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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Heterodyne effect"

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Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 8 giugno 2024

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1

Tan, Zhenkun, Jiao Wang, Yingxiu Kong, Sichen Lei e Pengfei Wu. "An Effective Method for Enhancing Heterodyne Efficiency by Comparing the Effect of Degree of Polarization on an Uplink Path and a Downlink Path". Photonics 9, n. 11 (25 ottobre 2022): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9110798.

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By analyzing the effect of the degree of polarization (DoP) of the partially coherent Gaussian Schell-model (GSM) beam on a heterodyne system of an uplink path and a downlink path, we developed an innovative and noteworthy theory according to which σsy (signal beam waist radius in the y direction component) and δSyy (coherence length of the signal beam in the yy direction component) had a more significant impact on heterodyne efficiency and DoP than the turbulence term on uplink and downlink paths. Namely, the DoP and heterodyne efficiency of an uplink path are higher than that of a downlink path when σsy > 0.02 m or δSyy ≥ 0.03 m. This innovative rule provides an efficient way for increasing the heterodyne efficiency of a signal beam propagating along an uplink or a downlink path channel in satellite-ground communication links in free-space optical heterodyne detection communication.

2

Cuberes, M. Teresa. "Intermittent-Contact Heterodyne Force Microscopy". Journal of Nanomaterials 2009 (2009): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/762016.

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Heterodyne Force Microscopy opens up a way to monitor nanoscale events with high temporal sensitivity from the quasistatic cantilever mechanical-diode response taking advantage of the beat effect. Here, a novel heterodyne ultrasonic force method is proposed, in which the cantilever is driven in amplitude-modulation mode, at its fundamental flexural eigenmode. Ultrasonic vibration in the megahertz range is additionally input at the tip-sample contact from the cantilever base and from the back of the sample. The ultrasonic frequencies are chosen in such a way that their difference is coincident with the second cantilever eigenmode. In the presence of ultrasound, cantilever vibration at the difference frequency is detected. Similarly as in heterodyne force microscopy, it is expected that the phase response yields information with increased sensitivity due to the beat effect.

3

Yamamoto, Naoko, Yuya Shinohara, Hiroyuki Kishimoto, Norihiro Matsumoto e Yoshiyuki Amemiya. "Dynamics of nanoparticles in elongated rubber investigated with heterodyne XPCS". Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (5 agosto 2014): C1331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314086689.

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Addition of nanoparticles into rubber is indispensable process for production of rubbery materials, as it improves the viscoelastic and mechanical properties of rubber (reinforcement effect). However, the understanding of reinforcement effect is far from satisfactory in spite of many studies. Further microscopic-scale investigation is required for controlling and improving the properties of rubbery materials. Aiming to construct a microscopic model of filled rubber under elongation, we have investigated nanoparticle dynamics in uniaxially stretched rubber using heterodyne X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (heterodyne XPCS)[1] at BL03XU, SPring-8, Japan. In heterodyne XPCS, information on the fluctuating and dissipative dynamics of nanoparticles and that on their advective motion are separately extracted from the time correlation of X-ray scattering intensity. The results of heterodyne XPCS experiments showed that the direction of nanoparticles' advective motion corresponds to the macroscopic deformation of the sample in stress relaxation process. Furthermore, we found that chemical bond between nanoparticle and rubber polymer influences the dynamics of nanoparticles. In this presentation, we will show detailed analysis of the heterodyne XPCS results and discuss a microscopic description of filled rubber under elongation. This study was conducted under the approval of the SPring-8 Proposal Advisory Committee (2013A7210, 2013B7259).

4

Reno, Jessica, Bhanu Korremula e Dominick J. Casadonte. "Heterodyne I: Enhancing sonochemical efficiency through application of the heterodyne effect: An initial study". Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 56 (settembre 2019): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.04.014.

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5

Gershgorin, B., V. Yu Kachorovskii, Y. V. Lvov e M. S. Shur. "Field effect transistor as heterodyne terahertz detector". Electronics Letters 44, n. 17 (2008): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20080737.

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6

Song, Xue, Guofeng Shen e Dmitry Grishenkov. "A comparative study on detection of polymer-shelled microbubbles by different excitation pulses". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 154, n. 1 (1 luglio 2023): 482–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0020293.

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Contrast agents are widely used in ultrasound imaging. Many imaging techniques have been developed to improve the contrast between tissue and the agents, based on the nonlinear response of microbubbles. In this study, heterodyne excitation was introduced and was compared with traditional sinusoidal signal and chirp excitation for visualizing polymer-shelled microbubbles and degassed water in a tissue-mimicking phantom. Pulse inversion technique was implemented under plane wave (PW) and focused imaging mode. Image enhancement was evaluated by contrast-to-tissue ratio (CTR) at different transmitting peak negative pressures (PNPs). Experimental results showed that heterodyne excitation had a better suppression effect on tissue signals in PW imaging. The CTR reached an approximation of 17 dB at a low peak negative pressure, which was much higher compared to other excitations. In focused wave imaging, a saturation threshold of CTR was observed for the sinusoidal wave burst and chirp excitation at high PNPs. Heterodyne excitation showed considerable contrast-to-noise ratio under both imaging modes. The response of a polymer-shelled microbubble under heterodyne excitation was simulated. Simulations suggest that in future work, specific filters are required to extract the nonlinear components, such as at the two-peak frequencies around fundamental frequency, to achieve a better image enhancement effect.

7

Xiong, Si Ya Dong, Yi Yang, Chao Peng, Zhen Rong Zhang e Zheng Bin Li. "The Effect of Polarization Control in Loss-Compensated Recirculating Delayed Self-Heterodyne Interferometry Measurement of Laser Linewidth". Applied Mechanics and Materials 303-306 (febbraio 2013): 859–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.303-306.859.

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In the implementation of the loss-compensated recirculating delayed self-heterodyne interferometry (LC-RDSHI) measurement of laser linewidth, we observe the fluctuations among the different orders of beat spectra, which are not expected according to theoretical analysis and may lead to the distortion of lineshape and inaccurate estimation of the laser linewidth. To explain the observation, we in this paper simplify the polarization model in the recirculating heterodyne ring interferometer containing a polarization controller (PC) and point out the effect of the polarization control in the LC-RDSHI measurement. The simulation result of our model explains well the observed fluctuations.

8

Izumi, Ryo, Yan Jun Li, Yoshitaka Naitoh e Yasuhiro Sugawara. "Study of high–low KPFM on a pn-patterned Si surface". Microscopy 71, n. 2 (11 gennaio 2022): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/dfab055.

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Abstract Comparative measurements between frequency modulation Kelvin probe force microscopy (FM-KPFM) using low frequency bias voltage and heterodyne FM-KPFM using high frequency bias voltage were performed on the surface potential measurement. A silicon substrate patterned with p- and n-type impurities was used as a quantitative sample. The multi-pass scanning method in the measurements of FM-KPFM and heterodyne FM-KPFM was used to eliminate the effect of the tip–sample distance dependence. The measured surface potentials become lower in the order of the p-type region, n-type region and n+-type region by both FM-KPFM and heterodyne FM-KPFM, which are in good agreement with the order of the work functions of the pn-patterned Si sample. We observed the difference in the surface potentials due to the surface band bending measured by FM-KPFM and heterodyne FM-KPFM. The difference is due to the fact that the charge transfer between the surface and bulk levels may or may not respond to AC bias voltage.

9

Belen’kii, Mikhail S. "Effect of atmospheric turbulence on heterodyne lidar performance". Applied Optics 32, n. 27 (20 settembre 1993): 5368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.32.005368.

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10

Lin, Yao, John Schill e Run-Wen Wang. "Instrumental noise effect in an optical heterodyne profiler". Applied Optics 33, n. 22 (1 agosto 1994): 5005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.33.005005.

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11

Healey, P. "Effect of intermodulation in multichannel optical heterodyne systems". Electronics Letters 21, n. 3 (1985): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19850070.

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12

Akchurin, G. G. "Laser heterodyne optovoltaic effect in the microwave range". Technical Physics Letters 32, n. 6 (giugno 2006): 514–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063785006060198.

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13

Glaab, Diana, Sebastian Boppel, Alvydas Lisauskas, Ullrich Pfeiffer, Erik Öjefors e Hartmut G. Roskos. "Terahertz heterodyne detection with silicon field-effect transistors". Applied Physics Letters 96, n. 4 (25 gennaio 2010): 042106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3292016.

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14

Zheng, Ziqi, Qiaoxia Luo, Xian Wang, Xiaohui Ma, Wei Zhang, Wentan Fang, Xiaolin Chen, Song Huang, Yong Zhou e Weiqing Gao. "Comparison of Different Linewidth Measuring Methods for Narrow Linewidth Laser". Sensors 23, n. 1 (23 dicembre 2022): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23010122.

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We experimentally demonstrate a fiber laser with different linewidths based on self-injection locking (SIL) and the stimulated Brillouin scattering effect. Based on the homemade fiber laser, the error origin, resolution, and applicable range of delayed self-heterodyne interferometry (DSHI), self-correlation envelope linewidth detection (SCELD) and Voigt fitting are investigated numerically and experimentally. The selection of the linewidth measuring method should meet the following conclusions: an approximately Lorentzian self-heterodyne spectrum without the pedestal and high-intensity sinusoidal jitter is a prerequisite for DSHI; the SCELD needs a suitable length of delay fiber for eliminating flicker noise and dark noise of the electrical spectrum analyzer; a non-Lorentzian self-heterodyne spectrum without a pedestal is an indispensable element for Voigt fitting. According to the experimental results, the laser Lorentzian linewidth of SIL changes from 1.7 kHz to 587 Hz under different injection powers. When the Brillouin erbium fiber laser is utilized, the Lorentzian linewidth is measured to be 60 ± 5 Hz.

15

Guan, Ce, Zijing Zhang, Fan Jia e Yuan Zhao. "Laser Heterodyne Detection Based on Photon Time–Domain Differential Detection Avoiding the Effect of Decoherence Phase Noise". Sensors 23, n. 23 (27 novembre 2023): 9435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23239435.

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Laser heterodyne detection (LHD) is a key velocimetry technique that provides better accuracy and sensitivity than direct laser detection. However, random phase noise can be introduced by the surface topography of the moving target undulation or atmospheric turbulence during transmission. The random phase noise causes the target echo to undergo decoherence, resulting in degradation of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Here, we propose a novel LHD method based on photon time–domain differential detection. It can infer the heterodyne spectrum of the target echo and the local oscillator light from the time intervals of the photon arrival. The time interval statistic is a relative quantity, which can effectively avoid the effect of random phase noise in LHD. With our method, the SNR of LHD can be improved in application scenarios where the target echo is decoherent. We developed a complete solution model for acquiring the heterodyne spectrum based on photon time–domain differential detection and performed proof-of-principle experiments. The experimental results show that in the presence of random phase noise, the SNR and velocity measurement error of our method are significantly better than that of the conventional method, and the larger the phase noise is, the more the SNR and velocity measurement error of our method are improved. Moreover, along with the increase in phase noise, the SNR of our method is basically unchanged, which also indicates that our method is not affected by random phase noise. This advantage is significant for photon-level weak echoes that require long detection times to be detected.

16

Tashakori, Shervin, Amin Baghalian, Volkan Y. Senyurek, Saman Farhangdoust, Dwayne McDaniel e Ibrahim N. Tansel. "Composites Bond Inspection Using Heterodyne Effect and SuRE Methods". Shock and Vibration 2018 (19 luglio 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1361932.

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With increasing utilization of the composite materials in commercial and military applications, the longevity of composite bonds has become a crucial concern of the aerospace industry. In spite of the previous studies in the literature for characterization of bonding condition in composite materials, implementation of more advanced structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques are still required to ensure flight safety and quick inspections of structures. In this study, two different SHM methods were used to evaluate the strength of composite bonds by using two separate experimental setups. First, the heterodyne effect method was used for assessing the separation in the composite joint. Then, the surface response to excitation (SuRE) method was used for studying various simulated contamination levels. Results of the experimental studies showed that the proposed methods could be efficiently utilized for evaluating bonding strength of composite materials.

17

HOU, Wenmei. "Effect of Beam Splitter on Nonlinearity in Heterodyne Interferometers". Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 44, n. 09 (2008): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2008.09.163.

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18

Saikan, S., H. Miyamoto, Y. Tosaki e A. Fujiwara. "Optical-density effect in heterodyne-detected accumulated photon echo". Physical Review B 36, n. 9 (15 settembre 1987): 5074–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.36.5074.

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19

Yamanishi, J., Y. Naitoh, Y. J. Li e Y. Sugawara. "Heterodyne technique in photoinduced force microscopy with photothermal effect". Applied Physics Letters 110, n. 12 (20 marzo 2017): 123102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4978755.

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20

Blin, Stephane, Philippe Nouvel, Annick Penarier e Jeffrey Hesler. "Terahertz Heterodyne Communication Using GaAs Field-Effect Transistor Receiver". IEEE Electron Device Letters 38, n. 1 (gennaio 2017): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/led.2016.2624782.

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21

Rawat, Banmali S., e Jie Si. "Effect of laser source nonlinearity on optical heterodyne interferometry". International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves 17, n. 3 (marzo 1996): 507–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02088025.

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22

Ng, Boon Ping, S. H. Luen, Ying Zhang e Y. C. Soh. "Optical Detection Using Multi-Wavelength Modulation". Key Engineering Materials 381-382 (giugno 2008): 325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.381-382.325.

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In this paper, we proposed a method to attain a high sensitivity of weak optical signal detection by using the multi-wavelength modulation principle. In this method, the optical phase carrying the measurand is obtained by averaging the phases obtained in various orders of heterodyne harmonics. The employment of higher heterodyne harmonics reduces the drift effect in optical detection. The proposed method is demonstrated on the nano-scale displacement measurement by using a single channel fiber interferometer. In the experiment, the displacement is simulated by moving a mirror with a piezoelectric tube. The results show that more repeatable measurements with a resolution of 35nm can be obtained by using the proposed method.

23

Li Cheng-Qiang, Wang Ting-Feng, Zhang He-Yong, Xie Jing-Jiang, Liu Li-Sheng e Guo Jin. "Effect of laser linewidth on the performance of heterodyne detection". Acta Physica Sinica 65, n. 8 (2016): 084206. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.65.084206.

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24

Freudiger, Christian W., Maarten B. J. Roeffaers, Xu Zhang, Brian G. Saar, Wei Min e X. Sunney Xie. "Optical Heterodyne-Detected Raman-Induced Kerr Effect (OHD-RIKE) Microscopy". Journal of Physical Chemistry B 115, n. 18 (12 maggio 2011): 5574–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp1113834.

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25

Onodera, R., Y. Ishii, N. Ohde, Y. Takahashi e T. Yoshino. "Effect of laser-diode power change on optical heterodyne interferometry". Journal of Lightwave Technology 13, n. 4 (aprile 1995): 675–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/50.372480.

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26

Protopopov, Vladimir V., Sukwon Lee, Youngkun Kwon, Sunghoon Cho, Hyuk Kim e Jonggyn Chae. "Scanning heterodyne Kerr-effect microscope for imaging of magnetic tracks". Review of Scientific Instruments 77, n. 7 (luglio 2006): 073104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2220519.

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27

Yan, Zhifeng, Jingxuan Zhu, Yinglei Wang, Xinnan Lin e Jin He. "Numerical study on heterodyne terahertz detection in field effect transistor". Optics Express 18, n. 8 (30 marzo 2010): 7782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.18.007782.

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28

Yang, Shangjun, Tian Xing, Chenghu Ke, Jingyuan Liang e Xizheng Ke. "Effect of Wavefront Distortion on the Performance of Coherent Detection Systems: Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Research". Photonics 10, n. 5 (24 aprile 2023): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10050493.

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Atmospheric turbulence causes signal beam wavefront distortion at the receiving end of a coherent detection system, which decreases the system mixing efficiency. Based on the coherent detection theory, this study establishes a mathematical model of wavefront distortion with mixing efficiency and mixing gain. It also analyzes the improvement limits of wavefront correction on mixing efficiency and mixing gain under different atmospheric turbulence intensities and experimentally measures them. Simulation results show that the mixing efficiency can be improved to 51%, 55%, and 60% after correcting for tilt, defocus, and astigmatism terms, respectively, when turbulence intensity D/r0 is 2. The mixing gain with homodyne detection is 3 dB higher than heterodyne detection. Meanwhile, the wavefront correction orders required for optimal mixing efficiency are higher than the heterodyne correction order. In the experiment, Haso4 NIR + DM 40 was used, and the turbulence intensity D/r0 was 2. After the closed-loop control algorithm corrects the tilt, defocus, and astigmatism terms, the indoor experimental results showed that the mixing efficiency is improved to 36%, 47%, and 62%, respectively. The outdoor experimental results showed that the mixing efficiency improved to 36%, 51%, and 68%, respectively.

29

Chen, Zhiwei, Chao Fang, Zhenpeng Wang, Changxiang Yan e Zhi Wang. "The Influence of On-Orbit Micro-Vibration on Space Gravitational Wave Detection". Photonics 10, n. 8 (7 agosto 2023): 908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10080908.

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Large-aperture space telescopes have played an important role in space gravitational wave detection missions. Overcoming the influence of the space environment on interstellar laser distance measurement and realistic high-concentration laser distance measurement is one of the topics that LISA and Taiji are working hard on. It includes solar temperature, spatial stress relief, pointing shake and tilt, etc. However, when considering the impact of vibration on the telescope, both LISA and Taiji only consider the resonance impact of vibration on structural parts, which greatly ignores the impact of high-frequency micro-vibration on space ranging. This paper first considers space gravitational wave detection. Then, we establish the heterodyne interference model and demodulation algorithm of the optical phase-locked loop, and then introduce the vibration component for theoretical analysis. The results show that, although the resonance effect of low-frequency vibration on the system structure is avoided in space gravitational wave detection, the influence of high-frequency micro-vibration on heterodyne interference cannot be ignored. At the same time, we quantitatively analyze the influence efficiency of amplitude and frequency; in the premise of small amplitudes, the influence of vibration frequency is related to the frequency of the heterodyne signal, which has important guiding significance in engineering.

30

Chesnokov, E. N., V. V. Kubarev, P. V. Koshlyakov e Ya I. Gorbachev. "Effect of the phase switching of the optical FID in magnetic field". Laser Physics Letters 19, n. 5 (18 marzo 2022): 055201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1612-202x/ac59bd.

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Abstract This work demonstrates the possibility of switching the phase of optical free induction decay (FID) in time-domain experiments. This possibility arises in experiments with paramagnetic molecules (free radicals) in a magnetic field. Changing the direction of the magnetic field alters the direction of rotation of the FID polarization plane and inverts the phase of one of the components of FID. This effect will be useful for heterodyne detection of the optical FID of the free radicals in the terahertz region.

31

Wang, Shinn Fwu, Chi Tun Chen, Fu Hsi Kao, Yi Chu, Shyh Rong Lay, Yu Pin Liao, Liuh Chii Lin e An Li Liu. "Experimental Evaluation of a Small-Displacement Sensing System Based on the Surface Plasmon Resonance Technology in Heterodyne Interferometry". Applied Mechanics and Materials 479-480 (dicembre 2013): 682–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.479-480.682.

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In this article, a small-displacement sensing system based on the surface plasmon resonance technology in heterodyne interferometry is proposed and evaluated. The basic sensing unit is composed of a prism assembly and a displacement probe. The prism assembly consists of a halfwave (λ/2) plate, two right-angle prisms and two rotation stages. The small-displacement sensor is with high sensitivity and resolution due to the attenuated total reflection effect in heterodyne interferometry. Besides, we can obtain the results of the experiment in a distant place by uses of the USB data acquisition card (DAQ card) and a ZigBee module. It can be found that the displacement resolution of the small-displacement sensor can reach 0.155nm by numerical simulation. The small-displacement sensor has some merits, e.g., easy operation, high measurement accuracy, high resolution and rapid measurement, etc.

32

Wang, Shinn Fwu, Ming Jen Wang e Jyh Shyan Chiu. "A Long Cylindrical Optical Fiber Sensor Based on Multiple Total Internal Reflections in Heterodyne Interferometry". Applied Mechanics and Materials 530-531 (febbraio 2014): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.530-531.3.

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In this paper, a long cylindrical multimode optical fiber sensor (OFS) based on multiple total internal reflections in heterodyne interferometry is proposed. The cladding of the sensing portions of the fiber sensors is removed, but dont be coated with any metal films. With the OFS the phase shift difference due to the multiple total internal reflections (MTIRs) effect between the p-and s-polarizations can be measured by using the heterodyne interferometry. Substituting the phase shift difference into Fresnels equations, the refractive index for the tested medium can be calculated. According to numerical simulations and experimental results, the long cylindrical OFS is with the best resolution of 0.0000028 refractive index unit (RIU). However, the OFS could be valuable for chemical, biological and biochemical sensing. It has some merits, such as, high sensitivity, high resolution, stability, small size and in real-time measurement.

33

Ju, Ai Song, Yun Bo Zhang e Wen Mei Hou. "Design and Analysis of Dual-Beam Heterodyne Interferometer". Applied Mechanics and Materials 103 (settembre 2011): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.103.177.

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A dual-beam heterodyne interferometer is designed in this paper. Unlike the Zeeman-effect laser, the two frequencies are generated by two acousto-optic modulators. The different frequency beams are spatial separated, but the optical path comply the principle of common path. Nonlinearity in this system is analyzed in this paper. The periodic nonlinearity error caused by non-ideal laser source is not existed in this system. The stability of this system is tested.

34

Grévin, Benjamin, Fatima Husainy, Dmitry Aldakov e Cyril Aumaître. "Dual-heterodyne Kelvin probe force microscopy". Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 14 (7 novembre 2023): 1068–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.14.88.

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We present a new open-loop implementation of Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) that provides access to the Fourier spectrum of the time-periodic surface electrostatic potential generated under optical (or electrical) pumping with an atomic force microscope. The modulus and phase coefficients are probed by exploiting a double heterodyne frequency mixing effect between the mechanical oscillation of the cantilever, modulated components of the time-periodic electrostatic potential at harmonic frequencies of the pump, and an ac bias modulation signal. Each harmonic can be selectively transferred to the second cantilever eigenmode. We show how phase coherent sideband generation and signal demodulation at the second eigenmode can be achieved by using two numerical lock-in amplifiers configured in cascade. Dual-heterodyne KPFM (DHe-KPFM) can be used to map any harmonic (amplitude/phase) of the time-periodic surface potential at a standard scanning speed. The Fourier spectrum (series of harmonics) can also be recorded in spectroscopic mode (DHe-KPFM spectroscopy), and 2D dynamic images can be acquired in data cube mode. The capabilities of DHe-KPFM in terms of time-resolved measurements, surface photovoltage (SPV) imaging, and detection of weak SPV signals are demonstrated through a series of experiments on difference surfaces: a reference substrate, a bulk organic photovoltaic heterojunction thin film, and an optoelectronic interface obtained by depositing caesium lead bromide perovskite nanosheets on a graphite surface. The conclusion provides perspectives for future improvements and applications.

35

Higgins, R., S. Kabanovic, C. Pabst, D. Teyssier, J. R. Goicoechea, O. Berne, E. Chambers et al. "Observation and calibration strategies for large-scale multi-beam velocity-resolved mapping of the [CII] emission in the Orion molecular cloud". Astronomy & Astrophysics 652 (agosto 2021): A77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039621.

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Context. The [CII] 158 μm far-infrared fine-structure line is one of the dominant cooling lines of the star-forming interstellar medium. Hence [CII] emission originates in and thus can be used to trace a range of ISM processes. Velocity-resolved large-scale mapping of [CII] in star-forming regions provides a unique perspective of the kinematics of these regions and their interactions with the exciting source of radiation. Aims. We explore the scientific applications of large-scale mapping of velocity-resolved [CII] observations. With the [CII] observations, we investigate the effect of stellar feedback on the ISM. We present the details of observation, calibration, and data reduction using a heterodyne array receiver mounted on an airborne observatory. Methods. A 1.15 square degree velocity-resolved map of the Orion molecular cloud centred on the bar region was observed using the German REceiver for Astronomy at Terahertz Frequencies (upGREAT) heterodyne receiver flying on board the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy. The data were acquired using the 14 pixels of the German REceiver for Astronomy at Terahertz Frequencies that were observed in an on-the-fly mapping mode. 2.4 million spectra were taken in total. These spectra were gridded into a three-dimensional cube with a spatial resolution of 14.1 arcseconds and a spectral resolution of 0.3 km s−1. Results. A square-degree [CII] map with a spectral resolution of 0.3 km s−1 is presented. The scientific potential of this data is summarized with discussion of mechanical and radiative stellar feedback, filament tracing using [CII], [CII] opacity effects, [CII] and carbon recombination lines, and [CII] interaction with the large molecular cloud. The data quality and calibration is discussed in detail, and new techniques are presented to mitigate the effects of unavoidable instrument deficiencies (e.g. baseline stability) and thus to improve the data quality. A comparison with a smaller [CII] map taken with the Herschel/Heterodyne Instrument for the Far-Infrared spectrometer is presented. Conclusions. Large-scale [CII] mapping provides new insight into the kinematics of the ISM. The interaction between massive stars and the ISM is probed through [CII] observations. Spectrally resolving the [CII] emission is necessary to probe the microphysics induced by the feedback of massive stars. We show that certain heterodyne instrument data quality issues can be resolved using a spline-based technique, and better data correction routines allow for more efficient observing strategies.

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Dong Hongzhou, 董洪舟, 吴健 Wu Jian e 郭贞贞 Guo Zhenzhen. "Study of the Effect of Aperture Transmittance Modulation on Heterodyne Detection". Acta Optica Sinica 32, n. 3 (2012): 0305002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos201232.0305002.

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Wu Zhou, Zhang Wen-Xi, Xiang Li-Bin, Li Yang e Kong Xin-Xin. "Effect of frequency difference deviation on full-field heterodyne measurement accuracy". Acta Physica Sinica 67, n. 2 (2018): 020601. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.67.20171837.

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Tabata, Atsushi, e Masahito Yasuoka. "Heterodyne co-incidence effect of discrete connection between two elastic boards." Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan (E) 17, n. 1 (1996): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1250/ast.17.41.

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Wang, Rongjun, Yangqin Chen, Peipei Cai, Jingjing Lu, Zhiyi Bi, Xiaohua Yang e Longsheng Ma. "Optical heterodyne velocity modulation spectroscopy enhanced by a magnetic rotation effect". Chemical Physics Letters 307, n. 5-6 (luglio 1999): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(99)00562-x.

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Shen, Bing, Jiajia Chen, Guanjun Xu, Qiushi Chen e Jian Wang. "Performance Analysis of a Drone-Assisted FSO Communication System over Málaga Turbulence under AoA Fluctuations". Drones 7, n. 6 (3 giugno 2023): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones7060374.

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Abstract (sommario):

Future wireless communications have been envisaged to benefit from integrating drones and free space optical (FSO) communications, which would provide links with line-of-sight propagation and large communication capacity. The theoretical performance analysis for a drone-assisted downlink FSO system is investigated. Furthermore, this paper utilizes the Málaga distribution to characterize the effect of atmospheric turbulence on the optical signal for the drone–terrestrial user link, taking into account atmospheric attenuation, pointing errors, and angle-of-arrival fluctuations. The probability density function and cumulative distribution function are then expressed in closed-form using the heterodyne detection and indirect modulation/direct detection techniques, respectively. Thereafter, the analytical expressions including the average bit error rate (BER) and the ergodic capacity are given. Particularly, the asymptotic behavior of the average BER of the considered system is presented using heterodyne detection at high optical power. The Monte Carlo simulation results certify the theoretical analytical results. Correspondingly, the field-of-view of the receiver is analyzed for optimal communication performance.

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Chang, Di, Xu Xing, Pengcheng Hu, Jianing Wang e Jiubin Tan. "Double-Diffracted Spatially Separated Heterodyne Grating Interferometer and Analysis on its Alignment Tolerance". Applied Sciences 9, n. 2 (13 gennaio 2019): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9020263.

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Abstract (sommario):

An optical configuration of double-diffracted spatially separated heterodyne grating interferometer with a mechanical fixture was designed. To further investigate its features and provide robust measurements, the alignment tolerance in double-diffracted spatially separated heterodyne grating interferometer was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. Except for the offset error causing no influence on the interfering signal, the effect of the other four errors, roll, yaw, pitch angles, and stand-off error were geometrically analyzed and mathematically modeled. The simulation result quantified the position mismatches of output beams in a double-diffracted configuration and found the crucial structural parameters related to the intensity of interfering signals. Experiments based on the grating interferometer with a mechanical fixture and the same optical configuration built by independent optical components were implemented, whose results agreed with the simulation. Besides, the results showed that the proposed grating interferometer structure could tolerate the ±1100 arcsec roll movement, ±440 arcsec yaw movement, ±280 arcsec pitch movement, and ±0.6 mm stand-off error when -10 dB intensity loss is afforded.

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Deng, Yuan-long, Xue-jin Li, You-fu Geng e Xue-ming Hong. "Effect of nonpolarizing beam splitter on measurement error in heterodyne interferometric ellipsometers". Measurement Science and Technology 23, n. 8 (28 giugno 2012): 085204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/23/8/085204.

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Akhmedzhanov, I. M., D. V. Baranov, E. M. Zolotov e Yu I. Shupletsova. "Superresolution effect on a microstep phase image in a laser heterodyne microscope". Quantum Electronics 49, n. 7 (15 luglio 2019): 698–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qel16724.

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Lin, Chu-En, e Chih-Jen Yu. "Heterodyne Interferometry to Eliminate the Polarization Effect in a Fiber Optic Gyro". IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 26, n. 19 (1 ottobre 2014): 1897–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2014.2339372.

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LIN, L., W. QIAN, C. F. WANG, Y. H. ZOU, Q. WANG e H. Y. CHEN. "INVESTIGATION OF THIRD-ORDER NONLINEARITY OF POLYBENZONITRILES BY HETERODYNED FEMTOSECOND OPTICAL KERR GATE". Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 08, n. 03 (settembre 1999): 419–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863599000291.

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Abstract (sommario):

The femtosecond optical heterodyne detected optical Kerr effect is described in detail. The real and the imaginary parts of complex third-order optical nonlinearity can be effectively separated and their values and signs can be determined. Using this method, we thoroughly investigated the substitution effect by adding different side-groups on the –(–C=N–)– conjugated system, a new class of nonlinear optical material. We discussed the improvement in their third-order susceptibilities. And we found the value of second-order hyperpolarizability depends on the polymerization degree, but the relationship is different for different substituted polymers.

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Gall, Roman D., Maya E. Shevchenko e Victor N. Malyshev. "Compensation of relay satellites heterodyne instability for locating terrestrial radio emission sources". Proceedings of the Russian higher school Academy of sciences, n. 3 (29 ottobre 2021): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/1727-2769-2021-3-17-31.

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Abstract (sommario):

Unintentional and intentional interference of terrestrial radio sources operating via geostationary relay satellites to legal users of satellite communication systems requires accurate determination of their location. Methods of terrestrial radio sources location are based on the calculation of an cross-аambiguity function by additive mixtures of signals and noise received from relay satellites. In the presence of frequency-phase instability of relay satellites heterodynes the retransmitted signals have phase distortions, which lead to a decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) when calculating the cross- ambiguity function. The paper is aimed to study the effect of phase distortions caused by the instability of relay satellites heterodynes on SNR at the correlator output and to develop methods for their compensation based on statistical radio engineering and digital signal processing. The study of the proposed compensation methods was carried out by statistical simulation modeling. The SNR dependences at the correlator output on the duration of correlated signals for the model with a domi-nant frequency noise and frequency random walk have been obtained and a method for compensat-ing phase distortions caused by the instability of the relay satellites heterodynes has been developed. The energy gain has been estimated by applying the proposed compensation method. It has been shown that the developed method of compensation of relay satellites heterodynes instability allows achieving a significant gain in the SNR at the correlator output and contributes to increasing the probability of radio source signal detection from auxiliary relay satellites.

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Nguyen, Thanh-Trung, Thanh-Tung Vu, Thanh-Dong Nguyen e Toan-Thang Vu. "Axial Error of Spindle Measurements Using a High-Frequency-Modulated Interferometer". Crystals 11, n. 7 (9 luglio 2021): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11070801.

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In this paper, a novel, compact, and high-precision axial error measurement using a frequency-modulated interferometer is developed. Normally, heterodyne interferometers are a powerful system for small displacement measurements due to their property of being less sensitive to temperature and pressure variations. However, the maximum measurement speed of the heterodyne interferometer is around 5 m/s because it is usually limited by the difference in frequency between the two components of the laser beam, which is no larger than 3 MHz or 20 MHz corresponding laser source based on the Zeeman effect and acousto-optic modulator, respectively. The proposed measuring system is realized by modulating the frequency of the laser diode source at a high modulation frequency and using lock-in amplifiers to extract the harmonics of the interference signal. The measurement speed is proportional to the modulation frequency. Thus, the higher the modulation frequency, the higher the measuring speed attains. The frequency-modulated interferometer is then applied to measure the axial error of an ultra-precision spindle. The proposed system can be a capable solution for noncontact and high-precision spindle error measurements in the machining process.

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Ke, Xizheng, e Zhenkun Tan. "Effect of angle-of-arrival fluctuation on heterodyne detection in slant atmospheric turbulence". Applied Optics 57, n. 5 (6 febbraio 2018): 1083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.57.001083.

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Onodera, Ribun, e Yukihiro Ishii. "Effect of beat frequency on the measured phase of laser-diode heterodyne interferometry". Applied Optics 35, n. 22 (1 agosto 1996): 4355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.35.004355.

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Hunt, Neil T., e Stephen R. Meech. "Ultrafast dynamics of polybutadiene probed by optically heterodyne-detected optical-Kerr-effect spectroscopy". Chemical Physics Letters 400, n. 4-6 (dicembre 2004): 368–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2004.10.131.

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