy and theory of history. The best traditions of the MGIMO historical school incorporated by its founders, make the foundation of its development at present. In 1992, the Department of MGIMO world and national history was established. The principle innovation was the combination of two components - historical education and historical science. This made it possible to present the story of Russia as an important part of the world history, opened up prospects for the implementation of comparative history, the synthesis of specific historical approaches and generalized global vision of civilization and human development. The historical school has realised a number of research projects, including "Alexander Nevsky" and the multi-volume "Great Victory", the work continues on a research project "Russia in the Modern World", and on a project "Synchronous History", etc.