Articoli di riviste: "Herbicides"

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Georgiev, Mitko, Antonia Stoyanova, Velika Kuneva, Grozi Delchev, Rodica Sturzu, Cristina Meluca e Jeni Mădălina Cojocaru. "Study on the Action of Foliar Herbicides and Herbicide Combinations for Control of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Weeds". Romanian Agricultural Research 37 (2020): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.59665/rar3724.

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The action of some foliar herbicides and herbicide combinations for control of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) weeds was studied. To that end against the background of soil applied Stomp 330EK New at a dose of 5 l/ha the herbicides Axial 050EK, Granstar 75DF, Derby Super WG, Sekator OD, Lintur 70WG, and the tank mixtures of Axial with the other herbicides applied in the tillering phenophase of the crop were studied. The species composition and density of weeds was assessed using the quantitative method prior to treatment and after herbicide treatment on days 5, 15 and 30, by constant metering. The herbicide Lintur 70WG and its combination with Axial 050EK had the fastest initial effect. The highest herbicidal effect (99.5%) against annual monocotyledon and dicotyledon weeds showed the combination of Derby Super WG 33 g/ha + Axial 050EK - 900 ml/ha. Very good was the effect of the other herbicidal mixtures between anti-broadleaf herbicides and the graminaceous herbicide Axial 050. All applied herbicides and herbicide mixtures showed a very good after-action on weeds.

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2

Mallory-Smith, Carol. "Impact of Labeling Herbicides by Site of Action: A University View". Weed Technology 13, n. 3 (settembre 1999): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00046376.

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One of the most consistent recommendations, from both the private and public sectors, for the prevention and management of herbicide-resistant weeds is to rotate herbicides with different sites of action. Therefore, it is imperative that those who make herbicide recommendations and those who apply herbicides know which herbicides have the same or different sites of action. An herbicide's site of action is not obvious from its trade, common, or chemical name, and it is not possible to determine from the label if it has the same site of action as another herbicide.

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Harrison, Howard F. "Developing Herbicide-Tolerant Crop Cultivars: Introduction". Weed Technology 6, n. 3 (settembre 1992): 613–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00035909.

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In recent years considerable research in the private and public sectors has been directed toward introducing herbicide tolerance into normally susceptible crop species (9). Interest in developing herbicide-tolerant crop cultivars, clones, or hybrids (HTCs)3has been spurred by the reduction in the rate of discovery of new herbicidal compounds, the rising expense of developing new herbicides, and new tools of biotechnology that greatly increased our ability to develop HTC genotypes. Potential benefits of developing HTCs include: a) an increased margin of safety with which herbicides can be used with subsequent reduced crop losses due to herbicide injury, b) reduced risk of crop damage from residual herbicides from rotational crops, and c) introduction of new herbicides for use on normally susceptible crops. The last objective can be considered to be similar to breeding for resistance to diseases or insects. The most serious weed problems for a crop can be solved by developing crop tolerance to herbicides that control the weeds. This approach is particularly promising for minor crops for which new herbicide development is essentially lacking. However, the reluctance of herbicide manufacturers to register their products for minor crops may impede this approach. By developing tolerance to nontoxic, nonpolluting herbicides that are suitable for conservation tillage, the negative environmental effects of weed control can be reduced.

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ALVARENGA, DOUGLAS RODRIGUES, MATHEUS FERREIRA FRANÇA TEIXEIRA, FRANCISCO CLAUDIO LOPES DE FREITAS, MARIA CAROLINA GOMES PAIVA, MARIANA RACHEL NASCIMENTO CARVALHO e VALDINEI ARAÚJO GONÇALVES. "INTERAÇÕES ENTRE HERBICIDAS NO MANEJO DO MILHO RR® VOLUNTÁRIO". Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo 17, n. 1 (31 marzo 2018): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.18512/1980-6477/rbms.v17n1p122-134.

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RESUMO - A mistura entre herbicidas pode resultar em efeitos sinérgicos, antagônicos ou aditivos no controle do milho voluntário e de outras espécies de plantas daninhas. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a eficiência de diferentes doses do fluazifop-p-butil isolado e na associação com os herbicidas glyphosate, 2,4-D e a mistura glyphosate + 2,4-D. O experimento foi conduzido em vasos contendo cinco litros de solo, com seis doses do herbicida fluazifopp- butil aplicadas em mistura com três herbicidas/mistura [glyphosate, 2,4-D e glyphosate + 2,4-D] em três formas de aplicação (mistura em tanque, aplicados separadamente no mesmo dia e separadamente cinco dias antes da aplicação do fluazipop-p-butil), mais as seis doses do fluazifop-p-butil sem mistura. Verificou-se que o herbicida fluazifop-pbutil aplicado isoladamente controla de modo eficiente plantas voluntárias de híbrido de milho AS 1660 PRO RR nas doses 75 g ha-1, 28 dias após a aplicação (DAA). Porém, a mistura em tanque do fluazifop-p-butil com 2,4-D resultou em redução do nível de controle do milho voluntário. Não houve redução da eficácia no controle do milho quando se aplicou o herbicida fluazifop-p-butil associado ao glyphosate, 2,4-D e a mistura glyphosate + 2,4-D, separadamente no mesmo dia ou cinco dias após.Palavras-chave: antagonismo, fluazifop-p-butil, glyphosate, 2,4-D, Zea mays.INTERACTIONS AMONG HERBICIDES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE VOLUNTARY MAIZE RR®ABSTRACT - Mixing herbicides may result in synergistic, antagonistic or additive effects on the control of volunteer maize and other weed species. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of different doses of fluazifopp- butyl alone and in association with the herbicides glyphosate, 2,4-D and glyphosate + 2,4-D mixture. The experiment was carried out in pots containing five liters of soil, with six doses of the herbicide fluazifop-p-butyl applied in a mixture of three herbicides/mixture [glyphosate, 2,4-D and glyphosate + 2,4-D] (tank mix, applied separately on the same day and separately five days prior to the application of fluazipop-p-butyl) plus the six doses of fluazifop-p-butyl without mixing. The isolated fluazifop-p-butyl herbicide was monitored efficiently to control volunteer maize hybrids AS 1660 PRO RR at doses 75 g ha-1, 28 days after application (DAA). However, tank mixing of fluazifop-p-butyl with 2,4-D resulted in a reduction in the level of voluntary maize control. There was no reduction in efficacy in maize control when applied we the herbicide fluazifop-p-butyl associated with glyphosate, 2,4-D and glyphosate + 2,4-D mixture, separately on the same day or five days later.Keywords: antagonism, fluazifop-p-butyl, glyphosate, 2,4-D, Zea mays.

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Furquim, Lucas Tadeu, Patricia Andrea Monquero e Rafael Pires Silva. "EFEITO DE HERBICIDAS NO CRESCIMENTO INICIAL DO SORGO SACARINO". Nativa 7, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v7i1.6441.

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A presença de plantas daninhas pode reduzir severamente o rendimento do sorgo sacarino (Sorghum bicolor), e em função do reduzido número de herbicidas registrados, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de herbicidas no crescimento inicial dessa cultura. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições, sendo o haloxyfop-methyl, cyhalofop-butil, fomesafem, imazaquim, lactofen, atrazine, 2,4-D e saflufenacil aplicados em diferentes doses em pós-emergência inicial da cultura e os herbicidas atrazine, atrazine+simazine, hexazinone e s-metolachlor em pré-emergência da cultura. As avaliações de fitointoxicação foram realizadas aos 7, 14, 21 e 30 dias após a aplicação (DAT) e a biomassa seca da parte aérea avaliada aos 30 DAT. Em pós-emergência, os herbicidas haloxyfop-methyl e imazaquim provocaram alta fitointoxicação e impactos na biomassa das plantas. 2,4-D e atrazine não provocaram diferenças significativas com relação à testemunha tanto em fitointoxicação como na biomassa. O herbicida lactofen provocou baixa fitointoxicação, todavia, saflufenacil e fomesafen promoveram fitointoxicação na dose comercial próximo a 40% e alterações na biomassa. Dos herbicidas utilizados em pré-emergência, apenas hexazinone e s-metolachlor demonstraram fitointoxicação e alterações na biomassa. Conclui-se que os herbicidas atrazine, lactofen e 2,4-D podem ser utilizados em aplicações em pós-emergência, e atrazine e atrazine+simazine em pré-emergência.Palavras-chave: fitointoxicação, Sorghum bicolor, pré-emergente, pós-emergente. EFFECT OF HERBICIDES ON THE INITIAL GROWTH OF SWEET SORGHUM ABSTRACT: The presence of weeds may severely reduce yield of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), and due to the reduced number of herbicides registered, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of herbicides on the initial growth of this crop. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replicate, being, the herbicides haloxyfop-methyl, cyhalofop-butyl, fomesafem, imazaquim, lactofen, atrazine, 2,4-D and saflufenacil were applied at different initial post-emergence rates and herbicides atrazine, atrazine + simazine, hexazinone and s- metolachlor in pre-emergence of the culture. The phytointoxication evaluations were performed at 7, 14, 21 and 30 days after application (DAT) and the dry biomass of the aerial part evaluated at 30 DAT. In post-emergence, the herbicides haloxyfop-methyl and imazaquim caused high phytointoxication and impacts on plant biomass. 2,4-D and atrazine did not cause significant differences in relation to the control in both phytointoxication and biomass. The herbicide lactofen caused low phytointoxication, however, saflufenacil and fomesafen promoted phytointoxication at commercial dose close to 40% and changes in biomass. Of the herbicides used in pre-emergence, only hexazinone and s-metolachlor demonstrated phytointoxication and changes in biomass. It is concluded that the herbicides atrazine, lactofen and 2,4-D can be used in post-emergence applications, and pre-emergence atrazine and atrazine + simazine.Keywords: phytointoxication, Sorghum bicolor, pre-emergent, post-emergent.

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Hasrin, Nur Syahiidah Aqilah, Nor’aishah Abu Shah, Nur Nadia Dzulkifli, Is Fatimah e Sheikh Ahmad Izaddin Sheikh Mohd Ghazali. "The Effect of Conventional and Nanoformulation Herbicide on Sphagneticola Trilobata". Trends in Sciences 20, n. 12 (3 settembre 2023): 6942. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2023.6942.

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The conventional herbicide 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) provide substantial risk to the environment such as contamination of soil and groundwater. The overuse application of conventional herbicide can leave harmful residues in soil and be washed off as runoff, thus causes toxic effect to nontarget organism. For instance, MCPA can cause toxicity to the freshwater organisms such as Daphnia magna and alga Selenastrum capricornutum. Zinc oxide as nanomaterials that are intercalated with 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (ZMCPA) herbicide may be useful to resolve the problems associated with MCPA. Nanoherbicide are known to provide a better penetration of active substances hence reduces the amount of herbicide to be applied. The nanostructured herbicide such as ZMCPA could substantially replace the conventional herbicide MCPA if it able to kill the targeted weeds efficiently and have a low risk to the environment. Therefore, it is important to compare the differences of herbicidal activity of MCPA and ZMCPA. The objective of this research is to determine the effects of MCPA and ZMCPA on growth and pigment content of Sphagneticola trilobata. The 2nd objective of this research is to measure the physiological effect and effectiveness of herbicidal activity between the conventional and nanoformulation against Sphagneticola trilobata. The preliminary study was conducted to determine a minimal concentration for MCPA to exert its effect on Sphagneticola trilobata. Then, in the main research, Sphagneticola trilobata was exposed to different concentrations of MCPA and ZMCPA in low, medium and high concentrations. The effect of MCPA and ZMCPA on growth and pigment content of Sphagneticola trilobata was observed at 7, 14 and 21 days, respectively. The results indicated there were no obvious differences in plant growth and pigment content observed between treatment of MCPA and ZMCPA at the same exposure concentration at 7, 14 and 21 days, respectively. MCPA showed higher herbicide efficacy than ZMCPA. HIGHLIGHTS Nanoherbicide Development: The intercalation of zinc layered hydroxide (ZLH) with MCPA resulted in ZMCPA, a nanoherbicide with improved delivery and penetration capabilities compared to conventional herbicides. Potential Replacement for Conventional Herbicides: Nanostructured herbicides like ZMCPA have the potential to replace conventional herbicides like MCPA due to their numerous benefits in addressing issues associated with traditional herbicides. Comparable Herbicidal Effectiveness: The study evaluated the herbicidal activity of MCPA and ZMCPA on Sphagneticola trilobata and found that both formulations inhibited the growth of the weed to a similar extent after 7, 14, and 21 days, indicating comparable efficacy between the conventional and nanoformulation herbicides. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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7

B, Saleh, Jibrin S. A., Y. B. Kajidu e M. S. Gargo. "A Review on the Effects of Residual Herbicides on Soil Microorganisms". Arid-zone Journal of Basic & Applied Research 1, n. 5 (15 ottobre 2022): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55639/607.2333.

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Herbicides are chemical preparations intended to destroy plants, especially weeds, or to obstruct their growth. After field application, herbicides not only control targeted weeds, but may also have possible lingering effects in the soil, and provide significant exposure of microorganisms to the herbicides. Microorganisms play important role in maintaining soil structure and fertility. Results of different studies show that herbicide application resulted in the reduction of some microbial species, e.g., Proteus spp., and Actinomycetes spp. Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. these are the microorganisms which were delicate to herbicidal treatment. Significant reductions in fungal activity in both artificial and natural environments as a result of herbicidal treatment were up to 4 times; thus, indicating a positive correlation between growth stoppage and application of the weedicide. Herbicides applied at higher doses are persistent in the soil and harm soil microorganisms. Herbicides such as Paraquat, glyphosate, and atrazine, reduce dehydrogenase activities of the soil. Most herbicides applied to the soil remain in the topmost layer of the soil where the higher concentration of soil microorganisms exist.

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Petrova, Sofia, Stanislav Stamatov e Blagoy Andonov. "Study of the effect of different herbicides and herbicidal combinations on weed flora and chickpea yield". Agricultural Sciences 14, n. 32 (18 marzo 2022): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22620/agrisci.2022.32.005.

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Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the third most important grain legume crop in the world and the first important legume in the South and West Asia. For Bulgaria the chickpea is an old traditional crop used mainly for human consumption and to a lesser extent for feed. One of the most important yield limiting factors in the chickpea seed production is the poor weed management. The establishment of the most appropriate herbicide or herbicide combination for the effective control especially of the weed flora is a priority task of the chickpea cultivation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different herbicides and herbicidal combinations on weed flora and on the chickpea yield. The herbicides and herbicidal combinations were tested in nine treatments plus one weedy check control. All herbicides were used in pre-emergence applications at different doses. During the study the predominated weeds were Amaranthus retroflexus L. (redroot pigweed) and Convolvulus arvensis L. (field bindweed). Generally, all tested herbicidal combinations showed good control on the mixed weed flora and the grain yield was high. Three herbicidal combinations had the best effect on weed numbers and grain yield compared to the weed check: Clomazone -15 ml/da + S-metolachlor - 120 ml/da; Clomazone - 30 ml/da + S-metolachlor - 60 ml/da and Clomazone - 15 ml/da + Pendimethalin - 500 ml/da. Most of the studied herbicides and herbicidal combinations were tolerant, non-suppressive and showed a high positive effect on the chickpea yield.

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Délye, Christophe. "Weed resistance to acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitors: an update". Weed Science 53, n. 5 (ottobre 2005): 728–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-04-203r.1.

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Herbicides targeting grass plastidic acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) are effective selective graminicides. Their intensive use worldwide has selected for resistance genes in a number of grass weed species. Biochemistry and molecular biology have been the means of determining the herbicidal activity and selectivity toward crop plants of ACC-inhibiting herbicides. In recent years, elucidation of the tridimensional structure of ACC and identification of five amino acid residues within the ACC carboxyl transferase domain that are critical determinants for herbicide sensitivity shed light on the basis of ACC-based resistance to herbicides. However, metabolism-based resistance to ACC-inhibiting herbicides is much less well known, although this type of resistance seems to be widespread. A number of genes thus endow resistance to ACC-inhibiting herbicides, with the possibility for various resistance genes that confer dominant resistance at the herbicide field rate to accumulate within a single weed population or plant. This, together with a poor knowledge of the genetic parameters driving resistance, renders the evolution of resistance to ACC-inhibiting herbicides unpredictable. Future research should consider developing tactics to slow the spread of resistance. For this purpose, it is crucial that our understanding of metabolism-based resistance improves rapidly because this mechanism is complex and can confer resistance to herbicides with different target sites.

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Li, Xiu-Qing, Alan Ng, Russell King e Dion G. Durnford. "A Rapid and Simple Bioassay Method for Herbicide Detection". Biomarker Insights 3 (gennaio 2008): BMI.S594. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/bmi.s594.

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Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a unicellular green alga, has been used in bioassay detection of a variety of toxic compounds such as pesticides and toxic metals, but mainly using liquid culture systems. In this study, an algal lawn–-agar system for semi-quantitative bioassay of herbicidal activities has been developed. Sixteen different herbicides belonging to 11 different categories were applied to paper disks and placed on green alga lawns in Petri dishes. Presence of herbicide activities was indicated by clearing zones around the paper disks on the lawn 2–3 days after application. The different groups of herbicides induced clearing zones of variable size that depended on the amount, mode of action, and chemical properties of the herbicides applied to the paper disks. This simple, paper-disk-algal system may be used to detect the presence of herbicides in water samples and act as a quick and inexpensive semi-quantitative screening for assessing herbicide contamination.

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Lobachev, Yuriy Viktorovich, e Valeriy Tikonovich Krasilnikov. "The effect of new tank mixtures and herbicide compositions on economically useful indicators of soy". Agrarian Scientific Journal, n. 2 (19 febbraio 2020): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2020i2pp16-23.

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The method of two-way analysis of variance in three field experiments in the conditions of the Right Bank of the Saratov Region studied the effect of four herbicides, two new tank mixtures and two new herbicide compositions on grain yield, number of plants per square meter, number of beans per plant, number of grains per plant, plant mass, the mass of beans from the plant, the mass of grain from the plant, the mass of 1000 grains, the protein content in the grain, the height of the plant, the height of attachment of the lower bean. The effectiveness of the herbicides was as follows: frontier optima - 72.5%, pulsar - 26.5%, gezagard - 71.2%, galaxy top - 11.7%, tank mixture frontier optima + gezagard - 86.4%, tank mixture pulsar + galaxy top - 23.0%, composition frontier optima + galaxy top - 73.8%, and composition gezagard + galaxy top - 85.1%. It was established a significant advantage in grain yield of only one new tank mixture of herbicides frontier optima + gezagard and two new compositions of herbicides frontier optima + galaxy top and gezagard + galaxy top. In the case of application of a tank mixture of herbicides, the frontier optima + hezagard yields of soybean grain significantly increased compared with the control by 377.0%, compared with herbicides the frontier optima and hezagard - by 154.0%. After the application of the herbicidal composition, the frontier optima + galaxi top soybean grain yield significantly increased compared with the control by 293.3%, compared with the herbicide frontier optima - by 120.1%, compared with the herbicide galaxy top - by 139.3%. After application of the hezagard + galaxy top herbicide composition, the soybean grain yield significantly increased compared with the control by 294.3%, compared with the hezagard herbicide - by 121.7%, compared with the galaxy top herbicide - by 141.1%.

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Hatzios, Kriton K. "An Overview of the Mechanisms of Action of Herbicide Safeners". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 46, n. 9-10 (1 ottobre 1991): 819–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1991-9-1017.

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Abstract Herbicide safeners are chemicals used for manipulating the tolerance of large-seeded grass crops to selected soil-applied herbicides. The physiological interactions of herbicides and their respective safeners are characterized by the following facts: a) safeners are most effective when applied prior to or simultaneously with the herbicides whose injury they prevent; b) safeners exhibit a high degree of botanical and chemical specificity protecting only certain grasses against injury caused from specific classes of herbicides; and c) protected grass crops are moderately tolerant to the antagonized herbicides. At the biochemical level, safeners may act either as “bioregulators” regulating the amount of a given herbicide that reaches its target site in an active form or as “antagonists” of herbicidal effects at a similar site of action. A safener-induced enhancement of herbicide detoxication in protected plants is currently viewed as the most apparent mechanism for the action of the currently available safeners. Safeners enhance the conjugation of carbamothioate and chloroacetanilide herbicides with glutathione either by elevating the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) or by inducing the activity of specific glutathione S̱-transferases (GSTs). A safener-induced enhancement of the activity of other degradative enzymes such as the cytochrome P450-dependent mixed function oxidases or UDP-glucosyl transferases seems to be important for the protective action of safeners against injury from aryloxyphenoxypropionate, imidazolinone, and sulfonylurea herbicides. Metabolic processes related to acetyl-CoA metabolism have been implicated as likely target sites for a competitive antagonism between safeners and chloroacetanilide or carbamothioate herbicides. At the molecular level, the “gene activation” and “gene amplification” theories offer a likely explanation for the action of safeners.

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Ghosh, Tuhin Subhra, Sukanta Rana, Puja Pal e Buddhadev Mallick. "Herbicidal impacts on freshwater zooplankton". International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Science 2, n. 1 (30 giugno 2023): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.70035/ijarts.2023.2136-41.

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Application of herbicides is an essential part of agriculture for more crop yields. But their overuse raises the risk of non-target species extinction from freshwater ecosystems. Phytoplanktons, the primary producers in aquatic systems are highly susceptible to herbicide contamination, resulting in disturbance of trophic interactions and energy flow in meta-communities. Persistence of current-use herbicides, dalapon (2 to 3 days), paraquat and diquat (4 to 6 weeks), chlorthiamid (3 months), terbutryne and diuron (>3 months) etc.in pond and river ecosystems can adversely affect plankton community. Interestingly, desphenyl-chloridazon, the metabolite of n-chloridazon is more persistent (>98 days) and more toxic to aquatic planktons. Herbicides such as benfluralin, bensulide, dacthal, ethalfluralin, oxadiazon, pendimethalin, triallate, and trifluralin potentially accumulate in sediments and aquatic biota. Zooplanktons are affected by herbicides directly and indirectly. Herbicides like glyphosate are more toxic to non-target organisms such as Daphnia magna. Some herbicides are potential lethal to amphipods, cladocerans, copepods, malacostracans, and rotifers. Herbicides interfere negatively on the growth, behavior, reproductive potential and population dynamics of zooplanktons. Herbicides (i.e., atrazine) reduce the species abundance and biomass of zooplankton. Atrazine at very low concentration can alter the sex ratio of Daphnia pulicaria. The phenylamide herbicide, propanil interferes growth, survival and reproduction efficiency of D. magna at 0.08 mg/l concentration and its metabolite 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) creates acute lethal inhibition on reproduction rate in D. magna. The sub-lethal effects of herbicides can alter the demographic parameters of zooplanktons. Herbicides inhibit enzyme catalysis, mRNA expression, gene induction and grazing rate of freshwater zooplanktons. Herbicide concentration in freshwater body is very vital for ecosystem productivity and presence of microalgae can reduce the toxicity. So, our review focuses on the harmful effects of several herbicides on different zooplanktons in freshwater ecosystems. Stress enzyme assay and development of more sensitive biomarker are our future scope of study to depict herbicidal effect more precisely.

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Ghazikhanlou Sani, Yousef, Ali Reza Yousefi, Khalil Jamshidi, Farid Shekari, Jose L. Gonzalez-Andujar e Nicholas E. Korres. "Weed Response to ALS-Inhibitor Herbicide (Sulfosulfuron + Metsulfuron Methyl) under Increased Temperature and Carbon Dioxide". Agronomy 13, n. 8 (8 agosto 2023): 2084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13082084.

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Information on the impact of climate change on the growth of weed species and their sensitivity to herbicides could help to establish an efficient weed management strategy. Due to the excessive use of acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibitor herbicides, resistance to those herbicides is increasing globally. It is, thus, crucial to find out whether the efficacy of these herbicides will change in the future due to the increase in temperatures and carbon dioxide concentration. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the impact of temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) changes on the growth of Amaranthus retroflexus, Bromus tectorum, Chenopodium album, and Echinochloa crus-galli, including the assessment of sulfosulfuron 75% + metsulfuron methyl 5% efficacy in these weeds. A factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement (2 × 2 × 6), including two CO2 concentrations (400 and 700 ppm), two temperature regimes (30/20 °C and 34/24 °C day/night), and six herbicide rates (0, 25, 37.5, 50, 62.5, and 75 g ha−1). As a result, it was seen that temperature and CO2 concentration changes influenced the morphological variables of the weeds. The temperature regime affected the herbicide’s effectiveness on B. tectorum and E. crus-galli. The herbicide’s efficacy on weed species was affected by the interaction of herbicide rates and the temperature regime, except for on E. crus-galli; the highest efficacy was observed at 30/20 °C and at a rate 50% higher (75 g ha−1) than the recommended one (50 g ha−1). Except for E. crus-galli, increasing CO2 concentrations enhanced the herbicide efficacy and ALS enzyme activity inhibition in all the weed species, but had the greatest effect on C3 weeds. We found that temperature and CO2 levels can alter the efficacy of weed control with herbicides, with clear differences between C3 and C4 plants. As a result, by increasing the temperature and concentration of CO2, breeders and farmers may achieve the desired control of weed species such as B. tectorum, C. album and A. retroflexus by applying lower doses of this herbicide.

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Lewicka, Kamila, Piotr Dobrzynski e Piotr Rychter. "PLAGA-PEG-PLAGA Terpolymer-Based Carriers of Herbicides for Potential Application in Environment-Friendly, Controlled Release Systems of Agrochemicals". Materials 13, n. 12 (19 giugno 2020): 2778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13122778.

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The present study aimed to develop and prepare new polymer/herbicide formulations for their potential application in environment-friendly, controlled release systems of agrochemicals. Selected biodegradable polymers, including L-Lactide/Glycolide/PEG/Terpolymer (PLAGA-PEG-PLAGA) as well as oligosaccharide-based polymers and their blend with terpolymer, were used to prepare microspheres loaded with two soil-applied herbicides. The degradation process of the obtained polymeric microspheres was evaluated based on (1) their weight loss and surface erosion and (2) the release rate of loaded metazachlor and pendimethalin. The herbicidal effectiveness of the herbicides released to the soil from microspheres was evaluated using the European Weed Research Council (EWRC) rating scale. Moreover, the ecotoxicological effect of herbicide-loaded microspheres buried in soil on the marine bacterial species A. fischeri was assessed. It was found that the gradual degradation rate of microparticles led to the prolonged release of both herbicides that lasted for a few months, i.e., for the entire crop season, which is crucial in terms of agrochemical and environmental protection. Maltodextrin- and dextrin-based microspheres showed higher susceptibility to degradation than terpolymer-based microspheres. The microencapsulation of herbicides protected them from decomposition and excessive leaching into soil and maintained their activity for a longer period than that for non-immobilized herbicides. The ecotoxicological assessment on A. fischeri demonstrated that the proposed microsphere-encapsulated herbicides were less toxic than non-immobilized herbicides.

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Milosevic, Nada, e Mitar Govedarica. "Effect of herbicides on microbiological properties of soil". Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, n. 102 (2002): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn0201005m.

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Microorganisms decompose herbicides and they may serve as bioindicators of soil changes following herbicide application. Certain microbial species may be used as bioherbicides. This study has shown that Azotobacter is most sensitive to herbicide application; it is, therefore, a reliable indicator of the biological value of soil. The numbers of this group of nitrogen-fixing bacteria decrease considerably in the period of 7-14 days after herbicide application. Simultaneously, the numbers of Actinomycetes and less so of fungi increase, indicating that these microorganisms use herbicides as sources of biogenous elements. Rate of herbicidal decomposition depends on the properties of the preparation applied herbicide dose as well as on the physical and chemical soil properties, soil moisture and temperature, ground cover, agrotechnical measures applied and the resident microbial population.

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Sani, Yousef Ghazikhanlou, Ali Reza Yousefi, Khalil Jamshidi, Farid Shekari e Jose L. Gonzalez Andujar. "Weed response to ALS-inhibitor herbicide (sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron methyl) under increased temperature and carbon dioxide". AIMS Agriculture and Food 8, n. 2 (2023): 550–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/agrfood.2023029.

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<abstract> Information on the impact of climate change on the growth of weed species and their sensitivity to herbicides could help to establish an efficient weed management strategy. Due to the excessive use of acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor herbicides, resistance to those herbicides is increasing globally. It is thus crucial to find out whether the efficacy of these herbicides will change in the future due to the increase in carbon dioxide concentration and in the temperatures. This work therefore aims to evaluate the impact of temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) changes on the growth of <italic>Amaranthus retroflexus</italic>, <italic>Bromus tectorum</italic>, <italic>Chenopodium album</italic> and <italic>Echinochloa crus-galli</italic>, including the assessment of herbicide (sulfosulfuron 75% + metsulfuron methyl 5%) (SMM) efficiency in these weeds. A factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three factors, including two CO2 concentrations (400 and 700 ppm), two temperature regimes (30/20 ℃ and 34/24 ℃ day/night), and six herbicide rates (0, 25, 37.5, 50, 62.5 and 75 g a.e. ha−1) in four replications. As a result, it was seen that temperature and CO2 concentration changes influenced the morphological parameters of the weeds. The main effect of the temperature regime on the herbicide's effectiveness, except for <italic>B. tectorum</italic>, was not statistically significant. The interaction of herbicide rates and temperature with the herbicide's efficacy was only significant for <italic>E. crus-galli</italic>; the highest efficacy was observed at 30/20 ℃ and at a rate 50% higher (75 g a.e. ha−1) than the recommended one (50 g a.e. ha−1). Increasing CO2 concentrations enhanced the herbicide's efficiency and ALS enzyme activity inhibition in all the weed species, but had the greatest effect on C3 weeds. Our results showed that temperature and CO2 levels associated with climate change can interact to alter the efficacy of herbicidal weed control and that there are differences between plants with the C3 and C4 photosynthesis pathways. As a result, in the future, breeders and farmers could achieve the results desired by applying lower doses of this herbicide. </abstract>

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18

Samadi Kalkhoran, Elham, Mohammad Taghi Alebrahim, Hamid Reza Mohammaddoust Chamn Abad, Jens Carl Streibig, Akbar Ghavidel e Te-Ming Paul Tseng. "The Survival Response of Earthworm (Eisenia fetida L.) to Individual and Binary Mixtures of Herbicides". Toxics 10, n. 6 (12 giugno 2022): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10060320.

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Abstract (sommario):

Frequent use of herbicides may impose a risk on non-target species. The objective was to test the combined toxic effect of binary herbicide mixtures—metribuzin:halosulfuron and metribuzin:flumioxazin—on non-target earthworms in two test systems: filter paper and a soil toxicity test system. The joint action experiments were independently run twice to substantiate the findings. The most potent individual herbicide was metribuzin, with a 50% lethal concentration (LC50) of 17.17 µg ai. cm−2 at 48 h in the filter paper test. The toxicity of the individual herbicides on the filter paper test was ranked as metribuzin>halosulfuron>flumioxazin. In the soil test, metribuzin and halosulfuron had high toxicity with an LC50 of 8.48 and 10.08 mg ai. kg−1, respectively, on day 14. Thus, the individual herbicide ranking did not change between the filter paper and artificial soil tests. The herbicide’s mixed effect in both test systems showed a consistent antagonistic effect relative to a Concentration Addition reference model. It indicates that the mixtures retracted the herbicide’s action in the earthworms.

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19

Deng, Xile. "Current Advances in the Action Mechanisms of Safeners". Agronomy 12, n. 11 (11 novembre 2022): 2824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112824.

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Abstract (sommario):

Herbicide safeners are a series of agrochemicals that can selectively protect crop plants from herbicide injury without affecting herbicidal efficacy. Understanding mechanisms by which safeners act is significant for discovery of novel types. Safeners primarily alleviate herbicide phytotoxicity to crop plants via several actions: (i) enhancing metabolism of herbicides in crops; (ii) affecting absorption and transportation of herbicides in crops; (iii) competitively binding to herbicide target sites; and (iv) affecting activity of target enzymes. This review describes recent advances in the action mechanisms of safeners, analyzes existing problems, anticipates the future direction of studies of modes of action of safeners, and prospects potential strategies to design safeners related to their reported mechanisms. The aim of this paper is to provide insight into mechanisms of safeners and give tips for development of new safeners.

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20

Fedtke, Carl, e Robert H. Strang. "Synergistic Activity of the Herbicide Safener Dichlormid with Herbicides Affecting Photosynthesis". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 45, n. 5 (1 maggio 1990): 565–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1990-0545.

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Abstract Dichlormid, a safener for thiolcarbamate herbicides, was tank-mixed with several herbicidal inhibitors of photosystem II, or with the herbicide acifluorfen, and applied postemergence to Ipomoea hederacea plants. Dichlormid had no visible effects on the plants when applied alone, but interacted synergistically with the herbicides in the combination treatments. Dichlormid strongly decreased the ascorbic acid levels in the Ipomoea hederacea cotyledons. Ascorbate is known to protect plant tissue from photooxidative damage. The herbicides which interacted synergistically with dichlormid are believed to generate their phytotoxic action via the production of excess singlet oxygen. It is suggested that the decreased ascorbate levels in the Ipomoea hederacea cotyledons after dichlormid treatment result in an impaired singlet oxygen scavenging system and consequently lead to increased plant damage in the presence of singlet oxygen generating herbicides.

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21

Jitender, Sandeep, Bishan Singh e Pradeep Kumar. "Chemical Weed Management in Wheat- A review". Journal of Agriculture Research and Technology Special, n. 01 (2022): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.56228/jart.2022.sp123.

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Abstract (sommario):

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the major cereal food crops of the world and has very important role in attaining food security. Introduction of dwarf wheat varieties coupled with intensive input (assured irrigation and fertilizers) use after Green Revolution led to complex problem of both grassy and broad leaved weeds. Weed management is very important for achieving higher wheat production. Mechanical, cultural, biological and chemical methods can be adopted for weed management in wheat. Due to industrialization, labour is becoming scarce and costly. Among these methods, chemical weed control is more efficient, less costly and less time consuming. Pre-emergence herbicides cannot control the late flushes of weeds especially, grassy weeds. Post emergence herbicides are very effective against weeds in wheat. However, herbicides are effective against some weed groups due to mode of action and they do not kill other weeds. To control other weeds, another herbicide is needed which involves more cost, time and labour. To overcome this, sequential application of herbicides, herbicidal mixtures and herbicidal combinations are used. The herbicidal combinations could be very effective against both grassy as well as broad leaved weeds and help to reduce cost, time and labour. Application herbicidal combinations viz. clodinafop + metsulfuron (vesta) 60 g ha-1, sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron (total) 32 g ha-1 and mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron (atlantis) 14.4 g ha-1 as well as tank mixture of pinoxaden + carfentrazone (50 + 20 g ha-1) is the best way for managing complex weed flora in wheat as of now. Modification in application method like tank mixture with micronutrients also have potential of increasing the weed control efficiency of herbicides and yield of wheat. To give precise and concise information weed management in wheat, his article reviews the latest herbicides recommended for weed management in wheat. Recent advances in herbicidal mixture, combinations and application techniques are also being included in this review.

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22

Sukhoverkov, Kirill V., Maxime G. Corral, Julie Leroux, Joel Haywood, Philipp Johnen, Trevor Newton, Keith A. Stubbs e Joshua S. Mylne. "Improved herbicide discovery using physico-chemical rules refined by antimalarial library screening". RSC Advances 11, n. 15 (2021): 8459–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra00914a.

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Abstract (sommario):

Trawling hundreds of antimalarials for herbicides, we develop a weighted scoring system for the phys-chem ‘rules’ of herbicide-likeness. Using this, we discover the antimalarial MMV1206386 is herbicidal via a novel mode of action.

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23

Parshad, Jagdish, Dharam Bir Yadav, Satbir Singh Punia, Kuldeep Singh e Baljeet Singh. "Assessment of soil micro flora in rice-wheat cropping system through continuous and rotational herbicide applications". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 17, n. 2 (15 giugno 2021): 455–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/17.2/455-461.

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Abstract (sommario):

A long term experiment was conducted at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Uchani (Karnal), India. Assessment of fix and rotational herbicides with and without green manure on the microbial population were studied in wheat crop during 2017-18. The treatments included fix/continuous herbicide (Clodinafop) and rotational herbicide (Sulfosulfuron) to control weeds along with weed free and weedy checks. Rhizosphere samples of wheat were collected from different plots of fixed and rotational herbicides treated soil to assess the total bacterial count, phosphate solubilizing microorganisms, actinobacteria, fungi and free-living diazotrophs. Weed free and weedy check served as check (control) for total microbial populations in the soil. Initially, herbicidal application showed negative effect on the soil microbes but retain the number later on as compared to weedy check under both conditions. But the effects of the herbicides on the micro flora in soil could be nullified through green manure.

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24

Jones, Eric A. L., e Micheal D. K. Owen. "Investigating the Efficacy of Selected Very-Long-Chain Fatty Acid-Inhibiting Herbicides on Iowa Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) Populations with Evolved Multiple Herbicide Resistances". Agronomy 11, n. 3 (21 marzo 2021): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030595.

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Very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA)-inhibiting herbicides (Herbicide group (HG) 15) have been applied to corn and soybean fields in Iowa since the 1960s. The VLCFA-inhibiting herbicides are now applied more frequently to control multiple herbicide-resistant (MHR) waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus Moq. J.D. Sauer) populations that are ubiquitous across the Midwest United States as resistance to the VLCFA-inhibiting herbicides is not widespread. Waterhemp has evolved multiple resistances to herbicides from seven sites of action (HG 2, 4, 5, 9, 14, 15, and 27), and six-way herbicide-resistant populations have been confirmed. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine if selected Iowa waterhemp populations are less sensitive to VLCFA-inhibiting herbicides when additional herbicide resistance traits have evolved within the selected population. Dose–response assays were conducted in a germination chamber to determine the efficacy of three selected VLCFA-inhibiting herbicides (acetochlor, S-metolachlor, and flufenacet) on selected Iowa MHR waterhemp populations. An herbicide-susceptible, three-way, four-way, and five-way herbicide-resistant waterhemp population responded to the herbicide treatments differently; however, several of the four-way and five-way herbicide-resistant populations exhibited resistance ratios greater than 1 when treated with acetochlor and S-metolachlor. Selected four-way herbicide-resistant waterhemp populations from Iowa were subjected to a dose–response assay in the field using the same VLCFA-inhibiting herbicides, and all herbicides achieved control greater than 80% at the maximum labeled rate. The results of the experiments provide evidence that some MHR waterhemp populations may exhibit decreased susceptibility the VLCFA-inhibiting herbicides, but generally, these herbicides remain efficacious on Iowa MHR waterhemp populations.

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Hakim, Md Abdul, Abdul Shukor Juraimi, S. M. Rezaul Karim, Md Sirajul Islam Khan, Mohammad Sohidul Islam, M. Kaium Choudhury, Walid Soufan et al. "Effectiveness of Herbicide to Control Rice Weeds in Diverse Saline Environments". Sustainability 13, n. 4 (14 febbraio 2021): 2053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042053.

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Abstract (sommario):

To mitigate environmental pollution and food contamination caused by inappropriate and excessive herbicide usage, most potent herbicides should be screened to control rice weeds. A research trial was executed for assessing the comparative efficacy of different herbicides to control rice field weeds and to evaluate the toxicity on rice under normal (distilled water) as well as different salinity levels (4 and 8 dS m−1). The study was designed to select the most potent herbicide and its appropriate dose for weed control of rice crop in coastal areas. Fourteen herbicidal treatments were included weed free crop, Pretilachlor (0.25, 0.50, 0.375 and 0.75 kg a.i. ha−1), Propanil + Thiobencarb (0.6 + 1.2, 0.9 + 1.8, 1.2 + 2.4 and 1.8 + 3.6 kg a.i. ha−1), Bensulfuron + MCPA (0.03 + 0.05, 0.045 + 0.075, 0.06 + 0.1 and 0.09 + 0.15 kg a.i. ha−1) and weedy check (control). The results revealed that all tested herbicides in higher than recommended doses for non-saline rice fields were effective in controlling Cyperus iria, Echinochloa colona (salt-tolerant) and Jussiaea linifolia but showed in light injury in rice plants grown in non-saline soils. These higher doses of herbicides recorded severe crop injury under saline conditions indicating their differential efficacy from normal non-saline conditions. Treatments including Pretilachlor (0.375kg a.i. ha−1), Propanil + Thiobencarb (0.9 + 1.8 kg ai/ha), Bensulfuron + MCPA (0.06 + 0.1 kg a.i. ha−1) and Pretilachlor (0.50 kg a.i. ha−1) remained superior in terms of weed control and grain yield production under all salinitylevels at TanjungKarang, Malaysia. It is concluded that herbicides respond differently under saline conditions and optimization of their doses potentially prevent herbicidal injury in rice plants.

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Subba-Rao, Ravva V., Thomas H. Cromartie e Reed A. Gray. "Methodology in Accelerated Biodegradation of Herbicides". Weed Technology 1, n. 4 (ottobre 1987): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00029869.

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Abstract (sommario):

Accelerated biodegradation of herbicides in soils can be demonstrated in the laboratory either by treating soil samples with a herbicide under conditions favorable for microbial growth or by sampling field soils soon after herbicidal treatment. Quantitative measurement of accelerated degradation of thiocarbamates in field soils is complicated by the difficulty both of obtaining a proper untreated soil and of obtaining a representative sample by proper mixing of treated soil. Both bacteria and fungi degrade thiocarbamate herbicides, and examples of either class of organisms can be isolated by suitable selection and enrichment conditions. The enzymes involved in the initial steps of thiocarbamate biodegradation seem labile and have not been characterized. Studies of accelerated biodegradation of pesticides should measure the disappearance of the parent or active herbicide using chemical analyses or bioassays. Measuring accelerated biodegradation by determining metabolites (including CO2) is complicated by potential formation of other products, by incorporation of radioactivity into soil microflora, and by complex kinetics partly due to co-metabolism of the herbicide. Additional index words: EPTC, butylate.

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Swanson, Bert T., e James B. Calkins. "Weed Control Strategies for Field- and Container-grown Herbaceous Perennials". HortScience 30, n. 4 (luglio 1995): 894E—894. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.894e.

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Abstract (sommario):

Fourteen herbicides or herbicide combinations, a wood chip mulch, a chipped rubber tire mulch, and a newspaper mulch were evaluated for weed control efficacy and potential phytotoxicity using 12 species of herbaceous perennials under field-growing conditions. Nineteen herbicides or herbicide combinations were similarly evaluated under container-growing conditions using 11 species of herbaceous perennials. The effect of herbicide application time also was monitored through application of herbicides to dormant and actively growing plants. Herbicides and mulch treatments were compared to weeded and nonweeded controls. Herbicide phytotoxicity effects were dependent on the age and species of the herbaceous perennial and herbicide application timing. Herbicide injury was generally greater for newly established plants compared to established plants. Although injury was usually reduced when herbicides were applied to dormant plants, injury was sometimes greater when herbicides were applied in early spring compared to applications made in late spring after complete herbaceous perennial emergence. This effect resulted in injury to young shoots that had emerged before the earliest possible time that herbicides could be applied in early spring. A wood chip mulch provided the most effective weed control and highest quality plants under field growing conditions. Several of the herbicides evaluated demonstrated potential for weed control in both field and container herbaceous perennial production systems and landscape plantings.

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S., Adarsh, Shilpa S., Ameena M., Susha V.S., Sreelekshmi K., Renjan B., Fathima Umkhulzum, Sethulakshmi V.S. e Shifina Shanavas. "A Review on Nano Herbicides: The Future of Weed Management". Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology 27, n. 7 (1 luglio 2024): 1244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2024/v27i71085.

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Abstract (sommario):

Weeds pose significant challenges to global agricultural productivity, with India alone experiencing annual losses of $11 billion due to weed infestations, despite the extensive use of herbicides. The drawbacks of conventional herbicide formulations contribute to their suboptimal performance. Rotating herbicides and use of appropriate mixtures are two key approaches to suppress the weed floral shift and resistance development to herbicide in weeds. Doubts persist regarding the effectiveness of these herbicides, prompting the exploration of more efficient control methods. Using lower amounts of herbicides is preferred because it decreases the lasting impact of herbicide residues in agricultural regions and their environmental toxicity. Nano herbicides can facilitate the efficient transport of herbicides to weed plants, thereby minimizing the buildup of residues in the soil. Nanotechnology emerges as a promising avenue for herbicide development, offering 'Smart herbicides' with heightened effectiveness and reduced application volumes. Nano herbicides employ innovative mechanisms, effectively depleting weed seed banks, degrading germination inhibitors, and facilitating gradual herbicide release. Techniques like damaging weed pollen grains and utilising carbon nanotubes demonstrate inventive approaches to seed bank depletion. Controlled release formulations ensure prolonged and efficient weed suppression while minimising environmental impact. Moreover, incorporating metal ions accelerates herbicide residue degradation, mitigating environmental persistence. Enhanced plant growth with nano herbicide application emphasizes their potential as sustainable weed control solutions. However, further research is essential to ensure their safety and efficacy before widespread adoption in commercial agriculture, addressing potential risks associated with their application. Introducing nano herbicides signifies a significant advancement in sustainable weed management practices, promising a future where agricultural productivity can be safeguarded against weed infestations.

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Leon, Ramon G., e J. Bryan Unruh. "Turfgrass Herbicides: Mechanisms of Action and Resistance Management". EDIS 2015, n. 7 (9 ottobre 2015): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-ag398-2015.

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Abstract (sommario):

Herbicides are an effective tool for controlling weeds in turfgrass; however, weeds can become resistant to herbicides and create significant problems for turfgrass production. The best way to combat herbicide resistance is to rotate herbicides with different mechanisms of action (MOA) because using herbicides with different MOAs makes it more likely that weeds resistant to one herbicide will encounter an herbicide to which they are not resistant. This 4-page fact sheet focuses on how to create an herbicide program that uses different MOAs to manage resistant weeds. Written by Ramon G. Leon and Bryan Unruh, and published by the UF Department of Agronomy, August 2015. SS-AGR-394/AG398: Turfgrass Herbicides: Mechanisms of Action and Resistance Management (ufl.edu)

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Meyer, Christopher J., Jason K. Norsworthy, Bryan G. Young, Lawrence E. Steckel, Kevin W. Bradley, William G. Johnson, Mark M. Loux et al. "Herbicide Program Approaches for Managing Glyphosate-Resistant Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatusandAmaranthus rudis) in Future Soybean-Trait Technologies". Weed Technology 29, n. 4 (dicembre 2015): 716–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-15-00045.1.

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Abstract (sommario):

Herbicide-resistantAmaranthusspp. continue to cause management difficulties in soybean. New soybean technologies under development, including resistance to various combinations of glyphosate, glufosinate, dicamba, 2,4-D, isoxaflutole, and mesotrione, will make possible the use of additional herbicide sites of action in soybean than is currently available. When this research was conducted, these soybean traits were still regulated and testing herbicide programs with the appropriate soybean genetics in a single experiment was not feasible. Therefore, the effectiveness of various herbicide programs (PRE herbicides followed by POST herbicides) was evaluated in bare-ground experiments on glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth and glyphosate-resistant waterhemp (both tall and common) at locations in Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Nebraska, and Tennessee. Twenty-five herbicide programs were evaluated; 5 of which were PRE herbicides only, 10 were PRE herbicides followed by POST herbicides 3 to 4 wks after (WA) the PRE application (EPOST), and 10 were PRE herbicides followed by POST herbicides 6 to 7 WA the PRE application (LPOST). Programs with EPOST herbicides provided 94% or greater control of Palmer amaranth and waterhemp at 3 to 4 WA the EPOST. Overall, programs with LPOST herbicides resulted in a period of weed emergence in which weeds would typically compete with a crop. Weeds were not completely controlled with the LPOST herbicides because weed sizes were larger (≥ 15 cm) compared with their sizes at the EPOST application (≤ 7 cm). Most programs with LPOST herbicides provided 80 to 95% control at 3 to 4 WA applied LPOST. Based on an orthogonal contrast, using a synthetic-auxin herbicide LPOST improves control of Palmer amaranth and waterhemp over programs not containing a synthetic-auxin LPOST. These results show herbicides that can be used in soybean and that contain auxinic- or HPPD-resistant traits will provide growers with an opportunity for better control of glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth and waterhemp over a wide range of geographies and environments.

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Cruz, Anna Bárbara de Souza, Paulo Roberto Ribeiro Rocha, José Anchieta Alves Albuquerque, José Maria Arcanjo Alves, Diego Lima de Souza Cruz, Everton Luis Finoto e Guilherme Xavier Lúcio dos Santos. "SELETIVIDADE DE HERBICIDAS APLICADOS EM PRÉ E PÓS-EMERGÊNCIA NA CULTURA DO FEIJÃO-CAUPI NA SAVANA AMAZÔNICA". Nativa 6, n. 6 (5 novembre 2018): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v6i6.5732.

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Abstract (sommario):

O feijão-caupi é uma fabácea bastante cultivada no Brasil, principalmente nas regiões Norte e Nordeste. Entretanto, a produtividade desta cultura é baixa, e dentre os fatores que contribuem para a baixa produtividade está a interferência causada pelas plantas daninhas. O manejo químico das plantas é um método de manejo promissor, embora haja poucas informações para o feijão-caupi. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a seletividade de herbicidas aplicados em pré e pós-emergência do feijão-caupi na Savana Amazônica. Foram instalados dois experimentos, um com aplicação de oito herbicidas em pré-emergência e outro com aplicação de oito herbicidas em pós-emergência, mais um tratamento com capina e outro sem capina, totalizando dez tratamentos em cada experimento. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: Fitotoxicidade, número de vagens por planta, número de grãos por vagem, massa de 100 grãos e produtividade. O herbicida metribuzin não é recomendado em pré-emergência na cultura do feijão-caupi, por não ser seletivo a esta cultura, assim como os pós-emergentes fomezafen, imazethapyr, imazamox, quizalofop-p-ethyl + imazethapyr.Os herbicidas oxadiazon, em pré-emergência, e quizalofop-p-ethyl + imazamox, em pós-emergência, são recomendados como estratégias de controle de plantas daninhas no feijão-caupi, por serem seletivos à cultura, não apresentando fitotoxicidade e não reduzindo a produtividade.Palavras-chave: controle químico, plantas daninhas, produtividade, Vignaunguiculata. SELECTIVITY OF PRE AND POST-EMERGENCY HERBICIDES APPLIED COWPEA IN THE AMAZON SAVANNAH ABSTRACT: Cowpea is a well-grown fabaceae in Brazil, mainly in the North and Northeast regions. However, the productivity of this crop is low, and among the factors that contribute to lower productivity is the interference caused by weeds. The chemical management of plants is a promising management method, although there is little information for cowpea. The objective of this work was to evaluate the selectivity of herbicides applied in pre and post emergence of cowpea in the Amazon Savannah. Two experiments were applied, one with application of eight herbicides in pre-emergence and the other with application of eight herbicides in the post-emergence, one treatment with weeding and another treatment without weeding, totalizing ten treatments in each experiment. The following parameters were evaluated: Phytotoxicity, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, mass of 100 grains and productivity. The herbicide metribuzin is not recommended in pre-emergence in cowpea because it is not selective to this crop, as well as the post-emergent fomezafen, imazethapyr, imazamox, quizalofop-p-ethyl + imazethapyr. Pre-emergence oxadiazon and post-emergence quizalofop-p-ethyl + imazamox herbicides are recommended as weed control strategies in cowpea because they are selective to the crop, not presenting phytotoxicity and not reducing productivity.Keywords: chemical control, weed, Vigna unguiculata, productivity.

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Klar, Antônio Evaldo, Maria Renata Rocha Pereira e Dagoberto Martins. "POTENCIAIS HÍDRICOS NO SOLO SOBRE A EFICÁCIA DE HERBICIDAS EM Cenchrus echinatus L." IRRIGA 1, n. 1 (12 giugno 2015): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2015v1n1p123.

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POTENCIAIS HÍDRICOS NO SOLO SOBRE A EFICÁCIA DE HERBICIDAS EM Cenchrus echinatus L. ANTONIO EVALDO KLAR1; MARIA RENATA ROCHA PEREIRA2 E DAGOBERTO MARTINS3 1.Prof. Emérito, Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - FCA, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, klar@fca.unesp.br2.Engenheira Florestal, Professora, Doutora, Faculdade de Tecnologia de Capão Bonito - FATEC, Capão Bonito, SP, mariarenatarp@hotmail.com;3.Professor Livre-Docente, Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - FCA, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, dmartins@fca.unesp.br 1 RESUMO Este trabalho objetivou relacionar a eficiência de controle de herbicidas inibidores da ACCase, aplicados em pós-emergência em plantas de Cenchrus echinatus submetidas a diferentes teores de água no solo, conduzido em casa-de-vegetação com a aplicação de três diferentes herbicidas (fluazifop-p-butil, haloxyfop-methyl e sethoxydim + óleo mineral Assist). O delineamento experimental utilizado para cada herbicida foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, constituído de um fatorial 3 x 4, sendo a combinação de três potenciais mínimos de água do solo (Ψ = -0,03; -0,07 e -1,5 MPa) e quatro doses destes produtos (100, 50, 25 e 0% da dose recomendada). A aplicação dos herbicidas foi efetuada no estádio vegetativo de 4-6 folhas e os manejos hídricos foram iniciados no estádio de desenvolvimento de duas folhas, repondo-se a água quando o solo atingia os Ψ mínimos até o solo atingir o Ψ de -0,01 MPa para os três níveis citados. As avaliações visuais de fitotoxicidade foram realizadas semanalmente, dos 7 aos 28 dias após a aplicação e a matéria seca das plantas ao final destas. A eficiência de controle dos diferentes herbicidas foi influenciada pelos manejos hídricos, sendo menor em plantas mantidas em potencial mínimo de água no solo de -1,5 MPa, para todos os herbicidas estudados. Palavras-chave: capim-carrapicho, controle químico, restrição hídrica, planta daninha. KLAR, A. E.1; PEREIRA, M. R. R.2; MARTINS, D.3WATER POTENTIAL IN THE SOIL ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HERBICIDES IN Cenchrus echinatus L 2 ABSTRACT This study aimed at relating the efficiency of ACCase-inhibiting herbicides applied to post-emergence Cenchrus echinatus plants with three different herbicide applications (fluazifop-p-butyl, haloxyfop-methyl and sethoxydim + Assist mineral oil). The plants were under different water levels in the soil, and the experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using a completely randomized experimental design with four replicates and a 3 x 4 factorial design with three minimum soil water potential ( Ψ = -0.03; -0.07 and -1.5 MPa) and four doses of the products (100, 50, 25 and 0% recommended dose). Herbicide application was performed at the 4-6-leaf vegetative stage and water management was initiated at the 2 leaf-development stage. Water was replaced when the soil reached minimum Ψ of -0.01 MPa for the three levels mentioned. Visual evaluations of phytotoxicity were performed weekly from 7 to 28 days after application and, thereafter, the evaluation of plant dry matter. The efficiency of control of the different herbicides was affected by water management, being lower in plants grown in minimum soil water potential of -1.5 MPa for all study herbicides. Keywords: sandbur, chemical control, water restriction, weed.

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33

Song, Hakyoon, Sangchun Choi, Yoon Seok Jung, Eunjung Park e Hyukhoon Kim. "Characteristics of Acute Herbicide Poisoning: Focused on Chlorophenoxy Herbicide". Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology 17, n. 2 (31 dicembre 2019): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22537/jksct.2019.17.2.126.

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Purpose: Herbicide-related mortality has decreased since the complete ban of paraquat product sales in 2012, but there still have been other herbicides intoxications with relatively severe complications. Glyphosate and glufosinate herbicides are used widely, and considerable research has been conducted. Chlorophenoxy herbicide is another major herbicide that has shown poor outcomes and mortality without proper management, but research in this area is lacking. Therefore, this study compared the clinical features of chlorophenoxy herbicide with those of other herbicides. Methods: The medical records of patients exposed to herbicides at a tertiary academic university hospital in Korea from May 2014 to April 2019 were reviewed retrospectively. The demographic and clinical data of 135 patients were then analyzed to identify the recent herbicides intoxication trends after the paraquat sales ban, focusing mainly on chlorophenoxy herbicide poisoning. Results: Of the 135 patients, 13 patients (9.6%) had chlorophenoxy herbicide poisoning. No significant differences in all the variables were observed between the chlorophenoxy herbicide poisoning group and non-chlorophenoxy herbicides poisoning groups. Toxic symptoms after poisoning varied from nothing noticeable to confusion; none of the patients had severe complications after their treatments. Conclusion: Acute chlorophenoxy poisoning is relatively less severe, with lower mortality rates than glyphosate and glufosinate poisoning.

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34

Song, Hakyoon, Sangchun Choi, Yoon Seok Jung, Eunjung Park e Hyukhoon Kim. "Characteristics of Acute Herbicide Poisoning: Focused on Chlorophenoxy Herbicide". Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology 17, n. 2 (31 dicembre 2019): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22537/jksct.17.2.126.

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Purpose: Herbicide-related mortality has decreased since the complete ban of paraquat product sales in 2012, but there still have been other herbicides intoxications with relatively severe complications. Glyphosate and glufosinate herbicides are used widely, and considerable research has been conducted. Chlorophenoxy herbicide is another major herbicide that has shown poor outcomes and mortality without proper management, but research in this area is lacking. Therefore, this study compared the clinical features of chlorophenoxy herbicide with those of other herbicides. Methods: The medical records of patients exposed to herbicides at a tertiary academic university hospital in Korea from May 2014 to April 2019 were reviewed retrospectively. The demographic and clinical data of 135 patients were then analyzed to identify the recent herbicides intoxication trends after the paraquat sales ban, focusing mainly on chlorophenoxy herbicide poisoning. Results: Of the 135 patients, 13 patients (9.6%) had chlorophenoxy herbicide poisoning. No significant differences in all the variables were observed between the chlorophenoxy herbicide poisoning group and non-chlorophenoxy herbicides poisoning groups. Toxic symptoms after poisoning varied from nothing noticeable to confusion; none of the patients had severe complications after their treatments. Conclusion: Acute chlorophenoxy poisoning is relatively less severe, with lower mortality rates than glyphosate and glufosinate poisoning.

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35

Lobachev, Yuriy Viktorovich, e Valeriy Tikonovich Krasilnikov. "Variability and interconnection of economically useful indicators of soybeans under the influence of herbicides". Agrarian Scientific Journal, n. 5 (25 maggio 2020): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2020i5pp19-22.

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Under the conditions of the Right Bank of the Saratov Region, the effect of four herbicides, two new tank mixtures and two new compositions of herbicides on the value and variability of the following indicators of soybeans: “grain yield”, “number of beans from a plant”, “the number of grains per plant", "the mass of 1000 grains", "the protein content in the grain” was studied in three field experiments using two-way variance and correlation analysis. The relationships between grain yield and elements of its structure, grain yield and protein content in grain are studied. All studied variants after application of herbicides significantly exceeded the control variant in grain yield. Options with the use of a new tank mixture of frontier optima + gezagard herbicides, frontier optima + galaxy top herbicidal compositions, hezagard + galaxy top herbicide compositions significantly exceeded the grain yield after application of herbicides. This led to a decrease in the variability of the studied indicators and changed the nature of the correlation dependence of grain productivity with other economically useful indicators of soybeans. The specific effect of the application of individual herbicides, their tank mixtures and compositions on the variability and interconnection of economically useful indicators of soybeans has been established.

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36

Delchev, G. "Efficacy of herbicides, herbicide combinations and herbicide tank mixtures on lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)". Agricultural Science and Technology 14, n. 3 (settembre 2022): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ast.2022.03.035.

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Abstract. The research was conducted during 2019 - 2021 on pellic vertisol soil type. Under investigation was lentil cultivar Ilina (Lens culinaris Medik.). A total of 23 variants were investigated: untreated control, 8 herbicides – Pendistar 40 SC (pendimethalin), Dual gold 960 EC (S-metolachlor), Lentagran VP (pyridate), Challenge 600 SC (aclonifen), Zencor 600 SC (metribuzin), Wish top (quizalofop-P-ethyl), Zetrola (propaquizafop) and Passat 40 (imazamox), as well as combinations and tank mixtures between them. Soil-applied herbicides were used during the period after sowing before emergence. Foliar-applied herbicides were used during 2-3, 4-5 or 6-7 real leaf stage of the lentil. All of the herbicides, herbicide combinations and herbicide tank-mixtures were applied in a working solution of 300 l/ha. Mixing of foliar-applied herbicides was done in the tank on the sprayer. The combinations of herbicide Lentagran with soil-applied herbicides Pendistar and Dual gold, as well as herbicides Challenge with foliar-applied herbicides Wish top and Zetrola had an additive effect on herbicide efficacy. The herbicides Lentagran and Zencor, as well as their combinations, successfully controlled Clearfield and ExpressSun sunflower self-sown plants in lentil crops. The foliar-applied herbicide Passat controlled all annual and perennial broadleaved and graminaceous weeds and self-sown plants. The use of foliar-applied herbicide Passat and soil-applied herbicide Zencor at a dose of 900 g/ha led to high phytotoxicity in lentil plants – rate 3 according to the scale of EWRS. Double use of Zencor at doses of 600 + 300 g/ha and the combined use of the herbicides Challenge and Zetrola led to low phytotoxicity in lentil – rate 2 according to the scale of EWRS. The highest yields of lentil seeds were obtained by use of herbicide combinations Pendistar 5 l/ha + Lentagran 500 + 500 ml/ha and Pendistar 5 l/ha + Lentagran 1 l/ha. High yields were also obtained when combining Challenge 3 + 1 l/ha with Wish top 1.25 l/ha, as well as by the herbicide combination Challenge 4 l/ha + Wish top 1.25 l/ha.

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37

Radchenko, M., I. Ponomareva, I. Pozynych e Ye Morderer. "Stress and use of herbicides in field crops". Agricultural Science and Practice 8, n. 3 (20 dicembre 2021): 50–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/agrisp8.03.050.

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When herbicides are combined under natural conditions or applied in stress conditions (drought, for instance), the efficiency of their action may decrease which results in considerable yield losses. The reason thereto is that another herbicide or stressor can trigger the adaptation mechanism in weed plants, and they survive, resulting in weed infestation. In particular, it applies to such herbicides as acetyl-CoA-carboxylase inhibitors or so- called graminicides, which are effective only for grass weeds control. The efficiency of this groups of herbi- cides is heavily dependent on the environment and often decreases when combined with herbicides, efficient against dicotyledon weeds. It turns out that this occurs due to the fact their final phytotoxicity is not determined at the level of the site of action (herbicide target) but depends on the stage of herbicide-induced pathogenesis – processes, occurring due to the interaction between the herbicide and its site of action. The stress response of the weeds may make its contribution into herbicide-induced pathogenesis. Plants are known to respond to the action of various abiotic stressors in the form of non-specific stress response and depending on the intensity and duration of the stressor’s action, a plant either adapts or dies. At present there are sufficient data, demonstrating that programmed cell death (PCD) is involved in the herbicide-induced pathogenesis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) induce PCD in specific classes of herbicides. The participation of ROS and PCD in herbicide-induced pathogenesis allows for targeted effects on the phytotoxic action of herbicides, for instance, via combined application of herbicides with possible PCD inducers and prooxidants. The confirmation of the role of non- specific response in the development of phytotoxic action of herbicides is found in the phenomena of cross- adaptation (activation of antioxidant defense) and cross-synergism (activation of oxidative stress) under the application of herbicides. Based on our own research and literature data, the importance of cross-adaptation and cross-synergism in applying herbicides in drought conditions and to determine the nature of the interac- tion in herbicide complexes is discussed. In particular, the review discusses the reduction of phytotoxicity of the ACCase herbicides due to the phenomenon of cross-adaptation in drought conditions and in combination with herbicides, which are acetolactate synthase inhibitors. The results of investigations were presented about the reduction of antagonism in the mixtures of herbicides, which are ACCase and ALS inhibitors, because of the use of substances with prooxidant properties, as well as the inhibitor of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase. On the other hand, we analyzed the possibility of increasing the phytotoxic effect of herbicides, ACCase inhibitors, in combination with herbicides with prooxidant properties – inhibitors of electron transport in Photosystem 2 (FS 2) chloroplasts and protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PROTOX) inhibitors. It became the foundation for the elaboration of efficient herbicide compositions for wheat and onion fields. While combining herbicides, the issue of synergism is becoming relevant due to the problem of the spread of target-site resis- tance, since, to prevent this type of resistance, it is necessary to combine herbicides with different mechanisms of phytotoxicity. The presented data demonstrate that the increased activity of antioxidant defense systems, which is the result of a long process of evolutionary adaptation of weeds to the action of abiotic stressors, is an element of non-target-site-based resistance to herbicides. Possible ways to prevent the negative impact of non-specific stress response on the efficiency of herbicides, as well as the prospects of the chemical method of weeds control are discussed.

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38

Karlik, John F., e Martha P. Gonzalez. "Evaluation of Herbicides for Phytotoxicity to Rose Plants and Efficacy". HortScience 32, n. 3 (giugno 1997): 429C—429. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.429c.

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Roses are likely the most popular garden plant in the United States, and cultivars are also used as landscape plant materials. Three herbicide trials with two main objectives were conducted with rose plants. The first objective was to evaluate injury to the roses when over-sprayed at various stages of growth. The second objective was to evaluate the efficacy of the herbicides. All herbicides were used at label rates and applied over the top of rose plants. In the first trial, the pre-emergent herbicides pendimethalin, oryzalin, trifluralin, metolachlor, napropamide, and oxyfluorfen were applied to plots containing dormant roses with ≈1-cm shoots just pushing. Evaluations of shoot length taken over the next 6 weeks showed no differences in growth of rose plants, but weed populations were reduced. In the second trial, five post-emergent herbicides were applied to plots containing dormant roses. Herbicides evaluated included the grass herbicides fluazifop-p-butyl, sethoxydim, and clethodim. The nonselective herbicide glyphosate was included in the trial, as was a combination herbicide containing 2,4-D, mecoprop, and dicamba. There was no visible injury to rose plants until 6 weeks after treatment. At that time, roses treated with glyphosate had shorter shoots. Recovery from glyphosate appeared more rapidly than recovery from the combination herbicide. Weed control varied with each herbicide. The third trial evaluated the same five herbicides for control of bermudagrass in late spring. Injury to roses was noted immediately from the combination herbicide and glyphosate. All the grass herbicides and glyphosate were effective in controlling bermudagrass.

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39

Lawrence, Ernest G., Horace D. Skipper, Dewitt T. Gooden, Joseph P. Zublena e James E. Struble. "Persistence of Carbamothioate Herbicides in Soils Pretreated with Butylate". Weed Science 38, n. 2 (marzo 1990): 194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500056368.

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Field and laboratory studies were conducted to examine effects of prior butylate use on biodegradation of subsequent applications of butylate and four other carbamothioate herbicides. Bioassays were used to demonstrate reductions of butylate and EPTC activity in four soils preconditioned by annual butylate applications. Combining these herbicides with dietholate, an enzyme inhibitor, prolonged persistence and restored normal herbicidal activity. Expected herbicidal efficacy occurred in adjacent plots with no history of carbamothioate use. Prior applications of butylate resulted in cross-adapted degradation of EPTC but not vernolate, pebulate, or cycloate. When samples of Cecil soil were treated in the laboratory with14C-butylate, evolution of14CO2was significantly higher from soils that had received repeated field applications of butylate. The use of14C-herbkides could be used to predict problem soils and potential herbicide failure.

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40

Gressel, Jonathan, e Lee A. Segel. "Negative Cross Resistance; a Possible Key to Atrazine Resistance Management: A Call for Whole Plant Data". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 45, n. 5 (1 maggio 1990): 470–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1990-0528.

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Many photosystem II inhibiting herbicides still inhibit this process in triazine-resistant plants; i.e. they have no cross resistance with atrazine. Five- to twenty-fold lower concentrations of phenolic type herbicidcs and 5-fold less of the active ingredient of pyridate and half as much ioxynil are required to inhibit thylakoid PS II in atrazine-resistant biotypes than in sensitive biotypes; i.e., they even show “negative cross resistance”. Negative cross resistance may be the major reason that atrazine resistance did not evolve where herbicide mixtures were used, when the mixed herbicide (usually a non-PS II inhibiting acetanilide) also controlled triazine-sensitivc weeds. Mathematical modeling in principle allows quantification of the very low field levels of herbicides possessing negative cross resistance that could be mixed with atrazine that would stop or delay the evolution of resistant populations without affecting the maize crop. There are few available actual dose response curves of atrazine-resistant vs. susceptible weeds at the whole plant level for herbicidcs exerting negative cross resistance. Thus, “real situation” modeling cannot be done. Data acquisition is called for so that the model can be extrapolated from the thylakoid to the field.

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41

He, Bo, Yanhao Hu, Wen Wang, Wei Yan e Yonghao Ye. "The Progress towards Novel Herbicide Modes of Action and Targeted Herbicide Development". Agronomy 12, n. 11 (9 novembre 2022): 2792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112792.

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To date, effectively controlling resistant weeds has been a great challenge in modern agricultural production. Developing new modes of action of herbicides would be an efficient, convenient, and timely means of controlling resistant weeds. In particular, new modes of herbicide action do not appear to have evolutionary resistance or cross-resistance with existing herbicides. However, a few successful herbicides with new modes of action (MoAs) have been marketed in the past 20 years. In this paper, we analyzed limiting factors for the slow development of novel herbicide MoAs. We then summarized the positive herbicide targets for the herbicides that have been discovered in recent years, such as Solanyl Diphosphate Synthase (SPS), Fatty Acid Thioesterase (FAT), Plastid Peptide Deformylase (PDEF), and Dihydroxy-Acid Dehydratase (DHAD). Some commercial herbicide varieties have been obtained based on novel herbicide targets, such as Homogentisate Solanesyltransferase (HST) and Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase (DHODH). This provides a new reference and idea for herbicide molecular design in the future. In addition, some practical and efficient methods were mentioned for the rational design, discovery, and development of targeted herbicides development. In order to overcome the adverse conditions of compound druggability, prodrug strategies are also used in herbicide development, which can optimize the administration, permeability, absorption, and distribution of the original drug molecule or a candidate compound and may provide more possibilities for the development of new herbicides. The development of new herbicides is fascinating, the challenges and rewards are great, and the path to success is becoming more apparent.

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42

Rauch, Traci A., Donald C. Thill, Seth A. Gersdorf e William J. Price. "Widespread Occurrence of Herbicide-Resistant Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in Northern Idaho and Eastern Washington". Weed Technology 24, n. 3 (settembre 2010): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-09-00059.1.

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Persistent use of herbicides has resulted in the selection of many herbicide-resistant weeds worldwide. A survey of 75 fields in the Palouse region of the inland Pacific Northwest was conducted to determine the extent of Italian ryegrass resistance to grass herbicides commonly used in winter wheat-cropping systems. Plants grown from collected seed samples were tested for resistance to diclofop, clodinafop, quizalofop, tralkoxydim, sethoxydim, clethodim, pinoxaden, triasulfuron, mesosulfuron, flucarbazone, imazamox, and flufenacet/metribuzin. Averaged across herbicide families within a herbicide group, some level of resistance was exhibited in 73, 31, and 31% of the populations to the aryloxyphenoxypropionates, cyclohexanediones, and phenylpyrazoline herbicides, respectively, and 39, 53, and 55% of the populations to the sulfonylureas, sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone, and imidazolinone herbicides, respectively. Twelve percent of the populations showed some level of resistance to flufenacet/metribuzin. Cross-resistance to all acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase-inhibiting (group 1) herbicides was observed in 12% of the populations, whereas 25% of the populations were cross-resistant to all acetolactate synthase-inhibiting (group 2) herbicides tested. Of all the populations tested, 7% exhibited multiple resistance to at least one herbicide within all three groups tested. Only 5% of populations were completely susceptible to all 12 herbicides tested. These results indicate that herbicide-resistant Italian ryegrass populations are now common across much of the Palouse region in northern Idaho and eastern Washington.

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Kravchenko, Nelly, Elena Nefedeva, Anastasia Timofeeva, Victoria Pleskacheva e Sergey Belopukhov. "The effect of a new multicomponent herbicide based on phenylcarbamates on sugar beet plants". АгроЭкоИнфо 3, n. 63 (30 giugno 2024): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/202143318.

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The use of chemical herbicides to control weeds is part of the growing process for most major crops. However, if applied regularly, they can lead to contamination of soil and groundwater, as well as accumulation of residues in crops and the emergence of resistant weed populations. In this regard, it is important to develop environmentally friendly chemical herbicides with new mechanisms of action. Natural phytotoxins of plant or microbial origin can serve as prototypes of active substances. The article discusses the following aspects: 1) the relevance of the topic of the impact of herbicides on the environment and their phytotoxicity; 2) information on the compositions of herbicides and their impact on the environment; 3) technology for the production of multicomponent herbicides and its improvement; 4) experimental determination of the effectiveness of the herbicide being developed. The work examines three types of herbicides: Bifor 22 (taken as a reference), Crucifer, and a new experimental herbicide. Test samples of beets and weeds were treated with the studied herbicides, 3 samples each. Then the chlorophyll content in each of the samples was determined, taking into account the ratio of shoot masses, humidity and the dry mass ratio of the test samples. The chlorophyll content is minimal in samples treated with crucifer - about 7 rel. units, but maximum in samples treated with the developed herbicide - 10 rel. units. The obtained high value of such an indicator as the chlorophyll content confirms the safety of using the developed herbicide in agriculture. Based on the results of the experiments, the positive effect of using the new developed multicomponent herbicide was proven and the prospects for its use were determined. Keywords: MULTICOMPONENT HERBICIDES, HERBICIDES, PHYTOTOXICITY

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44

Soliman, Ibrahim, e Amany Hamza. "Evaluation of Some Herbicides Against Flax Dodder (Cuscuta Epilinum Weihe) In Fibre Flax (Linum Ustatissimum L.) Cultivation". Journal of Plant Protection Research 50, n. 3 (1 settembre 2010): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10045-010-0063-8.

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Evaluation of Some Herbicides Against Flax Dodder (Cuscuta EpilinumWeihe) In Fibre Flax (Linum UstatissimumL.) CultivationTwo field experiments were carried out in Sakha Experimental Station during two seasons to evaluate the efficacy of different treatments (hand combing, butralin, tribenuron-methyl, metosulam and fluazifop-p-butyl) in controlling dodder weed (Cuscuta epilinumWeihe) in Fibre flax. Moreover, the effect of these treatments on some growth characters of flax yield and its components was also determined. All tested herbicide treatments decreased the dodder infestation in flax for up to 49 days. All tested herbicide treatments increased all flax growth characters, (straw yield and seed yield). Butralin herbicide gave the best control of dodder, followed by metosulam, tribenuron-methyl and fluazifop-p-butyl. Also, the data revealed that most herbicidal treatments slightly decreased protein content of flax plants and did not adversely affect the oil content of its seeds. This study suggests that, under heavy infestation of dodder weed, the use of the tested herbicides, especially butralin, is highly recommended.

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Mithila, J., J. Christopher Hall, William G. Johnson, Kevin B. Kelley e Dean E. Riechers. "Evolution of Resistance to Auxinic Herbicides: Historical Perspectives, Mechanisms of Resistance, and Implications for Broadleaf Weed Management in Agronomic Crops". Weed Science 59, n. 4 (dicembre 2011): 445–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-11-00062.1.

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Auxinic herbicides are widely used for control of broadleaf weeds in cereal crops and turfgrass. These herbicides are structurally similar to the natural plant hormone auxin, and induce several of the same physiological and biochemical responses at low concentrations. After several decades of research to understand the auxin signal transduction pathway, the receptors for auxin binding and resultant biochemical and physiological responses have recently been discovered in plants. However, the precise mode of action for the auxinic herbicides is not completely understood despite their extensive use in agriculture for over six decades. Auxinic herbicide-resistant weed biotypes offer excellent model species for uncovering the mode of action as well as resistance to these compounds. Compared with other herbicide families, the incidence of resistance to auxinic herbicides is relatively low, with only 29 auxinic herbicide-resistant weed species discovered to date. The relatively low incidence of resistance to auxinic herbicides has been attributed to the presence of rare alleles imparting resistance in natural weed populations, the potential for fitness penalties due to mutations conferring resistance in weeds, and the complex mode of action of auxinic herbicides in sensitive dicot plants. This review discusses recent advances in the auxin signal transduction pathway and its relation to auxinic herbicide mode of action. Furthermore, comprehensive information about the genetics and inheritance of auxinic herbicide resistance and case studies examining mechanisms of resistance in auxinic herbicide-resistant broadleaf weed biotypes are provided. Within the context of recent findings pertaining to auxin biology and mechanisms of resistance to auxinic herbicides, agronomic implications of the evolution of resistance to these herbicides are discussed in light of new auxinic herbicide-resistant crops that will be commercialized in the near future.

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46

Al-Khatib, Kassim, Robert Parker e E. Patrick Fuerst. "Foliar Absorption and Translocation of Herbicides from Aqueous Solution and Treated Soil". Weed Science 40, n. 2 (giugno 1992): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500057350.

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It has been suggested that soil treated with a herbicide and subsequently carried by wind and deposited on plant foliage can cause crop injury. This study compared foliar uptake and translocation of herbicides applied to plants as an aqueous solution or in herbicide-treated soil. Leaves of 3-wk-old seedling alfalfa, grape, and pea were treated with14C-labeled thifensulfuron, chlorsulfuron, glyphosate, 2,4-D, and bromoxynil. Significant amounts of all herbicides were absorbed by pea, alfalfa, and grape from the aqueous solutions, whereas very limited absorption occurred from herbicide-treated soil. Prolonged and multiple exposure to herbicide-treated soil did not increase herbicide uptake. High relative humidity enhanced herbicide absorption from aqueous solutions but not from herbicide-treated soil. All herbicides except bromoxynil were readily translocated in alfalfa, grape, and pea. Limited quantities of herbicides were absorbed from herbicide-treated soil by plant foliage, and this small amount is unlikely to cause crop damage.

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Altland, James E., Charles H. Gilliam e Glenn Wehtje. "Weed Control in Field Nurseries". HortTechnology 13, n. 1 (gennaio 2003): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.13.1.0009.

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Herbicide use is an important component of weed management in field nursery crops. No single herbicide controls all weed species. Oxyfluorfen, simazine, and isoxaben are preemergence herbicides effective against broadleaf weeds. Oryzalin, pendimethalin, and prodiamine are effective in preemergence control of grasses and some small-seeded broadleaf weeds. Metolachlor is the only herbicide currently labeled for nursery crops that is effective in preemergence nutsedge (Cyperus) control. Fluazifop-butyl, sethoxydim, and clethodim are selective postemergence herbicides used for grass control. Glyphosate, paraquat, and glufosinate are nonselective postemergence herbicides used in directed spray applications for broad-spectrum weed control. Bentazon, halosulfuron, and imazaquin are effective postemergence nutsedge herbicides. These herbicides are discussed with respect to their chemical class, mode of action, labeled rates, and current research addressing their effectiveness in nursery crops.

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48

deNux, Caitlin, Aixin Hou e Lisa Fultz. "Evaluation of Organic and Synthetic Herbicide Applications on Weed Suppression in a Conventional Cropping System in Louisiana". Sustainability 16, n. 7 (4 aprile 2024): 3019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16073019.

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Abstract (sommario):

Synthetic herbicides, with their varying modes of action, are well known for their efficiency in the suppression and control of weed species in U.S. agriculture. However, the consequences of using synthetic herbicides without attention to the surrounding environment produce chemical run-off, changes in soil health and soil health conditions, and create herbicide-resistant weeds. These outcomes have encouraged growers to seek alternative methods for their weed management programs or farming operations. Organic production systems and organic pesticides have helped address these challenges related to sustainability and environmental health. However, the use of organic herbicides in a conventional cropping system is not usually evaluated, as the effectiveness of these organic herbicides on weed populations in such a setting is thought to be inferior when compared to their synthetic counterparts. In this study, organic and synthetic herbicides were assessed on their performance in weed suppression surveys. The experimental design included nine treatments with four replications on two different soil types. The results showed organic herbicides were not comparable to synthetic herbicides in weed suppression. In weed management programs, using recommended herbicide application rates outlined on the herbicide label and conducting applications with environmental stewardship in mind could decrease possible herbicide effects within the environment.

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49

Rigon, Carlos A. G., Todd A. Gaines, Anita Küpper e Franck E. Dayan. "Metabolism-Based Herbicide Resistance, the Major Threat Among the Non-Target Site Resistance Mechanisms". Outlooks on Pest Management 31, n. 4 (1 agosto 2020): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/v31_aug_04.

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Abstract (sommario):

Evolution of resistance to pesticides is a problem challenging the sustainability of global food production. Resistance to herbicides is driven by the intense selection pressure imparted by synthetic herbicides on which we rely to manage weeds. Target-site resistance (TSR) mechanisms involve changes to the herbicide target protein and provide resistance only to herbicides within a single mechanism of action. Non-target site resistance (NTSR) mechanisms reduce the quantity of herbicide reaching the target site and/or modify the herbicide. NTSR mechanisms include reduced absorption and/or translocation, increased sequestration, and enhanced metabolic degradation. Of these diverse mechanisms contributing to NTSR, metabolism-based herbicide resistance represents a major threat because it can impart resistance to herbicides from varied chemical classes across any number of mechanisms of action.

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50

Kurniadie, Denny, Uum Umiyati, Ryan Widianto e Hisashi Kato-Noguchi. "Effect of Chitosan Molecules on Paraquat Herbicidal Efficacy under Simulated Rainfall Conditions". Agronomy 12, n. 7 (13 luglio 2022): 1666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071666.

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Abstract (sommario):

Unexpected rainfall before herbicide absorption by plants can wash away herbicides from plant tissue surfaces, which may reduce the herbicidal efficacy and increase the adverse effects on nontarget organisms and the environment, including water networks. The objective of this study was the evaluation of the effect of chitosan on paraquat efficacy under simulated rainfall conditions. Simulated rainfall within 3 h after paraquat application decreased its herbicidal efficacy. A mixture of paraquat (280 g a.i./ha) and chitosan (0.05% w/v) significantly increased the herbicidal efficacy against Ageratum conyzoides L. (21% increase), Borreria alata Aubl. (15%) and Paspalum conjugatum Bergius (8%) under the rainfall conditions. The chemical structure of chitosan may contribute to the penetration of paraquat into plant tissues. However, a mixture of paraquat and chitosan did not affect the herbicidal efficacy against Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. The morphological characteristics of I. cylindrica may interfere with the enhancement effect of chitosan. Chitosan is a degradable, nontoxic and easily available and low-cost material made from crustacean shells. These results suggest that chitosan may increase paraquat efficacy against some noxious weed species under rainfall conditions, which may reduce the risk of paraquat contamination into the environment. Therefore, the application of herbicides with chitosan may provide the economic and environmental benefits. Chitosan may enhance the efficacy of other herbicides under unexpected rainfall conditions; however, this possibility requires further investigation.

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