Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Hemba language"

Este trabajo pretende ser un acercamiento a la investigadora jordana Zuleikha Abu Risha partiendo de su obra La hembra de la lengua: ponencias sobre discurso y género, obra que viene a resumir en líneas generales las inquietudes y preocupaciones de la autora en el ámbito de la crítica y la investigación lingüística desde que pocos años antes publicó su primer libro sobre el tema y que, de alguna manera, había supuesto una revolución y desafío al discurso masculino imperante. Palabras claves: Género, feminismo, lengua, discurso, Abu Risha.

This essay studies various important aspects of the history of text of the treatise De herba Vettonica, ultimaty attributed to Antonius Musa, Augustus' physician and the brother of King Juba II. The possible existence of an original Greek text, the relationship between the treatise and the writings of Pliny, and the translation of the treatise into Old English are discussed, among other topics. With respect to this translation, the author insists on its importance for the establishment of the Latin text of the treatise, because it dates certainly before the turn of the millennium, and the majority of Latin manuscripts is from a later period.

<span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: 'GaramondPremrPro','serif'; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: GaramondPremrPro; mso-ansi-language: ES-CO; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Una nueva especie de escama blanda de Colombia y Venezuela, </span><em><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: 'GaramondPremrPro-It','serif'; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: GaramondPremrPro-It; mso-ansi-language: ES-CO; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Toumeyella coffeae </span></em><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: 'GaramondPremrPro','serif'; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: GaramondPremrPro; mso-ansi-language: ES-CO; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Kondo sp. nov., se describe e ilustra con base en la hembra adulta. Se proveen una clave taxonómica para separar los géneros de escamas blandas del grupo-Toumeyella y una lista de 49 especies de escamas blandas (Coccidae) registradas sobre </span><em><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: 'GaramondPremrPro-It','serif'; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: GaramondPremrPro-It; mso-ansi-language: ES-CO; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Coffea </span></em><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: 'GaramondPremrPro','serif'; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: GaramondPremrPro; mso-ansi-language: ES-CO; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">spp., en el mundo.</span>

AbstractThis article analyses literary approaches to the relation between the folkhem, the Swedish welfare state, and the miljonprogram (a public housing program between 1965 and 1974 implemented by the social democratic government with the aim to build 1 million homes to solve the housing shortage). Since its initiation, this housing program has been subjected to critique addressing, among others, issues with quality and the promotion of segregation and social exclusion. Literary discussions since the mid-1960s have both responded to this critique and challenged it. They have questioned the impact of welfare politics on a still divided society by drawing on negative aspects of miljonprogram-areas. Recent texts that negotiate class and ethnicity, however, reclaim these areas with positive descriptions. They highlight their meaning as homes for a large part of Swedish contemporary society and thereby re-connect to the original idea of the folkhem – a home for the people.

This article aims to explore the relation between the usage of the words jamu andherbal in Indonesian political texts on pharmacology and the Indonesian system ofknowledge. Indonesian language borrows the word jamu from Javanese, as well theword herbal from English. Linguistic anthropology approach is used to describe thepurpose of this writing and the data are collected by observation method. The resultshows that the words jamu and herbal in political texts are used to label the typesof the natural ingridients hierarchically. Lexically, the word jamu and the phraseherbal drug have similar element of meaning as a lingual unit to signify the meaningof naturally processed herbs. This similarity of meaning offers two distinctions forits usage in the political texts. The selection and distinction of both words in suchusage form an relationship with the scientific process as its hierarchical pulley. Suchevolutive hierarchical relation is influenced by the construction of the Indonesiansystem of knowledge which puts the knowledge system of English as higher thanJavanese language knowledge system. AbstrakArtikel ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi kaitan penggunaan kata jamu danherbal dalam teks politik Indonesia, yaitu yang terkait dengan pengobatan dengansistem pengetahuan Indonesia. Bahasa Indonesia menyerap kata jamu dari bahasaJawa, sedangkan kata herbal dari bahasa Inggris. Pendekatan linguistik antropologisdigunakan untuk mendeskripsikan tujuan penelitian dan pengumpulan data dilakukandengan metode simak. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, kata jamu dan herbal pada tekspolitik digunakan untuk melabeli jenis obat berbahan alam secara hierarkis. Secaramakna leksikal, kata jamu dan obat herbal memiliki kesamaan unsur makna sebagaisatuan lingual untuk menandakan makna obat hasil olahan herba. Kesamaan maknaini memberikan dua pilihan dalam penggunaannya dalam teks politik. Pemilihandan pemilahan keduanya dalam penggunaan di teks politik bidang farmasi Indonesiamembentuk relasi hierarki-evolutif dengan proses ilmiah sebagai katrol hierarkinya.Relasi hierarki-evolutif tersebut dipengaruhi oleh konstruksi sistem pengetahuanIndonesia yang menempatkan sistem pengetahuan dari bahasa Inggris sebagai halyang lebih tinggi daripada sistem pengetahuan dari bahasa Jawa.

The corridors of science and administration in the Levant and Egypt during the period from the seventh century until the ninth century AH witnessed a remarkable presence of the scholars of Adhr’aat city, as they contributed to the support and development of religious sciences such as the sciences of the Noble Qur’an, the hadith, and jurisprudence, as well as the sciences of the Arabic language, including grammar and literature, they taught it in some schools in the Levant and Egypt, in addition to authoring books, especially in the field of jurisprudence, and their administrative contributions were represented in their leadership of important functions in the state such as the judiciary, the ministry, the Hesba, and the consideration of the army and others, and the reason for choosing the subject of study is to strive to achieve several goals, including shedding light on the name and history of the city of Adhr’aat, that many researchers may not have heard of it, and getting to know the most important scientific and administrative families that emerged from it, and knowing the scientific and administrative contributions of these families in the Levant and Egypt during the period the focus of the research, as well as knowing the role of the ruling authority in supporting the houses of Adhr’aat in a way that enhances their value or position within the Levantine and Egyptian societies.

<p><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="ES-TRAD">Gamitana, paco y boquichico son peces nativos del orden de los Caraciformes muy populares y de alta demanda en la dieta del poblador amazónico. Los acuicultores loretanos y especialmente el Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), han intensificado sus esfuerzos en la reproducción de dichas especies mediante técnicas de tratamiento hormonal con extracto de pituitaria de carpa (EPC) desde la década de los 1980s y Conceptal desde los 1990s. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar los niveles de eficiencia logrados en la reproducción de peces vía inducción hormonal en el Centro de Investigaciones Fernando Alcántara Bocanegra (CIFAB) del IIAP, utilizando inductores diferenciados para cada especie a fin de validar los protocolos empleados. Cuatro gamitanas hembra <em>Colossoma macropomum</em> fueron tratadas con EPC en dosis de 6 mg/kg, mientras que cuatro machos fueron tratados con Conceptal en dosis de 1 ml/kg logrando inducir la ovulación y desove del 100 % de hembras. Trece pacos hembra <em>Piaractus brachypomus</em> fueron tratados con Conceptal en dosis de 2.6 ml/kg y once machos con dosis de 1 ml/kg, logrando inducir la ovulación y desove del 85 % de hembras. De otro lado, cuatro boquichicos <em>Prochilodus nigricans </em>hembra y cinco machos fueron tratados con Conceptal, con dosis similares a las utilizadas en paco, sin inducir la ovulación y desove. Se cuenta con un buen nivel de eficiencia en gamitana y paco, pero se requiere de la revisión del protocolo de selección de boquichico para el tratamiento hormonal.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-language: ES;" lang="ES-TRAD">Alcántara, F. (1985) <em>Reproducción inducida de gamitana Colossoma macropomum</em> (Cuvier, 1818) en el Perú. Tesis para optar el Grado de Doctor en Ciencias Biológicas. Universidad Nacional de Trujillo. Trujillo. Perú.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-language: ES;" lang="ES-TRAD">Alcántara, F. y Guerra, H. (1986)</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;"> Avances en el cultivo de gamitana, Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818, en el Laboratorio de Iquitos del IMARPE</span><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-language: ES;" lang="ES-TRAD">. <em>Revista Latinoamericana de Acuicultura</em>, 27, 27-29. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: ES;" lang="PT">Alcántara, F. y Guerra, H. (1988) </span><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-language: ES;" lang="ES-TRAD">Avances en la producción de alevinos de gamitana <em>C. macropomum</em>, y paco <em>C. brachypomus</em>, por reproducción inducida. <em>Folia Amazónica</em>, 1 (1), 1-12.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: ES;" lang="PT">Alcántara, F., Guerra, H. Sánchez, H. y Ávalos, S. (1992) </span><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-language: ES;" lang="ES-TRAD">Hibridación de paco Piaractus brachypomus por gamitana Colossoma macropomum en Iquitos. Perú. <em>Folia Amazónica</em>, 4 (1), 107-114.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-language: ES;" lang="ES-TRAD">Alcántara, B. F. y Murrieta, M. G. (2009) Informe de monitoreo de la reproducción inducida de gamitana en el CI. Quistococha del IIAP. Proyecto Cátedra CONCYTEC en Acuicultura. IIAP. UNAP. GOREL. CONCYTEC. 18 p.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-language: ES;" lang="ES-TRAD">Andrade, E.S., Carvalho, A.F.S., Ferreira, Paula, M.R.F.G., Rodrigues, F.S., Felizardo, V.O., Reis Neto, R.V. y Murgas, L.D.S. (2014) Indutores hormonais na reprodução artificial de curimba (Prochilodus lineatus) Inducing hormone in artific</span><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ES;">ial reproduction curimba (Prochilodus lineatus). <em>Revista Brasileira de Reproduϛão Animal</em>, 38 (4), 230-236 </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-language: ES;" lang="ES-TRAD">Arias-Gallo, M., Jiménez-Segura, L.F. y Dorado, M.P. (2010) Desarrollo larval de Prochilodus magdalenae (Steindachner, 1879) (Pisces: Prochilodontidae), </span><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Río Magdalena, Colombia</span><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-language: ES;" lang="ES-TRAD">. <em>Actualidades Biológicas</em>, 32 (93), 199-208.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-language: ES;" lang="ES-TRAD">Ascón, G.D. (1992) Reproducción inducida de “boquichico” <em>Prochilodus nigricans</em> con GnRH (a) en San Martin-Perú. <em>Folia Amazónica</em>, 4 (2), 109-116.</span></p><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="ES-TRAD"><br clear="all" /> </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-language: ES;" lang="ES-TRAD">Atencio, G. V., Kerguelén, D. E. y Naar, E. (2013) Desempeño reproductivo del bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae inducido dos veces en un mismo año. </span><em><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ES;" lang="EN-GB">Revista MVZ Córdoba</span></em><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ES;" lang="EN-GB">, 18 (1), 3304-3310.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ES;" lang="EN-US">Bobe, J. y Labbé, C. (2010) Egg and sperm quality in fish. </span><em><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ES;">General and Comparative Endocrinology</span></em><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ES;">, 165 (3), 535-548.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Bottaa, P., Sciaraa, A., Arranza, S., Murgasb, L.D.S., Pereirab, G.J.M. y Oberlenderb, G. (2010) Estudio del desarrollo embrionario del sábalo (<em>Prochilodus lineatus</em>). <em>Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria</em>, 42, 109-114</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-language: ES;" lang="ES-TRAD">Chu-Koo, F.W. y Alcántara, F. (2007) De la selva su acuicultura. Sobre los avances en acuicultura en la Amazonía Peruana y las oportunidades de inversión. <em>Perú Económico</em>, 30 (1), 11-12.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-language: ES;" lang="ES-TRAD">Da Costa, R.B., Sales, R.O., Maggioni, R. y Farias, J.O. (2012) </span><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Estudo preliminar na indução reprodutiva da curimatã comum (<em>Prochilodus cearaensis</em> Steindachner, 1911). <em>Revista Brasileira de Higiene e Sanidade Animal</em>, 6(2):77 – 91.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-language: ES;" lang="ES-TRAD">Hernández, A., Muñoz, D., Ferraz de Lima, J., Fex, R., De Fex, R. y Vásquez, W. (1992) Estado actual del cultivo de <em>Colossoma Piaractus</em> en Brasil, Colombia, Panamá, Perú y Venezuela. </span><em><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ES;" lang="EN-GB">Boletín Red de Acuicultura</span></em><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ES;" lang="EN-GB">, 6, 3-28. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ES;" lang="EN-GB">Núñez, J., Castro, D., Fernández, C., Chu-Koo, F.; García-Dávila, C., Dugue, R., Duponchelle, F., Renno, J-F., Baras, E. y Legendre, M. (2011) </span><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ES;" lang="EN-US">Hatching rate and larval growth variations in <em>Pseudoplatystoma punctifer</em>: Maternal and paternal effects. </span><em><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Aquaculture Research</span></em><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ES;">, 42, 764-775.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-language: ES;" lang="ES-TRAD">Padilla, P. P., Alcántara, B. F. y Ismiño, O. R. (2001) Reproducción inducida de la doncella <em>Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum</em> y desarrollo embrionario larval. Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana. <em>Folia Amazónica</em>, 12 (1-2), 141 – 154. </span></p><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="ES-TRAD">Sánchez, S., González, A., Ortiz, J. y Roux, J. (2005) Utilización de hipófisis de diferentes peces autóctonos y extracto hipofisario de carpa en la reproducción artificial de pacú Piaractus mesopotamicus. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Comunicaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas. Corrientes. Argentina. 3pp.</span>

The krokot is a weed that usually grows in plantations. In scientific language, purslane is called Portulaca oleracea L. Purslane is well-known as a nutritious plant in several countries such as China, Mexico, and Greece. In Indonesia, purslane is also known to have uses, or a substitute for ginseng. This aims of the study to determine the effectiveness of purslane herb ethanol extract ointment on wound healing in white rats. This research was conducted using an experimental method. In this study, phytochemical screening and simplicia characterization were carried out. Incision wound healing effect was tested on 25 male white rats with 5 treatment subgroups, namely positive control, negative control, purslane herb ethanol extract ointment 10%, purslane herb ethanol extract ointment 20%, purslane herb ethanol extract ointment 30%. The ointment base used is Vaseline album, liquid paraffin, and solid paraffin. All formulations of purslane herb 10%, 20% and 30%, met the requirements for evaluation of ointment preparations. Phytochemical screening results showed positive containing flavonoids, tannins and saponins. The results of the characterization of purslane herb simplicia powder obtained water content of 8.37%, water soluble extract content of 11.35%, ethanol soluble extract content of 10.99%, total ash content of 7.46% and acid insoluble ash content of 0.88%. The average results of observation of incision wounds in white rats were concentrations of 10% (22 mm) for 14 days, 20% (0.1 mm) for 14 days, 30% (0.04 mm) for 14 days. While the positive control (betadine ointment) was (0 mm) and the negative control (ointment base) was (0.42 mm). It can be concluded that purslane herb ethanol extract can provide effectiveness and antioxidants for wound healing in white rats. The purslane herb 30% ethanol extract has almost comparable effectiveness with betadine ointment in healing incisional wounds in white rats.

The purpose of this study is to examine young people’s attitudes towards multiethnic youth language and standard Swedish. The aim is also to examine the situations in which code- switching between different language varieties appears. Semi-structured interviews were performed with eight students to gather empirical material for the study questions. The analysis of the interviews shows that the multiethnic youth language is an artistic and vibrant language that expresses young people's creativity and humor. The analysis also show that the multiethnic youth language is a culture, an own language, which shows where the youth of the suburbs belong.

Sammandrag Syftet med undersökningen är att beskriva och analysera somaliska kvinnors upplevelser av och tankar om litteracitet i Somalia och i Sverige samt hur tidigare erfarenheter och framtidsplaner präglar litteracitetsutvecklingen i Sverige. Metoden består av semistrukturerade intervjuer som utförts med fyra sfi-elever. Undersökningsresultatet kan inte generaliseras på en större grupp, men ger en fingervisning om några kvinnors upplevelser. Kvinnornas upplevelser av litteracitet i Somalia visar att litteracitet bör ses som en social konstruktion som varierar beroende på det kulturella sammanhanget. I Sverige verkar kvinnorna snabbt ha tillägnat sig det västerländska perspektivet att varje samhällsmedborgare förväntas vara läs- och skrivkunnig och att skolan är nyckeln till framgång. De är välvilligt inställda till anpassning efter de högt ställda kraven på litteracitet i det nya landet men beroende på tidigare upplevelser och framtidsplaner utvecklar sig deras strävan mot funktionell litteracitet på olika sätt. Informanter som har för avsikt att stanna kvar i Sverige arbetar mera målmedvetet för ökad läs- och skrivkunnighet samt inlärning av svenska medan de som betraktar Sverige som en tillfällig fristad lever mer isolerat och tar inte tillvara möjlighet att utveckla språk och litteracitet.

Denna studie undersöker orsaker till problematisk skolfrånvaro, hur språk och kommunikation kan ha betydelse för problematisk skolfrånvaro, samt hur mönstret kan brytas och frånvaro vändas till närvaro. I studien avgränsas undersökningen till problematisk skolfrånvaro kopplad till elever med neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar (NPF). Undersökningen vill ta reda på hur några skolor i en kommun arbetar kring elever i problematisk skolfrånvaro, om det finns en särskild handlingsplan för detta och huruvida man agerar utifrån den. Teoretisk ram för studien utgörs av relationellt specialpedagogiskt perspektiv, samt relationell pedagogik. Studiens data samlades in genom tre formella, semistrukturerade och djupgående intervjuer med vårdnadshavare, samt två surveyundersökningar online i form av enkäter, en till rektorer och en till specialpedagoger och lärare som arbetar med problematisk skolfrånvaro. Konklusionen i studien synliggör betydelsen av tidiga insatser, genuina relationer, samt individanpassade åtgärder. Resultaten visade att många orsaker till problematisk frånvaro samverkar, att språk och kommunikation är en central del i denna problematik, att skolor har goda rutiner och handlingsplaner vid problematisk frånvaro, samt att vikten av personliga relationer och specialpedagogisk kompetens i mötet med dessa barn behöver utvecklas.
This study investigates the causes of problematic school absence, how language and communication can be important for problematic school absence, as well as how the pattern can be broken and turn absence to attendance. In the investigation, the study is delimited to problematic school absence linked to students with neuropsychiatric disabilities (NPF). The survey wants to find out how some schools in a municipality are working on students with problematic school absence if there is a specific action plan for this and whether they act on the basis of it. Theoretical framework for the study consists of a relational special pedagogical perspective, as well as relational pedagogy. The study data was collected through three formal, semi-structured and in-depth interviews with custodians, as well as two surveys online, one to the rectors and one to special educators and teachers who work with problematic school absence. The study concludes the importance of early efforts, genuine relationships, as well as individualized measures. The results showed that many causes of problematic absence co-operate, that language and communication are key parts of this problem, that schools have good practices and action plans in case of problematic absence, and that the importance of personal relationships and special educational skills in meeting with these children needs to be developed.

I den här studien har fem vuxna andraspråksinlärare intervjuats i en norrländsk inlandskommun. Syftet var att undersöka deras narrativ gällande deras lärande från deras hemländer samt deras studier i svenska i Sverige. Fokus har varit att synliggöra vilka symboliska kapital som framhävts som viktiga i lärandet i hemländerna samt i Sverige i och utanför skolan. Undersökningen visar bland annat att respondenternas tidigare skolbakgrund med hårda regler och bestraffningar har gjort dem fokuserade i klassrummet. Det visar även att man trots många år i skolan på högre utbildningsnivå inte självklart har någon fördel när man kommer till Sverige. Undersökningen visar också att sociala kontakter med svensktalande är viktiga för att lära sig svenska. Flera av respondenterna är vana att studera själv hemma. De anser att mer jobb och praktik tidigare inom sfiundervisningen skulle leda till att de lär sig mer svenska snabbare. De upplever friheten i svenska skolan som något positivt samtidigt som något nytt och främmande som leder till vissa svårigheter.

Riktlinjer gällande litteratururval och förmedlingen av en litterär kanon har alltmer minskat sedan 1975 och kan av en del lärare ha ansetts försvunnit helt vid införandet av Gy11. Tidigare forskning av lärares litteraturval visar dock att det fortfarande existerar en hierarkisering av litteratur där klassiska västerländska verk kanoniseras. Majoriteten av den litteraturdidaktiska forskningen har sedan 2000-talet framför allt fokuserat på att undersöka hur elever läser snarare än vad eleverna faktiskt läser. Den här studien syftar till att undersöka om det existerar en inofficiell litterär kanon på gymnasieskolan. Studien har en fenomenografisk forskningsansats och referens-ram. Datainsamlingen skedde i form av halvstrukturerade intervjuer med sex svensklärare som arbetar på gymnasieskolor. Studiens slutsatser visar att det existerar en inofficiell litterär kanon med en stark koppling till litteraturhistoria och klassisk litteratur som kan tolkas härstamma från en kanonförmedling utifrån tidigare läroplaner, lärarutbildningar och läromedel. En litterär kanon utgår enligt lärarna från en samsyn gällande en författare eller ett verks kvalité och plats i under-visningen. Kanoniserad litteratur beskrivs även som mansdominerad och väster-ländsk samt att den säger något om historien och samhället. Lärarna uppger att deras litteraturval främst påverkas av lärarens syn på ämnet, kollegiala samtal, elevernas förkunskaper och vilken kurs de går i men även temaarbeten och litteraturens historiska förmedling. I analysen av lärarnas beskrivning av påverkansfaktorer går det att urskilja kanonaspekter där vissa verk prioriteras och anses självklara, utan en anknytning till de framlyfta faktorerna. Det går därmed att urskilja en inofficiell litterär kanon som ytterligare en faktor till litteraturvalet.

Svenska

Abstract This chapter examines the Central Cushitic (or Agaw) language spoken in the Wag Hemra Zone of the Amhara Region of Ethiopia: Xamtanga. Xamtanga is a working and educational language in the Wag Hemra Zone. The chapter argues that Xamtanga is employed as the primary medium of communication by all ages and in all domains in Ziqwala and Abergelle. Bilingualism in Amharic and/or in Tigrinya is extremely frequent. This chapter then explores the five dialects of Xamtanga: Soqota (South East), S’agibji (East), Ziqwala (Central), Semen/Sihalla (West), and Abergelle (North). Ultimately, the chapter analyzes the Xamtanga phonology, verbal morphology, nominal morphology, pronominal morphology, and pragmatics.