Articoli di riviste: "Herbage production"

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Frame, J., P. Newbould e J. M. M. Munro. "Herbage production from the hills and uplands". BSAP Occasional Publication 10 (1985): 9–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00030718.

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AbstractThe hills and uplands lie within the poorer ‘less favoured’ soil and climatic areas which account for almost 10 M ha of the UK's 19 M ha of agricultural land. Rough grazing comprises 6 M ha. Dry matter (DM) production from native hill swards, governed by soil type, climate and species composition, typically ranges from 1 to 5 t per ha, and is highly seasonal. The best grade of native hill sward is the bent-fescue (Agrostis/Festuca) association. Upland permanent pasture sward production is strongly influenced by the proportion of perennial ryegrass and level of fertilizer N input; typically, DM production ranges from 3.5 to 91 per ha.Constraints to herbage production include acid soils, impeded drainage and shortage of major plant nutrients particularly N and P. Deficiencies of some major nutrients and of trace elements in the plants can consequently have serious implications for livestock performance. Relationships among trace elements are particularly complex. The climate is severe and highly variable, with low temperatures, exposure to wind, high rainfall and frequent winter frosts being notable features. Bracken, rush, gorse, broom and scrub woodland communities are special vegetation problems which adversely affect pasture production and utilization.Specific improvement techniques for the differing soil type — plant community associations are available but economic considerations are important when making the choice and deciding on the extent of improvement. Addition of lime and fertilizers, and the introduction of improved grass species and white clover, are the keys to enhanced sward production and quality. Maintenance of soil fertility is essential to ensure continued production. White clover is particularly important for animal nutrition and for its ability to contribute to available soil N via rhizobial N fixation. However, fertilizer N has a role in strategically extending the grazing season and for intensifying winter feed production (silage or hay) from suitable land; silage offers the better option.

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Valkama, Elena, Perttu Virkajärvi, Risto Uusitalo, Kari Ylivainio e Eila Turtola. "Phosphorus fertilization and herbage production in Finland". Suomen Maataloustieteellisen Seuran Tiedote, n. 30 (31 gennaio 2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.33354/smst.75310.

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The herbage yield responses to phosphorus (P) fertilization show large variation and, unlike to cereals, initial soil test P (STP) does not always predict such variation. By using meta-analysis, we reviewed quantitatively 38 Finnish field experiments related to the effects of P fertilization on herbage dry matter (DM) yields in the 1960s – 2000s. The current meta-analysis has several advantages over other type of research aiming to summarize the effect of P fertilization on herbage production. It involves large number of studies, diversity of soils and cultivation zones, and it enables to highlight the sources of variation in responses across the studies. Along with clay and coarse-textured mineral soils, we observed 20 studies on organic soils, whereas previous European and Canadian studies on the same topic involved mostly mineral soils. Moreover, we developed yield response models for different soil textures and initial STP levels. The summarized effect of P fertilization (mean 50 kg P ha-1) on DM yields was 13% over the control (N and K fertilization) with large variation across the studies from –10% to 70%. The major sources of variation were soil texture, soil acidity (for organic soils), initial STP and the yield level in control. For example, the yield response was three times larger on organic soils than on clay or coarse-textured mineral soils. Moreover, the yield response was double on slightly acidic organic soils (29%, n = 8) compared to that on moderately acidic ones (15%, n = 11). Thus, for acidic organic soils, even with low STP, P fertilization may be practically useless until the soils are first limed. Meta-regression proved that generally the responses reduced with increasing initial STP across the studies and reached zero at high STP (PAc, 21 mg l-1). However, in some studies with high control yields, no responses were observed even at low STP, since the responses decreased linearly with increasing control yields. Finally, the responses did not statistically differ between the cultivation zones, cut frequency, decades, or between the studies having different duration of experiments. Variation in herbage yields that is often observed in P fertilizer experiments is only partly related to increasing P rates, but also other factors should be taken into account. Further studies should address to the role of, e.g., soil structure in yield development, as it is evident that additional relevant explanatory variables would be needed to adequately explain the variation in herbage yields.

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Smith, R. G., e R. D. J. Mather. "Marketing herbage seeds". NZGA: Research and Practice Series 3 (1 gennaio 1985): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.3.1985.3309.

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One of the most underrated factors in our pastoral development has been the humble seed. Rarely recognised, it has made a significant contribution in allowing farmers to increase production within the wide range of climatic and fertility environments encountered in our country. But now, the quality of New Zealand pastures is becoming internationally recognised and has been one of the main contributing factors in the development of our country, together with the drive and competence of our farming fraternity and the abundant use of fertiliser.

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Roche, J. R., L. R. Turner, J. M. Lee, D. C. Edmeades, D. J. Donaghy, K. A. Macdonald, J. W. Penno e D. P. Berry. "Weather, herbage quality and milk production in pastoral systems. 4. Effects on dairy cattle production". Animal Production Science 49, n. 3 (2009): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07310.

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Prevailing weather conditions are one factor that influences herbage growth and quality, and therefore may have a substantial impact on animal production. The objective of the present study was to quantify the associations between weather, herbage quality and mineral concentration, and animal production. Daily weather data and weekly records of herbage quality and mineral concentration, as well as dairy cattle production, were available from a research farm and nearby weather station across the years 1995 to 2001, inclusive. Animal production variables of interest included individual cow milk production and composition, body condition score, and liveweight, as well as group herbage dry matter intake. Results indicate moderate relationships between some weather- and herbage-related variables and dairy cattle production variables, although most relationships appeared to be an artefact of temporal variation, as evidenced by weakening of correlations following adjustment for animal parity, stage of lactation, and week of the year at calving. Prior to adjustment for the confounding factors, the negative associations between milk yield and all temperature-related variables (r = –0.46 to –0.34) were most notable. Following adjustment for time of year, milk yield became positively associated with sunlight hours (r = 0.14). Negative relationships were demonstrated between temperature-related variables and milk protein concentration (r = –0.08), regardless of time of year. Milk protein concentration was positively associated with herbage metabolisable energy content (r = 0.06), water-soluble carbohydrate (r = 0.11), and organic matter digestibility (r = 0.06) concentrations, and negatively associated with ether extract (r = –0.07), acid detergent fibre (r = –0.06), and neutral detergent fibre (r = –0.05) concentrations. Weather, herbage quality and mineral concentration explained up to 22% more variation in dairy cattle production variables over and above farmlet and time of year, with a greater effect on dry matter intake than the other production parameters.

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Phillips, C. J. C., P. C. Chiy e J. A. Avezinius. "The effects of sodium and sulphur fertilizers on dairy cow production". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (marzo 1995): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030822960002794x.

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Fertilisers are usually evaluated by their effects on herbage DM yield and occasionally herbage composition. Rarely are the effects on animal production considered, even though there is evidence for example that increasing the sodium (Na) contents of herbage can increase the milk yield of dairy cows (Chiy and Phillips, 1991), and that dietary sulphur (S) contents in excess of l-2g/kg DM will lead to reduced intake and productivity in ruminants (Raisbeck, 1982). In the UK the use of sulphur fertilizer is widely advocated, since herbage growth is often restricted by deficiency now that industrial emissions have been reduced. Sulphur fertilizer increases herbage S content, but Na fertilizers can affect herbage S content and S utilization by ruminants (Chiy et al., 1994). The effects of Na and S fertilizers were therefore studied with particular emphasis on herbage composition and dairy cow production.

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6

Williams, A. J. "The Efficiency of Wool Production". Outlook on Agriculture 15, n. 3 (settembre 1986): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072708601500307.

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The efficiency of wool production – which in the context of this review means largely the production of fine wool in Australia, the largest grower – depends on local conditions and management systems. The main factors, other than genetic, are climatic and edaphic; the proportion of herbage utilized by the sheep; and the proportion of ingested herbage converted into wool.

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STOUT, DARRYL G., e B. BROOKE. "TILLER PRODUCTION OF GRAZED AND CLIPPED PINEGRASS". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67, n. 2 (1 aprile 1987): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps87-071.

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The effects of intensive herbage removal by either grazing or clipping on yield of pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl.) the following year were compared. Both treatments had a similar effect on the subsequent year yield of pinegrass. During the season of treatment, grazing stimulated new tiller production whereas clipping did not. This new tiller production may partially compensate for the fact that grazing removes additional herbage owing to pull-up. In 1 of 2 yr, grazing on about 1 June caused less stand deterioration than grazing near 1 July or 1 Aug.Key words: Pinegrass, herbage removal, tiller, grass, tillering, total nonstructural carbohydrate

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8

HOPKINS, A., J. GILBEY, C. DIBB, P. J. BOWLING e P. J. MURRAY. "Response of permanent and reseeded grassland to fertilizer nitrogen. 1. Herbage production and herbage quality". Grass and Forage Science 45, n. 1 (marzo 1990): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1990.tb02181.x.

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9

Baoyin, Taogetao, Frank Yonghong Li, Qinghai Bao, Hugjiltu Minggagud e Yankai Zhong. "Effects of mowing regimes and climate variability on hay production of Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvelev grassland in northern China". Rangeland Journal 36, n. 6 (2014): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj13088.

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Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvelev grassland is the most widely distributed native steppe vegetation type suitable for haymaking in the semiarid pastoral regions of north-east Asia. The long-term effects of four mowing regimes (mowing once a year, twice a year, once every 2 years and twice every 3 years), and climatic variability on the hay production from L. chinensis grassland were investigated using permanent plots over 27 years. The results showed that (i) the overall cumulative annual herbage production over the 27 years was the highest under ‘mowing once a year’, and ‘mowing twice a year’ did not produce any significant change in the amount of harvested herbage; (ii) mowing induced a reduction in herbage production mostly in the first couple of years, and the reduction was larger under frequent than less frequent mowing. The annual herbage production in harvest years was higher under less frequent mowing (once every 2 years, or twice every 3 years) than that under annual mowing, but the higher herbage production in harvest years under less frequent mowing could not compensate for the herbage not made into hay in the years without harvest; (iii) annual herbage production generally increased with annual precipitation, but the response of annual herbage production to precipitation was best described by quadratic (instead of linear or logarithmic) equations, which suggested a decline in annual herbage production under the highest annual precipitation in the region, and the relationships stood under different mowing regimes; and (iv) an analysis of hay yield and quality, and costs of the mowing operation, showed that the haymaking from L. chinensis grassland was financially viable as long as the herbage production was not extremely low under drought. It is concluded that the best practice for haymaking from L. chinensis grassland should be based on the rule of ‘mowing once a year’ in high-production years and grazing in low-production years; and a light grazing early in the season may increase hay quality mowed in the autumn if the grassland grows well early in the season in high-production years.

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Liu, Xing-peng, Ji-quan Zhang, Wei-ying Cai e Yu-long Bao. "Estimating the insurance rates for loss of annual production of grass herbage associated with natural disasters in China". Rangeland Journal 37, n. 2 (2015): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj14040.

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Grasslands in many parts of China are vulnerable to natural disasters which can bring large economic losses to pastoralists. As an effective method to manage the risk, insurance has gradually become an important means used in the management of grassland disasters. Because of insufficient statistical data on annual production of grass herbage, insurance-rate-making has become the core challenge in grassland insurance programs in China. Taking Xilingol League in Inner Mongolia as the study area, by analysing the correlations of different vegetation indices with annual production of grass herbage, a spatial Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) based insurance rate was estimated for the loss of annual production of grass herbage in three steps: (i) the annual NDVIs in mid-to-late August were obtained using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products and, applying a relationship developed between remote-sensing data and measured grass herbage mass, annual production of grass herbage was estimated, (ii) the Relative Fluctuation Production (RFP) was estimated from trend and fluctuating data on the annual production of grass herbage, and (iii) applying kernel density estimation, the insurance rate of loss of annual production of grass herbage was calculated based on the RFP in each cell of the study area. This approach to estimating the insurance rate for loss of annual production of grass herbage associated with natural disasters can improve the ability of pastoralists to manage their grasslands more effectively.

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11

Harris, C. A., M. J. Blumenthal, W. M. Kelman e L. McDonald. "Effect of cutting height and cutting interval on rhizome development, herbage production and herbage quality of Lotus pedunculatus cv. Grasslands Maku". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, n. 6 (1997): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea96138.

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Summary. A study was conducted to determine the influence of 3 defoliation intervals (4, 8 and 12 weeks), at 3 harvest heights (2, 6 and 12 cm) on the rhizome development, herbage production and herbage quality of Lotus pedunculatus cv. Grasslands Maku. An interaction between cutting height and cutting interval was measured for both rhizome number and length. As cutting interval became more frequent, cutting height was more critical, with cutting to 2 cm every 4 weeks producing fewer and shorter rhizomes. Rhizome production increased with increased cutting height and frequent cutting intervals reduced rhizome production. The impact of severe defoliation was greatest during late autumn and winter, when peak rhizome expansion occurred. Although lenient cutting treatments encouraged rhizome development and production it was at the expense of herbage production, with longer cutting intervals and increasing cutting heights resulting in less total herbage and lotus production. Increased rhizome production was also associated with lower in vitro digestibility, lower nitrogen concentration and higher condensed tannin concentration of the lotus herbage. If long rotations are required to maintain a persistent and competitive lotus sward in temperate and subtropical pasture systems, then L. pedunculatus cv. Grasslands Maku is unlikely to play a major role in intensive grazing systems in eastern Australia. This paper concludes with a discussion of the possible use of strategic grazing practices of Grasslands Maku swards to achieve a balance between rhizome production and herbage production.

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Seip, Dale R., e Fred L. Bunnell. "Species composition and herbage production of mountain rangelands in northern British Columbia". Canadian Journal of Botany 63, n. 11 (1 novembre 1985): 2077–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-291.

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Species composition and herbage production were determined for different range types used by ungulates in northern British Columbia. In addition, the effect of N fertilization on alpine grasslands was measured. Fire-induced subalpine grasslands produced much more herbage than other range types. Graminoid production, but not forb production, was greater in wet growing seasons. Fertilization of alpine ranges with 17–35 kg N/ha did not increase the herbage production.

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Seligman, N. G., M. Gutman, Z. Holzer, I. Noy Meir e H. Baram. "Stocking density of cattle and herbage production on Mediterranean grassland". Journal of Agricultural Science 113, n. 1 (agosto 1989): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600084604.

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SUMMARYA Mediterranean grassland was grazed with beef cattle at 0·5, 0·67 and 0·83 cows/ha, all the year round for 5 years. Range forage became increasingly scarce during the dry season, especially at high stocking density, and more supplementation was needed to maintain the animals. Herbage consumption was calculated from standard requirements for recorded body weight and performance. Maintenance requirements were multiplied by a grazing activity factor of 1·6.Mean annual herbage dry matter production was estimated at c. 3·06 ± 0·137 t/ha. Most of the variation between years was due to a particularly productive year in 1978. Contrary to expectation, stocking density had a small effect on total herbage production, despite significant differences in animal performance. It appears that herbage production of the seasonally temperate herbaceous range, typical of the basaltic hills in eastern Galilee in Israel, is not limited by total annual rainfall. Alternative limiting factors are nutrient deficiency and restricted rooting zone, or a combination of both.

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Ganche, E., M. O'Donovan, L. Delaby, T. M. Boland e E. Kennedy. "Does post-grazing sward height influence sward characteristics, seasonal herbage dry-matter production and herbage quality?" Grass and Forage Science 70, n. 1 (20 febbraio 2014): 130–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12113.

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Roche, J. R., L. R. Turner, J. M. Lee, D. C. Edmeades, D. J. Donaghy, K. A. Macdonald, J. W. Penno e D. P. Berry. "Weather, herbage quality and milk production in pastoral systems. 3. Inter-relationships and associations between weather variables and herbage growth rate, quality and mineral concentration". Animal Production Science 49, n. 3 (2009): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07309.

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Prevailing weather conditions influence herbage growth and quality, and therefore may have a substantial impact on animal production. Before investigating relationships between weather factors, herbage quality and animal production, it is beneficial to first quantify interactions between herbage quality characteristics and mineral concentrations. The objective of the present study was to investigate the association between weather and herbage growth rate, quality and mineral concentration under rotational grazing systems. Daily weather data and weekly records of herbage quality and mineral concentration from a research dairy farm were available across the years 1995 to 2001, inclusive. Herbage growth rates were also recorded on a monthly basis. Results imply moderate correlations between some weather variables and herbage quality and mineral concentration. Generally, the strength of the absolute correlations between weather and herbage-related variables decreased following adjustment of the herbage-related variables for month of year and research farmlet. Negative correlations existed between rainfall and herbage water-soluble carbohydrate (r = –0.19) and organic matter digestibility concentration (r = –0.13) and metabolisable energy content (r = –0.14), independent of time of year and farmlet. Weather explained up to 14% of the variation in herbage nutrient content over and above that explained by time of year and farmlet. Significantly different correlations existed across time between some weather and herbage-related variables, indicating that the relationships may differ across seasons. Results from the present study, in conjunction with information on the effect of herbage quality and/or mineral concentration on animal production, will be valuable in improving our understanding of weather influences on herbage growth, quality and mineral concentration.

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RIESINGER, P., e I. HERZON. "Variability of herbage production in mixed leys as related to ley age and environmental factors: a farm survey". Agricultural and Food Science 17, n. 4 (4 dicembre 2008): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960608787235522.

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Influences of ley age, soil properties, and geographical location on the herbage production of red clover-grass leys were determined under practical conditions on 27 organic farms located in the southern and in the northwestern coastal regions of Finland. Averaged over one-, two-, and three-year-old leys the accumulated first and second cuts produced 7.12 t dry matter herbage ha-1 year-1, with a clover proportion of 34.8%. Herbage production declined with increasing ley age. The average proportion of clover increased from 26.4% in the first to 43.7% in the second cut but decreased with ley age. Within- and between-field variations of clover proportions markedly decreased from the first to the second cut and strongly increased with ley age, while changes in the variations of herbage production were less pronounced. Within-field variations of clover proportions in the first and in the second cuts were higher at lower proportions of clover. Herbage production was positively related with clover proportion. Soil properties had a major impact on clover proportion and herbage production, largely explaining also regional differences in ley growth. Amelioration of fields and, not at least, of less fertile sites within the same field seems to be a crucial requirement for higher and more even clover proportions and herbage yields.;

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Beltrán, Ignacio E., Pablo Gregorini, Alvaro Morales, Oscar A. Balocchi e Rubén G. Pulido. "Interaction between herbage mass and time of herbage allocation modifies milk production, grazing behaviour and nitrogen partitioning of dairy cows". Animal Production Science 59, n. 10 (2019): 1837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an18183.

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The objective of the present study was to evaluate the interaction effects between herbage mass and time of herbage allocation on milk production, grazing behaviour and nitrogen partitioning in lactating dairy cows. Forty-four Holstein Friesian cows were grouped according to milk production (24.7 ± 2.8 kg), bodyweight (580.6 ± 51.7 kg), days in milk (74 ± 17.1) and body condition score (3.1 ± 0.3), and then assigned randomly to one of four treatments: (1) L-AM: access to new herbage allocation after morning milking with herbage mass of 2000 kg DM/ha, (2) L-PM: access to new herbage allocation after afternoon milking with herbage mass of 2000 kg DM/ha, (3) M-AM: access to new herbage allocation after morning milking with herbage mass of 3000 kg DM/ha, and (4) M-PM: access to new herbage allocation after afternoon milking with herbage mass of 3000 kg DM/ha. All cows received a daily low herbage allowance of 21 kg DM measured above ground level, 3.0 kg DM of grass silage and 3.5 kg DM of concentrate. Herbage intake was similar between treatments, averaging 8.3 kg DM/day (P > 0.05). Total grazing time was lower for M-PM compared with other treatments (P < 0.01). Milk production was greater for M-AM and M-PM compared with L-PM (P < 0.05). Urea in milk and plasma were greater for L-AM than L-PM and M-PM (P < 0.01). Similarly, rumen ammonia was greater for L-AM compared with M-PM and M-AM (P < 0.05). Nitrogen intake was 13.6% greater for L-AM than L-PM, and 17.5% greater for L-AM than M-PM (P < 0.05). Nitrogen use efficiency was 22.1% greater for M-PM than L-AM, and 11.8% greater for M-PM than L-PM (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the best management combination was observed when a medium herbage mass was delivered in the afternoon, maintaining a low nitrogen intake, low urinary nitrogen excretion and high milk production.

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Roche, J. R., L. R. Turner, J. M. Lee, D. C. Edmeades, D. J. Donaghy, K. A. Macdonald, J. W. Penno e D. P. Berry. "Weather, herbage quality and milk production in pastoral systems. 2. Temporal patterns and intra-relationships in herbage quality and mineral concentration parameters". Animal Production Science 49, n. 3 (2009): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07308.

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Prevailing weather conditions influence herbage growth and quality, and therefore may have a substantial impact on animal production. Before investigating relationships between weather factors, herbage quality, and animal production, it is beneficial to first quantify temporal trends in herbage quality characteristics and mineral concentrations. The objective of the present study was to investigate the existence of temporal trends in herbage quality characteristics and mineral concentrations, and to quantify the intra-dependency among these variables. Weekly herbage quality and mineral concentration data from a research farm were collected from 1995 to 2001, inclusive. Fitted sinusoidal functions demonstrated cyclic temporal trends across herbage quality variables, but there was little cyclic temporal variation in the majority of herbage mineral concentration variables. The repeatability of herbage quality measurements was low to moderate (22% for ether extract to 54% for metabolisable energy). Linear relationships were observed within all herbage quality variables and herbage mineral concentration variables. Neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre concentrations were strongly positively correlated with each other (r = 0.87), and negatively correlated with herbage digestibility (r = –0.64 and –0.74, respectively), water-soluble carbohydrate concentration (r = –0.52 and –0.68, respectively) and metabolisable energy content (r = –0.60 and –0.75, respectively). The absolute correlations among most herbage minerals were poor (r <0.30). However, magnesium concentration was positively correlated with calcium (r = 0.54), copper (r = 0.56), and manganese (r = 0.37) concentrations, and negatively correlated with zinc (r = –0.56) concentration. Further investigation is required into the relationships between temporal weather and herbage quality trends, and their impact on animal production.

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Moate, P. J., D. E. Dalley, J. R. Roche e C. Grainger. "Dry matter intake, nutrient selection and milk production of dairy cows grazing rainfed perennial pastures at different herbage allowances in spring". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, n. 8 (1999): 923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea99022.

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Summary. The effect of herbage allowance (20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 kg DM/cow. day) on the consumption of nutrients from herbage and milk production by cows in early lactation, was examined. The experiment was conducted on rainfed perennial ryegrass pastures in September and October 1997 in south-eastern Victoria, Australia. The herbage on offer comprised 64% perennial ryegrass, 21% other grasses, 1% white clover, 5% weeds and 9% dead material on a dry matter (DM) basis. The average pregrazing herbage height was 13 cm, at an estimated pregrazing herbage mass of 3.6 t DM/ha. The herbage on offer was of high quality containing 11.6 MJ metabolisable energy/kg DM, 202 g crude protein/kg DM and 525 g neutral detergent fibre/kg DM. Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur and chloride were 4.4, 2.2, 4.4, 31.2, 3.5, 2.7 and 11.4 g/kg DM, respectively. As daily herbage allowance per cow increased, dry matter intake increased curvilinearly (P<0.01) from 11.2 to 18.7 kg DM/cow. day. This was associated with a decrease in utilisation of herbage from 54 to 26% and an increase in milk production from 25.9 to 29.1 kg/cow. day. The cows on all treatments grazed for less than 8.7 h/day. The increase in intake was achieved by an increase in the rate of herbage intake from 1.5 to 2.2 kg DM/h for herbage allowances of 20 and 70 kg/cow.day, respectively. Irrespective of herbage allowance, cows selected a diet that was approximately 10% higher in in vitro dry matter digestibility and 30% higher in crude protein than that in the herbage on offer. The neutral detergent fibre content of the herbage selected was lower (P<0.05) than that on offer. The herbage consumed contained more (P<0.05) magnesium, potassium and sulfur, the same amount of calcium and phosphorus and less (P<0.05) sodium and chloride than the herbage on offer. For rainfed perennial pastures in spring, herbage allowance is an important factor in determining voluntary feed intake and production of dairy cows. To achieve 30 L from herbage, without supplementation, high herbage allowances are required. The increase in herbage intake, with increasing herbage allowance, resulted from an increase in rate of dry matter intake and not an increase in grazing time. No relationship was evident between herbage allowance and the selection differentials for in vitro dry matter digestibility, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre. Selection differentials for rainfed perennial pastures in spring are similar to those reported for irrigated perennial pastures in northern Victoria in spring and autumn. When determining nutrient requirements it is important to consider the interaction between herbage intake and nutrient concentration in the herbage.

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Lee, J. M., K. Elborough, D. Whittaker, D. J. Donaghy e J. R. Roche. "Effect of surface application of benzylaminopurine before and during water deficit on herbage production and quality". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, n. 9 (2008): 1232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07075.

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Insufficient water availability is one of the most serious environmental stresses for a plant and can be a major limitation to herbage production in many regions. Plant hormones, such as cytokinins, have been reported to reduce the detrimental effects of low water availability in many different plant species. However, there is little research available concerning the effect on pasture grasses. The aim of the present study was to quantify the effect of surface applications of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) before and during water deficit on herbage growth and quality of perennial ryegrass–white clover pastures. Pastures fertilised with BAP were compared with unfertilised pastures and pastures receiving nitrogen. Exogenous BAP application did not significantly affect herbage production or quality relative to unfertilised pastures. Nitrogen fertiliser increased total herbage production, but had little effect on herbage quality compared with BAP. The failure of surface applications of exogenous BAP to improve herbage production or quality suggests that it is not an appropriate method to enhance plant tolerance to water deficit at the concentration applied in this study.

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Bidwell, Terrence G., e David M. Engle. "Relationship of Fire Behavior to Tallgrass Prairie Herbage Production". Journal of Range Management 45, n. 6 (novembre 1992): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4002575.

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Rowarth, J. S. "Bibliography of New Zealand research on herbage seed production". New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 32, n. 4 (ottobre 1989): 555–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1989.10417930.

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23

Rolston, M. P., e J. S. Gomez. "Methods for pre-basic seed production of herbage cultivars". New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture 14, n. 2 (aprile 1986): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03015521.1986.10426138.

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24

Willms, W. D., S. Smoliak e A. W. Bailey. "Herbage Production following Litter Removal on Alberta Native Grasslands". Journal of Range Management 39, n. 6 (novembre 1986): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3898766.

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25

Griffith, L. W., G. E. Schuman, F. Rauzi e R. E. Baumgartner. "Mechanical Renovation of Shortgrass Prairie for Increased Herbage Production". Journal of Range Management 38, n. 1 (gennaio 1985): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3899322.

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26

Cun, G. S., G. R. Edwards e R. H. Bryant. "The effect of pre-graze mowing on milk production of dairy cows grazing grass–herb–legume pastures managed under contrasting spring defoliation regimes". Animal Production Science 57, n. 7 (2017): 1414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16458.

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Abstract (sommario):

Strategies to increase herbage dry-matter (DM) production are sought for dairy systems. One proposed strategy is tactical spring defoliation with greater pre-grazing herbage mass and higher post-grazing heights. However, there are concerns over the effects of these strategies on herbage quality, DM intake and milk production. Irrigated, diverse pastures in Canterbury, New Zealand, containing perennial ryegrass, white clover, chicory, plantain and lucerne, were managed over two grazing rotations in spring under normal (grazed to 3.5 cm) or lax management (grazed to 5 cm, allowing early ryegrass seedhead development before normal grazing at anthesis ‘late control’). On the third grazing rotation, a milk production study was conducted. Thirty-six, mid-lactation spring calving Friesian × Jersey dairy cows were allocated to nine groups of four cows and randomly allocated to three replicates of the following three treatments: (1) normal grazing (Norm), (2) lax grazing of standing herbage (Lax) and (3) lax grazing with pre-graze mowing of herbage (Mow). Cows were offered a daily herbage allocation of 30 kg DM/cow above ground level, with milk production measured over 8 days. Pastures managed under lax management had higher pre-grazing herbage mass (4149 kg DM/ha) than did pastures managed under normal management (3105 kg DM/ha), but all treatments had similar metabolisable energy (~12.26 MJ ME/kg DM). Daily milksolid (MS) production tended to be lower (P = 0.07) for cows grazing pastures managed under Lax and Mow (2.34 and 2.24 MS/cow.day respectively) than with Norm (2.43 MS/cow.day). Although there was no difference in daily MS production between mowing and greater pre-graze herbage mass, switching from a high to low grazing residual managed by either grazing or mowing in late spring is likely to have a negative impact on milk production.

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27

Garden, D. L., C. M. Waters, A. B. Smith, M. R. Norton, G. C. Auricht e E. Kobelt. "Performance of native and introduced grasses for low-input pastures. 2. Herbage production". Rangeland Journal 27, n. 1 (2005): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj05003.

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Abstract (sommario):

A total of 62 perennial grasses were evaluated for herbage production under low-fertiliser conditions at eight sites in the temperate zone of southern Australia from 1999 to 2001. A brief assessment of relative preference ranking by sheep was also made at the end of the experimental period. Four sites were in the high rainfall areas of south-east Australia, two in the drier mixed farming areas of western NSW, and two sites in Mediterranean southern Australia. Seven standard cultivars were included in the comparisons. Plants were grown from seed in glasshouses and transplanted to the field as spaced plants at 6–8 weeks age. Plants were harvested at irregular intervals by clipping to determine herbage production. Relative preference was determined by enclosing sheep in the experimental area at high stocking rates and estimating the amount of herbage grazed after 1, 3 and 5 days. Herbage production data were analysed using a multi-environment trial approach in which the environments comprised all combinations of sites and sampling times over the 3-year period. Overall, 73.6% of the total genetic variation for herbage production was accounted for. Average seasonal comparisons revealed good herbage production from Eragrostis curvula cv. Consol in both winter and summer, but in spring, several Dactylis glomerata lines were the most productive. Consol was not generally preferred by sheep, while D. glomerata lines were. Apart from cv. Consol, C4 species, including Bothriochloa macra, Chloris truncata, Enteropogon acicularis and Dichanthium sericeum had low herbage production in winter and spring, and had low acceptability to grazing sheep. These particular grasses were also not highly ranked for production in summer, although other C4 lines, notably selections of Themeda australis, Paspalidium jubiflorum and P. constrictum were. Few native C3 grasses had superior herbage production, although selections of Elymus scaber, Austrodanthonia fulva and A. duttoniana showed good growth rates. When considering further evaluation, grasses with very high recruitment (e.g. A. caespitosa) may need to be included, and the acceptability of grasses to sheep should also be assessed.

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28

Wales, W. J., P. T. Doyle, C. R. Stockdale e D. W. Dellow. "Effects of variations in herbage mass, allowance, and level of supplement on nutrient intake and milk production of dairy cows in spring and summer". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, n. 2 (1999): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98151.

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Abstract (sommario):

Two experiments examining the effects of herbage mass and herbage allowance on the consumption of nutrients by lactating dairy cows were conducted on irrigated perennial pasture swards in northern Victoria. Experiment 1 was conducted in early lactation (spring) with a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)–white clover (Trifolium repens L.) sward at herbage masses of 3.1 (low) or 4.9 (medium) t dry matter (DM)/ha and herbage allowances of about 20, 35, 50 and 70 kg DM/cow.day. Within each herbage mass treatment, there were no significant differences between herbage allowance treatments in nutritive characteristics of pregrazing herbage. Daily DM intake increased linearly from 7.1 to 16.2 (low mass) or 9.9 to 19.3 (medium mass) kg DM/cow, as herbage allowance increased which was equivalent to 2.29 kg DM/t DM increase in herbage mass and 0.18 kg DM/kg DM increase in herbage allowance. This was associated with a decrease in utilisation of herbage from 35 to 23% and from 52 to 29%. Also, milk production increased linearly from 21.8 to 27.1 (low mass) or 24.7 to 32.0 (medium mass) kg/cow.day as herbage allowance increased. Experiment 2 was conducted in mid lactation (summer) with a paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum L.)-dominant sward at herbage masses of 3.0 (low) or 4.7 (medium) t DM/ha and herbage allowances of about 25 and 45 kg DM/cow.day and either 0 or 5 kg DM concentrate/cow.day. Within each herbage mass treatment, there were no significant differences between herbage allowance treatments in nutritive characteristics of pregrazed herbage. Daily DM intake increased by 0.13 kg DM for every 1 kg DM increase in herbage allowance. Over the 2 herbage masses, 2 herbage allowance treatments and 2 concentrate treatments, cows consistently selected a diet about 1.03 higher in in vitro DM digestibility and 1.24 higher in crude protein than that in the herbage on offer. Substitution rate increased from 0.20 to 0.42 (low mass) and from 0.34 to 0.44 (medium mass) kg DM reduction in herbage intake/kg DM of concentrates consumed, with increasing herbage allowance. Along with these changes, marginal returns to supplements decreased from 1.38 to 0.95 (low mass) and 1.07 to 0.97 (medium mass) kg milk/kg DM of concentrates with increasing herbage allowance. Dairy farmers should consider the effects of herbage allowance and herbage mass on intake, nutrient selection and milk production when allocating pasture to dairy cows. Herbage mass and allowance had a greater effect on intake in spring than in summer, principally due to the decline in nutritive characteristics that occurs in summer. Cows selected nutrients to varying degrees depending on the composition of the pasture sward and this selection may result in seasonal nutrient imbalances. Finally, it appears that the best use of supplements will occur when pastures are short in height because this will minimise substitution of supplement for pasture and maximise marginal returns in milk production.

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29

Lantinga, E. A. "Simulation of herbage production and herbage intake during a rotational grazing period: An evaluation of linehan's formula". Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 33, n. 4 (1 novembre 1985): 385–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v33i4.16831.

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30

Pérez-Prieto, L. A., J. L. Peyraud e R. Delagarde. "Does pre-grazing herbage mass really affect herbage intake and milk production of strip-grazing dairy cows?" Grass and Forage Science 68, n. 1 (12 maggio 2012): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.2012.00876.x.

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31

Dalley, D. E., J. R. Roche, P. J. Moate e C. Grainger. "More frequent allocation of herbage does not improve the milk production of dairy cows in early lactation". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, n. 5 (2001): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00088.

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Abstract (sommario):

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that offering a given daily allowance of herbage as smaller feeds more frequently than once per day will increase daily herbage intake and milk yield. In experiment 1 (spring 1995), cows in early lactation were offered either 40 or 65 kg DM/cow.day allowance of herbage as either 1 feed or as 6 equal feeds. The latter cows received a fresh strip of herbage at 0600, 0900, 1100, 1330, 1800 and 2000 hours. The experiment lasted 28 days with treatment effects being measured from days 15 to 28. There were no significant differences in herbage intake (15.6 v. 15.9 kg DM/cow.day), grazing time (9.4 v. 9.5 h/cow.day), milk production (25.4 v. 25.2 L/cow.day) or milk composition between the 1-feed treatment and 6-feed treatment, respectively, during the final 2 weeks of the experiment. Increasing herbage allowance increased (P<0.001) herbage intake. Liveweight loss during the experiment was less (P<0.05) for 6-feed cows than 1-feed cows. A similar experiment was conducted in 1996 (experiment 2); however, all cows were offered a single herbage allowance of 50 kg DM/cow.day. The frequencies of feeding were the same as in experiment 1 except that a new strip of herbage was offered to the 6-feed cows at 0800, 1130, 1700, 2030, 2400 and 0330 hours. The experiment comprised 2 intensive measurement periods, the first in weeks 1 and 2 (period 1) and the second in weeks 4 and 5 (period 2). Herbage intake did not differ between treatments averaging 15.2 and 16.3 kg DM/cow.day for the 1-feedtreatment and 6-feed treatment respectively. Milk yield declined from 27.1 L/cow.day in period l to 25.6 L/cow.day in period 2 and was lower for the 6-feed treatment than for the 1-feed treatment 25.7 and 26.7 L/cow.day, respectively. Offering fresh herbage to the 6-feed cows between 2000 and 0600 hours decreased the proportion of daylight hours these cows spent grazing but did not change total grazing time. Despite the adoption of extreme grazing management procedures in the experiments reported in this paper, we were unable to increase herbage intake or milk production of dairy cows in early lactation. It would appear that farmers have little opportunity to increase herbage intake in early lactation by increasing the frequency of allocation of pasture

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32

Petit, Hélène V. "Pasture management and animal production in Quebec: A review". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 73, n. 4 (1 dicembre 1993): 715–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas93-077.

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Abstract (sommario):

Twenty percent of forage farmland was devoted to seeded and native pastures in 1991. Common white clover is widely found in native pastures but ladino clover is the main legume recommended. Timothy is the most popular grass for seeded pasture and its yield is increased by N fertilization. More than 30% ladino in pasture decreases the N fertilizer requirement. High fertilization of pasture where beef steers are kept at high stocking rates and moderately fertilized pasture where beef steers are kept at low stocking rates result in similar average daily gains. Excessive steer stocking rates can result in decreased herbage production at the end of the growing season which results in decreased weight gain. However, feeding concentrate can compensate for herbage shortage and maintain weight gain of steers with a high stocking rate similar to that of unsupplemented animals on pasture with a low stocking rate. The difference in total beef production per hectare between heavily and moderately fertilized pastures is only 10% higher for the former when herbage surpluses conserved as silage and hay are fed to steers during winter. When herbage allowance is not limiting, there appears to be no advantage in supplementing grazing cattle with concentrate or protein. Key words: Pasture, grazing, dairy cattle, beef cattle, sheep

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33

Wales, W. J., P. T. Doyle e D. W. Dellow. "Degradabilities of dry matter and crude protein from perennial herbage and supplements used in dairy production systems in Victoria". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, n. 6 (1999): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98156.

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Abstract (sommario):

Summary The nylon bag technique was used to estimate the degradability of the dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of herbage samples and supplementary feeds from recent grazing experiments with dairy cows conducted in Victoria. The cumulative disappearance data for CP were used to calculate the effective rumen degradability of CP (ERDP, g/kg DM) for these feeds at rumen outflow rates of 0.02, 0.05 or 0.08/h. Crude protein was more extensively degraded than DM in all herbage samples collected before grazing, or in those samples taken to represent the herbage consumed by grazing cows. The ERDP of spring pastures (excluding the dead material and postgrazed samples) was generally in the range 103–197 g/kg DM, at an outflow rate of 0.02/h and in the range 74–142 g/kg DM, at an outflow rate of 0.08/h. For summer pastures, the ERDP was generally in the range 80–128 g/kg DM, at an outflow rate of 0.02/h and in the range 58–108 g/kg DM, at an outflow rate of 0.08/h. For autumn pastures, ERDP ranged from 108 to 170 g/kg DM, at an outflow rate of 0.02/h and from 84 to 140 g/kg DM, at an outflow rate of 0.08/h. There were only 2 herbage samples collected during the winter, which had ERDP of 237 and 249 g/kg DM, at an outflow rate of 0.02/h and 213 and 222 g/kg DM, at an outflow rate of 0.08/h. Values for ERDP tended to be higher for these winter samples compared with spring samples. In contrast, autumn samples tended to have lower ERDP than spring samples. It is shown that metabolisable protein is unlikely to limit milk production of cows consuming 17 kg herbage DM/cow. day and producing up to 30 L milk/day, when milk production is determined from metabolisable energy supply. The excesses in metabolisable protein ranged from 0.48 to 1.21 kg/cow. day from a subset of spring herbage samples cut to represent that selected by cows and from 0.14 to 0.23 kg/cow. day from summer herbage samples. The degradability characteristics of the herbage samples were similar to some estimates for temperate herbages in the United Kingdom and from limited data from Australia and should form a useful basis on which to assess whether additional metabolisable protein is required as supplements for dairy cows grazing pastures in Victoria. There was a positive (P<0.01) relationship between CP content and ERDP (R2 = 0.93), across herbage samples indicating it could be possible to estimate ERDP for herbage samples that have been assessed for CP content. There was also a significant (P<0.01) positive relationship between the effective degradability of DM of herbage and ERDP (R2 = 0.77). The relationships between in vitro dry matter digestibility or neutral detergent fibre and ERDP were also significant (P<0.01), but accounted for even less of the variability. The ERDP in cereal grain-based supplements ranged from 87 to 111 g/kg DM, at a outflow rate from the rumen of 0.02/h, compared with 70–92 g/kg DM, at an outflow rate of 0.08/h. The compounded supplements containing varying levels of cereal grain, lupins and cottonseed meal, had effective degradabilities of CP that generally declined as the content of lupins decreased and the content of cottonseed meal increased. However, ERDP increased to 152 g/kg DM because of the increasing CP content with increasing cottonseed meal. These results are compared with previously published estimates of effective degradability of CP for supplementary feeds.

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34

VERA, C. L., D. I. McGREGOR e R. K. DOWNEY. "DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF VOLUNTEER Brassica ON PRODUCTION OF CERTAIN CEREAL AND OILSEED CROPS". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67, n. 4 (1 ottobre 1987): 983–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps87-135.

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Abstract (sommario):

Variable amounts (up to 1.04 t dry wt ha−1) of herbage from seedlings of cultivars from four Brassica species (B. campestris L., B. napus L., B. hirta Moench and B. juncea (L.) Coss.) and straw and chaff (5 t ha−1) of B. campestris were incorporated into field plots to investigate the effect on subsequent stand establishment and seed yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and rapeseed (B. campestris). The amounts of plant material incorporated were considered representative of straw and chaff which might be deposited at harvest, or herbage which could originate from postharvest volunteer germination. Brassica herbage reduced stand establishment and seed yield of the oilseeds to a greater extent (65 and 53%, respectively) than that of the cereals (17 and 23%, respectively). Among the cereals, barley was the most affected, while oats did not show significant reductions of stand or yield. Generally the type of Brassica used to produce herbage did not influence the reduction of stand establishment or seed yield. Incorporation of straw and chaff of rapeseed in some instances resulted in reduced plant stands but did not show deleterious effects on seed yield, and in one case resulted in an increase in yield. For comparison, the effect of incorporating barley herbage on stand establishment and seed yield of barley and flax was also investigated. Incorporation of barley herbage also resulted in reduction of stand establishment (21%) and seed yield (26%) of subsequent crops, although its effect on stand establishment was less pronounced than for Brassica herbage (44%). It is recommended that a cereal, in particular oats, follow rapeseed or mustard in the crop rotation in order to avoid losses from deleterious effects.Key words: Brassica campestris, Brassica napus, Brassica juncea, Brassica hirta, rapeseed, mustard, crop residue, phytotoxicity

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35

Merino, V. M., O. A. Balocchi e R. G. Pulido. "Pasture condition and milk production by grazing dairy cows as affected by daily herbage-allowance restriction". Animal Production Science 59, n. 8 (2019): 1510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17425.

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Abstract (sommario):

Daily herbage allowance is recognised as the main tool to control pasture utilisation and milk production per cow. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the long-term effects of daily herbage allowance (DHA) on pasture characteristics and milk production of dairy cows. Forty-four dairy cows were randomly assigned to one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design by considering two levels of DHA (20 and 30 kg DM/cow.day) and two types of supplements (high-moisture maize and maize silage) over a 77-day period. Pre- and post-grazing herbage masses, vertical distribution of herbage mass, species density, botanical and chemical composition, sward depletion and changes in morphological components of the pasture were measured. The effect of DHA on soil compaction was evaluated on the basis of the penetration resistance. Milk production and composition levels, bodyweights and body condition scores were recorded. Post-grazing residual declined as the level of DHA decreased, while grazing efficiency increased from 39.8% to 44.8%. We found no effects of DHA on any pasture characteristics, pasture regrowth or soil compaction. Low-DHA conditions induced a faster sward-height reduction, while the herbage mass remained unaffected. Individual milk production decreased with DHA. However, milk outputs per hectare increased by 2772 L/ha. Milk composition, bodyweight and body condition score were not affected by DHA. The results showed that DHA restriction decreases milk production per cow while increasing both herbage utilisation and milk production per hectare, without affecting long-term pasture condition.

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36

Legendre, H., J. P. Goby, A. Duprat, T. Gidenne e G. Martin. "Herbage intake and growth of rabbits under different pasture type, herbage allowance and quality conditions in organic production". Animal 13, n. 3 (2019): 495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1751731118001775.

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37

Schönbach, P., H. Wan, M. Gierus, R. Loges, K. Müller, L. Lin, A. Susenbeth e F. Taube. "Effects of grazing and precipitation on herbage production, herbage nutritive value and performance of sheep in continental steppe". Grass and Forage Science 67, n. 4 (12 maggio 2012): 535–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.2012.00874.x.

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38

Kunelius, H. T., K. B. McRae, G. H. Dürr e S. A. E. Fillmore. "Seed and herbage production of Westerwolds ryegrass as influenced by applied nitrogen". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, n. 3 (1 luglio 2004): 791–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-190.

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Abstract (sommario):

Seed production, plant characteristics and herbage regrowth of three cultivars of Westerwolds ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) were determined during 3 production years. Ryegrass was fertilized with nitrogen at 60, 90 and 120 kg ha-1 applied either all at the two- to three-leaf stage or split (3:2) between the two- to three-leaf stage and stem elongation. Seed yield of three cultivars ranged from 742 to 1440 kg ha-1. Nitrogen fertilizer at 90 kg ha-1 resulted in near maximum seed yields. Single and split applications of nitrogen resulted in similar seed yields. Density of fertile tillers ranged from 541 to 911 m-2 among the cultivars and responded linearly to applied N. A positive relationship was detected between the density of fertile tillers and seed yield. Herbage in aftermath averaged 2280 kg ha-1 dry matter, 125 g kg-1 crude protein, 597 g kg-1 neutral detergent fibre and 344 g kg-1 acid detergent fibre. Key words: Lolium multiflorum, Westerwolds ryegrass, nitrogen fertilizer, seed, tiller, spikelet, herbage, herbage composition

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39

Guy, C., D. Hennessy, T. J. Gilliland, F. Coughlan e B. McCarthy. "Growth, morphology and biological nitrogen fixation potential of perennial ryegrass-white clover swards throughout the grazing season". Journal of Agricultural Science 156, n. 2 (marzo 2018): 188–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859618000199.

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Abstract (sommario):

AbstractSustainable ruminant production systems depend on the ability of livestock to utilize increased quantities of grazed herbage. The current study aimed to compare the effect of white clover (WC) inclusion and perennial ryegrass (PRG) ploidy on herbage dry matter (DM) production, plant morphology, nutritive value and biological nitrogen (N) fixation (BNF) under high N fertilizer use (250 kg N/ha) and high stocking rates (2.75 livestock units/ha). Four sward treatments (diploid-only, tetraploid-only, diploid-WC, tetraploid-WC) were evaluated over a full grazing season at a farmlet scale. White clover inclusion had a significant effect on herbage DM production, herbage growth rate, tiller density, organic matter digestibility, crude protein and BNF. Tetraploid swards had a lower tiller density, lower sward WC content and post-grazing sward height and increased organic matter digestibility and crude protein than diploid swards. White clover inclusion improved herbage DM production and nutritive value across a full grazing season, with tetraploid and diploid swards producing similar herbage DM yields across the year. Perennial ryegrass ploidy had an effect on WC morphology as plants in diploid-WC swards had narrower, longer stolons, fewer branches and more petioles than tetraploid-WC swards. The current study highlights the benefit of including WC in grass-based systems under a high N fertilizer regime and high stocking rate.

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40

Berça, Andressa S., Abmael da S. Cardoso, Vanessa Z. Longhini, Luís O. Tedeschi, Robert Michael Boddey, Ricardo A. Reis e Ana Cláudia Ruggieri. "Protein and Carbohydrate Fractions in Warm-Season Pastures: Effects of Nitrogen Management Strategies". Agronomy 11, n. 5 (26 aprile 2021): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050847.

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Abstract (sommario):

Nitrogen (N) management affects herbage production and chemical composition; however, information on the impact of tropical herbage on N and carbohydrate fractions is scarce. A two-year study was conducted to investigate the potential use of pintoi peanut (Arachis pintoi) compared with N fertilization of palisade grass (Brachiariabrizantha cv. Marandu) by evaluating the herbage chemical composition (fractionation of protein and carbohydrate), herbage mass and accumulation rate, herbage disappearance rate, and stocking rate of pastures. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three treatments, and four replications (paddocks) were used with twenty-one non-lactating crossbred dairy heifers. Treatments consisted of pastures of palisade grass without a N source (control), fertilized with urea (150 kg/ha/year; fertilized), or mixed with pintoi peanut (mixed). Inclusion of the legume increased concentrations of fractions A (p = 0.009), which is the soluble N compound, and B3 (p < 0.001), which is slowly degraded true protein, compared with pastures fertilized with N and non-fertilized pastures. Nitrogen fertilization increased fraction B1 + B2 (p = 0.046), mainly true proteins, and decreased fraction C (p = 0.0007), indigestible protein, and neutral detergent fiber concentrations (p = 0.0003), contributing to increasing the nutritive value of the herbage. Additionally, N fertilization increased herbage mass (p = 0.004) and herbage allowance (p = 0.0001). Both N fertilization and biologically fixed N increased herbage allowance (p = 0.02) and accumulation rate (p = 0.02), as well as the crude protein content of herbage (p < 0.0001) compared with non-fertilized pastures. Nitrogen fertilization increased true protein and decreased indigestible protein of herbage and promoted a greater herbage mass production, while the inclusion of legumes increased soluble protein and decreased the slowly degraded true protein of herbage. Both N management strategies increased herbage allowance and accumulation rate.

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41

MARKLE, DENISE M., e RODNEY G. LYM. "Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) Control and Herbage Production with Imazapic1". Weed Technology 15, n. 3 (luglio 2001): 474–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/0890-037x(2001)015[0474:lseeca]2.0.co;2.

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42

Willms, Walter D., Sean M. McGinn e Johan F. Dormaar. "Influence of Litter on Herbage Production in the Mixed Prairie". Journal of Range Management 46, n. 4 (luglio 1993): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4002466.

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43

Muir, JP, e A. Alage. "Seasonal herbage production from two range types in southern Mozambique". African Journal of Range & Forage Science 18, n. 1 (luglio 2001): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/10220110109485753.

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44

GILLEN, ROBERT L., e PHILLIP L. SIMS. "Stocking rate, precipitation, and herbage production on sand sagebrush-grassland". Rangeland Ecology & Management 57, n. 2 (marzo 2004): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/1551-5028(2004)057[0148:srpahp]2.0.co;2.

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45

Gillen, Robert L., e Phillip L. Sims. "Stocking Rate, Precipitation, and Herbage Production on Sand Sagebrush-Grassland". Journal of Range Management 57, n. 2 (marzo 2004): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003912.

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46

Hart, R. H., e M. J. Samuel. "Precipitation, Soils and Herbage Production on Southeast Wyoming Range Sites". Journal of Range Management 38, n. 6 (novembre 1985): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3899744.

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47

GRANT, SHEILA A., G. T. BARTHRAM, LYNNE TORVELL, J. KING e D. A. ELSTONJ. "Comparison of herbage production under continuous stocking and intermittent grazing". Grass and Forage Science 43, n. 1 (marzo 1988): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb02138.x.

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48

Culleton, N., T. Cullen e V. McCarthy. "The Decline of the Herbage Seed Production Industry in Ireland". Irish Geography 25, n. 1 (gennaio 1992): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00750779209478743.

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49

Lee, J. M., K. Elborough, W. D. Catto, D. J. Donaghy e J. R. Roche. "Effect of surface applied glycine betaine on herbage production and quality of perennial ryegrass - white clover pastures". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, n. 5 (2008): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07123.

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Abstract (sommario):

Osmoprotectants have been reported to reduce the detrimental effects of various environmental stresses in many different plant species. However, there is little research available concerning pasture species. Two experiments were undertaken with the aim of quantifying the effect of surface applications of exogenous glycine betaine (GB) on herbage production and quality of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)–white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pastures during periods of moisture stress and cold temperatures over 2 years. Pastures fertilised with GB were compared with unfertilised pastures and pastures fertilised with nitrogen (N). Rates of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kg GB/ha.defoliation were applied in experiment 1 and 5 kg GB/ha.defoliation was applied in experiment 2. Surface applications of GB did not significantly affect herbage production relative to unfertilised pastures; herbage yields averaged 12 248 and 12 693 kg DM/ha over 11 months in experiment 1, and 7253 and 7177 kg DM/ha over 6 months during summer and autumn in experiment 2, for the unfertilised control and GB, respectively. During both experiments, herbage quality parameters were not affected by GB application, although the proportion of white clover in the sward between summer and winter during experiment 1 was greater (P < 0.01) in plots treated with GB than in untreated plots. Application of N fertiliser increased (P < 0.001) herbage production, but did not consistently affect herbage quality. The failure of surface applications of exogenous GB to improve the herbage production or quality of perennial ryegrass–white clover pastures suggests that it is not an appropriate method to enhance plant tolerance to environmental stress at the concentrations applied in these studies.

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50

Silcock, RG, LM Williams, KJ Lehane e FT Smith. "Seasonal distribution of herbage growth from sandplain Mulga country, Charleville." Rangeland Journal 7, n. 2 (1985): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9850099.

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Abstract (sommario):

Sod moisture may be adequate for rapid plant growth for prolonged periods at any time of year In the Charleville district. However, in pastures growing on mulga soils (acid, red earths), the majority of herbage is produced during the warm summer season (October 1 - March 31). Winter rams have to be well above average for herbage grown during these months to exceed 50% of annual production. The predominance of summer-growing (C4) grasses and absence of cool season grasses in the regional flora is the main reason for this pattern. The density of mulga scrub has no effect on seasonal distribution of herbage production despite major differences in botanical composition. Increased tree density reduced herbage yields but increased the protein and mineral content of this fodder

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