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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Hierarchy Theory"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 21 febbraio 2023

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Hierarchy Theory"

Allen, T. F. H., P. C. Allen e D. L. Wixon. "Hierarchy theory in hydropedology". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 6, n. 2 (1 aprile 2009): 2931–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-6-2931-2009.

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Abstract. The challenges that face scientists in the bourgeoning field of hydropedology include many of those that face investigations in complex systems. We suggest hierarchy theory as being particularly helpful in teasing through complexity in hydropedological investigations. We present a brief overview of hierarchy theory highlighting the importance of defining levels of analysis, the role of theory in prediction, and the importance of narrative in science. These concepts are highlighted by references from the hydropological literature. We point out several issues common to scientists faced with complex systems analysis, and suggest several strategies to help hydropedologists deal with them. In order to help bridge the gap between theory and application, we present several specific examples of how hierarchical treatments have helped scientists deal with the modeling and analysis of complex systems related to hydropedology. We conclude that hierarchy theory offers many powerful tools with which to tackle the complexity inherent in soil water interactions, and that its use would benefit a more systematic and robust integration of the hydrologic and soil sciences.

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Ellner, Stephen. "Hierarchy Theory and Practice". Ecology 68, n. 4 (agosto 1987): 1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1938390.

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Bennett, Marlyn, e Corbin Shangreaux. "Appyling Maslow's Hierarchy Theory". First Peoples Child & Family Review 2, n. 1 (22 maggio 2020): 89–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1069540ar.

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This paper evolved from the outcome of a feedback meeting held between the principle researchers of Cycle II of the Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect (CIS), the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) and a number of representatives of the First Nations Child and Family Service Agencies (FNCFS Agencies) which participated in Cycle II of the CIS (CIS-2003) and numerous Research Assistants tasked with collecting information from the FNCFS Agencies. The authors present a profile of the historical and contemporary experience of Aboriginal children and families who come into contact with the child welfare system and include a discussion on some of the findings from two analyses that have been conducted on the data from the 1998 Canadian Incident Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect (CIS-1998). An overview of the challenges as well as the positive aspects of the study from the perspectives of the FNCFS Agencies and the Research Assistances is included along with an examination as to why research may not figure prominently among the service priorities of FNCFS Agencies. The strengths of challenges of participating in CIS-2003 provide rich insight into the perspectives of the Research Assistants and FNCFS Agencies who participated in this national study. The paper concludes with recommendations by the FNCFS Agencies and the Research Assistants on how to improve the data collection process with FNCFS Agencies for future Cycles of the Canadian Incident Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect.

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Hayakawa, M. "Mass hierarchy from compositeness hierarchy in supersymmetric gauge theory". Physics Letters B 408, n. 1-4 (settembre 1997): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0370-2693(97)00792-2.

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Bonilha, Giovana, e Carmén Lúcia Matzenauer. "Optimality Theory and Hierarchy Construction". Journal of Portuguese Linguistics 2, n. 1 (30 giugno 2003): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/jpl.33.

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Lieberman, Bruce S., e Elisabeth S. Vrba. "Hierarchy Theory, Selection, and Sorting". BioScience 45, n. 6 (giugno 1995): 394–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1312719.

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Brownhill, Leigh. "Overcoming Hierarchy: A Theory Illustrated". Capitalism Nature Socialism 33, n. 2 (3 aprile 2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2022.2093284.

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Heckman, Jonathan J., e Cumrun Vafa. "Flavor hierarchy from F-theory". Nuclear Physics B 837, n. 1-2 (settembre 2010): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2010.05.009.

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Wilby, Jennifer. "A critique of hierarchy theory". Systems Practice 7, n. 6 (dicembre 1994): 653–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02173498.

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Bayer, G. "Theory as Hierarchy: Positioning German Migrantenliteratur". Monatshefte XCVI, n. 1 (1 marzo 2004): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/m.xcvi.1.1.

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Tesi sul tema "Hierarchy Theory"

Galloway, Alasdair. "Maintenance of hierarchy". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1990. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1972/.

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This work considers how it is that company structures, based on hierarchy, are able to persist over time. This question, though simple, is basic to industrial society, since although business organizations do in general operate with sufficient cohesion to produce their goods/services for sale, the traditional hierarchical structure has on occasions come under attack. Our aim will be to establish and understand the conditions under which hierarchy is able to persist - or conversely, under what conditions we might expect it to come apart. Our consideration does not however, preclude the possibility that the attack on hierarchy is more apparent than real - that any attack is at the level of limited ideology rather than social praxis. Hence it will be our position that we shall suspend belief in the persistence of the hierarchical structure and in this way be able to consider the conditions both for its persistence, and also for any challenge to be made to it. By pursuing the initial problem in this way we do not preclude the possibility of either 1) the permanence of hierarchy, or 2) the inevitability of its replacement with more/less democratic structures. Our aim is to understand the conditions for the persistence of hierarchical structures, and by implication the conditions under which they may be challenged by more democratic structures. There are two important features to our theoretical perspective: A) the process of knowledge selection to produce and structure expectations, B) a theory of power to structure the situation in which these expectations are made. In respect of the former we shall rely heavily on the work of Schutz, Habermas, and of Laing and Esterson, while for the latter we shall consider Lukes' three dimensional theory of power, developed from the perspective of Habermas, and in particular his Ideal Speech Thesis. This will result in a theory of the Lifeworld, which while substantially consistent with Schutz continues to establish in what respects the Lifeworld creates but conceals the possibility of the exercise of power. The importance of Schutz for us is that he provides a theoretical basis for knowledge creation for the individual social actor, and the structuring of knowledge into categories, which is consistent with our own view. We shall argue, however, that the view presented by Schutz does not take adequate account of the `restricting' or `limiting' aspects of the Lifeworld and the taken-for-grantedness (or uncritical attitude) which it sets up - that as Morgan's `Images' suggests the Lifeworld (as our `subjective stock of knowledge') can be a `Psychic Prison'. This argument in turn leads on to possible exercises of power of which the participants (ie power holder and subject) are not conscious. This will be developed by reference to Habermas's work. The importance of Lukes is his provision of an analytical framework for power, which recognises that power is a concept of greater variation than has been realised. Lukes, however, does not make sufficiently clear the meaning - particularly at the empirical level - of his third ('radical') dimension of power. For this reason we shall introduce the thesis of ideal speech, put forward by Habermas, to clarify and extend Lukes' work in a manner which is theoretically and empirically stronger, and methodologically more practical. We shall use a synthesis of Lukes and Habermas as a basis for our analysis of the social situation in which expectations are a) structured b) developed as a project in a social situation. By bringing together these two elements (ie the Habermasian adaption of Schutz and Lukes) we shall argue that individuals make expectations on their company which they develop from their Lifeworld and its subjective stock of knowledge. This process of knowledge selection and development of expectations, analytically sets a number of issues which shall be important to us in considering whether there is the social asymmetry we suggested exists as a support to existing organizational structures: 1) the knowledge selected may be so structured as to forestall the development of particular expectations, or so constrain behaviour that, in either situation, the structure of the organization goes unchallenged. 2) expectations can only be satisfied in competition with others - hence interaction with other employees will be important and particularly the Lifeworld definition of these employees (for instance competition between Management and Hourly paid may be influenced by the definition which the latter make of the former). 3) expectations shall be arbitrated upon by the company decision-making system (ie by the individual/group who have the authority to make the decision in question). At a relatively superficial level we must consider the values of this individual/group - but we have to go still deeper to understand the conditions under which this authority is regarded as legitimate or conversely regarded as illegitimate. These issues are closely connected since the legitimacy and illegitimacy or the decision-making system are largely determined - in our model - by the selection of knowledge, part of which is constituted by one's experience and/or interaction with other employees, as well as wider social knowledge which is employed by defining and interpreting the behaviour of others to develop expectations. Our perspective on this process is composed of two parts: 1) Employees make expectations of their company. 2) These expectations are generated in a process of experience and learning. We see no causal implications in this, but instead take the view that employees select from the knowledge available to them, in order to structure, guide and justify their behaviour. For instance this may be to A) justify the expectation of having more influence in their company's decision-making, and to indicate what would be appropriate behaviour to this end. Or alternatively B) indicate that this is not a reasonable expectation, and not a reasonable form of behaviour. Similarly the knowledge which is accessible can be employed to define and interpret the behaviour of relevant others in their own group and throughout the work situation -to account for, and explain what is happening, to foretell how to behave/not behave in the future. The process can, in other words, encourage or discourage the taking up of particular projects. Our particular interest is the dominance of hierarchy is maintained, restraining the development of more democratic organizational forms.

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Vellacott, Oliver R. "A framework of hierarchy for neural theory". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14597.

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There is currently no generally-accepted theory explaining how neural systems realise complex function. Indeed, it is believed by some that neural systems are fundamentally opaque. A framework of hierarchy is proposed as the basis of neural theory. By the application of hierarchy to neural systems it is possible to explain how complex function is computed. At the primitive (hardware) level it is only possible to understand the computation of primitive functions. To understand the computation of higher level function it is necessary to abstract primitive function, via an arbitrary number of intermediate levels of complexity, to the appropriate level of abstraction. Application of the framework is facilitated by a software tool which implements a specification as a neural system, to which training can then be applied. This specification is hierarchical, and is described in a fully distributed, object-oriented style. Networks constructed by this method are not restricted to any of the traditional neural models. The class of topologies which may be implemented is unrestricted. The framework is applied to the recognition of numberplates. This practical demonstration shows that (a) hierarchy enables neural computation of complex function to be understood; (b) the application of hierarchy allows the integration of specification and learning as methods of implementation; and (c) the framework facilitates the scaling-up of neural systems.

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Wilby, Jennifer Margaret. "Hierarchy theory and epidemiology : a narrative critique". Thesis, University of Hull, 2007. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:13819.

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Integrating approaches from systems thinking with the methods and tools from the discipline of epidemiology, at the level of the management of international health policy and emerging (and reemerging) infectious disease (EID), the subject of this thesis, is a novel approach. The aim of integrating these approaches in this thesis was to provide additional insights into the management of EID, alongside the aims of enriching the practice of both systems and epidemiology. This thesis proposed that applying a systemic approach using systems thinking (and specifically the systems approach that addresses problematical situations from a hierarchical perspective) in combination with existing epidemiological knowledge, could provide an enriched description for the modelling, planning, intervention, and response in an analysis of international guidance in public health policy-making. This research was undertaken using a multi-disciplinary multi-paradigm approach of combining the systematic review process with critical systems thinking to explore a functionalist and interpretive approach to hierarchical systems thinking. There are several outcomes from this research: 1) The compilation of a comprehensive narrative of published work on hierarchy theory and those areas of epidemiology relevant to this study; 2) a process for critical systematic review; 3) a narrative review and critical systems thinking analysis of functionalist and interpretive hierarchical approaches in complex systems; and 4) a critical reflection on the usefulness of combining these hierarchical systems approaches with methods and data from other disciplines; in this case, epidemiology and the study of EID. This research has shown that there are contributing risk factors in the emergence of infectious disease not addressed in current policy making procedures for EID. The implications of this are important in reviewing current EID policies. Further work in this area is suggested to investigate whether the functionalist and interpretive hierarchical analysis is feasible in other complex systems, and in further investigating the philosophy, principles and practice of this multi-disciplinary approach.

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Voigt, Birgit. "Feminism and the critique of hierarchy: theory and practice". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42205.

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The feminist movement of the last two decades decried the dominance of hierarchical structures in public and private organizations. This thesis scrutinizes the differences and overlappings of three major feminist "schools" in regard to their advocacy of non-hierarchical forms of organization. The three strands examined are 'radical feminism', ‘cultural feminism' and ‘difference feminism'. The theoretical positions of two of them (radical and difference feminism) are evaluated through the example of two feminist, egalitarian organizations. The discussion focuses on the problem of maintaining egalitarian structures and achieving a certain level of efficiency and effectiveness in such groups.
Master of Arts

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Bohnenberger-Rich, Simone. "China and Kazakhstan : economic hierarchy, dependency and political power?" Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3126/.

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The thesis uses a neoclassical realist framework to investigate the link between economic influence and political power in China’s foreign policy, taking Kazakhstan as a case study. Over the last decades, China developed formidable relative economic capabilities that it increasingly projects externally. An in-depth look at Chinese trade, finance and investment elucidates the drivers of China’s economic influence in Kazakhstan. The analysis shows that Beijing created strong economic dependencies, which in turn introduced a steep hierarchy in the bilateral relationship that leaves Astana in a subordinate and Beijing in a dominant position. This dependency is driven by the legitimacy and revenue needs of the Kazakhstani elite, on the one hand, and China’s relative economic capabilities, guided by Beijing’s “Go Global” and “Go West” initiatives, on the other. The thesis discusses the complex array of economic institutions that project Chinese economic power into Kazakhstan and their relationship with Beijing to determine whether Kazakhstan’s economic dependence is the outcome of a deliberate policy directed by Beijing. After establishing the extent of the hierarchy and dependency of the relationship, the thesis addresses China’s ability to translate the dependency into meeting its foreign policy interests. Beijing does indeed successfully leverage this dependency to meet its political objectives, most notably in gaining access to Kazakhstani resources. Furthermore, an in-depth cases study of the Sino-Kazakhstani transboundary water dispute illustrates that Beijing can maximise its foreign policy objective of maintaining absolute sovereignty over its rivers on the back Kazakhstan’s economic dependence. However, this outcome is driven largely by Kazakhstan itself, particularly by its elite. This turns China into a hydro-hegemon, undermining its foreign policy principles of “win-win” and “mutually beneficial” cooperation.

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Gibbons, Ben John. "The Veblen hierarchy explained via Mahlo hierarchies in constructive set theory". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250920.

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Barimany, Mina Elena. "The Hierarchy of Preferences in Jungian Psychological Type| Comparing Theory to Evidence". Thesis, The George Washington University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10264427.

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Jungian Psychological Type is the foundation of many modern theories of personality. Many aspects of the theory have yet to be explored with empirical research, one area in particular being the theory behind the hierarchy of preferences, which is important because the Types are classified by the order of their preferred functions. A latent class analysis technique was applied to the eight ranked function-attitude scores of 5,247 participants who took the Majors Personality Type IndicatorTM (PTI) and Majors Personality Type Elements™ (PTE) assessments. The superior, auxiliary, and tertiary preferences of the latent classes were examined so that the nature of the relationships amongst the three preferences could be observed. Results show that the superior/auxiliary preferences were consistently opposite in process (one rational and one irrational)—but not consistently in attitude. Not only did the superior/auxiliary/tertiary preferences exhibit complementary relationships to one another, the tertiary function was never antagonistic to the auxiliary or superior preference. Remarkably, the superior and inferior functions were antagonistic to one another in 46 out of the 47 classes that resulted from the analysis. Thus, the outcomes support Jung’s theory but also present evidence against other popular Type theories. The resulting profiles support the hypothesis that there may be more than 8 or 16 Types, which holds implications for the practical application of the Type theory as well as the classification and assessment of Psychological Type. A model for a systemic conceptualization of the hierarchy is presented and suggestions for future research are proposed.

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Donaldson, Ian Linton. "The role of philosophy and hierarchy in Friedrich Nietzsche's political thought". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2000. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1560/.

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I argue that Friedrich Nietzsche provides us with a political philosophy that deserves serious consideration as a uniquely anti-democratic position within the canon of modern political theory. Beyond recent attempts to democratise Nietzsche's thoughts on power and self-creation, I provide an analysis of Nietzsche's anti-democratic impulse that demonstrates how the elements of hierarchy and philosophy form the core of an antidemocratic and anti-universalist political project in Nietzsche's mature thought. Hitherto, many of Nietzsche's interpreters have assumed that his thought yields no unambiguous political philosophy because he fails to present his ideas in a systematic way. Yet it may be argued that Nietzsche's political thought does reveal a significant, if skeletal, structure that is built upon consistent ideas, however unsystematically presented. The overall aim of this thesis is to determine the best way to characterize what is uniquely political in Nietzsche. I claim that the political in Nietzsche has to do with the relationship between politics as hierarchy and philosophy as independent value creation. I present my thesis in three parts. Firstly, I develop my argument within a critique of recent democratic interpretations of Nietzsche. Secondly, I illustrate the relationship between hierarchy and philosophy through an original exegesis of Nietzsche's texts. And finally, by engaging in a comparative analysis of Hannah Arendt's political theory, I offer an example of how Nietzsche's anti-democratic project may be employed as a tool in the ongoing consideration of important issues in political theory.

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Wilson, Hugh David Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "The Firm Size Effect: An Application of Hierarchy Theories". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Economics, 2000. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/32642.

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In this thesis the positive relationship between firm size and wages is investigated through the application of hierarchy theories. Many different explanations have been proposed for this relationship, but have met only limited success at best. The strongest finding to date is that unobserved ability is a significant factor. The question of interest here is ???why do wages increase as the size firm increases???? Hierarchy theories take a different approach towards the analysis of firms in comparison to the alternate theories which have dominated previous investigations. As a result of their focus on the organisational relationships within a firm???s internal structure, hierarchy theories offer certain insights to the size-wage relationship which to date have been unnoticed. An empirical investigation into the size-wage differential incorporating structural considerations into an augmented wage equation offers strong support for the propositions of hierarchy theories. I find that half of the firm size effect for workers can be explained by controlling for some aspects of management structure, and that span of control has a discontinuous effect on wages. These results are completely consistent with the existing findings on unobserved ability and have the added attraction of providing economic as well as statistical explanatory power.

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Cotton, Michael R. "Determinacy in the Low Levels of the Projective Hierarchy". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1343245802.

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Più fonti

Libri sul tema "Hierarchy Theory"

H, Allen T. F., a cura di. Hierarchy theory: A vision, vocabulary, and epistemology. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996.

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Stochastic dynamics and Boltzmann hierarchy. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2009.

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Iannello, Kathleen P. Decisions without hierarchy: Feminist interventionsin organization theory and practice. London: Routledge, 1993.

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Leibenstein, Harvey. Inside the firm: The inefficiencies of hierarchy. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1987.

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Felicia, Pratto, a cura di. Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

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Decisions without hierarchy: Feminist interventions in organization theory and practice. New York: Routledge, 1992.

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Jan, Nuyts, Bolkestein A. Machtelt e Vet Co, a cura di. Layers and levels of representation in language theory: A functional view. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub. Co., 1990.

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The hierarchy of energy systems: From atom to society. Oxford: Pergamon, 1986.

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Feekes, Gerrit B. The hierarchy of energy systems: From atom to society. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1986.

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W, Wilson John. A hierarchy of transport approximations for high energy heavy (HZE) ions. Hampton, Va: Langley Research Center, 1989.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Hierarchy Theory"

Miller, Arnold W. "Borel Hierarchy". In Descriptive Set Theory and Forcing, 7–10. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-21773-3_2.

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McLeod, Ian. "Kelsen’s Hierarchy of Norms". In Legal Theory, 68–83. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14269-9_5.

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Wu, Jianguo. "Hierarchy Theory: An Overview". In Linking Ecology and Ethics for a Changing World, 281–301. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7470-4_24.

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Huang, Zhonglian, e Yongzhong Zhang. "Hierarchy of Variational Translation". In Variational Translation Theory, 135–44. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9271-3_8.

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Robič, Borut. "The Arithmetical Hierarchy". In The Foundations of Computability Theory, 283–93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44808-3_15.

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Robič, Borut. "The Arithmetical Hierarchy". In The Foundations of Computability Theory, 301–11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62421-0_15.

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Jürgensen, H., e S. Konstantinidis. "The hierarchy of codes". In Fundamentals of Computation Theory, 50–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-57163-9_4.

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Marriott, Kim, e Bernd Meyer. "The CCMG Visual Language Hierarchy". In Visual Language Theory, 129–69. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1676-6_4.

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de Haan, Ronald. "Parameterized Complexity Theory". In Parameterized Complexity in the Polynomial Hierarchy, 33–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-60670-4_3.

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Emrouznejad, Ali, e William Ho. "Analytic Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Set Theory". In Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process, 1–10. Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2017.: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315369884-1.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Hierarchy Theory"

Winter, Walter. "Neutrino mass hierarchy: Theory and phenomenology". In XXVI INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NEUTRINO PHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS: Neutrino 2014. AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4915577.

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Kadin, J. "The polynomial time hierarchy collapses if the Boolean hierarchy collapses". In [1988] Proceedings. Structure in Complexity Theory Third Annual Conference. IEEE, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sct.1988.5287.

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Guo, Hong-Li. "Customer Experience Hierarchy Model: Based on the Theory of Customer Value Hierarchy". In 2008 4th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wicom.2008.2030.

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Mizuno, Takafumi, e Kouichi Taji. "VOTING THEORY AND PAIRWISE COMPARISON MATRICES". In International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Creative Decisions Foundation, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.13033/isahp.y2016.127.

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"Cash holding: static trade-off theory or financing hierarchy theory". In 2019 Asia-Pacific Forum on Economic and Social Development. The Academy of Engineering and Education (AEE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35532/jsss.v2.026.

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Yue, Fengzhen, Zhaorong Liang, Baoguo Liang e Ruiqing Liu. "AHP Method in Game Theory". In The International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Creative Decisions Foundation, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.13033/isahp.y1996.012.

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Suzuki, Soushi. "Proposal of Criterion Weighting Theory". In The International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Creative Decisions Foundation, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.13033/isahp.y1999.061.

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Donovan, T., e D. J. Manning. "Reverse hierarchy theory and medical image perception". In SPIE Medical Imaging, a cura di Berkman Sahiner e David J. Manning. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.812956.

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Schaefer, Marcus. "Graph Ramsey theory and the polynomial hierarchy". In the thirty-first annual ACM symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/301250.301411.

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Liu, B. "AHP in China Recent Development of Theory". In The International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Creative Decisions Foundation, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.13033/isahp.y1988.014.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Hierarchy Theory"

Rajan, Raghuram, e Luigi Zingales. The Firm as a Dedicated Hierarchy: A Theory of the Origin and Growth of Firms. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, febbraio 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7546.

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Dejene Mamo, Bekana. The Impact of Intergovernmental Transfers on Fiscal Behaviour of Local Governments in Ethiopia. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), novembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2020.001.

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This paper examines the effect of intergovernmental fiscal transfers on the fiscal behaviour of local governments in Ethiopia for the period 2004-2018. The empirical findings suggest that central government grants bolster state-level employment and expenditure. However, grants from the central government to states do not crowd out state-level revenue collection. Hence, this paper argues that fiscal decentralisation in Ethiopia has mostly, at least in theory, taken the form of devolution of the power to tax and spend public money. However, on average state-level revenue can only finance up to 26 per cent of their annual expenditure. As a result, fiscal federalism in Ethiopia appears to be a form of delegation of spending responsibilities. It has to be considered in the context of a decentralised tax system, but with a transfer scheme and political hierarchy. The results are found to be robust to alternative econometric estimation techniques.

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McDonald, Robert, e Naomi Soderstrom. Dividend and Share Changes: Is There a Financing Hierarchy? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, settembre 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2029.

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Marold, Juliane, Ruth Wagner, Markus Schöbel e Dietrich Manzey. Decision-making in groups under uncertainty. Fondation pour une culture de sécurité industrielle, febbraio 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.57071/361udm.

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The authors have studied daily decision-making processes in groups under uncertainty, with an exploratory field study in the medical domain. The work follows the tradition of naturalistic decision-making (NDM) research. It aims to understand how groups in this high reliability context conceptualize and internalize uncertainties, and how they handle them in order to achieve effective decision-making in their everyday activities. Analysis of the survey data shows that uncertainty is thought of in terms of issues and sources (as identified by previous research), but also (possibly a domain-specific observation) as a lack of personal knowledge or skill. Uncertainty is accompanied by emotions of fear and shame. It arises during the diagnostic process, the treatment process and the outcome of medical decision making. The most frequently cited sources of uncertainty are partly lacking information and inadequate understanding owing to instability of information. Descriptions of typical group decisions reveal that the individual himself is a source of uncertainty when a lack of knowledge, skills and expertise is perceived. The group can serve as a source of uncertainty if divergent opinions in the decision making group exist. Three different situations of group decisions are identified: Interdisciplinary regular meetings (e.g. tumor conferences), formal ward meetings and ad hoc consultations. In all healthcare units concerned by the study, only little use of structured decision making procedures and processes is reported. Strategies used to handle uncertainty include attempts to reduce uncertainty by collecting additional information, delaying action until more information is available or by soliciting advice from other physicians. The factors which ultimately determine group decisions are hierarchy (the opinion of more senior medical staff carries more weight than that of junior staff), patients’ interest and professional competence. Important attributes of poor group decisions are the absence of consensus and the use of hierarchy as the predominant decision criterion. On the other hand, decisions judged to be effective are marked by a sufficient information base, a positive discussion culture and consensus. The authors identify four possible obstacles to effective decision making: a steep hierarchy gradient, a poor discussion culture, a strong need for consensus, and insufficient structure and guidance of group decision making processes. A number of intervention techniques which have been shown in other industries to be effective in improving some of these obstacles are presented.

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Khvostina, Inesa, Serhiy Semerikov, Oleh Yatsiuk, Nadiia Daliak, Olha Romanko e Ekaterina Shmeltser. Casual analysis of financial and operational risks of oil and gas companies in condition of emergent economy. [б. в.], ottobre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4120.

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The need to control the risk that accompanies businesses in their day- to-day operations, and at the same time changing economic conditions make risk management an almost indispensable element of economic life. Selection of the main aspects of the selected phases of the risk management process: risk identification and risk assessment are related to their direct relationship with the subject matter (risk identification to be managed; risk analysis leading to the establishment of a risk hierarchy, and, consequently, the definition of risk control’ methods) and its purpose (bringing the risk to acceptable level). It is impossible to identify the basic patterns of development of the oil and gas industry without exploring the relationship between economic processes and enterprise risks. The latter are subject to simulation, and based on models it is possible to determine with certain probability whether there have been qualitative and quantitative changes in the processes, in their mutual influence on each other, etc. The work is devoted to exploring the possibilities of applying the Granger test to examine the causal relationship between the risks and obligations of oil and gas companies. The analysis is based on statistical tests and the use of linear regression models.

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Brock, Andrea, e Nathan Stephens-Griffin. Policing Environmental Injustice. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), ottobre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/1968-2021.130.

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Environmental justice (EJ) activists have long worked with abolitionists in their communities, critiquing the ways policing, prisons, and pollution are entangled and racially constituted (Braz and Gilmore 2006). Yet, much EJ scholarship reflects a liberal Western focus on a more equal distribution of harms, rather than challenging the underlying systems of exploitation these harms rest upon (Álvarez and Coolsaet 2020). This article argues that policing facilitates environmentally unjust developments that are inherently harmful to nature and society. Policing helps enforce a social order rooted in the ‘securing’ of property, hierarchy, and human-nature exploitation. Examining the colonial continuities of policing, we argue that EJ must challenge the assumed necessity of policing, overcome the mythology of the state as ‘arbiter of justice’, and work to create social conditions in which policing is unnecessary. This will help open space to question other related harmful hegemonic principles. Policing drives environmental injustice, so EJ must embrace abolition.

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Baader, Franz, e Oliver Fernández Gil. Extending the Description Logic τEL(deg) with Acyclic TBoxes. Technische Universität Dresden, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.226.

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In a previous paper, we have introduced an extension of the lightweight Description Logic EL that allows us to define concepts in an approximate way. For this purpose, we have defined a graded membership function deg, which for each individual and concept yields a number in the interval [0; 1] expressing the degree to which the individual belongs to the concept. Threshold concepts C~t for ~ 2 ∈ {<, ≤, >, ≥} then collect all the individuals that belong to C with degree ~ t. We have then investigated the complexity of reasoning in the Description Logic τEL(deg), which is obtained from EL by adding such threshold concepts. In the present paper, we extend these results, which were obtained for reasoning without TBoxes, to the case of reasoning w.r.t. acyclic TBoxes. Surprisingly, this is not as easy as might have been expected. On the one hand, one must be quite careful to define acyclic TBoxes such that they still just introduce abbreviations for complex concepts, and thus can be unfolded. On the other hand, it turns out that, in contrast to the case of EL, adding acyclic TBoxes to τEL(deg) increases the complexity of reasoning by at least on level of the polynomial hierarchy.

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Horrocks, Ian, Ulrike Sattler e Stephan Tobies. A Description Logic with Transitive and Converse Roles, Role Hierarchies and Qualifying Number Restrictions. Aachen University of Technology, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.94.

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As widely argued [HG97; Sat96], transitive roles play an important role in the adequate representation of aggregated objects: they allow these objects to be described by referring to their parts without specifying a level of decomposition. In [HG97], the Description Logic (DL) ALCHR+ is presented, which extends ALC with transitive roles and a role hierarchy. It is argued in [Sat98] that ALCHR+ is well-suited to the representation of aggregated objects in applications that require various part-whole relations to be distinguished, some of which are transitive. However, ALCHR+ allows neither the description of parts by means of the whole to which they belong, or vice versa. To overcome this limitation, we present the DL SHI which allows the use of, for example, has part as well as is part of. To achieve this, ALCHR+ was extended with inverse roles. It could be argued that, instead of defining yet another DL, one could make use of the results presented in [DL96] and use ALC extended with role expressions which include transitive closure and inverse operators. The reason for not proceeding like this is the fact that transitive roles can be implemented more efficiently than the transitive closure of roles (see [HG97]), although they lead to the same complexity class (ExpTime-hard) when added, together with role hierarchies, to ALC. Furthermore, it is still an open question whether the transitive closure of roles together with inverse roles necessitates the use of the cut rule [DM98], and this rule leads to an algorithm with very bad behaviour. We will present an algorithm for SHI without such a rule. Furthermore, we enrich the language with functional restrictions and, finally, with qualifying number restrictions. We give sound and complete decision proceduresfor the resulting logics that are derived from the initial algorithm for SHI. The structure of this report is as follows: In Section 2, we introduce the DL SI and present a tableaux algorithm for satisfiability (and subsumption) of SI-concepts—in another report [HST98] we prove that this algorithm can be refined to run in polynomial space. In Section 3 we add role hierarchies to SI and show how the algorithm can be modified to handle this extension appropriately. Please note that this logic, namely SHI, allows for the internalisation of general concept inclusion axioms, one of the most general form of terminological axioms. In Section 4 we augment SHI with functional restrictions and, using the so-called pairwise-blocking technique, the algorithm can be adapted to this extension as well. Finally, in Section 5, we show that standard techniques for handling qualifying number restrictions [HB91;BBH96] together with the techniques described in previous sections can be used to decide satisfiability and subsumption for SHIQ, namely ALC extended with transitive and inverse roles, role hierarchies, and qualifying number restrictions. Although Section 5 heavily depends on the previous sections, we have made it self-contained, i.e. it contains all necessary definitions and proofs from scratch, for a better readability. Building on the previous sections, Section 6 presents an algorithm that decides the satisfiability of SHIQ-ABoxes.

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Downes, Jane, a cura di. Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, settembre 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.184.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building the Scottish Bronze Age: Narratives should be developed to account for the regional and chronological trends and diversity within Scotland at this time. A chronology Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report iv based upon Scottish as well as external evidence, combining absolute dating (and the statistical modelling thereof) with re-examined typologies based on a variety of sources – material cultural, funerary, settlement, and environmental evidence – is required to construct a robust and up to date framework for advancing research.  Bronze Age people: How society was structured and demographic questions need to be imaginatively addressed including the degree of mobility (both short and long-distance communication), hierarchy, and the nature of the ‘family’ and the ‘individual’. A range of data and methodologies need to be employed in answering these questions, including harnessing experimental archaeology systematically to inform archaeologists of the practicalities of daily life, work and craft practices.  Environmental evidence and climate impact: The opportunity to study the effects of climatic and environmental change on past society is an important feature of this period, as both palaeoenvironmental and archaeological data can be of suitable chronological and spatial resolution to be compared. Palaeoenvironmental work should be more effectively integrated within Bronze Age research, and inter-disciplinary approaches promoted at all stages of research and project design. This should be a two-way process, with environmental science contributing to interpretation of prehistoric societies, and in turn, the value of archaeological data to broader palaeoenvironmental debates emphasised. Through effective collaboration questions such as the nature of settlement and land-use and how people coped with environmental and climate change can be addressed.  Artefacts in Context: The Scottish Chalcolithic and Bronze Age provide good evidence for resource exploitation and the use, manufacture and development of technology, with particularly rich evidence for manufacture. Research into these topics requires the application of innovative approaches in combination. This could include biographical approaches to artefacts or places, ethnographic perspectives, and scientific analysis of artefact composition. In order to achieve this there is a need for data collation, robust and sustainable databases and a review of the categories of data.  Wider Worlds: Research into the Scottish Bronze Age has a considerable amount to offer other European pasts, with a rich archaeological data set that includes intact settlement deposits, burials and metalwork of every stage of development that has been the subject of a long history of study. Research should operate over different scales of analysis, tracing connections and developments from the local and regional, to the international context. In this way, Scottish Bronze Age studies can contribute to broader questions relating both to the Bronze Age and to human society in general.

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Bano, Masooda, e Daniel Dyonisius. The Role of District-Level Political Elites in Education Planning in Indonesia: Evidence from Two Districts. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), agosto 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/109.

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Focus on decentralisation as a way to improve service delivery has led to significant research on the processes of education-policy adoption and implementation at the district level. Much of this research has, however, focused on understanding the working of the district education bureaucracies and the impact of increased community participation on holding teachers to account. Despite recognition of the role of political elites in prioritising investment in education, studies examining this, especially at the district-government level, are rare. This paper explores the extent and nature of engagement of political elites in setting the education-reform agenda in two districts in the state of West Java in Indonesia: Karawang (urban district) and Purwakarta (rural district). The paper shows that for a country where the state schooling system faces a serious learning crisis, the district-level political elites do show considerable levels of engagement with education issues: governments in both districts under study allocate higher percentages of the district-government budget to education than mandated by the national legislation. However, the attitude of the political elites towards meeting challenges to the provision of good-quality education appears to be opportunistic and tokenistic: policies prioritised are those that promise immediate visibility and credit-taking, help to consolidate the authority of the bupati (the top political position in the district-government hierarchy), and align with the ruling party’s political positioning or ideology. A desire to appease growing community demand for investment in education rather than a commitment to improving learning outcomes seems to guide the process. Faced with public pressure for increased access to formal employment opportunities, the political elites in the urban district have invested in providing scholarships for secondary-school students to ensure secondary school completion, even though the district-government budget is meant for primary and junior secondary schools. The bupati in the rural district, has, on the other hand, prioritised investment in moral education; such prioritisation is in line with the community's preferences, but it is also opportunistic, as increased respect for tradition also preserves reverence for the post of the bupati—a position which was part of the traditional governance system before being absorbed into the modern democratic framework. The paper thus shows that decentralisation is enabling communities to make political elites recognise that they want the state to prioritise education, but that the response of the political elites remains piecemeal, with no evidence of a serious commitment to pursuing policies aimed at improving learning outcomes. Further, the paper shows that the political culture at the district level reproduces the problems associated with Indonesian democracy at the national level: the need for cross-party alliances to hold political office, and resulting pressure to share the spoils. Thus, based on the evidence from the two districts studied for this paper, we find that given the competitive and clientelist nature of political settlements in Indonesia, even the district level political elite do not seem pressured to prioritise policies aimed at improving learning outcomes.

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