Tesi sul tema "Hele-Shaw problem"

This thesis concerns the mathematical model of moving fluid interfaces in a Hele-Shaw cell: an experimental device in which fluid flow is studied by sandwiching the fluid between two closely separated plates. Analytic and numerical methods are developed to gain new insights into interfacial stability and bubble evolution, and the influence of different boundary effects is examined. In particular, the properties of the velocity-dependent kinetic undercooling boundary condition are analysed, with regard to the selection of only discrete possible shapes of travelling fingers of fluid, the formation of corners on the interface, and the interaction of kinetic undercooling with the better known effect of surface tension. Explicit solutions to the problem of an expanding or contracting ring of fluid are also developed.

When a less viscous fluid displaces a more viscous fluid inside a quasi-two-dimensional channel, the interface separating the two fluids can become highly unstable and perturbed. By assuming that the more viscous fluid is finite in volume, this thesis uses analytical and computational methods to investigate the effect of two fluid interfaces. The results could have implication in fields such as oil extraction, geology, and advanced manufacturing.

In questa tesi si presenta l'analisi asintotica di un modello di crescita tumorale, seguendo l'articolo The Hele–Shaw Asymptotics for Mechanical Models of Tumor Growth (2014) di Perthame B., Quiròs F. e Vàzquez J.L. Tramite l'analisi asintotica è possibile costruire una correlazione tra i due principali approcci utilizzati nella descrizione del fenomeno: modelli della densità cellulare e problemi a frontiera libera. I primi descrivono l'evoluzione della popolazione cellulare e la sua interazione con fattori esterni (ossigeno, glucosio, sostanze chimiche) attraverso sistemi di equazioni differenziali. I secondi descrivono il movimento del tumore attraverso modelli a frontiera libera, in quanto, nelle prime fasi del suo sviluppo, i contorni del tumore sono ben definiti. Nel modello illustrato in questa tesi, si assume che il movimento delle cellule sia guidato dalla legge di Darcy, la quale è solitamente usata per descrivere il flusso di un fluido in un mezzo poroso. Si considera quindi una PME (porous medium equation) che governa l'evoluzione della densità cellulare. Si dimostra che il limite della soluzione dell'equazione esiste e soddisfa un problema a frontiera libera del tipo Hele-Shaw. Si dimostra inoltre l'unicità di tale soluzione limite. I risultati analoghi vengono dimostrati anche per un sistema che comprende una seconda equazione di diffusione-reazione, la quale descrive l'evoluzione della concentrazione di generici nutrienti (solitamente ossigeno e glucosio).

Moldagem por injeção é um dos mais importantes processos industriais para produção de produtos plásticos finos. Esse processo é dividido essencialmente em quatro estágios: plastificação, preenchimento, empacotamento e resfriamento. O escoamento de um fluido caracterizado por alta viscosidade em uma cavidade estreita é um problema tipicamente encontrado em processos de moldagem por injeção.Neste caso, o escoamento pode ser descrito por uma formulação conhecida como aproximação de Hele-Shaw. Tal formulação pode ser derivada das equações de conservação tridimensionais usando um número de suposições a respeito do polímero injetado e da geometria da cavidade do molde, juntamente com a integração e o acoplamento das equações da conservação da quantidade de movimento e da continuidade. Essa formulação, referindo às limitações da geometria do molde como sendo canais estreitos e quase sem curvatura, é comumente denominada formulação 2 1/2D. Neste trabalho, é apresentada uma técnica para a simulação da fase de preenchimento de um processo de moldagem por injeção, usando essa formulação 2 1/2D, com um método de volumes finitos e malhas não estruturadas. O modelo de Cross modificado com dependência da temperatura de Arrhenius é empregado para descrever a viscosidade do polímero fundido. O campo de distribuição de temperatura é tridimensional e é resolvido usando um esquema semi-Lagrangeano baseado em volumes finitos. As malhas não estruturadas utilizadas são geradas por triangulação de Delaunay e o método numérico implementado usa a estrutura de dados topológica SHE - Singular Handle Edge, que é capaz de lidar com condições de contorno e singularidades, aspectos comumente encontrados em simulações numéricas de escoamento de fluidos.
Injection molding is one of the most important industrial processes for the manufacturing of thin plastic products. This process can be divided into four stages: plastic melting, filling, packing and cooling phases. The flow of a fluid characterized by high viscosity in a narrow gap is a problem typically found in injection molding processes. In this case, the flow can be described by a formulation known as Hele-Shaw approach. Such formulation can be btained from the three-dimensional conservation equation using a number of assumptions regarding the injected polymer and the geometry of the mold, together with the integration and the coupling of the momentum and continuity equations. This approach, referring to limitations of the mould geometry to narrow, weakly curved channels, is usually called 2 1/2D approach. In this work a technique for the simulation of the filling stage of the injection molding process, using this 2 1/2D approach, with a finite volume method and unstructured meshes, is presented. The modified-Cross model with Arrhenius temperature dependence is employed to describe the viscosity of the melt. The temperature field is 3D and it is solved using a semi-Lagrangian scheme based on the finite volume method. The employed unstructured meshes are generated by Delaunay triangulation and the implemented numerical method uses the topological data structure SHE - Singular Handle Edge, capable to deal with boundary conditions and singularities, aspects commonly found in numerical simulation of fluid flow.

We investigate the development of interfacial instabilities and singularities that occur in solutions to Darcy-type moving boundary problems. We present a robust numerical scheme which can easily be adapted to a wide range of problems that, to date, have not yet been solved. Using this scheme, we provide insight into how perturbing the geometry of a Hele-Shaw cell can be used to control the development of interfacial patterns. Further, we consider how different physical effects influence the development of a singularity due to an air bubble contracting to a point or breaking up into multiple bubbles.

Les modèles de milieux poreux, en régime compressible ou incompressible, sont utilisés dans la littérature pour décrire les propriétés mécaniques des tissus vivants et en particulier de la croissance tumorale. Il est possible de construire un lien entre ces deux différentes représentations en utilisant une loi de pression raide. Dans la limite incompressible, les modèles compressibles conduisent à des problèmes de frontières libres de type Hele-Shaw. Nos travaux visent à étudier la limite de pression raide des équations de type milieu poreux motivées par le développement tumoral. Notre première étude concerne l’analyse et la simulation numérique d’un modèle incluant l’effet des nutriments. Ensuite, un système d’équations, dont le couplage est délicat, décrit la densité cellulaire et la concentration en nutriments. Pour cette raison, la dérivation de l’équation de pression dans la limite incompressible était un problème ouvert qui nécessite la compacité forte du gradient de pression. Pour l’établir, nous utilisons deux nouvelles idées : une version L3 de la célèbre estimation d’Aronson-Bénilan, également utilisée récemment pour des problèmes connexes, et une estimation L4 sur le gradient de pression (où l’exposant 4 est optimal). Nous étudions en outre l’optimalité de cette estimation par un schéma numérique upwind aux différences finies, que nous montrons être stable et asymptotic preserving. Notre deuxième étude est centrée sur l’équation de milieux poreux avec effets convectifs. Nous étendons les techniques développées pour le cas avec nutriments, trouvant ainsi la relation de complémentarité sur la pression limite. De plus, nous fournissons une estimation du taux de convergence à la limite incompressible. Enfin, nous étudions un système multi-espèces. En particulier, en tenant compte de l’hétérogénéité phénotypique, nous incluons une variable structurée dans le problème. Par conséquent, un système de diffusion croisée et dégénérée décrit l’évolution des distributions phénotypiques. En adaptant des méthodes récemment développées pour des systèmes à deux équations, nous prouvons l’existence de solutions faibles et nous passons à la limite incompressible. En outre, nous prouvons de nouveaux résultats de régularité sur la pression totale, qui est liée à la densité totale par une loi de puissance
Both compressible and incompressible porous medium models have been used in the literature to describe the mechanical aspects of living tissues, and in particular of tumor growth. Using a stiff pressure law, it is possible to build a link between these two different representations. In the incompressible limit, compressible models generate free boundary problems of Hele-Shaw type where saturation holds in the moving domain. Our work aims at investigating the stiff pressure limit of reaction-advection-porous medium equations motivated by tumor development. Our first study concerns the analysis and numerical simulation of a model including the effect of nutrients. Then, a coupled system of equations describes the cell density and the nutrient concentration. For this reason, the derivation of the pressure equation in the stiff limit was an open problem for which the strong compactness of the pressure gradient is needed. To establish it, we use two new ideas: an L3-version of the celebrated Aronson-Bénilan estimate, also recently applied to related problems, and a sharp uniform L4-bound on the pressure gradient. We further investigate the sharpness of this bound through a finite difference upwind scheme, which we prove to be stable and asymptotic preserving. Our second study is centered around porous medium equations including convective effects. We are able to extend the techniques developed for the nutrient case, hence finding the complementarity relation on the limit pressure. Moreover, we provide an estimate of the convergence rate at the incompressible limit. Finally, we study a multi-species system. In particular, we account for phenotypic heterogeneity, including a structured variable into the problem. In this case, a cross-(degenerate)-diffusion system describes the evolution of the phenotypic distributions. Adapting methods recently developed in the context of two-species systems, we prove existence of weak solutions and we pass to the incompressible limit. Furthermore, we prove new regularity results on the total pressure, which is related to the total density by a power law of state

The motion of a free boundary separating two immiscible fluids in an unbounded Hele-Shaw cell is considered. In the one-phase problem, a viscous fluid is separated from an inviscid fluid by a simple closed boundary. Preliminaries for a complex variable technique are presented by which the one-phase problem can be solved explicitly via conformal mappings. The Schwarz function of the boundary plays a major role giving rise to the so called Schwarz function equation which governs the evolution of exact solutions. The Schwarz function approach is used to study the stability of a translating elliptical bubble due to a uniform background flow, and the stability of a blob (or bubble) subject to an external electric field. The one-phase problem of a translating free boundary and of a free boundary subject to an external field are studied numerically. A boundary integral method is formulated in the complex plane by considering the Cauchy integral formula and the complex velocity of a fluid particle on the free boundary. In the case of a free boundary subject to an external electric field due to a point charge, it is demonstrated that a stable steady state is achieved for appropriate charge strength. The method is also employed to study breakup of a single translating bubble in which the Schwarz function singularities (shown to be stationary) of the initial boundary play an important role. The two-phase problem is also considered, where the free boundary now separates two viscous fluids, and the construction of exact solutions is studied. The one-phase numerical model is enhanced, where a boundary integral method is formulated to accommodate the variable pressure in both viscous phases. Some numerical experiments are presented with a comparison to analytical results, in particular for the case where the free boundary is driven by a uniform background flow.

Dans le chapitre 1, on considère le modèle micropolaire de Navier-Stokes avec conditions de bords de type Dirichlet non homogènes en dimension deux. On donnera un résultat d'existence d'une solution faible en utilisant le théorème du point fixe de Leray-Schauder, puis on prouvera l'unicité de la solution faible du problème sous certaines hypothèses. On établiera une justification mathématique de l’équation de Reynolds généralisé à partir de ce modèle là. On étudiera ensuite la forme de l'équation de Reynolds suivant le choix de la viscosité et des données initiales. Dans le chapitre 2, nous considérons le modèle de Hele-Shaw généralisé dans une cellule laminaire, qui consiste à injecter du fluide, avec un débit non constant w 0, à travers un trou de frontière 1, situé sur l'une des deux surfaces ; et à tenir compte que l'une des surfaces a une géométrie quelconque et animée d'un mouvement relatif vertical. En introduisant un changement de variable de type Baiocchi, le problème initial se ramène à l'étude d'une inéquation variationnelle avec terme de Volterra. L'existence d'une solution pour cette dernière est donnée par le théorème du point fixe de Banach. Des résultats de régularité en espace pour la solution seront prouvés en introduisant un problème pénalisé et en utilisant la méthode de Rothe (semi-discrétisation en temps), puis on montrera que la dérivée par rapport à t de la solution de l'inéquation variationnelle est dans l#(0, t, h#2()), ce dernier résultat nous permet de revenir au problème initial. Dans le chapitre 3, on considère un problème de Stefan à deux phases avec convection. Le problème est gouverné par un système couple non linéaire, comprenant la loi de Darcy pour un fluide non newtonien et l'équation d'équilibre d'énergie avec second membre dans l#1. Pour prouver l'existence de solutions du problème faible on introduira une famille de solutions approchées (#, p#), > 0, définies sur le domaine entier , en insérant une fonction de pénalité convenable dans l'équation de pression. On considère ensuite séparement les problèmes en # et p#, respectivement, et en utilisant le principe de point fixe de Schauder, on montre l'existence de couples solutions (#, p#) du problème approché, pour tout > 0. En faisant tendre vers zéro, on montre que les solutions du problème approché convergent vers une limite (, p) qui est une solution faible du problème variationnel. On montre aussi que la fonction est continue d'où le domaine où > 0 est un ensemble ouvert, et l'interface des deux phases est définie a posteriori comme l'ensemble de niveau = 0. On établira, enfin, quelques relations entre les solutions faibles et classiques, dans le cas d’une courbe assez régulière

This thesis is in the field of non-linear partial differential equations (PDE), focusing on problems which show some type of phase-transition. A single phase Hele-Shaw flow models a Newtoninan fluid which is being injected in the space between two narrowly separated parallel planes. The time evolution of the space that the fluid occupies can be modelled by a semi-linear PDE. This is a problem within the field of free boundary problems. In the multi-phase problem we consider the time-evolution of a system of phases which interact according to the principle that the joint boundary which emerges when two phases meet is fixed for all future times. The problem is handled by introducing a parameterized equation which is regularized and penalized. The penalization is non-local in time and tracks the history of the system, penalizing the joint support of two different phases in space-time. The main result in the first paper is the existence theory of a weak solution to the parameterized equations in a Bochner space using the implicit function theorem. The family of solutions to the parameterized problem is uniformly bounded allowing us to extract a weakly convergent subsequence for the case when the penalization tends to infinity. The second problem deals with a parameterized highly oscillatory quasi-linear elliptic equation in divergence form. As the regularization parameter tends to zero the equation gets a jump in the conductivity which occur at the level set of a locally periodic function, the obstacle. As the oscillations in the problem data increases the solution to the equation experiences high frequency jumps in the conductivity, resulting in the corresponding solutions showing an effective global behaviour. The global behavior is related to the so called homogenized solution. We show that the parameterized equation has a weak solution in a Sobolev space and derive bounds on the solutions used in the analysis for the case when the regularization is lost. Surprisingly, the limiting problem in this case includes an extra term describing the interaction between the solution and the obstacle, not appearing in the case when obstacle is the zero level-set. The oscillatory nature of the problem makes standard numerical algorithms computationally expensive, since the global domain needs to be resolved on the micro scale. We develop a multi scale method for this problem based on the heterogeneous multiscale method (HMM) framework and using a finite element (FE) approach to capture the macroscopic variations of the solutions at a significantly lower cost. We numerically investigate the effect of the obstacle on the homogenized solution, finding empirical proof that certain choices of obstacles make the limiting problem have a form structurally different from that of the parameterized problem.

QC 20180222

Cette thèse porte sur le traitement mathématique du problème de Hele-Shaw dans l’approximation de Stokes-Leibenson. À l’aide d’une transformation de type Helmholtz- Kirchhoff, nous explicitons une équation d’évolution du contour fluide valable pour tout type d’écoulement plan. Cette équation généralise des résultats précédents et permet alors d’établir un schéma numérique performant dit du quasi-contour, qui se réduit à un problème de Cauchy. Nous considérons ensuite l’étude du problème par transformations conformes menant à l’équation de Polubarinova-Galin. Dans le cas simple d’un contour représenté par un trinôme à coefficients réels, nous réussissons à expliciter la solution exacte du problème. Notons que les trajectoires des solutions exactes permettent de préciser la position de la frontière des domaines d’univalence décrits par les trinômes. Enfin, nous introduisons des paramètres de contrôle sous forme de coefficients d’un multipôle superposé à la source. Des conditions suffisantes de contrôlabilité sont établies et des résultats de contrôle optimal sont explicités pour les solutions binomiales et trinomiales. L’introduction de paramètres de contrôle permet de comprendre le lien qui relie les moments de Richardson à l’équation de Polubarinova-Galin
This PhD thesis deals with the mathematical treatment of the Hele–Shaw problem in the Stokes–Leibenson approximation. By an Helmholtz–Kirchhoff transformation, we exhibited an evolutive equation of the fluid contour applicable to all type of planar fows. This equation generalizes previous results and also allows to state an efficient numerical scheme called quasi-contour’s, which is a simple Cauchy problem. We then consider the study of this problem using conformal transformations leading to the Polubarinova-Galin equation. In the simple case of a contour representing by a trinomial with real coefficients, we succeeded in exhibiting the exact solution of the problem. Notice that the trajectories of the exact solutions enable to precise the position of frontiers of univalent domains described by trinomials. Finally, we introduce control parameters under the form of coefficients of a multipole superposed to the source. Sufficient conditions of controllability are stated and results on optimal control established for the binomial and trinomial cases. Introduction of control parameters allows us to understand the link, which bound Richardson’s moments to the Polubarinova-Galin equation

Cette thèse s’intéresse à la dynamique des fronts d’ablation accélérés se développant dans les expériences de Fusion par Confinement Inertiel. La FCI est un procédé destiné à obtenir l’implosion d’une capsule de deutérium ou de tritium en la comprimant par irradiation de sa couche extérieure, l’ablateur. Le front d’ablation parcourant cette coquille superficielle est déformé par des perturbations hydrodynamiques pouvant compromettre l’allumage d’une réaction de fusion. Ces travaux proposent donc une étude numérique de l’apparition d’instabilités de Rayleigh-Taylor dans le processus d’ablation, étudié en deux dimensions d’espace. La résolution numérique s’appuie sur une modélisation asymptotique du phénomène dans la limite d’un grand rapport de température entre le plasma chaud vaporisé par le laser et l’ablateur encore froid. Cette modélisation est effectuée en deux étapes. Tout d’abord, la partie thermo-diffusive est approchée par un système de type Hele-Shaw. Nous considérons ensuite la partie hydrodynamique comme une perturbation du système précédent. Asymptotiquement, il s’agit de résoudre l’advection d’une nappe de vorticité localisée sur le front. La discrétisation du système limite passe par une formulation eulérienne couplée avec un suivi de front par des marqueurs. La partie thermique est résolue par la méthode de la Frontière Elargie récemment développée et la partie hydrodynamique par une méthode de Volumes Finis
This thesis deals with the dynamics of accelerated ablative front spreading in Inertial Confinement Fusion experiments. ICF is designed for the implosion of a mdeuterium or tritium spherical target. The outer shell, the ablator, is irradiated providing a high level pressure inside the target. During this first stage, the ablation front propagating inward is perturbed by hydrodynamics instabilities, which can prevent the fusion reaction in the decelerated stage. We propose here a study on Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities during ablation process, in the two dimensional case. In order to obtain a numerical solution, we perform an asymptotic analysis in the limit of a high temperature ratio, between the remaining cold ablator and the hot ablated plasma. This study is divided in two steps. First, the thermo-diffusive part of the set of equations is approximated by a Hele-Shaw model, which is then perturbed by the hydrodynamics part. Using a vortex method, we have to solve the advection of a vortical sheet moving with the ablation front. We compute the numerical solution on an eulerian mesh coupled with a front tracking method. The thermal part is calculated by implementing the Fat Boundary Method, recently developped. The hydrodynamic part is obtained from a Finit Volume scheme

The subject of this thesis is viscous fingering in Hele-Shaw cells, or Hele-Shaw flows. We look for insights into the fundamental mechanisms
underlying the physics of interface dynamics, which we hope will exhibit some degree of universality. The aim is twofold: on the one hand we focus on the role of surface tension and viscosity contrast in the dynamics of fingering patterns. On the other hand we introduce a modification of the original problem and study the effects of a inhomogeneous gap between the
plates of a Hele-Shaw cell.

A dynamical systems approach to competition of Saffman-Taylor (ST) fingers in a Hele-Shaw channel is developed. This is based on global analysis of the phase space flow of the ODE sets associated to the exact solutions of the problem without surface tension. A general proof of the existence of finite-time singularities for broad classes of solutions is given. The existence of a continuum of multifinger fixed points and its dynamical implications are discussed. We conclude that exact zero-surface tension solutions taken in a global sense as families of trajectories in phase space are unphysical because the multifinger fixed points are nonhyperbolic. Hyperbolicity (saddle-point structure) of multifinger fixed points is argued to be essential to the physically correct qualitative
description of finger competition. The restoring of hyperbolicity by surface tension is proposed as the key point to formulate a generic Dynamical Solvability Scenario for interfacial pattern selection.

We study the singular effects of vanishingly small surface tension on the dynamics of finger competition in the Saffman-Taylor problem, using the asymptotic techniques developed by Tanveer and Siegel, and numerical computation, following the numerical scheme of Hou, Lowengrub, and
Shelley. We demonstrate the dramatic effects of small surface tension on the late time evolution of two-finger configurations with respect to exact
(non-singular) zero-surface tension solutions. The effect is present even when the zero surface tension solution has asymptotic behavior consistent with selection theory. Such singular effects therefore cannot be traced back to steady state selection theory, and imply a drastic global change in the structure of phase-space flow.

Finger competition with arbitrary viscosity contrast (or Atwood ratio) is
studied by means of numerical computation. Two different types of dynamics
are observed, depending on the value of the viscosity contrast an the
initial condition. One of them exhibits finger competition and ends up in
the ST finger. In opposition, the second dynamics does not exhibit finger
competition and the long time dynamics seems attracted to bubble shaped
solutions. An initial condition appropriate to study the ST finger basin
of attraction is identified, and used to characterize its dependence on
the viscosity contrast, obtaining that its size decreases for decreasing
viscosity contrast, being very small for zero viscosity contrast. The ST
finger is not the universal attractor for arbitrary viscosity contrast. An
alternative class of attractors is identified as the set of Taylor-Saffman
bubble solutions, and one important implication of this result is that the
interface is strongly attracted to finite time pinchoff.

A nonlocal interface equation is derived for two-phase fluid flow, with
arbitrary wettability and viscosity contrast c, in a model porous medium defined as a Hele-Shaw cell with random gap b. Fluctuations of both capillary and viscous pressure are explicitly related to the microscopic quenched disorder, yielding conserved, non-conserved and power-law correlated noise terms. Two length scales are identified that control the possible scaling regimes and which depend on capillary number Ca as l sub 1 = b sub zero (c Ca)(superindex -1/2) and l sub 2 = b sub zero/Ca. Exponents for forced fluid invasion are obtained from numerical simulation and compared with recent experiments,obtaining good partial agreement.

We study the regularity of weak solutions for the Stefan and Hele- Shaw problems with Gibbs-Thomson law under special conditions. The main result says that whenever the free boundary is Lipschitz in space and time it becomes (instantaneously) C[superscript 2,alpha] in space and its mean curvature is Hölder continuous. Additionally, a similar model related to the Signorini problem is introduced, in this case it is shown that for large times weak solutions converge to a stationary configuration.
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Si costruisce un modello per l'iniezione di un fluido in una cella di Hele-Shaw. Si studiano le proprietà di esistenza ed unicità della soluzione del problema di equazioni differenziali di tipo parabolico e di trasporto, con condizione integro differenziale sull'interfaccia, che descrivono il problema fisico.
We constructed a model for the injection of a fluid in a Hele-Shaw cell and we study the properties of existence and uniqueness of the differential problem solution. These equations are of parabolic and transport kind, with an integral differential condition on the interface.