Articoli di riviste: "History, Modern – Examinations, questions, etc"

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Anikeіeva, Tetyana, e Anastasiya Moisieienko. "Сhest pain: a modern review of pain medicine". Pain medicine 7, n. 1 (27 aprile 2022): 4–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31636/pmjua.v7i1.1.

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Abstract. Background. Approximately 1% of all reasons for visits to primary care physicians are chest pain, and in 2–4% of these patients pain is the cause of potentially life-threatening cardiovascular disease. For a correct and quick diagnosis, it is extremely important that the clinician and the patient speak “one language”: the described complaints should be interpreted quickly and correctly, and the doctor’s questions should be clear to the patient. It is very important to get information from the patient about any accompanying symptoms and a detailed description of chest discomfort. History taking and physical examination should take the minimum amount of time required. That is why it is necessary to understand how and why conditions develop, the manifestation of which is pain in the chest. To highlight the significant variability of clinical manifestations of thoracalgia, mechanisms of development and features of clinical and laboratory-instrumental diagnosis of the causes of chest pain is a main aim of the review. Materials and methods. Modern foreign guidelines for the management of patients with chest pain, written in English, were used. Conclusions. After injuries, chest pain is the main reason of patients visits to the admission department for urgency care. Longstanding classification of the chest pain causes divides it into cardiac and non-cardiac, and cardialgia, in turn, can be subdivided to pain, caused by ischemic changes in the myocardium, and the one with a non-ischemic origin. Patients often do not use the term “pain” to describe their symptoms, but often use other terms such as discomfort, compression, or may associate discomfort with indigestion. When chest pain is caused by ischemia or insufficient coronary blood flow, it is called ischemic thoracalgia. Detection of angina pectoris is one of the main problems in the examination of patients with chest pain, and thoracalgia, which clinically and instrumentally correlates with acute angina pectoris, requires urgent diagnosis and treatment, as it may be a sign of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Thoracic pain can not only affect the heart muscle, but also radiate from other anatomical areas or be felt secondarily, if it develops in an adjacent anatomical area (eg, thoracic spine, epigastric pain, etc.). Both acute and chronic chest pain should be carefully evaluated by a clinician, and further examination may be performed based on his findings. Appropriate and necessary laboratory and instrumental examination of patients, taking into account all possible risks, not only allows to quickly establish an accurate diagnosis, but also leads to more effective treatment.

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Poulsen, Hanne Kolind. "Det “ægte” og det “uægte” værk. Lucas Cranach den Ældres kunstpraksis og de kvaler, den har forvoldt kunsthistorien". Periskop – Forum for kunsthistorisk debat, n. 18 (14 agosto 2017): 84–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/periskop.v15i18.105148.

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The Question of Originality. Lucas Cranach the Elder’s Artistic Practice and the Quandaries Thereby Unleashed on Art HistoryIt has been fundamental to art history to find out which artists produced what art works. Enormous research efforts have been devoted to identifying the “true images”, the genuine Rafaels, Rembrandts, Picassos, etc. And at the least it remains an important part of the more traditional art historical profession. In the article, I intend to address and discuss this concept of a “true image”, realizing that in former times it appears that it was not equally essential to identify the artist persona that posterity has so persistently insisted on establishing. For this purpose, I have chosen the example of German renaissance artist Lucas Cranach the Elder. His workshop practice, which in its relative extremity was actually quite ordinary for the time, provides an exemplary illustration of the problems that this type of artistic activity has produced for (traditional) art history. Attribution debates have dominated Cranach research from the beginning of the nineteenth century until today. But even on the basis of modern technical examinations, it has proven impossible to convincingly determine exactly who produced a given Cranach work: a skilled assistant, one of the Cranach sons, or Cranach the Elder himself? I address the question of why art historians nonetheless have insisted on trying to do so. I suggest a departure from the endless discussion and instead to consider Cranach not primarily as a painter, but as the creative force of the workshop – that is, the one who produced the designs for the works, provided and developed the techniques of execution to make the works’ aesthetic stable and easy to copy, organized the work and politics of the workshop, and, not least, attracted the customers. How much and what he actually painted himself thus becomes a question of less importance.

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Yanishevska, K. "FEATURES OF INVESTIGATION OF IMPROPER PERFORMANCE OF PROFESSIONAL DUTIES BY MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL WORKERS". Criminalistics and Forensics, n. 65 (18 maggio 2020): 290–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2020.65.28.

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The article is devoted to current issues and features of the investigation of improper performance of professional duties by a medical or pharmaceutical worker. Since recently the sphere of medical care has been increasingly suffering from a large number of criminal attacks, and the results of the investigation and evidence of guilt of the subjects of the crime require higher results, it would be appropriate to pay attention to the problems that law enforcement agencies today have to investigate this category criminal assaults. The main proposals regarding the investigation process of the improper performance of professional duties by medical workers are indicated. The article analyzes statistical data that record a sufficiently large number of these criminal offenses, but the results of the consideration of these cases are imperfect. This is due to the complexity of the investigation of this category of cases, in particular their latency, insufficient evidence base, caused by the possibility of concealment or distortion of facts, etc. To ensure an objective review of the case, namely, for the reliability and completeness of medical data, based on which the evidence base is built, it is proposed to use an electronic healthcare system, in particular, an electronic document management system, which, due to modern technologies for recording primary data, could eliminate the possibility of destruction of evidence (medical certificates, test results, medical history, etc.) and their further falsification. To solve the problem of the lack of a methodology for investigating the improper fulfillment of professional duties by a medical or pharmaceutical worker, it is proposed to develop forensic issues regarding both the tactics of investigative actions and other aspects of the investigation of these criminal cases. It is also proposed in the article to involve a doctor as a specialist in the interrogation of a medical professional, as he or she can formulate (with the permission of the investigator) those questions, the answers to which will give the necessary information to the experts who will subsequently conduct the examination. Attention is also drawn to the fact that investigating crimes committed by healthcare professionals requires special competence and special training for investigators. Today, such discipline as Medical Law is taught only in some institutions of higher education in the training of specialists in specialty 081 Law, not to mention the educational program for bachelors or masters with the same name. Despite this, it would be appropriate in higher education institutions conducting training for law enforcement personnel to introduce the discipline Medical Law, and for the most investigators investigating medical crimes, introduce an advanced training courses, trainings, online conferences that provided students with deeper knowledge about the features of the organization of the investigation of improper performance of professional duties by a medical or pharmaceutical worker.

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Ahmedshaeva, Mavluda. "CODIFICATION OF LEGISLATION: SOME THEORETICAL QUESTIONS". Jurisprudence 2, n. 4 (30 agosto 2022): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51788/tsul.jurisprudence.2.4./wxqt6084.

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The article discusses codification as an important form of systematization of legislation, questions related to its understanding, a brief history of codification, its significance in the system of law and in law enforcement today, and its role in world legal systems and families, including Romano-Germanic. On the basis of modern realities of the development of law from the state-legal point of view, such issues as common and distinctive aspects of the codification process from other legal families, as well as development trends of the modern codification process are analyzed. As noted in the article, codification acts as an important and basic form of systematization of modern legislation. At the same time, new trends are taking place in the content of the codification process, for example, the adoption of more and more functional codes, such as the Budgetary, Electoral, etc., as opposed to industry-specific ones, such as civil, criminal, labor, etc. It is argued that the criteria for codification, determining its necessity in a certain branch of law, have not been sufficiently developed, it is stated that the theory lags far behind the practice. The article notes that in modern legal science there is a need to develop and improve the theory of codification.

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Weakland, John. "Jones, The Counter Reformation - Religion And Society In Early Modern Europe". Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 21, n. 2 (1 settembre 1996): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.21.2.92-93.

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Although this excellent book, which is part of the "Cambridge Topics in History" series, is designed to prepare student for Advanced Level Examinations in Britain, it can be used with profit in American universities for upper-level Reformation courses. Martin Jones supplements his clear and succinct narrative with a wide variety of primary sources, many of which have been translated for this book. He also provides thoughtful examination-based questions to help students evaluate the historical evidence. The author has produced a good synthesis of the latest scholarship on the Counter Reformation. Chapters 1 and 2 look at late medieval religious beliefs and institutions.

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Savitskaya, A., e E. G. Filatova. "Modern ideas about cluster headache. Literature review". Medical alphabet 2, n. 19 (26 novembre 2019): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2019-2-19(394)-19-23.

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The article presents a review of the literature where, starting with the publication of Ekbom K. (1947), the history of the allocation of cluster headache into a separate form of primary head pain is described, modern diagnostic criteria are presented, the pathogenesis, clinical features of the disease are described. It is shown that due to the rarity of this type of headache and low awareness of doctors, the delay in diagnosis is on average 6–7 years. Patients are prescribed a lot of unnecessary examinations and expert consultations: oculists, ENT doctors, neurosurgeons, psychiatrists, etc. Favorite incorrect diagnoses are migraine and trigeminal neuralgia. The evidence of the leading role of the hypothalamus in the pathogenesis of cluster headache is presented. The principles of therapy are discussed: for the relief of acute attacks, triptans are used as in migraine, the leader of prophylactic therapy is a calcium channel blocker verapamil. In chronic forms and attacks resistant to pharmacological treatment, neurostimulation methods are used.

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Levy, Evonne. "Early Modern Jesuit Arts and Jesuit Visual Culture". Journal of Jesuit Studies 1, n. 1 (2014): 66–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00101005.

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This stock-taking of research on the arts and visual culture of the Society of Jesus since the turn of the twenty-first century entails an assessment of the status of the big questions about the existence, nature, and purposes of the Jesuit use of things visual. It is a propitious moment to reflect on whether there have been gains for the definition of our subject from the visual turn in the humanities. Rather than surveying a wide and diffuse field of publications published in a rather short span of time, here a handful of issues are isolated that have attracted particular intensity of research or that pose significant questions for the future. These issues include much continuing research into the central regulation of and the architectural dialogue between the worldwide foundations of the Society, the widespread adoption of the Spiritual Exercises as an explanans for Jesuit pictorial cycles, and related issues around meditational images. A clear articulation is called for of the extent to which Jesuit “images” were embedded in discourses around art, or not, and the varied classes of images (propaganda, scientific, etc.) outside of the discourse of art so that we might arrive at a definition of a Jesuit visual culture.

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Sarygina, Elina Sergeevna. "Modern state of the judicial finance-credit examination and the prospects of its development". Полицейская и следственная деятельность, n. 3 (marzo 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7810.2020.3.33596.

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The research subject is the scientific, organizational and methodical regularities of judicial and examination activities during the research of finance-credit relations. Special attention is given to the key provisions of finance-credit examinations and the peculiarities of their commissioning. The author uses the categories and laws of dialectical and formal logic along with general scientific methods of scientific cognition (observation, description, comparison, systematization, formalization, etc.), and specific methods (comparative-analytical and system-structural). The author also uses the techniques of the interdisciplinary approach since the research requires knowledge in the field of procedural and substantive law, theory of court examination, economics and banking law, which determines the comprehensive nature of the research. From the viewpoint of modern scientific knowledge, the author attempts to analyze court examination as an independent class of judicial economic examinations which includes objects, subclasses, typical tasks and scientific and methodical recommendations for law enforcement officers about commissioning such examinations. The research addresses the main provisions of the subtheory of a judicial finance-credit examination which either haven’t been described sufficiently enough in the scientific works, or haven’t been systematised. The author’s recommendations are aimed at unification of the judicial practice of commissioning and assessment of the results of a judicial finance-credit examination. The formation of a comprehensive idea about this examination and its modern state is necessary for the implementation of its possibilities by an investigator, a court or an inquiry officer within criminal proceedings. The result of the research is the development of recommendations for law enforcement officers about the peculiarities of commissioning of a court tax analysis in governmental and nongovernmental criminal expertise institutions connected with the peculiarities of preparation of research objects and the specificity of issues subject to the consideration of a court expert; the author formulates the list of questions to an expert.

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Bystrova, Tat’yana A. "INTRODUCTION TO BIOFICTION. HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY BY THE MODERN ITALIAN WRITERS". RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. "Literary Theory. Linguistics. Cultural Studies" Series, n. 3 (2023): 282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7249-2023-3-282-290.

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The article highlights the specific features of the hybrid genre of biographical writing (also known as «fictional biography»), which has been theorized since the 1990s in France. The biographical novel is a fictional work about a real-life person with elements of authorial fiction. On the textual level, the subject of “hybridization” in biofiction can be both the content plan (speculation of events built around the documentary basis) and the form plan (use of indirect speech, stream of consciousness, insertion of other people’s text, etc.). At the pragmatic level, there is a breakdown of the traditional relationship between reader and text, as information recognized by the reader as fiction is presented as a biographical fact. The article also maps out a circle of questions for researchers and literary critics to address, in particular, the issue of genre boundaries and the development of terminology, the issue of the relationship between a character of biofiction and his historical prototype, the issue of relationship between an author and his work, the issue of the influence of new cultural and media factors on genres of biographical writing.

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Мarchenko, T. "QUESTIONS THAT ARE ARRANGED WHEN CARRYING OUT THE EXAMINATION ON DOCUMENTAL CONFIRMATION OF THE FAILURE OF COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 20, n. 2 (4 dicembre 2019): 378–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2.2019.29.

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One of the most important tasks of economic expertise in the study of accounting, tax accounting and reporting documents, which are established by the Scientific and Methodological Recommendations on the preparation and appointment of forensic examinations and expert studies, approved by order of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine of October 8, 1998 № 53/5, is the definition of a documentary confirmation of the size of the shortage of fixed assets, material values, stocks, including the shortage of fuel and lubricants. The above regulatory document to the indicative list of issues addressed by this type of forensic examination included the following: - Is the shortage of fixed assets, material values, stocks (including fuel and lubricants) established by the inventory report at the enterprise (the name of the enterprise is indicated) documented for the period of the materially responsible person (the employee is indicated, the materially responsible person) in the amount of (indicate quantitative and value indicators) as of (date indicated)? In the modern world, business entities for conducting accounting and tax accounting, the preparation of documents using specialized software. Therefore, recently, a significant part of forensic economic examinations on the issue of confirming the shortage of fixed assets, material values, stocks, including fuel and lubricants, is appointed not only for properly prepared inventory materials and accounting records of a business entity provided for research to experts, but also by screenshots (snapshots of images on the screen of documents, programs, diagrams, etc.), which in their opinion may be documentary evidence of this s accounting and inventory results. The article describes an example of the question put to the study, provides an analysis of the current legislation of Ukraine on the correctness of the inventory of fuels and lubricants and the determination of the shortage, as well as an algorithm for conducting expert examinations as defined by the legislation of Ukraine. Analyzed the materials provided to the expert, which cannot be documented evidence of a shortage of fuel and lubricants.

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Chernyak, Maria A., e Marine A. Sargsyan. "METAFICTIONAL STRATEGIES IN MODERN PROSE". Вестник Пермского университета. Российская и зарубежная филология 12, n. 2 (2020): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2073-6681-2020-2-130-138.

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With the advent and development of the theory of metafiction, the range of works that can be referred to this phenomenon is constantly expanding, with the deepest origins of metafiction being found in the history of novel as a genre. Modern Russian metafiction, developing in the context of literary centrism rebooting and new practices being created, is widely represented in different strata of modern Russian literature: in elite literature (Pushkin House by A. Bitov, t by V. Pelevin, Blue Fat by V. Sorokin, etc.), in fiction (Happiness Is Possible by O. Zayonchkovsky, Quality of Life by A. Slapovsky, Medvedki by M. Galina, Self- Taught by A. Utkin, etc.), in mass literature (Stylist by A. Marinina, Boys and Girls by E. Kolina, Point of No Return by P. Dashkova, etc.). The article analyzes different metafictional strategies in modern prose. The process of creating literary text is found to be one of the crosscutting subjects of modern metafiction. This is primarily connected with the writers’ desire to capture and reflect the complex and contradictory strategies of writing in the 21st century. The article considers different manifestations of metafictional strategy, such as: ‘triple literary matryoshka’ (Literary Slave: Weekdays and Holidays by N. Sokolovskaya), the theme of translation and mystification (Interlinear Translation by E. Chizhov and Stylist by A. Marinina), the author’s reflection (Adaptor by A. Slapovsky), ‘novel about a writer’ (Happiness is Possible by O. Zayonchkovsky), text created in collaboration with the new type of the reader (Arbeit. The Wide Canvas by E. Popova). All the analyzed texts raise questions about the changing role of the writer and the reader in the modern world and about the new relations between the writer and the publisher.

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Чернобай, Elena Chernobay, Шевелева, N. Sheveleva, Дзядевич e E. Dzyadevich. "Development Questions of the Professional Career of the Teacher: Domestic Experience and Foreign Approaches". Standards and Monitoring in Education 5, n. 4 (21 agosto 2017): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5979fcef1f7f08.96238584.

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The article considers the problems of development of professional career of the teacher in Russia. The historical view on the formation of a teacher’s career is presented, the relation in diff erent periods of history in the education system is shown to the topic of professional promotion of teaching. Also, the article gives a brief overview of the development of foreign models of the teaching career (France, Germany, Scotland, etc.), new approaches to the professional development and promotion of the teacher in modern Russia are indicated.

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Bosman, H. L. "Wetenskapsteorie en Inleidingswetenskap". Verbum et Ecclesia 8, n. 2 (18 luglio 1987): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v8i2.969.

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Philosophy of science and Introduction to the Old Testament The study of the Old Testament has always taken place in a context of theological and philosophical presuppositions about knowledge, truth, history, religion, etc. This article investigates the relationship between the Introduction to the Old Testament's theoretical base and modern trends in the philosophy of science. In the end the conclusion is reached that the Introduction to the Old Testament has not kept track of current questions in the philosophy of science and this emphasises the need to bring the study of the Old Testament up to date with the modern view of science as a socially and historically determined human activity.

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Rudych, Oksana. "INTERACTIVE APPROACH TO ENGLISH LITERATURE USING WHILE FUTURE TEACHERS’ PROFESSIONAL TRAINING". Aesthetics and Ethics of Pedagogical Action, n. 14 (9 settembre 2016): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33989/2226-4051.2016.14.171580.

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The article is devoted to the actual questions of English literature using while future teacher’s training. Modern approaches to interactive educative technologies are analyzed. It shortly observes the literature-art component of future teacher’s education. Some peculiarities of the effective future teacher’s training for English literature using were revealed.The author stressed on the necessity of taking into consideration some specific features of modern literature while using it as an effective tool of education. The author searches for appropriate means of interactive component of modern English literature using while future teacher training. She observes the possibility of literature using not only while relaxation, but as a tool of creative student’s capacity stimulation.Some main factors which cause the decline of the student interest in literature reading are figured out: the lack of information (in Culture, History, Psychology, Geography, Ethnology etc.) for creation of the appropriate art vision while literature reading; the lack of reading experience; the abuse of other modern sources of getting information (they don’t require some extra affords for optimal vision creation).Thus to make the reading process more delightful and educative as well it is necessary to enrich literature teaching with information in Culture, History, Psychology, Geography, Ethnology etc. It will help while creation of an art vision and will stimulate the interest in reading.The sources taken have to appeal student’s personal interests, are to be modern and interactive. Teachers and lecturers can effectively use modern internet (for watching and discussing videos, cartoons, documentaries), interactive boards (for some information visualization, systematization, different skills mustering), i-phones and i-pads will help home tasks doing (different projects creation, some information searching etc.).Interactive approach to English literature using while future teachers’ professional training is to assists successful mastering of the knowledge, skills and habits, which are necessary for successful professional activity conducting.

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Smirnova, S. A., G. G. Omel’yanyuk, I. V. Storozhenko, A. A. Rybakova e V. V. Gulevskaya. "Forensic Molecular-Genetic Analysis of Objects of Biological Origin – a New Direction of Forensic Activity of the Russian Ministry of Justice". Theory and Practice of Forensic Science 16, n. 1 (23 aprile 2021): 6–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2021-1-6-18.

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The article addresses the importance and basic preconditions for the forming a new direction of forensic activity in the system of forensic institutions of the Russian Ministry of Justice a new direction of forensic activity - molecular-genetic analysis of the objects of biological origin. The authors present the advantages of DNA analysis - one of the most modern and efficient methods in investigating criminal cases. The article also demonstrates the potential of different methods of DNA-analysis for forensic investigations. The history of forensic DNA-analysis development in Russia and its features when examining the human, animal, and plant biomaterials are briefly discussed. The authors propose the definitions for the molecular-genetic examinations’ object and subject, formulate the model tasks, and suggest a list of sample questions for this study.

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Chistobaev, A. V. "Problems of Teaching the History of Literature in Universities". Humanities and Social Sciences. Bulletin of the Financial University 12, n. 1 (9 febbraio 2022): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2226-7867-2022-12-1-22-26.

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The article is devoted to the problems of the modern process of teaching the history of foreign and domestic literature in universities. The problem is relevant in connection with the decline in the quality of teaching the history of literature. This paper aims to revise the established concepts and approaches in the compilation of curricula and lists of literary texts and substantiate fundamentally “new” approaches to the compilation of literature lists and the formation of a genre-thematic approach in the study of literature. The following methods were used in the work: analysis of documents (curricula, lists of literary texts, etc.), biographical and autobiographical methods, the method of expert assessments (involving the experience of domestic and foreign colleagues) and the statistical method. The author gave a partial solution to the posed questions. As the research results, the author planned to test and implement a new system for selecting texts, as well as their study in the practice of teaching the history of Russian and foreign literature.

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Antonov, Konstantin, Vasily Vanchugov, Nikolai Gerasimov, Kirill Zabelin, Aleksey Malinov, Mikhail Maslin, Vladimir Porus et al. "The Problem of Teaching the History of Russian Philosophy in Higher Education". Otechestvennaya Filosofiya 1, n. 2 (luglio 2023): 29–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/3034-1825-2023-2-29-73.

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This text is a correspondence discussion about the problems of teaching the history of Russian philosophy in higher education. The experts were asked to answer six questions, reflecting, in the opinion of the editors, the main problems and conflict topics around the teaching of this academic and scientific discipline: Has students’ interest in the history of Russian philosophy changed in recent years (decades) and, if so, what are the dynamics and reasons for these changes? The Russian philosophical “canon” (at least in the broad public consciousness) is built primarily around the history of social thought with supposedly key themes such as the problem of civilizational choice, the Russian idea, etc., as well as sophiology, sobornost and a number of other religious and philosophical concepts. Do you consider it necessary to transform or revise the “canon” and, if so, how exactly can it be revised? In the historiography of Russian philosophy in the first half of the 20th century specific characteristics of Russian philosophical thought have been formulated, which, as a result, embedded both in the public consciousness and in teaching practice – the literary centricity of Russian philosophy, its panmoralism, inclination towards historiosophy, anthropocentrism, the primacy of religious philosophy, etc. Isn’t such “mythology” an obstacle to adequate and actual perception of Russian philosophy? Isn’t it a problem that the language of the modern history of Russian philosophy remains in many respects the language of self-description of Russian philosophy of the second half of the 19th – the first half of the 20th centuries? Is it necessary to actualize the Russian philosophical heritage, to consider the history of thought in connection with the modernity, to “translate” the philosophers of past centuries into the language of modern philosophy? What could be the ways of this actualization? Do you see the insufficiency of systematic training of historians of Russian philosophy in higher education: the lack of special courses (source studies, archival studies, textology, ancient languages, scientific commentary, etc.)? What other flaws in the system of philosophical education seem to you the most significant in the context of the problem posed? What other problems and difficulties in teaching and research practice related to the history of Russian philosophy seem to you the most significant? The answers to these questions can clarify and outline the ways of developing both the teaching of the history of Russian philosophy and the Russian historical and philosophical community as a whole. The discussion experts are not only the leading specialists in the history of Russian philosophy (from Moscow State University, St. Petersburg State University, Baltic Federal University, St. Tikhon’s Orthodox University, National Research University Higher School of Economics, etc.), but also young teachers and researchers, as well as students of the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University – thus, the reader can get opinions of both sides of the educational process and of different generations.

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Gorpynchenko, Ihor, e Volodymyr Spyrydonenko. "Modern Approaches to Examination of Andrological and Sexological Patients During Covid-pandemia". Health of Man, n. 3 (30 settembre 2021): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30841/2307-5090.3.2021.246205.

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Rapid increase in the overall incidence of pathologies of the reproductive and genitourinary systems in the conditions of a covid epidemic is predictable and requires certain medical and social steps (the formation of a preventive direction of treatment, the restoration of dispensary observation measures, the introduction of social health programs, the ability of citizens to receive qualified and timely specialized medical care etc.). The global spread of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has led to a restriction in the provision of specialized urological care at the time of lockdown, which also negatively affected the dynamic examination of patients, due to a decrease in scheduled examinations. Remotely provided medical recommendations are not always correct due to the lack of the possibility of direct examination of the patient by a doctor. Significant assistance in the classification of patient complaints with the indicated clinical groups of symptoms is provided by questionnaires using generally recognized questionnaires, which must be used when interviewing each patient to establish a clinical syndrome, and it is possible to get a general idea of the state of human health only through a comprehensive analysis of the questionnaire data. The diagnosis by a doctor is established according to the anamnesis in 50% of cases, on the basis of clinical observation – in 30% and according to laboratory data – in 20%. The first remote contact of such patients with a doctor should include a detailed questioning of complaints, a review of the medical history, a review of his own medical, sometimes auto photographic, materials. Such men should always be examined on a second visit. In conditions of remote examination with lockdown, all the above examinations of patients with androgen deficiency are difficult to carry out, therefore, a less short diagnostic protocol can be applied, which will include the data: 1) ultrasound scan of the thyroid gland, abdominal organs, retroperitoneal space, small pelvis, scrotum; 2) data from clinical and laboratory tests. It is mandatory to provide medical information about the somatic and mental (psychological) state of the patient. Andrological patients usually do not have emergency conditions, but diagnostics, especially prescribing treatment, is a painstaking and individually directed process, therefore remote medical procedures are not the best option and require direct contact between the doctor and the patient.

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Marglin, Jessica M. "Jews, Law, and the Modern State: Legal Nationalization in Colonial North Africa". Jewish Social Studies 28, n. 2 (marzo 2023): 99–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/jewisocistud.28.2.04.

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Abstract: This article explores the transformation of Jewish law in the French colonial Maghrib (late nineteenth century to mid-twentieth century). Drawing primarily on Jewish newspapers in French and Judeo-Arabic and responsa in Hebrew, it explores how the perception and practice of Jewish law shifted in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. First, westernizing Jews came to think about Jewish law through the lens of French law. The status of women under Jewish law became a particular concern for many self-styled modernizers, though of course questions about women's rights were never absent from rabbinically oriented discourse. Second, Jewish law was nationalized—that is, authorities made efforts to both standardize and modernize Jewish law in a national mode, creating a Moroccan Jewish law, a Tunisian Jewish law, etc. Third, the elevation of Jewish law to a national, state-sanctioned jurisdiction imposed on all Jews—regardless of whether they believed or even whether they had converted out of Judaism—posed thorny legal problems. The legal history of Jews in twentieth-century North Africa offers an opportunity to rethink both the engagement of Jewish law with the state and the emergence of new ways of understanding Judaism and Jewish identity in the modern Middle East.

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Marglin, Jessica M. "Jews, Law, and the Modern State: Legal Nationalization in Colonial North Africa". Jewish Social Studies 28, n. 2 (marzo 2023): 99–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/jss.2023.a901514.

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Abstract: This article explores the transformation of Jewish law in the French colonial Maghrib (late nineteenth century to mid-twentieth century). Drawing primarily on Jewish newspapers in French and Judeo-Arabic and responsa in Hebrew, it explores how the perception and practice of Jewish law shifted in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. First, westernizing Jews came to think about Jewish law through the lens of French law. The status of women under Jewish law became a particular concern for many self-styled modernizers, though of course questions about women's rights were never absent from rabbinically oriented discourse. Second, Jewish law was nationalized—that is, authorities made efforts to both standardize and modernize Jewish law in a national mode, creating a Moroccan Jewish law, a Tunisian Jewish law, etc. Third, the elevation of Jewish law to a national, state-sanctioned jurisdiction imposed on all Jews—regardless of whether they believed or even whether they had converted out of Judaism—posed thorny legal problems. The legal history of Jews in twentieth-century North Africa offers an opportunity to rethink both the engagement of Jewish law with the state and the emergence of new ways of understanding Judaism and Jewish identity in the modern Middle East.

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Rangachari, P. K. "Answering Huxley: “now” students take a “then” exam". Advances in Physiology Education 43, n. 3 (1 settembre 2019): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00079.2019.

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Twenty-eight undergraduate students in a health sciences program volunteered for an exercise in the history of examinations. They had completed a second-year course in anatomy and physiology in which they studied modern texts and took standard contemporary exams. For this historical “experiment,” students studied selected chapters from two 19th century physiology texts (by Foster M. A Textbook of Physiology, 1895; and Broussais FJV. A Treatise on Physiology Applied to Pathology, 1828). They then took a 1-h-long exam in which they answered two essay-type questions set by Thomas Henry Huxley for second-year medical students at the University of London in 1853 and 1857. These were selected from a question bank provided by Dr. P. Mazumdar (University of Toronto). A questionnaire probed their contrasting experiences. Many wrote thoughtful, reflective comments on the exercise, which not only gave them an insight into the difficulties faced by students in the past, but also proved to be a valuable learning experience (average score: 8.6 ± 1.6 SD).

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Kartodirdjo, Sartono. "X. The Modern Indonesian Intelligentsia as Protagonist of Political Modernization". Itinerario 10, n. 1 (marzo 1986): 197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300009050.

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Numerous writings on intellectuals as learned or professional middle class have been published since the sixties for the obvious reason that this social group played a central role in the struggle for independence from which they emerged as the new leaders or ralers of new nations. Furthermore, being protagonist of change the intelligentsia showed their pre-eminence in giving their society a modern shape. Those studies show clearly the striking similarities of the characteristics of the intelligentsia from various developing countries. Their emergence was closely related to the expansion of western education, their marginal socio-historical location created the propensity to protagonize modernization, their oppositional role was inherent in their being a counter-elite in the colonial power structure. More similarities or parallel development can be brought up in our comparative study between India and Indonesia by asking the following questions: (1) Within the frame-work of the colonial setting what kind of factors were at work in creating the intelligentsia; (2) To what extend did endogenous factors impede the mobility and dynamics of the intelligentsia; (3) Did the intelligentsia's social origin put constraints on their capacity to accommodate themselves to new situations; (4) In fulfilling their function as intellectuals did they succeed in playing their leadership role in the nationalist movement; (5) Which structural conduciveness was necessary in order to provide a leverage to antagonize the establishment; etc. What kind of political commitment one came across among the intelligentsia? Were new ideologies quite instrumental in endorsing the intelligentsia's political role? Did they succeed in realizing political modernization?

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Amen, Kosar Rashed, Hassan Bulkhari Ghahi e Sayed Mohammad Fadavi. "The history of the stages of painting art in the Kurdistan region of Iraq during the twentieth century". Halabja University Journal 6, n. 3 (30 settembre 2021): 115–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32410/huj-10393.

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The current paper attempted to study the history of painting art stages in the Iraqi Kurdistan region during the twentieth century as a corpus of study. Here, the researcher tries to answer these questions: from what date, through what stages, and in what ways did the art of painting enter the Kurdistan region? The results of the study showed that painting art has gone through two major stages in Kurdistan. First, during the first half of the twentieth century (1900), the painting was primarily non-academic and folk art. Then, during the second half (1950 onwards), other than the exitance of the folk painting art, modern and academic painting styles have also entered the field of the Kurdistan region's art through three ways. These ways were: first, through those artists who have visited European countries and the US and became acquainted with different modern painting styles. The second way was by those artists who studied painting at Baghdad University, and the third way is through traditional patterns and handmade items such as carpets, kilims, rugs, etc. The research method is basic-theoretical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical regarding the method with a historical approach. Literature review and observation were two data collection techniques of the study.

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Gladyshev, Andrey. "A Military History Without the History of Battles". Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, n. 4 (2022): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640021037-8.

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The emergence of military-historical anthropology as an independent trend in historiography has changed the traditional image of war. In place of the history of strategic operation plans, battles, marshals and generals, and casualty counts, came the story of the everyday life of soldiers, front-line life, and the emotions of the civilians and servicemen embroiled in the conflict. The “human dimension” of the war has become a topical subject, as evidenced by the publications of Russian and international researchers on the history of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars over the last two decades. An example of this is a book by Alan Forrest, Professor Emeritus at the University of York, Napoleon's Men: The Soldiers of the Revolution and Empire, recently published in Russian. This work, like an Art Nouveau gallery in its day, is a peculiar collection of examples of new approaches and problem formulations in the field of military history. The Revolutionary and Imperial Wars are viewed as the first experience of “total war” in modern history, affecting all sections of society and serving as a catalyst for processes of national self-identification. This approach allows one to answer a number of questions which are new to military history: how perceptions of manhood, civic duty, and patriotism were formed, what role women played in these processes, what was the “war culture” in relation to prisoners of war, how attitudes to recruitment changed, what the fate of veterans was after the war, etc. As the analysis of contemporary historiography demonstrates, the turn from purely positivist approaches to constructivism, from the history of battles to presentations of personal life experiences, is accompanied by a desire to link the study of the past with the study of the collective memory of that past.

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QURBANLI, T. F. "DİLÇİLİK NƏZƏRİYYƏSİNİN İNKİŞAF TARİXİ". Actual Problems of study of humanities 1, n. 2024 (15 aprile 2024): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.62021/0026-0028.2024.1.076.

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History of the Development of the Theory of Linguistics Summary The origin and development history of linguistic theory is reflected in the article. Here is also brief information about the emergence of linguistics and schools of linguistics since ancient times. The history of linguistics has developed through historical stages such as Indian linguistics, Greek linguistics, Roman linguistics, and Arabic linguistics until modern times. Linguistics examines and studies all parts of language, including its units, nature, structure, and change over time. This term was first used in 1829. In general, linguistics studies language and means of communication between people. The theoretical part of this field includes very important and diverse concepts that answer questions such as the origin and purpose of language creation, language characteristics, the process of language learning, language changes, and the role of language in human personality. In the practical part, the analysis of sentence structure, the role of words, semantics, the formation of sounds, language disorders, etc. is being investigated. Key words: history of linguistics, science of linguistics, Indian linguistics, Greek linguistics, Roman linguistics, historical linguistics, applied linguistics

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Ivushkina, Tatiana A. "Literary words of foreign origin as social markers in Jeffrey Archer’s novels". Russian Journal of Linguistics 24, n. 4 (15 dicembre 2020): 816–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-2020-24-4-816-830.

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The paper is aimed at studying the use of literary words of foreign origin in modern fiction from a sociolinguistic point of view, which presupposes establishing a correlation between this category of words in a speech portrayal or narrative and a social status of the speaker, and verifying that they serve as indices of socially privileged identity in British literature of the XX1st century. This research is the continuation of the diachronic sociolinguistic study of the upper-class speech portrayals which has traced the distinctive features in their speech and has revealed that literary words of foreign origin unambiguously testify to the social position of a character/speaker and serve as social indices. The question arises then whether it holds true for modern upper-class speakers/speech portrayals, given all the transformations a new millennium has brought about. To this end we have selected 60 contexts from two novels by Jeffrey Archer - Not a Penny More, Not a Penny Less (2004) and A Prisoner of Birth (2008) , and subjected them to a careful examination. A graduate from Oxford and representative of socially privileged classes, Archer gives a wide depiction of characters with different social backgrounds and statuses. The analysis of the novels based on the contextual and functional approaches to the study enabled us to categorize the selected words into four relevant groups. The first class represented by terms ( commodity, debenture, assets, luminescence, etc.) serves to unambiguously indicate education, occupation, and fields of knowledge or communicative situations in which a character is involved. The second class is formed of words used in conjunction with their Germanic counterparts ( perspiration - sweat, padre - priest, convivial - friendly ) to contrast the social position of the characters: literary words serving as social indices of upper class speakers, whereas their synonyms of Germanic origin characterize middle or lower class speech portrayals. The third class of words comprises socially marked words (verbs, nouns and adjectives), or U-words (the term first coined by Allan Ross and Nancy Mitford), the status acquired in the course of social history development (elegant, excellent, sophistication, authoritative, preposterous, etc .) . The fourth class includes words used in a humorous or ironic meaning to convey the narrators attitude to the characters or the situation itself ( ministrations, histrionic, etc.). Words of this group are perceived as stylistic aliens, as they create incongruity between style and subject matter. The social implication of the selected words is enhanced by French words and phrases often accompanying them.

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Iroshnikov, D. V. "The Evolution of the Idea of Security as a Legal Category in the History of the Teachings of Law and the State (from Ancient Times to the Beginning of the 20th Century)". Pravo istoriya i sovremennost, n. 4(17) (2021): 007–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/pravo.2021.04.pp.007-023.

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The article examines the evolution of the idea of security as a legal category in the history of the teachings on law and the state, including questions about the relationship between security and such essential elements of law as freedom, equality and justice. The classical periodization of the study was used, which provides for the division of history into ancient, middle, new and modern periods. For each period, generalizing conclusions were made that characterize the cumulative achievements of thinkers in the field under consideration. The conducted research shows that security has traditionally been interpreted by thinkers as a legal phenomenon, studied in relation to law and legal categories – freedom, equality, justice, law and order, etc. A systematic generalization of ideas about security in its relation to law allows us to draw a conclusion about security as a legal category, legal value. A systematic generalization of ideas about security in its relation to law allows us to draw a conclusion about security as a legal category, legal value.

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Bakhtin, Maxim, Marem Dolgieva e Natalya Yarmolich. "The modern crisis of European culture and historical cognition". E3S Web of Conferences 258 (2021): 07011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125807011.

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The Article studies the reasons for loss of historical knowledge of the leading position in the humanities knowledge system in the crisis epoch of the European Culture at the beginning of the twentieth century. It is concluded that its main reason was the failure of the idealistic romanticism value system to form an elite adequate to social challenges. It has led to social disturbances and a large-scale reappraisal of values. Historical knowledge was put on the back burner by the new social sciences. Based on the concept of cynical reason of Peter Sloterdijk, the continuance of the current position of historical knowledge in culture with respect to its position at the beginning of the twentieth century is shown. It is concluded that today the most popular element of historical knowledge is an event available for direct experience. The reason for this situation is the cynicism of culture, understood as an inability to evaluate and act. The motive of parting with the past has acquired an unambiguously positive sound, having the other side of an enthusiastic anticipation of the future. The idea that the “old” times have passed, and the “new” modernity precedes with an even more “modern” times - “post-modernity”, is present not only thematically, but defines the discourse everywhere, including media reports, advertising, everyday communication, etc. The question concerning place of history and historical knowledge from the very beginning was one of the central questions discussed in connection with the crisis.

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Shibarshina, Svetlana V. "On the Perspectives of the Scientific Precariat". Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 59, n. 3 (2022): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eps202259340.

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This paper is a part of the discussion about creativity and the scientific precariat, initiated by I.T. Kasavin’s article. Proceeding from his proposal to revise the ideology of creativity in science through the desire of certain precariat groups for independence and freedom, the author questions the nowadays perspectives for the scientific precariat. This paper discusses the varieties of the precariat (or related to it phenomena), such as freelancing and digital nomadism. The author considers a number of advantages (independence, freedom) and disadvantages of precarization (lack of stability, uncertainty, lack of social guarantees, etc.). The author questions whether scientists can be seriously considered as candidates for the precariat and how widespread the scientific precariat is in contemporary society. It is pointed out that the collective nature of modern science and its institutionalization impose certain obligations on scientists, which sometimes confront their individual internal aspirations, including the desire for freedom. The tension between the institutional conditions for the existence of science and the personal motives of scientists, noted once by M. Weber, lead to a decrease in personal autonomy, the emergence of a “world of specialists” and make it difficult to realize scientists’ aspirations for independence and freedom. On the one hand, a number of current trends (such as academic mobility) can be viewed as a kind of precarization in science. On the other hand, the status of an independent researcher without research and educational affiliation hinders scientists’ social recognition and financial returns. The author admits that representatives of “garage science”, some public intellectuals, science, communicators, etc. can be attributed to the scientific precariat; however, in general, the scientific precariat is not a common trend. At the same time, modern postscience and post-normal science potentially make this phenomenon quite legitimate.

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Baikalov, Nikolai Sergeevich. "Sanitary situation in the districts of construction of Baikal-Amur Mainline (1970s – 1980s)". Исторический журнал: научные исследования, n. 3 (marzo 2020): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2020.3.33115.

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Sanitary situation in the developing Siberian and Far Eastern settlements that occurred in the course of industrial modernization of the late XX century represents one of the insufficiently research topics within Russian historiography. The goal of this work lies in examination of sanitary situation in the districts of construction of Baikal-Amur Mainline during implementation of the large-scale transport project. Detailed analysis is conducted on the problems of providing services and amenities to the developing settlements, as well as sanitary-hygienic conditions of social and industrial. Special attention is given to the assessment of impact of sanitary situation of new settlements upon population health of the territories in question. The research methodology leans on the modern concepts in the area of urban planning, social and common history. Alongside the traditional documentary analysis, the author employs the methods of oral history and historical anthropology. Empirical framework is comprised of archival documents, Soviet periodicals, personal sources, and the field research results. Unlike other research that determine natural and climatic conditions as the key factors of unfavorable sanitary situation, the author places emphasis on imperfections in construction operations. Settlements of Baikal-Amur Mainline were characterized by high-density construction, littering of territories, ubiquity of “temporary barracks” and “squatter settlement”, disruption in heat and water supply, etc. Sanitation and hygiene standards were not upheld in building and upkeep  of facilities of social and cultural designation, in worksite organization in construction, industrial and transport enterprises. This led to high incidence of cold-related and infectious diseases, as well as industrial traumatism. Due to the efforts of authorities and public organizations, some settlements achieved high results in municipal improvement and sanitary situation. In majority of cases, sanitary and hygienic living conditions in the districts of Baikal-Amur Mainline remained unsatisfactory throughout the entire period of construction of the railway.

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Bussotti, Michela, e Han Qi. "Typography for a Modern World? The Ways of Chinese Movable Types". East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine 40, n. 1 (25 giugno 2014): 9–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26669323-04001003.

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This article presents a brief history and poses questions about traditional Chinese movable type printing. This is a technology that developed in the pre-modern period and never underwent in the mechanization in the ways that Western movable type printing did. Nevertheless, even today, Chinese traditional movable types continue to be used in some places in China. The authors not only describe the chronology of but also analyse significant cultural, political, and social factors affecting the development traditional Chinese typography. The first part of this article discusses the movable type made of earthenware and of wood, which are described in various sources written by scholar-officials. In the case of movable type for the Tangut script, however, the main evidence come from chiefly religious imprints which provide information about material evidence as well as a few about printers, typesetters, etc. The second section describes the long hiatus from the Yuan until the second half of the fifteenth century in the utilization of metallic typography in the private circles in Wuxi in Jiangnan, whose publications still survive, and how during the last dynasty, the movable type production reflects some trends in book publishing in general, with the important engagement of some of the Manchu emperors. In the last section of the paper, the authors explain why although wooden types existed in the Kingdom of Xixia (1032-1227) and in the Yuan dynasty (1279-1368), it was only in the Ming (1368-1644) to Qing (1644-1911) periods that their use became more widespread in China. Wooden movable type played a key role in the printing of genealogies in various areas (e.g. Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, and Fujian). That all also indicates that wood is the “material medium” of traditional Chinese printing, never mind if employed in blocks or types.

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Власенко, Николай, Nikolay Vlasyenko, Максим Залоило e Maksim Zaloilo. "THE LAWMAKING SCHOOL: FROM THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEGAL TECHNIQUE TO MODERN LEGAL TECHNOLOGIES". Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law 1, n. 5 (2 dicembre 2015): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/16119.

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The article deals with the history of formation and further development of the lawmaking school of sought of the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law for the whole period of its existence since 1925 up to now. The transformation of one of the Institute’s research guidelines — the questions of legal technique and legal technology — to the theory of lawmaking is demonstrated. Special attention is paid to the period of formation of the lawmaking school of sought from the end of 1920, to the significance of changes in the profile of the Institute’s activity, and to the extension of research guidelines of the Institute. The authors examine the impact of new phenomena in lawmaking: legal monitoring; forecasting; regulatory impact assessment; experimental application of new legal solutions within a particular region or social group; information technologies in legal systematization and processing of legal data; neurolinguistic legal technology affecting the issues of improving the legal language; etc. The article presents the names of distinguished scholars and great lawyers who are the representatives of the lawmaking school of sought of the Institute. The contribution of this persons to the formation and development of lawmaking school of sought and their role in development of theoretical problems of lawmaking, legal drafting, systematization of legislation, improvement of the legal language, legal technique and legal technology are revealed.

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Shevchenko, Larysa, e Dmytro Syzonov. "Criteria for differentiation of oral and written text in linguistic expertise". Current issues of Ukrainian linguistics theory and practice, n. 42 (2021): 28–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apultp.2021.42.28-42.

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The article is devoted to the dominant characteristics of oral and written text in the aspect of linguoexpertology. The analysis provides a legally defined argumentation for linguistic expertise of oral and written speech, as well as a scientific interpretation of the features of the text in professional research. It is argued that the linguistic expertise of an oral / written text should not be considered only in the context of a forensic examination, in particular authorship or handwriting examination, or a video or audio recording examination. It is emphasized that linguistic examination of oral / written text can be an independent type of linguistic expertise, with appropriately developed criteria and methodological principles for its implementation and testing in judicial practice. The ideas of the article correlate with interdisciplinary approaches, in particular psychological, sociological, medical, etc., which synthesize the criteria of qualitative diagnosis of oral / written text. The authors emphasize modern methods, new discourses and principles of analysis of dominant characteristics of oral / written text in linguoexpert activity. An indicative list of diagnostic questions that are typical for linguistic examinations of oral / written text is offered; the markers for the identification of texts of this type in legal practice are determined. It is proved that the level of evidence in the complex analysis of oral / written texts depends on the depth and accuracy of professional argumentation, typology of linguistic facts proposed for research or their recurrence, as well as the ability to correlate analyzed linguistic units of oral / written text with extralingual factors that led to the appearance of the text.

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Vlasiuk, A. "SOME ASPECTS OF THE EVALUATION ACTIONS OF MILITARY OFFICERS OF ANTI-TERRORIST OPERATION AND THEIR DIFFERENCES FROM EVALUATION THE ACTIONS OF THE SAME PERSONS DURING THE UNITED FORCES OPERATION". Criminalistics and Forensics, n. 65 (18 maggio 2020): 715–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2020.65.70.

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The article lays out certain aspects that are being investigated within the framework of the research work “Development of a methodology for conducting military forensic assessments of the actions of officials (leaders, commanders, chiefs) of counter-terrorism entities during an anti-terrorist operation” based on the analysis of the structure of the forensic expert methodology, as well as their differences from the evaluation of the actions of the same persons during the operation of the united forces in repelling armed aggression of the Russian Federation. Thus, research of certain aspects of the evaluation of the actions of officials (leaders, commanders, chiefs, other military personnel) of the anti-terrorist operation and the actions of the same persons during the operation of the united forces, indicates differences in international and national legislative, other regulatory regulation of their activities. In particular, in various state-authorized bodies of the state security and defense sector, forces and means that were used (are used) during the operation, management of the operation, goals, objectives, functions, planning, provision and organization of its implementation, use as directed by personnel military units, the legality of using weapons, etc. At the same time, the conducted studies provide the basis for understanding the need to further improve the legal regulation of operations by forces and means of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the Security Service of Ukraine, other bodies of the security and defense sector and searching and providing answers to questions that arise in modern conditions administration of justice, including in the course of conducting forensic military examinations.

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Korostichenko, Ekaterina. "Christian view on treating animals: theological criticism of P. Singer". St. Tikhons' University Review 104 (29 dicembre 2022): 46–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15382/sturi2022104.46-67.

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P. Singer is called one of the most influential living philosophers in the world, and one of the most controversial. The author of "Animal Liberation", "Practical Ethics", "Famine, Affluence, and Morality" created his own project of preference utilitarianism, in which he placed animals as moral subjects equal to man. In this, he questions Christian anthropocentrism: a human in his system of ethics is intrinsically no better than a chimpanzee or a dog. He recognizes the uniqueness of all species, speaking out against speciesism (discrimination on grounds of species). Singer's ethics is completely independent of religion. Raising issues related to abortion, euthanasia, animal rights, etc., the philosopher inevitably arrived to confrontation with Christian ethics and religious worldview in general. Religion, especially Christianity, plays a significant role in his works, since he considers many of the provisions of Christianity: the special position of humans in the natural world, the attitude to the sanctity of life - to be morally problematic. The article analyzes Peter Singer's critical theses on the Christian religion, including Christian ethics. The second section considers the responses of a number of modern religious thinkers to Singer's criticism of Christianity. In conclusion, the arguments of both sides are analyzed, their strengths and weaknesses are outlined, involving a broader tradition of secular-religious dispute. Conclusions are made about the validity of P. Singer's criticism of religion. Although said criticism is broadly integrated into the works of the philosopher, it is hardly a focus point - rather a tool to solidify Singer's position on practical questions like abortion, euthanasia, animal rights, etc. The negative attitude to religion has roots in Singer's early acquaintance with the Bible and the unhappy past of his family (two of the philosopher's grandparents died in concentration camps). The question of the meaninglessness of suffering largely determines the philosophy and practical ethics of P. Singer. Arguing with theologians, he most often resorts to the classical argument from evil. Singer's criticism of Christian religion is limited, reduced to the problem of the meaninglessness of suffering, the Euthyphron dilemma, criticism of the sanctity of human life, the "dominion" of man over nature. With the exception of a detailed analysis of the bias of Christianity against animals, the criticism is not original.

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Būgienė, Lina. "Between Country and City: Construction of Identity in the Autobiographic Narratives of the Post-War Vilnius Inhabitants". Tautosakos darbai 56 (20 dicembre 2018): 199–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/td.2018.28478.

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The basis of the article comprises oral interviews collected in the course of fieldwork carried out for the project „Plots of Individual Modernization in the Autobiographic Narratives of the First Generation Urban Inhabitants (Post-War Period in Vilnius)” and other sources, including published memoirs, essays, and various documents. The main question is, in what way, when and to what extent (if at all) did people arriving to Vilnius during two post-war decades adapt there, becoming (perceiving themselves as) the urban dwellers? To answer that question, the author applies the oral history approach, while using narrative analysis currently particularly favored by folklore researchers for more detailed examination of oral autobiographic narratives. She pays attention to some distinctive features of narrative contents and form that allow for deeper insight into the structure of narrative and reconstruction of the essential components of the narrator’s self-identity.The article starts with survey of the historical, social, ideological and demographic shifts taking place in Vilnius during the WWII and in the course of the post-war period. During this time, Vilnius experienced such immense cataclysms that seemed rather exceptional even in the context of that dramatic historical period, with over 90 per cent of its former inhabitants either killed or exiled, and huge part of the city becoming ruins. Having changed also its political system and national affiliation, the devastated city gradually filled in with new population. The new arrivals mostly came from countryside or small townships, bringing along their typical everyday routines, tactics of procuring the necessary living means, and ways of communication. In the first post-war decade, marked by massive devastation, shortages and lack of supplies, interpersonal relations and mutual assistance were of utmost importance: people formed “country-like” neighborhoods in the city, helping and supporting each other almost as family members. Some of them even engaged in agricultural practices (growing vegetables in the yards of the city center, etc.). According to their narratives, at that time they did not care so much for the city’s history, culture, and identity, even for the enforced socialist ideology, concentrating instead on daily survival.The situation altered significantly from the end of the 1950s, after the Stalin’s death, and with relative economic growth starting to yield its results. The government launched an extensive housing program, with entire new living areas of residential blocks springing up in a rather short time. Many families were able to acquire new modern flats and upgrade their living conditions. However, as is evident from the memoirs, this also involved growing alienation and breaking of the formerly established social ties. The city experienced a demographic boom, with Lithuanians making the majority of its population – for the first time in its history. Many of the new inhabitants were young people coming either to study at the University or at a number of the newly opened institutes (the result of the expanded modern system of education), or seeking work at the new factories. These people seem to have been much more inclined to reflect upon the history and culture of Vilnius, its symbolic significance as the Lithuanian capital, and its urban identity. However, even they preserved some of their inherited rustic practices and preferences in taste and ways of living, creating some kind of peculiar “folk-urban” identity of the Vilnius’ dwellers. Thus, the nowadays Vilnius has some characteristic features of the urban dynamics and patterns of everyday life that seem to be rather unique and call for thorough investigation in terms of urban anthropology.

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Plevinskis, P. V. "An Integral Approach to the Classification of Motorcycle Injuries". Reports of Vinnytsia National Medical University 24, n. 3 (12 ottobre 2020): 507–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31393/reports-vnmedical-2020-24(3)-22.

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Annotation. The article attempts to highlight the problems that forensic experts face during the examination of victims of a motor trauma, propose a modern classification of this type of traffic accident suitable for experts, list those issues that require expert resolution, and establish a standard algorithm (sequence) of conducting such an examination. The material of the study was archival copies of expert opinions and acts of comprehensive forensic medical and transport- trassological examinations in cases of motor injuries (33 complex examinations and acts in total), for 2008–2018. Expert studies were conducted on the basis of the Odessa Regional Bureau of Forensic Medicine expertise. The research method is the analysis of forensic and transport-trassological signs in their interconnection and interdependence, allowing to resolve the basic questions about the mechanism and circumstances of motor trauma. The study suggests that the following main types of motorcycle injuries are currently the most common (this includes injuries when operating a “classic” motorcycle and a moped): injury to driver and passenger due to contact of a motorcycle (moped) – with another vehicle, – with a stationary object, – due to the rollover of a motorcycle (moped) without contact with another vehicle, – as a result of a fall from a motorcycle (moped) until it capsizes without contacting another vehicle, – due to contact of the motorcycle (moped) with a pedestrian (pedestrians); injury to pedestrians due to contact with a moving motorcycle (moped); combined injuries of the driver and passenger of a motorcycle or moped (injury due to the rollover of a motorcycle or moped followed by contact with another vehicle; injury due to successive contact of a motorcycle or moped with a pedestrian and stationary object; injury due to rollover of a motorcycle (moped) and falling into a water body or fire, etc.); combined types of injury to a pedestrian (pedestrians) due to contact with a moving motorcycle or moped (injury due to contact with a moving motorcycle or moped, followed by falling and rolling wheels of another vehicle; injury due to contact with a moving motorcycle or moped, and then dropping another vehicle onto the body funds, etc.). Thus, establishing the exact circumstances of a motorcycle injury is impossible by examining only some object artificially isolated from the rest (for example, a corpse). Such an expert approach should be completely abandoned. The author’s proposed classification of motorcycle injuries, which is based on an integrated approach to the study of the mechanism of accidents, and which reflects its main types, can be used for expert purposes.

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Yanhua, Ye. "Teaching history in Chinese universities: the need for reform". Yaroslavl Pedagogical Bulletin 1, n. 124 (2022): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/1813-145x-2022-1-124-56-63.

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The article presents a critical analysis of the existing situation related to teaching history in Chinese universities. It is noted that according to the curriculum, most of the academic time is allocated to theoretical courses. The main way of transferring knowledge is a traditional lecture passively perceived by students. There are no interactive forms of classroom organization. Little attention is paid to the development of students' self-learning skills, independent search for the necessary information and creative attitude to the educational process. The existing examination system, based on written examinations and dentistry in preparation for them, does not contribute to the disclosure of students' abilities for generalization, classification, reflection and comparison of historical facts. Students are content with the facts presented in the textbooks, they have little interest in the latest achievements of historical science. In the final choice of profession, graduates of historical faculties rarely work in their specialty, preferring other areas of activity. The article presents the author's proposals for reforming the system of historical education in Chinese universities. There is a need for a serious adjustment of the current curriculum, reorientation of it from exams as a means of monitoring the assimilation of knowledge to the development of students' creative abilities. History teachers are encouraged to move away from traditional lectures and to make greater use of interactive teaching methods. It was concluded that it is necessary for each university history teacher to speak a foreign language, which should not only increase the professional competence of the teacher himself, but also seriously affect the inclusion of students in foreign historical science. It is noted the need to develop the creative skills of students, cultivate an innovative spirit, mobilize enthusiasm and initiative of students, develop the ability to identify problems, ask questions and solve them. It is emphasized that a modern history teacher should not only have solid professional skills, but also have good methodological training, skills of extracurricular communication with students. It is emphasized that closed, noncomminicative history teachers are not able to educate creative, competitive students.

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Fedorenko, Vladyslav, Valentyn Kovalenko e Tetyana Chabanets. "IMAGE OR IMITATION BY A TRADEMARK OF THE STATE FLAG OF UKRAINE AND OTHER STATE FLAGS: PROBLEMS OF FORENSIC THEORY AND PRACTICE". Criminalistics and Forensics, n. 67 (9 agosto 2022): 627–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2022.67.64.

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The article is devoted to the problems of theory and practice of expert investigation of the image or imitation of a trademark of the State Flag of Ukraine and other state flags within the forensic-expert specialty 13.6 – ”Investigations related to commercial (trade) names, trademarks (marks for goods and services), and geographical indications”. Flags, as well as similar banners, banners, bugles, standards, gonfalons, pennants, etc. emerged in the history of Western Europe along with the formation of monarchies and the first European states. Their emergence relates to the origin of coats of arms and heraldry. However, heraldry does not cover issues of color, figures, size, proportions, and texture of flags. These issues are the subject of vexillology (from Latin vexillum – “flag” and from Greek λογοs – “science”) as the “science of flags”, which emerges much later than heraldry, in the 1950s and continues to take shape until today. The flags of monarchs, orders, states, and nations have been preserved in textured form in museums, temples and treasuries of Europe no later than the 16th century. At the same time, science and art know numerous images of flags. The drawback of these depictions of flags is their inaccuracy in conveying the colors, figures and proportions of the flag cloth used. In addition, each of the modern state flags of the countries of the world has its own history of origin, development, and semiotic meaning. It is not uncommon for state flags with a rich history, such as the flag of Portugal, contrary to the rules of heraldry in terms of combination of colors. The State Flag of Ukraine has a rich ancient history, which has its roots in the times of the Kingdom of Galicia-Volynian, when the colors of the coat of arms –Golden Lion on a blue field – began to be used on the banners. The Ukrainian flag received its further development during the Ukrainian Cossacks time, and in 1918 the Central Rada adopted the “Law on the State Flag of the UNR” and it was revived in 1990-1992 in independent Ukraine. The military aggression of Russia against Ukraine in 2022 and the huge support of Ukraine abroad contributed to the popularity of the State Flag of Ukraine all over the world. In this regard, there is a temptation to image or imitate the trademark of the State Flag of Ukraine. Similar cases used to take place with the state flags of foreign states. The features of the expert study of the question “Is the trademark XXX image or imitation of the State Flag of Ukraine?” are revealed in the forensic specialty 13.6 – “Research related to the commercial (trade) names, trademarks (marks for goods and services), geographical indications”. Key words: state symbol; flag; state flag; State Flag of Ukraine, forensic examination of intellectual property objects: trademark; expert examination of trademark; imitation.

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Starovoitova, R., e T. Lichman. "EXPERT POSSIBILITIES OF FORENSIC CYTOLOGY INVESTIGATION IN FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF MATERIAL EVIDENCE". Criminalistics and Forensics, n. 65 (18 maggio 2020): 738–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2020.65.73.

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The article presents the history of the development and implementation of forensic cytological research methods in the practice of conducting forensic examinations of material evidence in the forensic examination bureau of Ukraine. The modern possibilities of forensic cytology methods for solving investigative issues in solving crimes against human life and health are shown in the article. Due to the fact, that the object of study of expert cytologists and expert geneticists is the same substance, namely, nuclear cells of different tissues and organs, blood leukocytes, epithelial cells of saliva, vagina, rectum, sperm, and cells of the outer root vagina hair – forensic cytological studies necessitate the preservation of nuclear cells for further genetic analysis. To this end, the staff of the Forensic Cytology Department of the Main Bureau of Forensic Examination developed a method for the preparation of cytological preparations using an ultrasonic water bath, which allows increasing the number of cellular elements extracted. At the same time, the specialists of the Odesa Regional Bureau of Forensic Examination introduced a technique for conducting molecular genetic analysis of nucleated cells in cytological preparations. Such techniques allow, even with a very small amount of biomaterial, to answer most of the questions posed by the investigator to the expert.

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Rahul Kumar Mohanta. "Revisiting Deshapran Birendranath Sasmal". Creative Launcher 4, n. 1 (30 aprile 2019): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.53032/tcl.2019.4.1.12.

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The historical literature dealing with memoirs, biographies, auto-biographies, diaries etc. is fairly rich and it has no doubt opened new dimensions in discovering areas of research. In India the tradition of historical biography is bears a meaning because it can be traced from ancient time down to our age. It is a fact that when a nation seeks its identity, it has to go back deep in to past. The biographies seem to be valuable in a way that they tempt us for enquiry to answer questions or queries about past human actions as evidences particularly in terms of our social formation and nation making. The frame work of history is one of thought and the biography is one of narration, which revolves round the life story of an individual from birth to death, subject to interpretation. India is very rich for a galaxy of biographies of many personalities and studies on them have brought to light several points to look at Indian history from different perspectives. In respect of national history but also in terms of regional one the study of biographies are no less important to find out the missing links of our modern historical research irrespective of time, place and person.

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Faruque, F. S., e R. W. Finley. "GEOGRAPHIC MEDICAL HISTORY: ADVANCES IN GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY PRESENT NEW POTENTIALS IN MEDICAL PRACTICE". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (22 giugno 2016): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b8-191-2016.

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Genes, behaviour, and the environment are known to be the major risk factors for common diseases. When the patient visits a physician, typical questions include family history (genes) and lifestyle of the patient (behaviour), but questions concerning environmental risk factors often remain unasked. It is ironic that 25 centuries ago Hippocrates, known as the father of medicine, noted the importance of environmental exposure in medical investigation as documented in his classic work, “Airs, Waters, Places”, yet the practice of routinely incorporating environmental risk factors is still not in place. Modern epigenetic studies have found that unhealthy lifestyle and environmental factors can cause changes to our genes that can increase disease risk factors. Therefore, attempting to solve the puzzle of diseases using heredity and lifestyle alone will be incomplete without accounting for the environmental exposures. The primary reason why environmental exposure has not yet been a routine part of the patient’s medical history is mostly due to our inability to provide clinicians useful measures of environmental exposures suitable for their clinical practices. This presentation will discuss advances in geospatial technology that show the potential to catalyse a paradigm shift in medical practice and health research by allowing environmental risk factors to be documented as the patient’s “Geographic Medical History”. In order to accomplish this we need information on: a) relevant spatiotemporal environmental variables, and b) location of the individual in that person’s dynamic environment. Common environmental agents that are known to interact with genetic make-up include air pollutants, mold spores, pesticides, etc. Until recently, the other component, location of an individual was limited to a static representation such as residential or workplace location. Now, with the development of mobile technology, changes in an individual’s location can be tracked in real time if necessary. Technological advancements in the areas of estimating environmental agents and identifying locations of individuals at flexible spatio-temporal scales now present the potential of a paradigm shift in clinical practices by incorporating “Geographic Medical History” into determining disease risk factors.

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Faruque, F. S., e R. W. Finley. "GEOGRAPHIC MEDICAL HISTORY: ADVANCES IN GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY PRESENT NEW POTENTIALS IN MEDICAL PRACTICE". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (22 giugno 2016): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b8-191-2016.

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Abstract (sommario):

Genes, behaviour, and the environment are known to be the major risk factors for common diseases. When the patient visits a physician, typical questions include family history (genes) and lifestyle of the patient (behaviour), but questions concerning environmental risk factors often remain unasked. It is ironic that 25 centuries ago Hippocrates, known as the father of medicine, noted the importance of environmental exposure in medical investigation as documented in his classic work, “Airs, Waters, Places”, yet the practice of routinely incorporating environmental risk factors is still not in place. Modern epigenetic studies have found that unhealthy lifestyle and environmental factors can cause changes to our genes that can increase disease risk factors. Therefore, attempting to solve the puzzle of diseases using heredity and lifestyle alone will be incomplete without accounting for the environmental exposures. The primary reason why environmental exposure has not yet been a routine part of the patient’s medical history is mostly due to our inability to provide clinicians useful measures of environmental exposures suitable for their clinical practices. This presentation will discuss advances in geospatial technology that show the potential to catalyse a paradigm shift in medical practice and health research by allowing environmental risk factors to be documented as the patient’s “Geographic Medical History”. In order to accomplish this we need information on: a) relevant spatiotemporal environmental variables, and b) location of the individual in that person’s dynamic environment. Common environmental agents that are known to interact with genetic make-up include air pollutants, mold spores, pesticides, etc. Until recently, the other component, location of an individual was limited to a static representation such as residential or workplace location. Now, with the development of mobile technology, changes in an individual’s location can be tracked in real time if necessary. Technological advancements in the areas of estimating environmental agents and identifying locations of individuals at flexible spatio-temporal scales now present the potential of a paradigm shift in clinical practices by incorporating “Geographic Medical History” into determining disease risk factors.

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Terentieva, Ekaterina. "Constructing the Nobility: the Noble Estate in the Works of French Erudites". ISTORIYA 13, n. 6 (116) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840021781-8.

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The article outlines the specific of views of French erudites on the noble estate in early modern France, focusing on the image of nobility in erudite writings. The erudite intellectual current inextricably intertwined with major political, social and cultural processes in France of the Ancien Régime, till the end of the seventeenth century staying in the area of highly topical subjects, though seen through the prism of specific erudite themes and with the use of erudite methods. In the epoch when the humanities were little segmented a knowledge area such approach was quite natural and turned out to be fruitful. The position of the second estate in the French society and even the definition of the sense of nobility itself were the questions that France faced in the early modern epoch and especially after the Wars of Religion. The late sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries brought many novelties both into the social composition of nobility and its mode of existence. Both changes were reflected in and at the same time constructed by the intellectuals we can pleno jure rate among early modern erudites. A large amount of literature of various genres and consecrated to different aspects of nobility emerged in that period. Two of such works may be concerned significant, having almost similar titles and being published with a centennial interval, the first in 1577, and the second in 1678. These are the treatises of the nobility by François de l’Alouette and Gilles André de la Rocque de la Lontière, briefly analyzed and contextualized in the present paper. The phenomenon of the researches of nobility, the genre of genealogy and genealogic history, the professions of genealogists, feodists and historiographers, the European tradition of memoria etc. are also involved into the analysis.

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Herath, J. C., e U. R. Herath. "Are invasive postmortem examinations still the ‘gold standard’ in diagnosing the cause of death?" Sri Lanka Journal of Forensic Medicine, Science & Law 15, n. 1 (25 giugno 2024): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljfmsl.v15i1.7970.

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For many years, the foundations of both its art and science in medicine grew from the observations made at the autopsy table. The observations of the pathologists formed the pathologic basis and manifestations of disease, which further advanced the development of therapeutics. For most of the 18th and 19th centuries, morbid anatomy (autopsy pathology) was considered the science of medicine. Today, the autopsy and the knowledge that derives from it do not hold the position they once did in the profession’s history. There is a belief among the medical community a complete autopsy is necessary to find out the answers when someone dies. In some jurisdictions, the forensic pathology community is reluctant to follow the targeted or minimally invasive approach in postmortem examinations due to a lack of understanding of the process. With a complete external examination, trace evidence collection, total body computed tomography (CT) scan, and minimally invasive/targeted dissection with a collection of samples for further analysis, almost all answers can be provided in hospital and medicolegal autopsy settings. We must collaborate with sister disciplines, such as experts in radiology and the legal community, to educate them on the importance of this new approach using advanced technology.Continuously evolving modern radiological imaging has remarkably increased the accuracy of clinical diagnosis. Conventionally, when you hear the word postmortem examination, people think it includes an external examination and dissection of all body cavities. In the 21st century, most questions raised by the family, clinicians, the coroner (medical examiner), courts, and law enforcement agencies can be answered with a complete external examination of the body, total body CT scan +/- magnetic resonance imaging, and targeted dissection or minimally invasive approach incorporated with sample collection for further testing. This is cost-effective and can produce reviewable data.

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Leskinen, Maria Voittovna. "Ethnic stereotypes of the Ukrainians (Little Russians) and Belarusians (Belorussians) in the visual texts in Russian culture in the second half of the 19th century: Issues of interpretations". Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 2(32) (2022): 15–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2022.202.

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The article analyzes a number of visual representations of «Little Russians» / «Malorusy» (Ukrainians) and Belarusians («Belorussians» / «White Russians»), which were addressed to a wide range of Russian society in the 1860s – 1900s and which were formed under the influence of literature, scientific and popular ethnographies descriptions and text-books. These visual texts were creating the stereotypical images of peoples / nations (so as of the Russian people) in mass consciousness the Russian Empire. The works that are accessible primarily by the mass audience (genre canvases, book illustrations, magazine lithographs, advertisements, posters, postcards etc) are analyzed in context of ethnic stereotypes (of «Little Russians» / «Malorusy» (Ukrainians) and of «Belorussians» / «White Russians» (Belarusians)) reflections. The author is considered some methodological problems deals with stereotypes’ researching in the field of the identification of «the Russian people» as the unity of Great Russians, Little Russians and White Russians during imperial nation-building. Complications of interpreting visual ethnic images are also due to the differences of discourse of the Ukrainian and Belarusian identities history and national movements in the Russian Empire of the 19th century. In particular, Ukrainian Soviet and modern historiography considers many artists to the pantheon of national culture. But if we accept such attributions, it turns out that stereotypes of the «others» (the heterostereotypes of Little Russians / Ukrainians) turns out to be their auto stereotypes. If we proceed from the assumptions that the creators of the images belonged to the Russian («all-Russian») culture, the questions arise did they interpret them as specifically ethnic, or as the embodiment of regional / gender or only the social (the peasant) variations?

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Bui, Quang Ngoc. "Evaluation of the quality of multiple choice test bank for the module of Introduction to Anthropology by using the RASCH model and QUEST software". Science & Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & Humanities 1, n. X3 (31 dicembre 2017): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v1ix3.450.

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The paper presents (1) a general view of the history of the development of objective multiple choice testing methods in accordance with the development of measurement science, and the evaluation process of the learners’ academic performance by this method; (2) the process of applying classic and modern test theories to analyze and evaluate the quality of multiple choice test bank for the module of Introduction to Anthropology by the RASCH model and QUEST software, which is implemented by the determination of difficulty degree of the questionnaires, the quality of the wrong opinions, the degree of difference among the test questions, the correlation factors between the test score and the whole score, the probability of each option being chosen, the measurement scale for the learners’ competence, the "threshold level" of the difficulty level for a multiple choice question, the calculation error, the reliability of the test, etc. and thereby (3) some solutions made towards the optimal application of the objective multiple choice tests at the University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City.

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Agatay, Оtkirbay. "An Analysis of Joči’s Debated Paternity and His Role in the Altan Uruġ Royal Lineage of Činggis Khan". Golden Horde Review 9, n. 4 (29 dicembre 2021): 684–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2021-9-4.684-714.

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Research objectives: This article discusses Joči’s military-political role and status in the Mongol Empire (Yeke Mongol Ulus), beginning in the early thirteenth century and within the intra-dynastic relations of Činggis Khan’s chief sons. In particular, the article seeks to answer questions about Joči’s birth. Discrepancies between the Secret History of the Mongols and other written sources cast doubt on whether Joči was even a legitimate son of Činggis Khan, let alone his eldest one. In addition, this article includes an analysis of Joči’s place within the family and the traditional legal system of the medieval Mongols based on the principles of majorat succession outlined in the Mongol Empire. It establishes evidence of his legitimacy within the Činggisid dynasty’s imperial lineage (altan uruġ) – a point of view supported by his military-political career, his pivotal role in the western campaigns, his leadership at the siege of Khwārazm, and the process of division of the ulus of Činggis Khan. Research materials: This article makes use of Russian, English, and Turkic (Kazakh, Tatar, etc.) translations of key primary sources including the Secret History of the Mongols and works of authors from the thirteenth to seventeenth centuries, including Al-Nasawī, Shіhāb al-Dīn al-Nuwayrī, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn ’Aṭā-Malik Juvāynī, Minhāj al-Dīn Jūzjānī, Zhao Hong, Peng Daya, John of Plano Carpini, William of Rubruck, Jamāl al-Qarshī, Rashīd al-Dīn, Ibn Faḍl Allāh al-ʿUmarī, Uluġbeg, Ötämiš Hājī, Lubsan Danzan, Abu’l-Ghāzī, and Saγang Sečen. New secondary works regarding Joči published by modern Kazakh, Russian, Tatar, American, French, Chinese, Korean and other scholars were also consulted. Results and novelty of the research: Taking into consideration certain economic and legal traits of the medieval Mongols, their traditional practices, military-political events, and longterm developments in the Mongol Empire’s history, descriptions of Joči being no more than a “Merkit bastard” are clearly not consistent. The persisting claims can be traced to doubts about Joči’s birth included in the Secret History of the Mongols, the first extensive written record of the medieval Mongols which had a great impact on the work of later historians, including modern scholars. Some researchers suspect this allegation may have been an indirect result of Möngke Khan inserting it into the Secret History. This article argues that the main motivation was Batu’s high military-political position and prestige in the Yeke Mongol Ulus. After Ögödei Khan’s death, sons and grandsons of Ögödei and Ča’adai made various attempts to erode Batu’s significant position in the altan uruġ by raising questions regarding his genealogical origin. This explains why doubts about Joči’s status in the imperial lineage appeared so widely following his death in an intra-dynastic propaganda struggle waged between the houses of Joči and Тolui and the opposing houses of Ča’adai and Ögödei’s sons. This conflict over the narrative was engendered by the struggle for supreme power in the Mongol Empire and the distribution of conquered lands and property.

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Brandenberger, D. "The Role of Coercion and Falsification in the Preparation of Stalin-era Interrogation Protocols". Modern History of Russia 13, n. 2 (2023): 376–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2023.208.

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This article shows the problematic nature of modern studies that consider interrogation protocols of the Stalinist era to be reliable sources in their analyses. To begin with, these studies use primitive and inconsistent methodologies in their analysis of the interrogation protocols. Most of them approach the problem without the appropriate level of criticism, expressing little or no doubt about the content of these documents. Others, which claim to have adopted more specific methodological approaches, often base them on unverified hypotheses instead of empirically-proven principles. Secondly, these studies ignore recent work in neuroscience and cognitive, social, and clinical psychology that shows that coercion and torture undermine the ability of those under interrogation to give credible testimony. Biomedical studies have demonstrated that extremely stressful conditions (torture, coercion, blackmail, fear, deprivation of sleep and food, etc.) impair the function of the mind and erode its ability to retrieve reliable information from memory, especially affecting the accuracy and clarity of these recollections. Such techniques can significantly distort the testimony of detainees and even force those under interrogation to change their testimony, to repeat false information provided by the investigator or to falsely incriminate themselves. Thirdly, these studies overlook the fact that state security officials of that period systematically falsified interrogation protocols. Protocols, as a rule, were drawn up by the investigators and then were simply signed by those under interrogation — a practice that raises questions about how accurately these protocols convey the actual words, expressions and meanings contained in the elicited testimony. What’s more, many investigators are known to have often added details or to have embellished the confessions, while others made up entire conspiracies from scratch, before forcing the suspects to sign protocols recording their false confessions. This article illustrates these theses with evidence from the case of A. V. Putintsev, a state security investigator between 1941–1954.

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H. HOVHANNISYAN, Hasmik. "Theoretical-Methodological Achievements of the Yerevan School for Argumentation". WISDOM 20, n. 4 (24 dicembre 2021): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24234/wisdom.v20i4.644.

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The Yerevan School for Argumentation (YSA) perhaps is the most brilliant manifestation of Armenian philosophical thought. Moreover, it is one of the remarkable results of the centuries-old Armenian philo- sophical culture that has gained world recognition. In the 18th (Brighton 1988; see: Brutian, G., 1988) and 19th (Moscow, 1993) World Congresses of Philosophy organized by the Federation of International Socie- ties for Philosophy, Academician Georg Brutian, the founder and head of the YSA, was entrusted with organizing and chairing Round tables on the discussion of the modern theory of argumentation organized within the framework of these conferences. Brutian?s fundamental publications served as the basis for the directions of the School. They put for- ward principles concerning the definition of argumentation, the structure of argumentation, the language of argumentation, the role of logic, and means of persuasion in the structure of argumentation, the rules of political argumentation, etc. The goal of the present work is to analyze and generalize the theoretical-methodological and conceptu- al results and approaches developed in the YSA, to examine their role in the system of modern philosophi- cal and logical theorems, as well as in the modern theories of argumentation, to present the frame of argu- mentation discourse and its methodological analysis developed in the School, to review the questions of the theory of meta-argumentation, to analyze the history and theoretical-methodological bases of for- mation and institutionalization of the YSA in the context of the developments of the world philosophical thought and the aspect of its contribution to world scientific thought, to suggest a general conception of scientific achievements of the School by a comparative analysis concerning other international centres.

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