Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "High (effective) dimension"
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Articoli di riviste sul tema "High (effective) dimension"
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Li, Yehua, e Tailen Hsing. "Deciding the dimension of effective dimension reduction space for functional and high-dimensional data". Annals of Statistics 38, n. 5 (ottobre 2010): 3028–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/10-aos816.
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Wang, Xiaoqun, e Ian H. Sloan. "Why Are High-Dimensional Finance Problems Often of Low Effective Dimension?" SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 27, n. 1 (gennaio 2005): 159–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/s1064827503429429.
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Susanto, Susanto, Deris Stiawan, M. Agus Syamsul Arifin, Mohd Yazid Idris e Rahmat Budiarto. "Effective and efficient approach in IoT Botnet detection". SINERGI 28, n. 1 (9 dicembre 2023): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/sinergi.2024.1.004.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Internet of Things (IoT) technology presents an advantage to daily life, but this advantage is not a guarantee of security. This is because cyber-attacks, such as botnets, remain a threat to the user. Detection systems are one of the alternatives to maintain the security of IoT network. A reliable detection system should effectively detect botnets with high accuracy levels and low positive rate. It should be efficient to perform detection quickly. However, data generated by IoT networks have high dimensions and high scalability, so they need to be minimized. In network security analysis process, high-dimension data pose challenges, such as the dimension curse correlation between different dimensions, which causes features that are hard to define, datasets that are mostly unordered, cluster combination, and exponential growth. In this study, we applied feature reduction using the Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) method to minimize features on the IoT network to detect botnet. The reduction process is carried out on the N-BaIoT dataset which has 115 features reduced to 2 features. Performing feature reduction with detection systems has become more effective and efficient. Experimental result showed that the application of LDA combined with machine learning on the classification Decision Tree method was able to detect with accuracy that reached 100% in 98.58s with only two features.
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Ghosh, Swagata, Rashidul Islam e Anirban Kundu. "Scattering unitarity with effective dimension-6 operators". Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 45, n. 1 (5 dicembre 2017): 015003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6471/aa9873.
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RODULFO, E., e R. DELBOURGO. "ONE-LOOP EFFECTIVE MULTIGLUON LAGRANGIAN IN ARBITRARY DIMENSIONS". International Journal of Modern Physics A 14, n. 28 (10 novembre 1999): 4457–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x99002086.
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We exhibit the one-loop multigluon effective Lagrangian in any dimension for a field theory with a quasilocal background, using the background-field formalism. Specific results, including counterterms (up to 12 space–time dimensions), have been derived, applied to the Yang–Mills theory and found to be in agreement with other string-inspired approaches.
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Lin, K. N., e P. Mantero. "Hypergraphs with high projective dimension and 1-dimensional hypergraphs". International Journal of Algebra and Computation 27, n. 06 (settembre 2017): 591–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218196717500291.
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(Dual) hypergraphs have been used by Kimura, Rinaldo and Terai to characterize squarefree monomial ideals [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text], i.e. whose projective dimension equals the minimal number of generators of [Formula: see text] minus 1. In this paper, we prove sufficient and necessary combinatorial conditions for [Formula: see text]. The second main result is an effective explicit procedure to compute the projective dimension of a large class of 1-dimensional hypergraphs [Formula: see text] (the ones in which every connected component contains at most one cycle). An algorithm to compute the projective dimension is also provided. Applications of these results are given; they include, for instance, computing the projective dimension of monomial ideals whose associated hypergraph has a spanning Ferrers graph.
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Wuzhou Dong, Jingyan Cui, Haitao He e Jiadong Ren. "Clustering over High-Dimensional Data Streams Based on Grid Density and Effective Dimension". International Journal of Advancements in Computing Technology 3, n. 8 (30 settembre 2011): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/ijact.vol3.issue8.18.
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Wang, Shuang-xi, Hong-wei Ge, Jian-ping Gou, Wei-hua Ou, He-feng Yin e Shu-zhi Su. "Fusion of effective dimension reduction and discriminative dictionary learning for high-dimensional classification". Computers and Electrical Engineering 99 (aprile 2022): 107684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2022.107684.
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Kim, Heetae, e Chang-Soo Park. "Generalized N-Dimensional Effective Temperature for Cryogenic Systems in Accelerator Physics". Quantum Beam Science 8, n. 3 (27 agosto 2024): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/qubs8030021.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Investigations into the properties of generalized effective temperature are conducted across arbitrary dimensions. Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution is displayed for one, two, and three dimensions, with effective temperatures expressed for each dimension. The energy density of blackbody radiation is examined as a function of dimensionality. Effective temperatures for non-uniform temperature distributions in one, two, three, and higher dimensions are presented, with generalizations extended to arbitrary dimensions. Furthermore, the application of generalized effective temperature is explored not only for linearly non-uniform temperature distributions but also for scenarios involving the volume fraction of two distinct temperature distributions. The effective temperature is determined for a cryogenic system supplied with both liquid nitrogen and liquid helium. This effective temperature is applied to the Coefficient of Performance (COP) in cryogenic systems and can also be applied to high-energy accelerator physics, including high-dimensional physics.
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Nie, Boxin, e Xiaojia Ran. "A Linear Discriminant Analysis model based on Sliced Inverse Regression lifting". Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 103 (26 giugno 2024): 424–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/07bdff79.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Linear Discriminant Analysis is a dimension-reduction tool for high-dimensional data in the classical field of machine learning. However, for the binary classification problem in the case of high-dimensional prediction, the dimension of the dimension reduction space of the Linear Discriminant Analysis model cannot be greater than the number of categories, that is, it can only be reduced to one dimension, which will greatly lose the effective information of the original prediction variable for the response variable. Based on this, this paper proposes an improved Linear Discriminant Analysis model based on sufficient dimensionality reduction auxiliary slice. On the one hand, by using the Sliced Inverse Regression method, the proposed method can construct auxiliary slice response variables without losing any effective information about the response variables; On the other hand, this method can increase the number of reduced dimensions of the reduced dimension space to any dimension not greater than the number of slices. The analysis results of simulated data and real data show that the proposed method is more accurate and robust than the classical Linear Discriminant Analysis model.
Tesi sul tema "High (effective) dimension"
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Fermanian, Jean-Baptiste. "High dimensional multiple means estimation and testing with applications to machine learning". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASM035.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Nous étudions dans cette thèse l'influence de la grande dimension dans des problèmes de test et d'estimation. Notre analyse porte sur la dépendance en la dimension de la vitesse de séparation d'un test de proximité et du risque quadratique de l'estimation multiples de vecteurs. Nous complétons les résultats existants en étudiant ces dépendances dans le cas de distributions non isotropes. Pour de telles distributions, le rôle de la dimension est alors joué par des notions de dimension effective définies à partir de la covariance des distributions. Ce cadre permet d'englober des données de dimension infinie comme le kernel mean embedding, outil de machine learning que nous chercherons à estimer. A l'aide de cette analyse, nous construisons des méthodes d'estimation simultanée de vecteurs moyennes de différentes distributions à partir d'échantillons indépendants de chacune. Ces estimateurs ont de meilleures performances théorique et pratique relativement aux moyennes empiriques, en particulier dans des situations défavorables où la dimension (effective) est grande. Ces méthodes utilisent explicitement ou implicitement la relative facilité du test par rapport à l'estimation. Elles reposent sur la construction d'estimateurs de distances et de moments de la covariance pour lesquels nous fournissons des bornes de concentration non asymptotiques. Un intérêt particulier est porté à l'étude de données bornées pour lesquels une analyse spécifique est nécessaire. Nos méthodes sont accompagnées d'une analyse minimax justifiant leur optimalité. Dans une dernière partie, nous proposons une interprétation du mécanisme d'attention utilisé dans les réseaux de neurones Transformers comme un problème d'estimation multiple de vecteurs. Dans un cadre simplifié, ce mécanisme partage des idées similaires avec nos approches et nous mettons en évidence son effet de débruitage en grande dimensionIn this thesis, we study the influence of high dimension in testing and estimation problems. We analyze the dimension dependence of the separation rate of a closeness test and of the quadratic risk of multiple vector estimation. We complement existing results by studying these dependencies in the case of non-isotropic distributions. For such distributions, the role of dimension is played by notions of effective dimension defined from the covariance of the distributions. This framework covers infinite-dimensional data such as kernel mean embedding, a machine learning tool we will be seeking to estimate. Using this analysis, we construct methods for simultaneously estimating mean vectors of different distributions from independent samples of each. These estimators perform better theoretically and practically than the empirical mean in unfavorable situations where the (effective) dimension is large. These methods make explicit or implicit use of the relative ease of testing compared with estimation. They are based on the construction of estimators of distances and moments of covariance, for which we provide non-asymptotic concentration bounds. Particular interest is given to the study of bounded data, for which a specific analysis is required. Our methods are accompanied by a minimax analysis justifying their optimality. In a final section, we propose an interpretation of the attention mechanism used in Transformer neural networks as a multiple vector estimation problem. In a simplified framework, this mechanism shares similar ideas with our approaches, and we highlight its denoising effect in high dimension
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Riahi, Hassen. "Analyse de structures à dimension stochastique élevée : application aux toitures bois sous sollicitation sismique". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00881187.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Le problème de la dimension stochastique élevée est récurrent dans les analyses probabilistes des structures. Il correspond à l'augmentation exponentielle du nombre d'évaluations du modèle mécanique lorsque le nombre de paramètres incertains est élevé. Afin de pallier cette difficulté, nous avons proposé dans cette thèse, une approche à deux étapes. La première consiste à déterminer la dimension stochastique efficace, en se basant sur une hiérarchisation des paramètres incertains en utilisant les méthodes de criblage. Une fois les paramètres prépondérants sur la variabilité de la réponse du modèle identifiés, ils sont modélisés par des variables aléatoires et le reste des paramètres est fixé à leurs valeurs moyennes respectives, dans le calcul stochastique proprement dit. Cette tâche fut la deuxième étape de l'approche proposée, dans laquelle la méthode de décomposition de la dimension est utilisée pour caractériser l'aléa de la réponse du modèle, par l'estimation des moments statistiques et la construction de la densité de probabilité. Cette approche permet d'économiser jusqu'à 90% du temps de calcul demandé par les méthodes de calcul stochastique classiques. Elle est ensuite utilisée dans l'évaluation de l'intégrité d'une toiture à ossature bois d'une habitation individuelle installée sur un site d'aléa sismique fort. Dans ce contexte, l'analyse du comportement de la structure est basée sur un modèle éléments finis, dans lequel les assemblages en bois sont modélisés par une loi anisotrope avec hystérésis et l'action sismique est représentée par huit accélérogrammes naturels fournis par le BRGM. Ces accélérogrammes permettent de représenter différents types de sols selon en se référant à la classification de l'Eurocode 8. La défaillance de la toiture est définie par l'atteinte de l'endommagement, enregistré dans les assemblages situés sur les éléments de contreventement et les éléments d'anti-flambement, d'un niveau critique fixé à l'aide des résultats des essais. Des analyses déterministes du modèle éléments finis ont montré que la toiture résiste à l'aléa sismique de la ville du Moule en Guadeloupe. Les analyses probabilistes ont montré que parmi les 134 variables aléatoires représentant l'aléa dans le comportement non linéaire des assemblages, 15 seulement contribuent effectivement à la variabilité de la réponse mécanique ce qui a permis de réduire la dimension stochastique dans le calcul des moments statistiques. En s'appuyant sur les estimations de la moyenne et de l'écart-type on a montré que la variabilité de l'endommagement dans les assemblages situés dans les éléments de contreventement est plus importante que celle de l'endommagement sur les assemblages situés sur les éléments d'anti-flambement. De plus, elle est plus significative pour les signaux les plus nocifs sur la structure.
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"Time Efficient and Quality Effective K Nearest Neighbor Search in High Dimension Space". Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.9178.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
abstract: K-Nearest-Neighbors (KNN) search is a fundamental problem in many application domains such as database and data mining, information retrieval, machine learning, pattern recognition and plagiarism detection. Locality sensitive hash (LSH) is so far the most practical approximate KNN search algorithm for high dimensional data. Algorithms such as Multi-Probe LSH and LSH-Forest improve upon the basic LSH algorithm by varying hash bucket size dynamically at query time, so these two algorithms can answer different KNN queries adaptively. However, these two algorithms need a data access post-processing step after candidates' collection in order to get the final answer to the KNN query. In this thesis, Multi-Probe LSH with data access post-processing (Multi-Probe LSH with DAPP) algorithm and LSH-Forest with data access post-processing (LSH-Forest with DAPP) algorithm are improved by replacing the costly data access post-processing (DAPP) step with a much faster histogram-based post-processing (HBPP). Two HBPP algorithms: LSH-Forest with HBPP and Multi- Probe LSH with HBPP are presented in this thesis, both of them achieve the three goals for KNN search in large scale high dimensional data set: high search quality, high time efficiency, high space efficiency. None of the previous KNN algorithms can achieve all three goals. More specifically, it is shown that HBPP algorithms can always achieve high search quality (as good as LSH-Forest with DAPP and Multi-Probe LSH with DAPP) with much less time cost (one to several orders of magnitude speedup) and same memory usage. It is also shown that with almost same time cost and memory usage, HBPP algorithms can always achieve better search quality than LSH-Forest with random pick (LSH-Forest with RP) and Multi-Probe LSH with random pick (Multi-Probe LSH with RP). Moreover, to achieve a very high search quality, Multi-Probe with HBPP is always a better choice than LSH-Forest with HBPP, regardless of the distribution, size and dimension number of the data set.Dissertation/Thesis
M.S. Computer Science 2011
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Hur, Youngmi. "Novel methodologies for effective wavelet constructions in high dimensions /". 2006. http://www.library.wisc.edu/databases/connect/dissertations.html.
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Isbell, Charles, e Paul Viola. "Restructuring Sparse High Dimensional Data for Effective Retrieval". 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/6674.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The task in text retrieval is to find the subset of a collection of documents relevant to a user's information request, usually expressed as a set of words. Classically, documents and queries are represented as vectors of word counts. In its simplest form, relevance is defined to be the dot product between a document and a query vector--a measure of the number of common terms. A central difficulty in text retrieval is that the presence or absence of a word is not sufficient to determine relevance to a query. Linear dimensionality reduction has been proposed as a technique for extracting underlying structure from the document collection. In some domains (such as vision) dimensionality reduction reduces computational complexity. In text retrieval it is more often used to improve retrieval performance. We propose an alternative and novel technique that produces sparse representations constructed from sets of highly-related words. Documents and queries are represented by their distance to these sets. and relevance is measured by the number of common clusters. This technique significantly improves retrieval performance, is efficient to compute and shares properties with the optimal linear projection operator and the independent components of documents.
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Chung, Chih-Wu, e 鍾志武. "Sphere Index: An Effective Query Process For High Dimensional Uncertain Data". Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/rg677y.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
碩士國立臺北科技大學
資訊工程系研究所
101
The uncertain datum is more difficult than certain datum in process. It need more huge calculate and more complex compute. Because the relation of uncertain in uncertain datum. The uncertain may be an estimates, statistics or probability value. And there have several importance issues of analysis, management and index in uncertain data. The R-Trees[6] is general index used in spate data. Also the R-Trees could apply in uncertain data. But, it has a fatal defect in nature. The index efficiency will degraded when data grow up. It is poor performance for each query, because the index will index more invalid space in internal node. And spend more unnecessary memory accesses and CUP times. Thus, here propose a new index structure Sphere-Index in this paper. It is shortest call for S-Index. There were not exit overlay between index MBRs of each internal in S-Index. So it will be improve and effect for query processing. In the other hand, S-Index has better performance than R-Trees in high dimensional data. S-Index supply more type of query processing (pint query, probabilistic range query and probabilistic Nearest Neighbor query). The other issue of update will be discussed in the paper, too. The simulation experiment is the end of this paper. Experiment is use simulation data set, and use the evaluate criterion by memory accesses and CUP times. The Experiment will be prove and verify the effective of S-Index.
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Ntombela, Lindiwe Sybil. "Secondary school principals' implementation of instructional leadership in the Amajuba District of KwaZulu-Natal". Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/14486.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The aim of this study was to find out the perceptions on the principals’ implementation of instructional leadership in the Amajuba District of KwaZulu-Natal with a view to provide guidelines that may be employed to enhance the execution of this role.
Scholars believe that instructional leadership can assist in the transformation of schools into effective schools with consistent high learner achievement. In the Amajuba District schools show fluctuation in their grade twelve results, hence the need to investigate the principals’ implementation of instructional leadership. The grade 12 results were used because it is assumed that the variance is indicative of the differences in the principal’ leadership roles in these schools.
This qualitative study examines the principals’ instructional leadership role. Data was gathered by means of literature study and focus group interviews. Four interviews were held: three with Deputy Principals and Heads of Departments, and the fourth one comprised of principals of the six selected secondary schools.Educational Leadership and Management
M. Ed. (Education Management)
Libri sul tema "High (effective) dimension"
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1956-, Batrouni G. George, e Poilblanc D, a cura di. Effective models for low-dimensional strongly correlated systems: Peyresq, France, 12-16 September 2005. Melville, N.Y: American Institute of Physics, 2006.
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Effective, Models for Low-Dimensional Strongly Correlated Systems (2005 Peyresq France). Effective models for low-dimensional strongly correlated systems: Peyresq, France, 12-16 September 2005. Melville, N.Y: American Institute of Physics, 2006.
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(Editor), G. G. Batrouni, e D. Poilblanc (Editor), a cura di. Effective Models for Low-Dimensional Strongly Correlated Systems (AIP Conference Proceedings / Materials Physics and Applications). American Institute of Physics, 2006.
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Kafka, Vincent W. Working Effectively With Women in a Diverse Workforce: Discovering a New Dimension to High Performance. Effective Learning Systems, 1998.
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Jacobsen, Dean, e Olivier Dangles. Conserving sustainable ecosystem services. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198736868.003.0010.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Chapter 10 focuses on ecosystem services as a key concept to study the conservation of high altitude waters. Despite their limited area, these ecosystems provide important provisioning, regulating, and cultural services on both local and global scales. They are water towers for mountain and lowland populations, serve as important carbon dioxide sinks, constitute the most extensive high altitude pastoral regions worldwide, and serve as refugia for unique species and communities. The chapter argues that the sustainable use and effective conservation of these ecosystems requires developing sound indicators and scenarios of temporal environmental changes. It also requires uncovering ecosystems’ macroeconomic dimension (i.e. identifying and quantifying causal interactions among biodiversity, water use changes, and socio-economic drivers at different scales), and developing strategies combining biodiversity conservation (e.g. through the protection of umbrella species and extensive areas), livelihood protection and development, and the maintenance of cultural diversity and traditional values.
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McLemore, Clinton W. Inspiring Trust. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400670657.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
What are the secrets of all great leaders—the individuals who effortlessly persuade and gain the confidence of others? This book offers actionable, practical advice, explaining ten pivotal ways for leaders to foster and engender trust. Trust in the leaders of organizations—whether large or small, for-profit or non-profit, government or private—is of critical importance. Highlighting the centrality of trust to leadership, Inspiring Trust: Strategies for Effective Leadership presents ten proven methods that will enable readers to quickly gain the trust of those they lead. Written by a management consultant who has studied a wide variety of organizations, the book presents the author's findings from observing and working with some of America's best enterprises. The author explains how effective leadership involves enrolling and enfranchising others, which only occurs as a result of trusting the leader's competence and character; and offers specific practical advice on what to do to enhance trust—as well as what not to do. The chapters outline in detail specific techniques that have proved effective for getting others ""on board"" with a leader's vision, mission, goals, strategies, and tactics. The text also explains the five key drivers of high performance and the five core dimensions of interpersonal effectiveness. Aimed at aspiring managers of any age, this book explains how to move potential followers from superficial compliance to genuine alignment, resulting in internalization of the executive, manager, or supervisor's vision, mission, and goals.
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Hitt, Michael A., Susan E. Jackson, Salvador Carmona, Leonard Bierman, Christina E. Shalley e Douglas Michael Wright, a cura di. The Oxford Handbook of Strategy Implementation. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190650230.001.0001.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Selecting the best strategy is important if a firm is to achieve and maintain a competitive advantage, but many strategies fail not because they are improperly formulated but because they are poorly implemented. Strategy implementation is among the most important and most challenging issues with which top executives must deal, and effective implementation can help firms achieve high performance. Therefore, a greater understanding of the critical dimensions of strategy implementation is needed. This handbook is designed to provide a deeper understanding of topics important for the implementation of strategy. There are three major sections of the book: resources and governance, managing human capital, and accounting control systems. Resources must be acquired, developed, and configured to create the capabilities needed for implementing a firm’s strategy. However, because of the dynamic competitive landscapes in which most firms operate, strategies frequently change. Corporate governance not only guides the formulation of appropriate strategies but also ensures that proper implementation actions are taken. Because the most important resource for implementing strategy is human capital, the firm must engage in highly effective human resource management practices that attract, motivate, develop, and retain the highest quality human talent available. As a result, effective workforce management at all levels in the organization is essential to successful strategy implementation. Managing assets and controlling managerial behavior are critical to strategy implementation: assets can be managed and managerial behavior controlled using accounting-based data. The careful design of such systems promotes innovation and creative activity and identifies earnings, thereby promoting positive managerial actions to achieve desired financial outcomes.
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Skaine, Rosemarie, a cura di. Abuse. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400606298.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This timely volume shows how abuse impacts every segment of society—and how society is seeking effective ways to respond. Abuse, a key theme of health education curricula, is also a major issue faced by many segments of society. Intended for high school students as well as undergraduates and the general reader, this comprehensive encyclopedia explores abuse in all its forms—physical, sexual, emotional, and verbal—among a variety of age and demographic groups from children to the elderly to the disabled. It sheds light on causes and symptoms of abuse, examines lasting impacts, and suggests avenues for prevention and treatment. Specific topics of concern to a secondary school audience include bullying and cyberbullying; abuse of those in same-sex relationships; and sexual abuse through rape, date rape, incest, and sexting. Elder abuse, which has become of greater concern as our society ages, is covered, as are domestic abuse, child abuse, and abduction. Through up-to-date entries by expert contributors, readers will learn about the causes and results of specific types of abuse, as well as their legal and sociological dimensions. The title will also serve as a gateway to further study—and as a resource for readers seeking help.
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Weiss, Meredith L. The Roots of Resilience. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750045.001.0001.
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This book examines governance from the ground up in the world's two most enduring electoral authoritarian or “hybrid” regimes—Singapore and Malaysia—where politically liberal and authoritarian features are blended to evade substantive democracy. Although skewed elections, curbed civil liberties, and a dose of coercion help sustain these regimes, selectively structured state policies and patronage, partisan machines that effectively stand in for local governments, and diligently sustained clientelist relations between politicians and constituents are equally important. While key attributes of these regimes differ, affecting the scope, character, and balance among national parties and policies, local machines, and personalized linkages—and notwithstanding a momentous change of government in Malaysia in 2018—the similarity in the overall patterns in these countries confirms the salience of these dimensions. As the book shows, taken together, these attributes accustom citizens to the system in place, making meaningful change in how electoral mobilization and policymaking happen all the harder to change. This authoritarian acculturation is key to the durability of both regimes, but, given weaker party competition and party–civil society links, is stronger in Singapore than Malaysia. High levels of authoritarian acculturation, amplifying the political payoffs of what parties and politicians actually provide their constituents, explain why electoral turnover alone is insufficient for real regime change in either state.
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Hayashi, Daichi, Ali Guermazi e Frank W. Roemer. Radiography and computed tomography imaging of osteoarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0016.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent joint disorder in the elderly worldwide and there is still no effective treatment, other than joint arthroplasty for end-stage OA, despite ongoing research efforts. Imaging is essential for assessing structural joint damage and disease progression. Radiography is the most widely used first-line imaging modality for structural OA evaluation. Its inherent limitations should be noted including lack of ability to directly visualize most OA-related pathological features in and around the joint, lack of sensitivity to longitudinal change and missing specificity of joint space narrowing, and technical difficulties regarding reproducibility of positioning of the joints in longitudinal studies. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely applied in epidemiological studies and clinical trials. Computed tomography (CT) is an important additional tool that offers insight into high-resolution bony anatomical details and allows three-dimensional post-processing of imaging data, which is of particular importance for orthopaedic surgery planning. However, its major disadvantage is limitations in the assessment of soft tissue structures compared to MRI. CT arthrography can be useful in evaluation of focal cartilage defects or meniscal tears; however, its applicability may be limited due to its invasive nature. This chapter describes the roles and limitations of both conventional radiography and CT, including CT arthrography, in clinical practice and OA research. The emphasis is on OA of the knee, but other joints are also mentioned where appropriate.
Capitoli di libri sul tema "High (effective) dimension"
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Ko, James. "Effective and Inspiring Teaching in STEM Classrooms: Evidence from Classroom Observations with Instrument Comparisons". In Effective Teaching Around the World, 595–617. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31678-4_26.
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AbstractThis book chapter reports findings in a case study on the video clips of 97 STEM lessons at a local secondary school. The impact of Effective and inspiring teaching on student engagement in classrooms was explored using the same high-inference classroom observation instruments. Cluster analysis indicated that effective teaching dimensions tended to cluster together. However, inspiring teaching dimensions (i.e., Flexibility, Innovative teaching, and Teaching reflective thinking) tended to cluster with Teaching collaborative learning. While there was no subject difference for inspiring teaching practices, Mathematics significantly performed the best and Technology the worst in effective teaching practices. Multiple regression results indicated that both effective and inspiring teaching practices have a significant but moderate impact on learner engagement, but none showed significant effects on student engagement. In contrast, while the effective teaching dimension Professional knowledge and expectations positively affected overall teaching quality perceptions.
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Yhee, Yerin, Hyemin Kim, Jungkeun Kim e Chulmo Koo. "What Makes Potential Tourists Trust the Managerial Response of the Hotel? - The Three-Way Interaction of Ability, Benevolence, and Integrity". In Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2023, 343–48. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25752-0_38.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractPotential customers are likely to rely on online reviews as e-WOM. While review from negative consumer has an impact on customers’ decision-making, the response of hotel to negative review is also perceived as a signal of restoring trust. Although three dimensions of trust (ability, benevolence, and integrity) have significant effects on the overall trust of consumers, it is still an open issue how the three variables interact. To fill this gap, current study investigates a three-way interaction effect of the dimension of trusting belief in managerial responses by experimental analyses. The results suggest that the hotel’s ability to handle the issue is the most important consideration for hotel management. Attitude toward hotels is high even if only one of benevolence and integrity is high under conditions of high ability. In contrast, attitude is only high when both other dimensions are high simultaneously. This study has implications for understanding the distinct effect of each dimension of trusting belief in online review systems and providing insights into effective managerial response strategies from the perspective of trust.
3
Lei, Jieyan Celia, Zhijun Chen e James Ko. "Differences in Perceived Instructional Quality of the Same Classrooms with Two Different Classroom Observation Instruments in China: Lessons Learned from Qualitative Analysis of Four Lessons Using TEACH and ICALT". In Effective Teaching Around the World, 137–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31678-4_7.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractResearch accumulated has suggested that narrowing instructional quality gaps can improve educational equity and the well-being of children in social and economic backgrounds. Considering that the disparity of instructional quality may affect educational inequality across different regions in China, this study explored how teaching quality varied in 30 lessons primary English classrooms in an economically disadvantaged province in China. This study adopted a mixed-method strategy with quantitative classroom observation data to select four lessons contrastive in teaching quality for subsequent qualitative analysis to explore classroom processes in-depth. Using two internationally validated classroom observation instruments, ICALT and TEACH, added a further dimension to examine how characteristics of instruments might influence perceived instructional quality. Results revealed that while both high-inference instruments were theoretically comparable in distinguishing teaching quality, only ICALT predicted learner engagement. While quantitative instruments could not provide detailed accounts of classroom processes, qualitative accounts of the four lessons could uncover the deep relationships between teacher-student interactions and differences in instructional quality. These findings suggest that conceptually similar instruments may vary in predictive power and that systematic qualitative analysis is indispensable in complementing high-inference instruments to provide an objective teacher evaluation.
4
Gu, Jie. "An Effective Intrusion Detection Model Based on Pls-Logistic Regression with Feature Augmentation". In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 133–40. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4922-3_10.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractComputer network is playing a significantly important role in our society, including commerce, communication, consumption and entertainment. Therefore, network security has become increasingly important. Intrusion detection systems have received considerable attention, which not only can detect known attacks or intrusions, but also can detect unknown attacks. Among the various methods applied to intrusion detection, logistic regression is the most widely used, which can achieve good performances and have good interpretability at the same time. However, intrusion detection systems usually confront with data of large scale and high dimension. How to reduce the dimension and improve the data quality is significant to improve the detection performances. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an effective intrusion detection model based on pls-logistic regression with feature augmentation. More specifically, the feature augmentation technique is implemented on the original features with goal of obtaining high-qualified training data; and then, pls-logistic regression is applied on the newly transformed data to perform dimension reduction and detection model building. The NSL-KDD dataset is used to evaluate the proposed method, and the empirical results show that our proposed method can achieve good performances in terms of accuracy, detection rate and false alarm rate.
5
Yamada, Susumu, Toshiyuki Imamura e Masahiko Machida. "High Performance Parallel LOBPCG Method for Large Hamiltonian Derived from Hubbard Model on Multi-GPU Systems". In Supercomputing Frontiers, 1–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10419-0_1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractThe physical property of the Hubbard model can be understood by solving the eigenvalue problem for the Hamiltonian derived from the model. Since the Hamiltonian is a large sparse matrix, an iteration method is usually utilized for solving the problems. One of effectual solvers for this problem is the LOBPCG (Locally Optimal Block Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient) method. The tuning strategies of the method on GPU systems when all iteration vectors are stored in device memory have been proposed. In this research, we propose tuning strategies for parallel LOBPCG method on multi-GPU system when the Hamiltonian is large and some iteration vectors are stored in host memory. When the LOBPCG method is used for solving multi eigenpairs (eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors), the number of iteration vectors, whose size is the same as the dimension of the Hamiltonian, is proportional to the number of the eigenpairs. On the other hand, the memory consumption for the non-zero elements of the Hamiltonian can be significantly reduced by considering the regular arrangement of the elements. Therefore, when we execute the LOBPCG method for a large Hamiltonian on GPUs, some of the vectors have to be stored on host memory and have to be transferred between host and device memory as needed. Since the cost of the data transfer is very large, we also propose the optimization for it. The simulation result on a multi-GPU system shows that the optimization of the data transfer is very effective for high performance computing.
6
Guo, Kuiyuan, Jiarui Zhang, Juan Shi, Zhiqiang Zhang e Guotian Ji. "Research and Practice on the Validation Testing Method of Safety of the Intended Functionality for High Way Assist Function". In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 1025–34. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1876-4_81.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractWith the continuous development of the level of driving automation, the need for safety of the intended functionality (SOTIF) has gradually become prominent. As an important part of ensuring that vehicles meet the requirements of SOTIF, unknown scenario verification methods urgently need research and breakthroughs. A customized SOTIF verification test method for highway Assist (HWA) function based on Design Operation Domain (ODD) and a test route formulation method based on multi-dimensional key elements are studied and proposed. This method considers the data dimensions and environmental characteristics involved when deriving the acceptance criteria, and effectively meets the effective and practicable requirements of unknown scenario tests.
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Mic, Vladimir, Jan Sedmidubsky e Pavel Zezula. "CRANBERRY: Memory-Effective Search in 100M High-Dimensional CLIP Vectors". In Similarity Search and Applications, 300–308. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46994-7_26.
Testo completo
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Umar, Syed, Tadele Debisa Deressa, Tariku Birhanu Yadesa, Gemechu Boche Beshan, Endal Kachew Mosisa e Nilesh T. Gole. "An Effective Machine Learning Approach for Clustering Categorical Data with High Dimensions". In Artificial Intelligence and Speech Technology, 465–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95711-7_39.
Testo completo
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Jeong, Seungdo, Sang-Wook Kim, Kidong Kim e Byung-Uk Choi. "An Effective Method for Approximating the Euclidean Distance in High-Dimensional Space". In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 863–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11827405_84.
Testo completo
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Kalaivani, M., K. Abirami e K. Dharmarajan. "An Effective Analysis of Feature Selection Methods for High Dimensional Data—A Survey". In Human Machine Interaction in the Digital Era, 182–86. London: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003428466-29.
Testo completoAtti di convegni sul tema "High (effective) dimension"
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Guo, Yunkai, Junrui Yang e Yulei Huang. "An Effective Algorithm for Mining Quantitative Association Rules Based on High Dimension Cluster". In 2008 4th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wicom.2008.2663.
Testo completo
2
Dong, Xiaomeng, Zhijian Zhang, Zhaofei Tian, Lei Li e Guangliang Chen. "A High Effective Parallel Method for the Coupling Between Neutronics and Thermal-Hydraulic". In 2016 24th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone24-60310.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Multi-physics coupling analysis is one of the most important fields among the analysis of nuclear power plant. The basis of multi-physics coupling is the coupling between neutronics and thermal-hydraulic because it plays a decisive role in the computation of reactor power, outlet temperature of the reactor core and pressure of vessel, which determines the economy and security of the nuclear power plant. This paper develops a coupling method which uses OPENFOAM and the REMARK code. OPENFOAM is a 3-dimension CFD open-source code for thermal-hydraulic, and the REMARK code (produced by GSE Systems) is a real-time simulation multi-group core model for neutronics while it solves diffusion equations. Additionally, a coupled computation using these two codes is new and has not been done. The method is tested and verified using data of the QINSHAN Phase II typical nuclear reactor which will have 16 × 121 elements. The coupled code has been modified to adapt unlimited CPUs after parallelization. With the further development and additional testing, this coupling method has the potential to extend to a more large-scale and accurate computation.
3
Wu, Youhong. "Micro-Via Reliability Study of High-Density Substrate". In ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems collocated with the ASME 2005 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2005-73156.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The micro-via dimension of substrate decreased rapidly as the I/O density of substrate dramatically increased to meet the high market needs. However, the strength of micro-via becomes weak, and will be easily broken during the manufacturing process or reliability test. The purpose of this study is to understand the key effective factors of the micro-via reliability with the 3D non-linear thermal stress analysis using the Multi-scaling modeling (submodeling) technique.
4
Xu, Yanwen, e Pingfeng Wang. "An Enhanced Squared Exponential Kernel With Manhattan Similarity Measure for High Dimensional Gaussian Process Models". In ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-71445.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract The Gaussian Process (GP) model has become one of the most popular methods and exhibits superior performance among surrogate models in many engineering design applications. However, the standard Gaussian process model is not able to deal with high dimensional applications. The root of the problem comes from the similarity measurements of the GP model that relies on the Euclidean distance, which becomes uninformative in the high-dimensional cases, and causes accuracy and efficiency issues. Limited studies explore this issue. In this study, thereby, we propose an enhanced squared exponential kernel using Manhattan distance that is more effective at preserving the meaningfulness of proximity measures and preferred to be used in the GP model for high-dimensional cases. The experiments show that the proposed approach has obtained a superior performance in high-dimensional problems. Based on the analysis and experimental results of similarity metrics, a guide to choosing the desirable similarity measures which result in the most accurate and efficient results for the Kriging model with respect to different sample sizes and dimension levels is provided in this paper.
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Huhman, B. M., A. Hathaway e H. B. Ma. "Evaluation of the Integration of Oscillating Heat Pipes in High Power DC-DC Converters for Pulsed Power Applications". In ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2013-17173.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Pulsed Power Physics Branch at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) is developing a battery-powered, rep-rate charger for a 60-kJ capacitor bank. The goal is to charge a 4800μF capacitor to 5kV in five seconds for a fifty shot burst. A bank of LiFePO4 batteries is used with a full H-bridge converter and transformer to elevate the 500V battery voltage to a 5kV secondary voltage. The operation of the Integrated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) generates heat as a byproduct of the energy transfer from the batteries to the capacitor, which must be effectively removed. The traditional method of cooling the IGBTs involves a passive heat sink and forced air cooling, which can be quite large if the dissipated power load is high enough. This work investigates the replacement of the forced air cooling method with an oscillating heat pipe (OHP). The OHP investigated herein was made of aluminum with dimensions of 130.1 mm × 101.9 mm × 2.5 mm. The OHP channel dimension imbedded in the aluminum block is 1.0 mm by 1.0 mm. Utilizing high effective thermal conductivity, the integrated OHP has the potential to reduce the overall system volume and enable the design of a sealed converter package. Numerical analysis and experimental results demonstrate that the OHP can significantly increase the effective thermal conductivity and enable a fast time response of the pulsed power DC-DC converter. Comparison with the numerical analysis show that the heat transfer resistance occurring in the cooling block is the primary resistance for the investigated IGBT OHP cooling.
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Wang, Zhao-Hui, Lai-Bin Zhang, Wei Liang e Lixiang Duan. "Research of Method to Diagnosing Complex Fault of Compressor in Pipeline Station". In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10050.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The compressor is dynamical equipment in pipeline station to deliver oil gas, it’s fault can result big accident such as stopping delivery and producing economic losing, and some fault of compressor are very complex due to the compressor’s complicated structure. Many compressor have carried simple diagnostic system, which can only diagnose normal fault, are not effective for diagnosing complex fault because these fault attributes are not obvious. This paper has researched the method to diagnose complex fault, by collecting the compressor’s vibration signals, using wavelet noise reduction technique and the fractal dimension method to process the vibration signal, which can abstract the non-obvious characteristics of complex fault effectively. The basic principle of fractal method applied in fault diagnosis is described. The result implies that the fractal dimension of good compressor is 4.4, and the fractal dimension of faulty compressor is 5.36, and fractal dimension of compressor with complex faults is 5.42. It is illustrated that this method is very effective for describing the fault features and diagnosing the complex fault of complex. This method can diagnose and predict the complex fault with a high correctness, and has been used in the Shanxi-Beijing pipeline station successfully, Which provide a good tool for pipeline’s Safety and Integrity Management.
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Chen, Han-Dong. "Global Phase Diagram of the High-Tc Cuprates". In EFFECTIVE MODELS FOR LOW-DIMENSIONAL STRONGLY CORRELATED SYSTEMS. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2178037.
Testo completo
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Prelovšek, P. "Spin fluctuations in cuprates as the key to high Tc". In EFFECTIVE MODELS FOR LOW-DIMENSIONAL STRONGLY CORRELATED SYSTEMS. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2178035.
Testo completo
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Krivonosova, Victoria, Alexander Lebedev, Nicolay Simin, Michael Zolotogorov e Nicolay Kortikov. "Experimental and Numerical Analysis of High Temperature Gas Turbine Nozzle Vane Convective and Film Cooling Effectiveness". In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45294.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper presents the results of experimental and numerical investigations of cooling effectiveness of the film cooled turbine nozzle. The nozzle is with two internal cavities. Front cavity of the nozzle is fed with high pressure cooling air from compressor diffuser with minimal losses of pressure for ensuring film cooling of the leading edge. Rear cavity is with impingement tube for high effective convective cooling. Experimental measurements of cooling flow capacity and cooling effectiveness were carried out on experimental facility of OSC “NPO CKTI”. Investigations included isothermal internal flow tests and hot tests with internal flow and metal temperature measurements. Test results were compared with flow and thermal field CFD predictions. Temperature fields of body and platforms of nozzle were predicted by conjugate heat transfer simulation. Computation domain includes vane-to-vane path flow, vane solid body with shrouds and holes for cooling air injection. Heat transfer conditions inside vane were calculated with one dimension internal flow model. Isothermal internal flow test results were used to validate one dimension internal flow model. Comparison of the experimental and simulation results enabled to modify calculation models to obtain good agreement. Turbine vane temperature fields calculations in different operation conditions were carried out with validated numerical models.
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Xi, Zhimin, e Byeng D. Youn. "An Effective Random Field Characterization for Probability Analysis and Design". In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49481.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
So far manufacturing tolerance variability over samples has been widely considered in many engineering design problems. Traditionally the tolerance variability is modeled as a spatially independent random parameter although the variability is a function of spatial variables (x, y, and z) in many engineering applications. Little attention has been paid to spatial variability (or random field) in manufacturing and operational conditions, which may dominantly affect system performances in smaller scale applications. This paper presents an effective approach to characterize a random field for probability analysis and design. The Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) method is employed to extract the important signatures of the random field over product samples. A normalized posteriori error is defined to automatically decide the minimal number of the important signatures while preserving a prescribed accuracy in approximating the random field. The random projected values of the spatial variability over the samples onto each important signature are modeled as a random parameter. The signatures and corresponding random parameters are thus used for modeling the random field. A Chi-Squae goodness-of-fit test is used for determining statistical models of random parameters. This proposed approach can facilitate to characterize the random field for probability analysis and design. By modeling the random field with the most significant random signatures, the Eigenvector Dimension Reduction (EDR) method can be employed for probability analysis because of its relatively high efficiency and accuracy. Two examples (one beam and Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) bistable mechanism) are used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach while considering only a geometric random field. Compared to Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS), the proposed random field approach is appeared to be very accurate and efficient. Moreover, the results show that the random field variation cannot be neglected for probability analysis and design practices.
Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "High (effective) dimension"
1
Oskolkov, Nikolay. Dimension Reduction Methods for Life Sciences. Instats Inc., 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.61700/gyxh9ued08xio1347.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This seminar provides a comprehensive overview of dimension reduction techniques in R and Python for high-dimensional biological data, focusing on their practical applications in life sciences. Participants will gain both theoretical knowledge and practical experience in linear and nonlinear dimensionality reduction methods such as tSNE and UMAP, enhancing their ability to analyze complex datasets effectively. By the conclusion of the seminar, participants will understand the theoretical and practical foundations of these methods, with a wealth of examples that can be rapidly applied for their own research problems.
2
Conlin, Matthew, Nicholas Cohn e Peter Adams. Total water level controls on the trajectory of dune toe retreat. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), novembre 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47921.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study examines the trajectory (slope) of coastal foredune toe retreat in response to nine storm events that impacted the Outer Banks, North Carolina, USA. High resolution, three-dimensional, repeat mobile terrestrial lidar observations over a four kilometer stretch of coast were used to assess spatiotemporal beach and dune evolution at the storm timescale. Consistent with existing field observations from other sandy coastlines, an upward toe retreat was observed for most instances of dune retreat in the Outer Banks. However, these new topographic data indicate that the retreat can proceed steeply downward when the maximum total water level (TWL) defined by the 2% runup exceedance level is not high enough, for long enough, to erode the dune face. Non-linear relationships were found between the dune toe retreat trajectory as well as both the magnitude and duration of TWL above the dune toe, where instances of upward- and downward-directed retreat are best differentiated using the 7% runup exceedance level, rather than the commonly used 2% level. This physically justified non-linear relationship is shown to be consistent with observations from other studies, and could be a more effective parameterization for the retreat trajectory than those currently implemented in wave-impact dune erosion models.
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Weeks, Timothy "Dash". DTPH56-13-X-000013 Modern High-Toughness Steels for Fracture Propagation and Arrest Assessment-Phase II. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), settembre 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012037.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
NIST work developed processes to identify the stress/strain/crack velocity conditions for unstable high-rate ductile crack propagation found in a full-scale pipeline burst test and duplicate those conditions in a medium-scale test. With modeling to validate conditions and assumptions used in reducing the scale of the tests. A medium-scale test to elucidate material property data necessary to qualify high-strength high-toughness steels based on the correlation to large-scale tests. Parametric determination of the material properties governing fracture propagation or arrest-ability was developed. This will assist researchers to determine a relevant and effective small-scale test (or tests) that provides enough information for material selection, design, reliability, as well as integrity and risk assessment. Pipe evaluated includes API5L X70 and X80 pipe. The strain was measured by a three-dimensional digital image correlation system. This project takes a phased approach with complementary research in successive phases beginning with a road map to systematically fill gaps in knowledge and understanding of the problem of unstable high-rate ductile running failures in pipelines. This report is structured to highlight the problem statement with respect to the current state of the art understanding, define knowledge gaps and present the plan, and progress toward meeting the objective. The following sections specifically cover the effort to develop and inform a constitutive material model necessary for the structural model of the medium-scale test. The material testing required to inform the constitutive material model is presented. Conclusions of this phase of the project are also presented in addition to the proposed work in Phase III of the project.
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Hart, Carl, e Gregory Lyons. A tutorial on the rapid distortion theory model for unidirectional, plane shearing of homogeneous turbulence. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), luglio 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44766.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The theory of near-surface atmospheric wind noise is largely predicated on assuming turbulence is homogeneous and isotropic. For high turbulent wavenumbers, this is a fairly reasonable approximation, though it can introduce non-negligible errors in shear flows. Recent near-surface measurements of atmospheric turbulence suggest that anisotropic turbulence can be adequately modeled by rapid-distortion theory (RDT), which can serve as a natural extension of wind noise theory. Here, a solution for the RDT equations of unidirectional plane shearing of homogeneous turbulence is reproduced. It is assumed that the time-varying velocity spectral tensor can be made stationary by substituting an eddy-lifetime parameter in place of time. General and particular RDT evolution equations for stochastic increments are derived in detail. Analytical solutions for the RDT evolution equation, with and without an effective eddy viscosity, are given. An alternative expression for the eddy-lifetime parameter is shown. The turbulence kinetic energy budget is examined for RDT. Predictions by RDT are shown for velocity (co)variances, one-dimensional streamwise spectra, length scales, and the second invariant of the anisotropy tensor of the moments of velocity. The RDT prediction of the second invariant for the velocity anisotropy tensor is shown to agree better with direct numerical simulations than previously reported.
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Alexander e Kiefner. L51554 Field Observations on the Two-Phase Hovenweep CO2 Gathering System During Summer Operation. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), gennaio 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010290.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
While laboratory-scale studies of single-phase flow have resulted in good correlations for the design of large-diameter pipeline systems, similar approaches for two-phase flow have not been as useful. Although theoretical modeling and simulation of single-phase turbulent flow has not yet been accomplished, empirical observation of many small-scale examples has lead to effective correlations through dimensional analysis. These correlations for a single-phase often do scale-up adequately for design of pipelines. However, when an additional phase is present, this approach has not worked well. It is likely that a better understanding of the fundamental interaction of two-turbulent phases will be necessary if small-scale studies are to be used for the design of large, high-pressure pipeline systems. A more immediate way of gaining some knowledge of two-phase flow in large diameter pipes of the complexity present in the field is to over-design a pipeline system and construct it, field tune it to specifications, then observe its behavior. This is obviously a risky and expensive approach. However, many such systems have been constructed. It is on these successful two-phase pipeline systems that our attention should be focused in the immediate future if we are to improve two-phase pipeline design now of new but similar systems. Such is the focus of this study of the Hovenweep CO2 Gathering System. The Hovenweep CO2 Gathering System was selected for study as a pipeline system that could add to the knowledge of the nature of steady-state two-phase flow in large diameter high pressure pipeline systems with hilly terrain. Characterization includes measurement of the following variables: 1. gas and liquid flow rates; 2. typical gas and liquid compositions; 3. liquid volume fractions; 4. pressure drop across each test segment; 5. temperature.
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Moreno Gutiérrez, José Fernando, Carlos León e Kimmo Soramäki. Molecular Settlement: Making Atomic Settlement Work in a Positive Interest Rate Environment. FNA, settembre 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.69701/gjbj662.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Under the concept of atomic settlement, the time between the trade and the settlement of transactions is reduced to a very small fraction of time (e.g., seconds or less), making them instantaneous. A second feature is the exchange of all the assets in the transaction in a single event, making them simultaneous — no delivery or payment occurs if the others do not occur too, commonly known as delivery versus payment (DvP) or payment versus payment (PvP). Making the settlement of the transaction instantaneous and simultaneous may have several benefits. It could effectively mitigate risks to all parties by guaranteeing the immediate and concurrent transfer of all assets in a transaction. By squeezing the transaction to its lowest time and space dimensions (i.e., its atom), some risks related to the settlement of transactions may be mitigated, e.g., replacement-cost risk. However, making the settlement instantaneous and simultaneous only benefits some trading scenarios. In other scenarios, it will create higher liquidity requirements for the parties involved and increase settlement risk. This could be particularly burdensome in a positive interest rate environment. Therefore, notwithstanding its current allure, it is important to identify in which cases it makes no sense to settle atomically and how to make it work. For those transactions that do not benefit from instantaneous and simultaneous settlement, we suggest not working on the smallest units (i.e., the atoms) but on the second smallest units (i.e., the molecules). We propose building an intermediate centralized layer between the trade and settlement layers that will use atoms (i.e. single transactions) to use smart algorithms to create molecules (i.e., sets of transactions) that make sense to settle from a liquidity-efficiency viewpoint. This way, more transactions will benefit from faster and concurrent transactions while avoiding high liquidity costs.
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Sett, Dominic, Florian Waldschmidt, Alvaro Rojas-Ferreira, Saut Sagala, Teresa Arce Mojica, Preeti Koirala, Patrick Sanady et al. Climate and disaster risk analytics tool for adaptive social protection. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security, marzo 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/wnsg2302.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Adaptive Social Protection (ASP) as discussed in this report is an approach to enhance the well-being of communities at risk. As an integrated approach, ASP builds on the interface of Disaster Risk Management (DRM), Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Social Protection (SP) to address interconnected risks by building resilience, thereby overcoming the shortcomings of traditionally sectoral approaches. The design of meaningful ASP measures needs to be informed by specific information on risk, risk drivers and impacts on communities at risk. In contrast, a limited understanding of risk and its drivers can potentially lead to maladaptation practices. Therefore, multidimensional risk assessments are vital for the successful implementation of ASP. Although many sectoral tools to assess risks exist, available integrated risk assessment methods across sectors are still inadequate in the context of ASP, presenting an important research and implementation gap. ASP is now gaining international momentum, making the timely development of a comprehensive risk analytics tool even more important, including in Indonesia, where nationwide implementation of ASP is currently under way. OBJECTIVE: To address this gap, this study explores the feasibility of a climate and disaster risk analytics tool for ASP (CADRAT-ASP), combining sectoral risk assessment in the context of ASP with a more comprehensive risk analytics approach. Risk analytics improve the understanding of risks by locating and quantifying the potential impacts of disasters. For example, the Economics of Climate Adaptation (ECA) framework quantifies probable current and expected future impacts of extreme events and determines the monetary cost and benefits of specific risk management and adaptation measures. Using the ECA framework, this report examines the viability and practicality of applying a quantitative risk analytics approach for non-financial and non-tangible assets that were identified as central to ASP. This quantitative approach helps to identify cost-effective interventions to support risk-informed decision making for ASP. Therefore, we used Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, as a case study, to identify potential entry points and examples for the further development and application of such an approach. METHODS & RESULTS: The report presents an analysis of central risks and related impacts on communities in the context of ASP. In addition, central social protection dimensions (SPD) necessary for the successful implementation of ASP and respective data needs from a theoretical perspective are identified. The application of the quantitative ECA framework is tested for tropical storms in the context of ASP, providing an operational perspective on technical feasibility. Finally, recommendations on further research for the potential application of a suitable ASP risk analytics tool in Indonesia are proposed. Results show that the ECA framework and its quantitative modelling platform CLIMADA successfully quantified the impact of tropical storms on four SPDs. These SPDs (income, access to health, access to education and mobility) were selected based on the results from the Hazard, Exposure and Vulnerability Assessment (HEVA) conducted to support the development of an ASP roadmap for the Republic of Indonesia (UNU-EHS 2022, forthcoming). The SPDs were modelled using remote sensing, gridded data and available global indices. The results illustrate the value of the outcome to inform decision making and a better allocation of resources to deliver ASP to the case study area. RECOMMENDATIONS: This report highlights strong potential for the application of the ECA framework in the ASP context. The impact of extreme weather events on four social protection dimensions, ranging from access to health care and income to education and mobility, were successfully quantified. In addition, further developments of CADRAT-ASP can be envisaged to improve modelling results and uptake of this tool in ASP implementation. Recommendations are provided for four central themes: mainstreaming the CADRAT approach into ASP, data and information needs for the application of CADRAT-ASP, methodological advancements of the ECA framework to support ASP and use of CADRAT-ASP for improved resilience-building. Specific recommendations are given, including the integration of additional hazards, such as flood, drought or heatwaves, for a more comprehensive outlook on potential risks. This would provide a broader overview and allow for multi-hazard risk planning. In addition, high-resolution local data and stakeholder involvement can increase both ownership and the relevance of SPDs. Further recommendations include the development of a database and the inclusion of climate and socioeconomic scenarios in analyses.
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O'Connell, Kelly, David Burdick, Melissa Vaccarino, Colin Lock, Greg Zimmerman e Yakuta Bhagat. Coral species inventory at War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Final report. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2302040.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The War in the Pacific National Historical Park (WAPA), a protected area managed by the National Park Service (NPS), was established "to commemorate the bravery and sacrifice of those participating in the campaigns of the Pacific Theater of World War II and to conserve and interpret outstanding natural, scenic, and historic values on the island of Guam." Coral reef systems present in the park represent a vital element of Guam?s cultural, traditional, and economical heritage, and as such, are precious and in need of conservation. To facilitate the management of these resources, NPS determined that a scleractinian (stony coral) species survey was necessary to establish a baseline for existing coral communities and other important factors for conservation. EnviroScience, Inc. performed a survey of stony coral species, coral habitat, and current evidence of stressors at WAPA?s H?gat and Asan Units in 2022. This report summarizes these findings from a management perspective and compares its findings to previous survey data from 1977 and 1999 (Eldridge et al. 1977; Amesbury et al. 1999). WAPA is located on the tropical island of Guam, located on the west-central coast of the island, and encompasses 2,037 acres. Underwater resources are a significant component of the park, as 1,002 acres consists of water acres. The park is comprised of seven units, of which two of these, the H?gat and Asan Beach Units, include all the oceanic water acres for the park. The H?gat Beach Unit (local spelling, formerly known as ?Agat?) is located at the south-west portion of the park and consists of 38 land acres and 557 water acres (NPS 2003). The Asan Beach Unit consists of 109 acres of land and 445 water acres (NPS 2003). A current baseline for existing coral communities and other important factors for conservation necessitates the need for up-to-date data on the location, presence, relative abundance, and present health of corals. Park managers need this updated data to determine where and how to best focus conservation priorities and identify restoration opportunities. Management actions in park reef areas informed by this inventory included identifying locations where there were: high rates of sedimentation; high coral biomass; rare or threatened species, with a priority given to species endemic to Guam and listed as ?threatened? under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA; Acropora globiceps, A. retusa, A. speciosa, and Seriatopora aculeata); coral persistence and decline, disease and/or nuisance species, including the crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster cf. solaris, ?COTS?) and the sponge Terpios hoshinota; and bleached areas. All work carried out was in accordance with the NPS statement of work (SOW) requirements, which involved a quantitative inventory using both new and pre-existing transects. The resulting transects totaled 61 (including the four from the 1999 study), each measuring 50 meters in length and distributed across depths of up to 50 feet. Divers took photo-quadrat samples covering an area of approximately 9 m?, encompassing 50 photo-quadrats of dimensions 0.50 m x 0.36 m (n=50). The collective area surveyed across all 61 transects amounted to ~549 m?. Additionally, a qualitative search was conducted to enhance documentation of coral species that have limited distribution and might not be captured by transects, along with identifying harmful species and stressors. Timed roving diver coral diversity surveys were carried out at a total of 20 sites occurring within the waters of WAPA, including eight sites at the H?gat unit and 12 sites at the Asan unit. The findings from this report reveal significant disparities in benthic cover compositions between H?gat and Asan units. The H?gat unit exhibits high abundances of turf algae and unconsolidated sediment while the Asan beach unit presents a different scenario, with hard coral as the dominant benthic cover, followed closely by crustose coralline algae (CCA). The Asan unit is also more difficult to access from shore or boat relative to H?gat which provides that unit some protection from human influences. The Asan beach unit's prevalence of hard coral, CCA, and colonizable substrate suggests a more favorable environment for reef growth and the potential benefits of maintaining robust coral cover in the area. These distinct differences in benthic communities highlight the contrasting ecological dynamics and habitats of the two study areas. Across both H?gat and Asan beach unit transects, a total of 56 hard coral species were recorded from 27 genera, with 44 species recorded from the H?gat unit and 48 species recorded from the Asan unit. Of the four historical transects surveyed in the Asan unit from 1999, three experienced declines in percent coral cover (17.38-78.72%), while the fourth had an increase (10.98%). During the timed roving diver coral diversity surveys, a total of 245 hard coral species, including 241 scleractinian coral species representing 49 genera and 4 non-scleractinian coral species representing 4 genera were recorded. Uncertainties related to coral identification, unresolved boundaries between morphospecies, differences in taxonomists' perspectives, and the rapidly evolving state of coral taxonomy have significant implications for species determinations during coral diversity surveys. While the recent surveys have provided valuable insights into coral diversity in WAPA waters, ongoing taxonomic research and collaboration among experts will be essential to obtain a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of coral biodiversity in the region. Of the several ESA coral species that were searched for among the H?gat and Asan beach units, Acropora retusa was the only coral species found among quantitative transects (n=2) and A. globiceps was observed during coral diversity surveys. Acropora speciosa, which was dominant in the upper seaward slopes in 1977, is now conspicuously absent from all the surveys conducted in 2022 (Eldredge et al., 1977). The disappearance and reduction of these once-dominant species underscores the urgency of implementing conservation measures to safeguard the delicate balance of Guam's coral reefs and preserve the diversity and ecological integrity of these invaluable marine ecosystems. Other formerly common or locally abundant species were infrequently encountered during the diversity surveys, including Acropora monticulosa, A. sp. ?obtusicaulis?, A. palmerae, Stylophora sp. ?mordax?, Montipora sp. ?pagoensis?, and Millepora dichotoma. Significant bleaching-associated mortality was recorded for these species, most of which are restricted to reef front/margin zones exposed to moderate-to-high levels of wave energy. Sedimentation was present in both H?gat and the Asan units, though it was more commonly encountered in H?gat transects. While significant portions of the reef area within the WAPA H?gat unit are in poor condition due to a variety of stressors, some areas still hosted notable coral communities, which should be a potential focus for park management to prevent further degradation. There is a need for more effective management of point source pollution concerns, particularly when subpar wastewater treatment or runoff from areas with potential pollution or sediment-laden water is flowing from nearby terrestrial environments. Future monitoring efforts should aim to establish a framework that facilitates a deeper understanding of potential point source pollution incidents. This would empower park managers to collaborate with adjacent communities, both within and outside of park boundaries, to mitigate the localized impacts of pollution (McCutcheon and McKenna, 2021). COTS were encountered during transect surveys as well as in coral diversity surveys. including along the upper reef front/reef margin at site Agat-CS-2. The frequency of these observations, particularly in the WAPA H?gat unit and where stress-susceptible corals are already uncommonly encountered, raise concern about the ability of the populations of these coral species to recover following acute disturbance events, and calls in to question the ability of some of these species to persist in WAPA waters, and in Guam?s waters more broadly. More frequent crown-of-thorns control efforts, even if only a handful of sea stars are removed during a single effort, may be required to prevent further loss to vulnerable species. There were several documented incidents of Terpios hoshinota covering large sections of branching coral in the reef flat along transects, but it is still unclear how detrimental this sponge is to the overall reef system. There is a concern that elevated levels of organic matter and nutrients in the water, such as those resulting from sewage discharge or stormwater runoff, could lead to increased Terpios populations (De Voogd et al. 2013). Consequently, it is important to track populations in known areas of sedimentation and poor water quality. The presence of unique species at single survey sites within the study areas underscores the ecological importance of certain locations. Some species are known to occur in other locations in Guam, while a few may be limited to specific sites within WAPA waters. These differences are likely influenced by environmental and biological factors such as poor water quality, severe heat stress events, chronic predation by crown-of-thorns sea stars, disease, and reduced herbivore populations. These factors collectively shape the condition of the benthic community, leading to variations in species distribution and abundance across the study sites. Documenting coral stress and identifying potentially harmful species allows for proactive management strategies to prevent the establishment of nuisance or detrimental species while populations are still manageable. Updated data on the location, presence, relative abundance, and health of corals is essential for park managers to prioritize conservation efforts and identify restoration opportunities effectively. Observations from this report raise concerns about the health and resilience of coral ecosystems in the H?gat unit and emphasize the need for knowledge of local factors that shape benthic community structure. Understanding the drivers responsible for these variations is crucial for effective conservation and management strategies to preserve the ecological balance and overall health of coral reefs in both units. Continued monitoring efforts will be critical in assessing long-term trends and changes in benthic cover and enabling adaptive management approaches to safeguard these valuable marine ecosystems in the face of ongoing environmental challenges.
9
McKenna, Patrick, e Mark Evans. Emergency Relief and complex service delivery: Towards better outcomes. Queensland University of Technology, giugno 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.211133.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Emergency Relief (ER) is a Department of Social Services (DSS) funded program, delivered by 197 community organisations (ER Providers) across Australia, to assist people facing a financial crisis with financial/material aid and referrals to other support programs. ER has been playing this important role in Australian communities since 1979. Without ER, more people living in Australia who experience a financial crisis might face further harm such as crippling debt or homelessness. The Emergency Relief National Coordination Group (NCG) was established in April 2020 at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to advise the Minister for Families and Social Services on the implementation of ER. To inform its advice to the Minister, the NCG partnered with the Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra to conduct research to understand the issues and challenges faced by ER Providers and Service Users in local contexts across Australia. The research involved a desktop review of the existing literature on ER service provision, a large survey which all Commonwealth ER Providers were invited to participate in (and 122 responses were received), interviews with a purposive sample of 18 ER Providers, and the development of a program logic and theory of change for the Commonwealth ER program to assess progress. The surveys and interviews focussed on ER Provider perceptions of the strengths, weaknesses, future challenges, and areas of improvement for current ER provision. The trend of increasing case complexity, the effectiveness of ER service delivery models in achieving outcomes for Service Users, and the significance of volunteering in the sector were investigated. Separately, an evaluation of the performance of the NCG was conducted and a summary of the evaluation is provided as an appendix to this report. Several themes emerged from the review of the existing literature such as service delivery shortcomings in dealing with case complexity, the effectiveness of case management, and repeat requests for service. Interviews with ER workers and Service Users found that an uplift in workforce capability was required to deal with increasing case complexity, leading to recommendations for more training and service standards. Several service evaluations found that ER delivered with case management led to high Service User satisfaction, played an integral role in transforming the lives of people with complex needs, and lowered repeat requests for service. A large longitudinal quantitative study revealed that more time spent with participants substantially decreased the number of repeat requests for service; and, given that repeat requests for service can be an indicator of entrenched poverty, not accessing further services is likely to suggest improvement. The interviews identified the main strengths of ER to be the rapid response and flexible use of funds to stabilise crisis situations and connect people to other supports through strong local networks. Service Users trusted the system because of these strengths, and ER was often an access point to holistic support. There were three main weaknesses identified. First, funding contracts were too short and did not cover the full costs of the program—in particular, case management for complex cases. Second, many Service Users were dependent on ER which was inconsistent with the definition and intent of the program. Third, there was inconsistency in the level of service received by Service Users in different geographic locations. These weaknesses can be improved upon with a joined-up approach featuring co-design and collaborative governance, leading to the successful commissioning of social services. The survey confirmed that volunteers were significant for ER, making up 92% of all workers and 51% of all hours worked in respondent ER programs. Of the 122 respondents, volunteers amounted to 554 full-time equivalents, a contribution valued at $39.4 million. In total there were 8,316 volunteers working in the 122 respondent ER programs. The sector can support and upskill these volunteers (and employees in addition) by developing scalable training solutions such as online training modules, updating ER service standards, and engaging in collaborative learning arrangements where large and small ER Providers share resources. More engagement with peak bodies such as Volunteering Australia might also assist the sector to improve the focus on volunteer engagement. Integrated services achieve better outcomes for complex ER cases—97% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. The research identified the dimensions of service integration most relevant to ER Providers to be case management, referrals, the breadth of services offered internally, co-location with interrelated service providers, an established network of support, workforce capability, and Service User engagement. Providers can individually focus on increasing the level of service integration for their ER program to improve their ability to deal with complex cases, which are clearly on the rise. At the system level, a more joined-up approach can also improve service integration across Australia. The key dimensions of this finding are discussed next in more detail. Case management is key for achieving Service User outcomes for complex cases—89% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. Interviewees most frequently said they would provide more case management if they could change their service model. Case management allows for more time spent with the Service User, follow up with referral partners, and a higher level of expertise in service delivery to support complex cases. Of course, it is a costly model and not currently funded for all Service Users through ER. Where case management is not available as part of ER, it might be available through a related service that is part of a network of support. Where possible, ER Providers should facilitate access to case management for Service Users who would benefit. At a system level, ER models with a greater component of case management could be implemented as test cases. Referral systems are also key for achieving Service User outcomes, which is reflected in the ER Program Logic presented on page 31. The survey and interview data show that referrals within an integrated service (internal) or in a service hub (co-located) are most effective. Where this is not possible, warm referrals within a trusted network of support are more effective than cold referrals leading to higher take-up and beneficial Service User outcomes. However, cold referrals are most common, pointing to a weakness in ER referral systems. This is because ER Providers do not operate or co-locate with interrelated services in many cases, nor do they have the case management capacity to provide warm referrals in many other cases. For mental illness support, which interviewees identified as one of the most difficult issues to deal with, ER Providers offer an integrated service only 23% of the time, warm referrals 34% of the time, and cold referrals 43% of the time. A focus on referral systems at the individual ER Provider level, and system level through a joined-up approach, might lead to better outcomes for Service Users. The program logic and theory of change for ER have been documented with input from the research findings and included in Section 4.3 on page 31. These show that ER helps people facing a financial crisis to meet their immediate needs, avoid further harm, and access a path to recovery. The research demonstrates that ER is fundamental to supporting vulnerable people in Australia and should therefore continue to be funded by government.
10
Buesseler, Buessele, Daniele Bianchi, Fei Chai, Jay T. Cullen, Margaret Estapa, Nicholas Hawco, Seth John et al. Paths forward for exploring ocean iron fertilization. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, ottobre 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/67120.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
We need a new way of talking about global warming. UN Secretary General António Guterres underscored this when he said the “era of global boiling” has arrived. Although we have made remarkable progress on a very complex problem over the past thirty years, we have a long way to go before we can keep the global temperature increase to below 2°C relative to the pre-industrial times. Climate models suggest that this next decade is critical if we are to avert the worst consequences of climate change. The world must continue to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and find ways to adapt and build resilience among vulnerable communities. At the same time, we need to find new ways to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in order to chart a “net negative” emissions pathway. Given their large capacity for carbon storage, the oceans must be included in consideration of our multiple carbon dioxide removal (CDR) options. This report focused on ocean iron fertilization (OIF) for marine CDR. This is by no means a new scientific endeavor. Several members of ExOIS (Exploring Ocean Iron Solutions) have been studying this issue for decades, but the emergence of runaway climate impacts has motivated this group to consider a responsible path forward for marine CDR. That path needs to ensure that future choices are based upon the best science and social considerations required to reduce human suffering and counter economic and ecological losses, while limiting and even reversing the negative impacts that climate change is already having on the ocean and the rest of the planet. Prior studies have confirmed that the addition of small amounts of iron in some parts of the ocean is effective at stimulating phytoplankton growth. Through enhanced photosynthesis, carbon dioxide can not only be removed from the atmosphere but a fraction can also be transferred to durable storage in the deep sea. However, prior studies were not designed to quantify how effective this storage can be, or how wise OIF might be as a marine CDR approach. ExOIS is a consortium that was created in 2022 to consider what OIF studies are needed to answer critical questions about the potential efficiency and ecological impacts of marine CDR (http://oceaniron.org). Owing to concerns surrounding the ethics of marine CDR, ExOIS is organized around a responsible code of conduct that prioritizes activities for the collective benefit of our planet with an emphasis on open and transparent studies that include public engagement. Our goal is to establish open-source conventions for implementing OIF for marine CDR that can be assessed with appropriate monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) protocols, going beyond just carbon accounting, to assess ecological and other non-carbon environmental effects (eMRV). As urgent as this is, it will still take 5 to 10 years of intensive work and considerable resources to accomplish this goal. We present here a “Paths Forward’’ report that stems from a week-long workshop held at the Moss Landing Marine Laboratories in May 2023 that was attended by international experts spanning atmospheric, oceanographic, and social sciences as well as legal specialists (see inside back cover). At the workshop, we reviewed prior OIF studies, distilled the lessons learned, and proposed several paths forward over the next decade to lay the foundation for evaluating OIF for marine CDR. Our discussion very quickly resulted in a recommendation for the need to establish multiple “Ocean Iron Observatories’’ where, through observations and modeling, we would be able to assess with a high degree of certainty both the durable removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide—which we term the “centennial tonne”—and the ecological response of the ocean. In a five-year phase I period, we prioritize five major research activities: 1. Next generation field studies: Studies of long-term (durable) carbon storage will need to be longer (year or more) and larger (>10,000 km2) than past experiments, organized around existing tools and models, but with greater reliance on autonomous platforms. While prior studies suggested that ocean systems return to ambient conditions once iron infusion is stopped, this needs to be verified. We suggest that these next field experiments take place in the NE Pacific to assess the processes controlling carbon removal efficiencies, as well as the intended and unintended ecological and geochemical consequences. 2. Regional, global and field study modeling Incorporation of new observations and model intercomparisons are essential to accurately represent how iron cycling processes regulate OIF effects on marine ecosystems and carbon sequestration, to support experimental planning for large-scale MRV, and to guide decision making on marine CDR choices. 3. New forms of iron and delivery mechanisms Rigorous testing and comparison of new forms of iron and their potential delivery mechanisms is needed to optimize phytoplankton growth while minimizing the financial and carbon costs of OIF. Efficiency gains are expected to generate responses closer to those of natural OIF events. 4. Monitoring, reporting, and verification: Advances in observational technologies and platforms are needed to support the development, validation, and maintenance of models required for MRV of large-scale OIF deployment. In addition to tracking carbon storage and efficiency, prioritizing eMRV will be key to developing regulated carbon markets. 5. Governance and stakeholder engagement: Attention to social dimensions, governance, and stakeholder perceptions will be essential from the start, with particular emphasis on expanding the diversity of groups engaged in marine CDR across the globe. This feedback will be a critical component underlying future decisions about whether to proceed, or not, with OIF for marine CDR. Paramount in the plan is the need to move carefully. Our goal is to conduct these five activities in parallel to inform decisions steering the establishment of ocean iron observatories at multiple locations in phase II. When completed, this decadal plan will provide a rich knowledge base to guide decisions about if, when, where, and under what conditions OIF might be responsibly implemented for marine CDR. The consensus of our workshop and this report is that now is the time for actionable studies to begin. Quite simply, we suggest that some form of marine CDR will be essential to slow down and reverse the most severe consequences of our disrupted climate. OIF has the potential to be one of these climate mitigation strategies. We have the opportunity and obligation to invest in the knowledge necessary to ensure that we can make scientifically and ethically sound decisions for the future of our planet.