Tesi sul tema "Heating management"
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1
Wernstedt, Fredrik. "Multi-Agent Systems for District Heating Management". Licentiate thesis, Karlskrona : Blekinge Institute of Technology, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-00258.
Abstract (sommario):
This thesis investigates the applicability of multi-agent systems as a control approach for district heating systems. The consumers, i.e., the heat exchange systems, in current district heating systems are purely reactive devices and have typically no communication capabilities. They are only able to make local decisions without taking into account the global situation in the system. In this work, the possibilities of a new type of heat exchanger systems that has an open software environment and communication capabilities are explored. Operators of district heating systems have several, often conflicting, goals, e.g., to satisfy the demand of the customers and to minimize production costs. Major concerns are how to cope with the uncertainty caused by discrepancies between the estimated and actual customer demand, and the temporal constraints imposed by the relatively long production and distribution times (up to 24 hours). The approach studied in this thesis is to equip each consumer with an agent that makes predictions of future needs and to form clusters of consumers within which it is possible to redistribute resources fast and at a low cost. The agents have two fundamental goals: the local goal, which is to satisfy the customers’ needs, and the global goal, which is to improve the overall performance of the system by cooperating with the other agents in the cluster. Results from a simulation study indicate that the suggested approach makes it possible to reduce production while maintaining the quality of service. The study also show that it is possible to control the trade-off between quality-of-service and degree of surplus production. In another study, a smallscale experiment in a controlled physical environment, two agent-based approaches are evaluated and compared to existing technologies. The experiment shows that it is possible to automatically load balance a small district heating network using agent technology. Finally, a generalized formal characterization of the problem space under investigation is provided, i.e., production and logistics network management, together with a preliminary evaluation of the applicability of the suggested multi-agent system approach for this general problem area.
2
Fredriksson, Victor, e Bane Gluhajic. "Heating systems in small houses : A comparison between geothermal heating and district heating". Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-253799.
Abstract (sommario):
District heating and geothermal heating are in present times two established heating systems that are often compared against each other. The purpose of this work is to describe which factors influence the choice of heating system during the planning stage and what the costs are for each system. In this paper, a typical house model has been developed and used as a basis for the comparison of both systems. The comparison has been made in the form of energy calculations in the energy calculation program BV2, where heat requirements and regulatory requirements for energy performance have been compared in different geographical areas in Sweden. Furthermore, cost calculations have been carried out based on the energy calculations' results, where investment costs and annual costs have been set against each other. The result of the work shows how the measurement of energy performance differs from the actual amount of purchased energy due to geographical conditions. In the southern parts of Sweden, where the geographical correction factor is below 0, consumers are penalized by raising the primary energy number, unlike the northern parts where the primary energy number is instead lowered. Based on the cost calculations, it can be concluded that district heating, when available, is more economically advantageous in the short term. Geothermal heating on the other hand is a more profitable alternative in the long run.Fjärrvärme och bergvärme är idag två etablerade värmesystem som ofta ställs mot varandra. Syftet med det här arbetet är att redogöra vilka faktorer som påverkar valet av värmesystem under projekteringsstadiet och vilka kostnaderna som finns för respektive system. I arbetet har en typisk husmodel tagits fram och använts som grund för jämförelsen av båda systemen. Jämförelsen har dels gjorts i form av energiberäkningar i energiberäkningsprogrammet BV2 där värmebehov och myndighetskrav på energiprestanda har jämförts i olika geografiska områden i Sverige. Vidare har kostnadsberäkningar genomförts utifrån energiberäkningarnas resultat där investeringskostnader och årliga kostnader har ställts mot varandra. Resultatet av arbetet visar hur måttet på energiprestanda skiljer sig från den faktiska mängden köpt energi på grund ut av geografiska förhållanden. I de södra delarna i Sverige där den geografiska korrigeringsfaktorn understiger 0 straffas konsumenter genom att primärenergitalet höjs, till skillnad mot de norra delarna där primärenergitalet istället sänks. Utifrån kostnadsberäkningarna kan man dra slutsatsen att fjärrvärme, när den finns tillgänglig, är mer ekonomiskt fördelaktigt på kort sikt. Bergvärme å andra sidan är ett mer lönsamt alternativ på lång sikt.
3
Akinwale, Olawale A. (Olawale Akintunde). "System architecture design of a robust heating system". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/110130.
Abstract (sommario):
Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, System Design and Management Program, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 67-70).
Power outages are exponentially increasing because extreme weather conditions are occurring more frequently. In addition, the duration of the power outages are increasing. Unfortunately, the will to expand or convert the current electric grid is not there. The objective of this thesis is to design a new system - at a high level - that would protect homeowners from the effects of power outages. To do this, interviews were conducted with people who have actually experienced power outages during winter. Their preference for continued space heating during power outages prompted a design that uses natural gas fuel cell to power a furnace (or boiler) independent of the electric grid. The same system could also provide electricity to the homeowners, if the furnace is turned off. In addition to the system architecture design, surveys were conducted to determine pricing and financial analyses were performed to determine the commercial viability of the design. Consequently, the design proved to be too expensive. What's more, prices would have to drop significantly and / or other stakeholders, such as utility companies, insurance companies and governments, would have to cover most of the cost of the product for there to be a mass adoption.
by Olawale A. Akinwale.
S.M. in Engineering and Management
4
Jones, Joshua Levi. "Development of an advanced stem heating model /". Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2003. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd231.pdf.
5
Leung, C. M. "Modelling and control of a greenhouse energy management system". Thesis, University of Westminster, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378339.
6
Furtenback, Örjan. "Fuel substitution in district heating plants : CGE modeling with a forest resource /". Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniv, 2009. http://epsilon.slu.se/11862745.pdf.
7
Du, Plessis Gerard. "Evaluation of alternative sanitary water heating configurations for demand side management / G. du Plessis". Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/918.
Abstract (sommario):
The largest percentage of sanitary hot water used in South Africa is heated by means of
electrical resistance heaters. This is one of the major contributing factors to the undesirable
high morning and afternoon peaks imposed on the national electricity supply grid. Water
heating therefore continues to be of concern to Eskom, currently South Africa's only
electrical utility company. New water heating technologies have been developed for large-scale
sanitary water heating in the form of the so-called in-line heater (ILH) and stratified in-tank
(SIT) configurations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of
these newly developed water heating technologies under load shedding conditions.
The performance of the ILH and SIT water heating technologies was evaluated via an
existing simulation model under load shedding conditions. Furthermore, an extensive
empirical investigation was conducted on a number of real-world water heating plants in
order to evaluate the actual performance of the ILH-configuration. The results obtained via
the empirical investigation were also employed to further verify the existing simulation
model.
A new model simulating the standing heat losses suffered by water heating systems was
developed. The model can be used to simulate the standing heat losses suffered by a typical
centralised water heating facility with good accuracy.
It was found that the ILH-technology performs excellent under load shedding conditions.
The ILH-plants under investigation were able to shed their entire load during peak demand
periods while still supplying the occupants with sufficient hot water throughout the day. The
SIT-technology proved to be a good alternative where the ILH-technology is not
economically viable, realising the maximum load shedding potential in under-utilised water
heating systems.
It was also found that the implementation of these water heating systems on a national scale
would provide the utility with substantial load shedding potential. The facilities at which the
systems are installed would also benefit greatly with annual savings potential on electricity
cost ranging from 8.5% to 24%.Thesis (M. Ing. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.
8
Östman, Albin, e Rickard Eriksson. "Optimal uppvärmningsmetod för villor i Stockholmsförort". Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-215315.
Abstract (sommario):
Vid val utav uppvärmningssystem för ett småhus är det viktigt att väga in för ochnackdelar, eftersom alla system är bra på olika sätt. Vilket system kommer är mestlämpligt utifrån husets egenskaper och behov?I detta exmenserbete jämförs fjärrvärme, bergvärmepump och frånluftsvärmepump påett utvalt nyproducerat småhus. Resultatet ska baseras på systemets kostnad, livslängd,underhåll och miljöpåverkan.Resultatet har visat att för detta specifika småhus, har frånluftsvärmepumpen varitdominerande i de utförda kalkylerna.When choosing a heating system for a house it is important to weigh in the different prosand cons, because every system is good in its own way. Which heating system may be ofinterest, depending on the conditions of the house and its requirements?This thesis will compare district heating, geothermal heating and exhaust air heating on aspecific brand new house. The result will base on the heating systems costs, lifetime,maintenance and environmental impact.The result has proven that for this particular house, the exhaust air heating pump hasbeen dominant in the calculations performed.
9
Holmgren, Kristina. "A System Perspective on District Heating and Waste Incineration". Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-7992.
10
Fong, Kwong Fai. "Optimized design and energy management of heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems by evolutionary algorithm". Thesis, De Montfort University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/5216.
11
Rodriguez, German Darío Rivas. "Decentralized Architecture for Load Balancing in District Heating Systems". Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för datavetenskap och kommunikation, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-3329.
Abstract (sommario):
Context. In forthcoming years, sustainability will lead the development of society. Implementation of innovative systems to make the world more sustainable is becoming one of the key points for science. Load balancing strategies aim to reduce economic and ecological cost of the heat production in district heating systems. Development of a decentralized solution lies in the objective of making the load balancing more accessible and attractive for the companies in charge of providing district-heating services. Objectives. This master thesis aims to find a new alternative for implementing decentralized load balancing in district heating systems. Methods. The development of this master thesis involved the review of the state-of-the-art on demand side management in district heating systems and power networks. It also implied the design of the architecture, creation of a software prototype and execution of a simulation of the system to measure the performance in terms of response time. Results. Decentralized demand side management algorithm and communication framework, software architecture description and analysis of the prototype simulation performance. Conclusions. The main conclusion is that it is possible to create a decentralized algorithm that performs load balancing without compromising the individuals’ privacy. It is possible to say that the algorithm shows good levels of performance not only from the system aggregated response time, but also from the individual performance, in terms of memory consumption and CPU consumption.(+46) 709706206
12
Manuel, Grant. "Design of an induction heating domestic water and a device for scheduling its operation". Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1108.
13
Wezenberg, Herman. "Energy management engineering : a predictive energy management system incorporating an adaptive neural network for the direct heating of domestic and industrial fluid mediums". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Electrical Engineering, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5464.
Abstract (sommario):
The objective of this research project is to improve the control and provide a more cost-efficient operation in the direct heating of stored domestic or industrial fluid mediums; such to be achieved by means of an intelligent automated energy management system.
For the residential customer this system concept applies to the hot water supply as stored in the familiar hot water cylinder; for the industrial or commercial customer the scope is considerably greater with larger quantities and varieties of fluid mediums. Both areas can obtain significant financial savings with improved energy management. Both consumers and power supply and distribution companies will benefit with increased utilisation of cheaper 'off-peak' electricity; reducing costs and spreading the system load demand. The project has focussed on domestic energy management with a definite view to the wider field of industrial applications.
Domestic energy control methodology and equipment has not significantly altered for decades. However, computer hardware and software has since then flourished to an unprecedented proportion and has become relatively cheap and versatile; these factors pave the way for the application of computer technology in this area of great potential. The technology allows the implementation of a 'hot water energy management system', which makes a forecast of the hot water demand for the next 24 hours and proceeds to provide this demand in the most efficient manner possible. In the (near) future, the system, known as FEMS for Fluid Energy Management System, is able to take advantage and in fact will promote the use of a retail 'dynamic spot price tariff’.
FEMS is a combination of hardware and software developed to replace the existing cylinder thermostat, take care of the necessary data-acquisition and control the cylinder's total energy instead of it's (single point) temperature. This provides, besides heating cost reduction, a greater accuracy, a degree of flexibility, improved feedback, legionella inhibition, and a diagnostic capability. To the domestic consumer the latter three items are of greatest relevance.
The crux of the system lies in its predictive ability. Having explored the more conventional alternatives, a suitable solution was found in the utilisation of the Elman recurrent neural networks, which focus on the temporal characteristics of the hot water demand time series and are able to adapt to changing environments, coping with the presence of any non-linearity and noise in the data.
Prior to developing FEMS a study was made of the basic fluid behaviour in medium and high pressure domestic hot water cylinders, an area not well-covered to date and of interest to engineers and manufacturers alike. For this step data acquisition equipment and software was purposely created. The control software plus equipment were combined into a fully automated test system with minimal operator input, allowing a large amount of data to be gathered over a period measured in months. A similar system was subsequently used to collect actual hot water demand data from a residential family, and in fact forms the basis for FEMS.
Finally an enhanced version of FEMS is discussed and it is shown how the system is able to output multiple prediction and utilise varying tariff rates.
14
Chu, Kiu-fung Truman, e 朱喬鋒. "An overview of guidance notes for the management of indoor air qualityin offices and public places". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3125486X.
15
Rabie, Neil. "Energy management in a telecommunications environment with associated energy and cost modelling of HVAC". Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11102005-122948/.
16
Tipton, Austin L. "Simulation, Experimentation, Control and Management of a Novel Fuel Thermal System". Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1578320719632833.
17
Sukthong, Jarturun. "Improvement potential for fuel planning optimization using BoFiT". Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-292755.
Abstract (sommario):
In 2018, Stockholm Exergi, the largest district heating producer in Stockholm, used around 36% of imported fuel from other countries. With a large amount of imported fuel, fuel management is taking a vital part for Stockholm Exergi to ensure district heating supply stability. To manage fuel planning, Stockholm Exergi will calculate fuel demand forecasting for the next three years by using an optimization tool called “BoFiT”. But high optimization time is the main issue for the current midterm model. More than six hours are spent on regular model optimization. Therefore, midterm model optimization is typically run overnight. If there is an error occurring while the model is running, more time might be lost. From a preliminary study on the midterm model optimization time, the time spent in the calculation process is accounted for 80% of the total optimization time. In BoFiT, the midterm visual model is transformed into the mathematical model to solve for optimum results. The idea of decreasing the midterm model optimization time is the activation of LP relaxation in BoFiT. With LP relaxation activation, the computation time in the calculation process will be minimized. However, the usage of LP relaxation is giving some of the consequences to the optimization results. Based on the study of the midterm model optimization time, the usage of LP relaxation can decrease the time spent in the calculation process for 67.72%. When considering the overall optimization time, 48.60% of the optimization time was reduced by LP relaxation activation. The statistical analysis in 2018 BoFiT optimization showed that results from relaxed optimization have slightly lower accuracy than the results from normal optimization in heat and electricity production. However, the relaxed optimization results in fuel consumption are considered comparable for most of the fuel except by fossil oils. For midterm optimization, heat and electricity production forecasting from normal optimization and relaxed optimization are comparable. For fuel demand forecasting, fossil oils give the most significant different results in terms of forecasting analysis. However, the wood chip has the most considerable difference in the demand for midterm fuel planning. The result from relaxed optimization showed that it requires 305.89 GWh more than that from normal optimization. With a vast amount of wood chip consumption, it could have high effects on the wood chip preparation and storage for Stockholm Exergi.
18
Dohnal, Stanislav. "Management topné energie v domácnosti". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-316958.
Abstract (sommario):
The aim is to adapt the old heating system so that the new system will meet the needs of users and facilitate control of system. The new heating system can independently control heating automatically. Its important part is remote access to system control. The user always has up-to-date information and can adjust the heating to suit his needs.
19
Doylend, Nicholas. "Evaluating building energy performance : a lifecycle risk management methodology". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/18022.
Abstract (sommario):
There is widespread acceptance of the need to reduce energy consumption within the built environment. Despite this, there are often large discrepancies between the energy performance aspiration and operational reality of modern buildings. The application of existing mitigation measures appears to be piecemeal and lacks a whole-system approach to the problem. This Engineering Doctorate aims to identify common reasons for performance discrepancies and develop a methodology for risk mitigation. Existing literature was reviewed in detail to identify individual factors contributing to the risk of a building failing to meet performance aspirations. Risk factors thus identified were assembled into a taxonomy that forms the basis of a methodology for identifying and evaluating performance risk. A detailed case study was used to investigate performance at whole-building and sub-system levels. A probabilistic approach to estimating system energy consumption was also developed to provide a simple and workable improvement to industry best practice. Analysis of monitoring data revealed that, even after accounting for the absence of unregulated loads in the design estimates, annual operational energy consumption was over twice the design figure. A significant part of this discrepancy was due to the space heating sub-system, which used more than four times its estimated energy consumption, and the domestic hot water sub-system, which used more than twice. These discrepancies were the result of whole-system lifecycle risk factors ranging from design decisions and construction project management to occupant behaviour and staff training. Application of the probabilistic technique to the estimate of domestic hot water consumption revealed that the discrepancies observed could be predicted given the uncertainties in the design assumptions. The risk taxonomy was used to identify factors present in the results of the qualitative case study evaluation. This work has built on practical building evaluation techniques to develop a new way of evaluating both the uncertainty in energy performance estimates and the presence of lifecycle performance risks. These techniques form a risk management methodology that can be applied usefully throughout the project lifecycle.
20
Betancourt, Schwarz Manuel. "Energy, economic and quality of service assessment using dynamic modelling and optimization for smart management of district heating networks". Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021IMTA0234.
Abstract (sommario):
Ces travaux considèrent les Smart Grid électrique comme point de départ pour proposer un nouveau modèle de gestion des réseaux de chaleur, baptisé Optimisation Dynamique des réseaux de chaleur pour une transition vers les Réseaux Intelligents (acronyme DOTS en anglais). Le modèle DOTS est constitué de trois parties : la modélisation dynamique des réseaux de distribution, l'optimisation du réseau de chaleur dans son ensemble et une évaluation multicritère de sa performance. La modélisation physique des réseaux est associée à une représentation en graphes orientés et à une méthode modifiée des volumes finis. En complément, ce travail propose l'utilisation d'un nouvel indicateur de fonctionnement dynamique appelé Facteur de Charge des Conduites (PSF en anglais pour Pipe Supply Factor). Le PSF donne le rapport entre l'énergie entrant dans une conduite et l'énergie qui en ressort. L'optimisation est divisée en deux étapes : L'optimisation de l'ordre de mobilisation des différents systèmes de production (dispatch) et l'optimisation de la température de génération. Le dispatch correspond à un ordre de priorité basé sur le coût de production et l'optimisation des températures de production est optimisée grâce à la minimisation de la production totale, de la demande non satisfaite(déficit) et de l'excès de chaleur (surplus). L'évaluation globale du réseau de chaleur se fait au travers d’indicateurs énergétiques, économiques et de qualité de service. Les résultats indiquent la possibilité de la transition des réseaux de chaleur (existants ou nouveaux) vers les Smart Thermal Networks et leur capacité à devenir partie intégrante du modèle Smart CityBased on the relevance of Heat as one of the primary end-uses of energy in a city and the stillsmall amount of literature on the transition of District Heating (DH) into Smart Thermal Networks, themain objective of the present research is to propose a novel model for system management of DH bycombining Modeling, Simulation, and Optimization tools. This with the aim to be a proof of conceptthat demonstrates the possibility of DH systems to transition into Smart Thermal Networks and theircapabilities of integration into the Smart City model. The present research takes the electricity smart gridas the starting point to propose a new model of DH system management named Dynamic Optimizationof DH for its Transition to Smart Networks (DOTS). This model is constituted by three parts: themodeling of DH networks, the optimization of DH systems, and the evaluation of DH systems. Themodeling approach is based on the physical modeling of DH networks using Oriented Graphs and avariation of the Finite Volumes method. The optimization is divided into two steps: The Dispatchoptimization using linear programming formulation, and the Generation Temperature optimization usingnon-linear programming formulation. The evaluation of DH is done through energy, economic and, newto DH, Quality of Service (QoS) indicators. To account for the dynamics of heat distribution, the presentresearch proposes the use of a new operative indicator named the Pipe Supply Factor (PSF) to allow thenetwork to consider the delay times and the thermal inertia of the system
21
KOLAHAN, ARMAN. "Dynamic modeling and ICT integration for Demand Side Management (DSM) of systems for heating, cooling and related electrical loads". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1080598.
Abstract (sommario):
Nowadays the energy usage is increasing the urban areas due to lifestyle changes and an increase in the population of cities. Consumers care more about their comfort level which affects energy usage. Improvement of energy efficiency of cooling and heating systems of buildings is a suitable approach for energy consumption reduction of urban areas. In existing buildings, it is difficult to intervene on the building envelope. Therefore, an alternative solution is using a smart controller for heating and cooling systems of buildings to make the total system more efficient.
In the current work, first, a general energy model is designed and developed to be implementable to different kinds of buildings. The model contains different elements including boiler, chiller, fan coil, radiator, pipe, heat exchanger, air heat exchanger, zone, mixer, solver, and bridge. Then, the model is implemented on the case study building based on the heating and cooling plants of that. The model is validated in terms of indoor temperature in heating and cooling systems and $CO_{2}$ concentration.
Next, two different approaches are studied, one for an islanded building, and another for the connected buildings. For the islanded building, it is planned to just keep the thermal comfort and decrease the energy consumption. Therefore, in this case, the load shape in a neighborhood will not be considered. Different scenarios are designed to be compared in terms of energy consumption and thermal comfort, including the basic, the indoor temperature, the weather prediction, and the smart scenarios.
The other approach, which is the modeling through a neighborhood, helps to decrease energy consumption and improve the power load shape in the neighborhood. Meanwhile, the thermal comfort will be kept in a suitable range. Different scenarios are designed to be compared in terms of energy consumption, power load shape, and thermal comfort, including the basic connected, the smart connected scenarios.
As the results show, implementing smart solutions in both approaches, islanded and connected, can improve the energy consumptions of the existing buildings. For energy consumption of islanded approach in the heating system, the smart scenario is the most effective in terms of energy consumption, which can reduce the energy consumption compared to the basic scenario about 10.7%. In that of the cooling system, the smart scenario can save more energy compared to the other scenarios, which is 9.7%, compared to the basic scenario. In the connected approach, using a smart controller interacting through the blockchain decreases the PAR by 15% compared to that of basic, and it decreases total energy consumption by 11%. The smart scenario brings 7% more thermal comfort compared to the basic scenario.
22
Fleming, Andrew J. "Aircraft Thermal Management Using Loop Heat Pipes". Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1238086423.
23
Tanik, Ahmet, e Richard Schedin. "Golvvärme eller radiatorer : Vattenburna värmesystem i flerbostadshus". Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-215314.
Abstract (sommario):
I flerbostadshus är radiatorer det vanligaste uppvärmningssystemet. Inte alls många har golvvärme i deras lägenheter. I dagens nyproduktion av flerbostadshus bygger man för det mesta husen med radiatorer och har elburen golvvärme som komfortvärme i badrummen. I villor är det däremot mycket vanligare att man använder sig av vattenburen golvvärme över större delen av huset. Detta examensarbete undersöker varför det inte används golvvärme lika mycket i flerbostadshus, det undersöker även intresset för privatpersoner att ha golvvärme i lägenheter samt om dessa personer isåfall hade kunnat tänka sig betala mer pengar om de fick vattenburen golvvärme installerat vid nyproduktion.Resultaten har fåtts fram genom en enkätundersökning samt intervjuer där vi intervjuat kunniga inom området. Våra resultat visar att nästan 40% av de enkät intervjuade hade velat ha endast golvvärme som uppvärmningssystem medan ungefär 55% hade velat ha både radiatorer och golvvärme som ett gemensamt uppvärmningssystem. De flesta hade då velat ha golvvärme i bland annat toalett, badrum, hall, kök, vardagsrum och sovrum. Resultaten visar även att nästan hälften av de enkät besvarande hade kunnat tänka sig betala mer för en bostad med golvvärme medan den större delen av den andra hälften var osäkra och förmodligen behövde mer tid för att tänka. Resultaten gällande varför man inte använder vattenburen golvvärme i lägenheten lika ofta som man använder radiatorer visade sig variera lite mellan de intervjuade vilket vi tror har med erfarenheter att göra men att ett golvvärmesystem var installationsmässigt dyrare än ett radiatorsystem verkade vara huvudsaken.In prefabricated apartment blocks the most common thing people have in their homes is radiators as their waterborne heating system but very few have underfloor heating in their apartments. Nowadays the most usual thing to do is to install radiators and have underfloor electric heating in the bathrooms. Most residentials however usually have waterborne underfloor heating across the bigger part of the house. This report digs into why underfloor heating isn’t being used as often in apartment buildings, it also investigates people’s interest to have underfloor heating in apartment buildings plus if they then would be interested in paying more for a new apartment with waterborne underfloor heating.The outcome from our results has been achieved through a survey and interviews where we have questioned competent persons within the sector. Our results show that 40% of the people in the survey would like to have only underfloor heating as their waterborne system while 55% of the people would like to have a combined system with both radiators and underfloor heating. Most of them preferred to have underfloor heating in their toilets, bathrooms, entrance hall, kitchen, living room and bedroom. The results also show that almost half the persons in the survey could pay more money for a place with underfloor heating while the bigger part of the other half weren’t sure and probably needed more time to think. Our outcome on why waterborne underfloor heating in apartment buildings isn’t being used as often as radiators showed to differ between the interviewed persons which we assume have to do with their different backgrounds and experience but the main reason seemed to do with the part that a waterborne underfloor heating system in an installation point of view is more expensive than a radiator system.
24
Kamal, Rajeev. "Optimization and Performance Study of Select Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Technologies for Commercial Buildings". Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6656.
Abstract (sommario):
Buildings contribute a significant part to the electricity demand profile and peak demand for the electrical utilities. The addition of renewable energy generation adds additional variability and uncertainty to the power system. Demand side management in the buildings can help improve the demand profile for the utilities by shifting some of the demand from peak to off-peak times.
Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning contribute around 45% to the overall demand of a building. This research studies two strategies for reducing the peak as well as shifting some demand from peak to off-peak periods in commercial buildings:
1. Use of gas heat pumps in place of electric heat pumps, and
2. Shifting demand for air conditioning from peak to off-peak by thermal energy storage in chilled water and ice.
The first part of this study evaluates the field performance of gas engine-driven heat pumps (GEHP) tested in a commercial building in Florida. Four GEHP units of 8 Tons of Refrigeration (TR) capacity each providing air-conditioning to seven thermal zones in a commercial building, were instrumented for measuring their performance. The operation of these GEHPs was recorded for ten months, analyzed and compared with prior results reported in the literature. The instantaneous COPunit of these systems varied from 0.1 to 1.4 during typical summer week operation. The COP was low because the gas engines for the heat pumps were being used for loads that were much lower than design capacity which resulted in much lower efficiencies than expected.
The performance of equivalent electric heat pump was simulated from a building energy model developed to mimic the measured building loads. An economic comparison of GEHPs and conventional electrical heat pumps was done based on the measured and simulated results. The average performance of the GEHP units was estimated to lie between those of EER-9.2 and EER-11.8 systems. The performance of GEHP systems suffers due to lower efficiency at part load operation. The study highlighted the need for optimum system sizing for GEHP/HVAC systems to meet the building load to obtain better performance in buildings.
The second part of this study focusses on using chilled water or ice as thermal energy storage for shifting the air conditioning load from peak to off-peak in a commercial building. Thermal energy storage can play a very important role in providing demand-side management for diversifying the utility demand from buildings. Model of a large commercial office building is developed with thermal storage for cooling for peak power shifting. Three variations of the model were developed and analyzed for their performance with 1) ice storage, 2) chilled water storage with mixed storage tank and 3) chilled water storage with stratified tank, using EnergyPlus 8.5 software developed by the US Department of Energy. Operation strategy with tactical control to incorporate peak power schedule was developed using energy management system (EMS). The modeled HVAC system was optimized for minimum cost with the optimal storage capacity and chiller size using JEPlus.
Based on the simulation, an optimal storage capacity of 40-45 GJ was estimated for the large office building model along with 40% smaller chiller capacity resulting in higher chiller part-load performance. Additionally, the auxiliary system like pump and condenser were also optimized to smaller capacities and thus resulting in less power demand during operation. The overall annual saving potential was found in the range of 7-10% for cooling electricity use resulting in 10-17% reduction in costs to the consumer. A possible annual peak shifting of 25-78% was found from the simulation results after comparing with the reference models. Adopting TES in commercial buildings and achieving 25% peak shifting could result in a reduction in peak summer demand of 1398 MW in Tampa.
25
Ahmadi, Moghadam Parham. "Steel Sheet Applications and Integrated Heat Management". Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-21446.
Abstract (sommario):
Increasing energy use has caused many environmental problems including global warming. Energy use is growing rapidly in developing countries and surprisingly a remarkable portion of it is associated with consumed energy to keep the temperature comfortable inside the buildings. Therefore, identifying renewable technologies for cooling and heating is essential. This study introduced applications of steel sheets integrated into the buildings to save energy based on existing technologies. In addition, the proposed application was found to have a considerable chance of market success. Also, satisfying energy needs for space heating and cooling in a single room by using one of the selected applications in different Köppen climate classes was investigated to estimate which climates have a proper potential for benefiting from the application. This study included three independent parts and the results related to each part have been used in the next part. The first part recognizes six different technologies through literature review including Cool Roof, Solar Chimney, Steel Cladding of Building, Night Radiative Cooling, Elastomer Metal Absorber, and Solar Distillation. The second part evaluated the application of different technologies by gathering the experts’ ideas via performing a Delphi method. The results showed that the Solar Chimney has a proper chance for the market. The third part simulated both a solar chimney and a solar chimney with evaporation which were connected to a single well insulated room with a considerable thermal mass. The combination was simulated as a system to estimate the possibility of satisfying cooling needs and heating needs in different climate classes. A Trombe-wall was selected as a sample design for the Solar Chimney and was simulated in different climates. The results implied that the solar chimney had the capability of reducing the cooling needs more than 25% in all of the studied locations and 100% in some locations with dry or temperate climate such as Mashhad, Madrid, and Istanbul. It was also observed that the heating needs were satisfied more than 50% in all of the studied locations, even for the continental climate such as Stockholm and 100% in most locations with a dry climate. Therefore, the Solar Chimney reduces energy use, saves environment resources, and it is a cost effective application. Furthermore, it saves the equipment costs in many locations. All the results mentioned above make the solar chimney a very practical and attractive tool for a wide range of climates.
26
Škorpík, Adam. "Energetický management v ubytovacím zařízení". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-223978.
Abstract (sommario):
This thesis deals with heating system in accommodation facility. It clarifies the way of controlling multiple decentralized systems which results in automatization of the whole heating system. Heating distrubition into individual zones is controlled by central server which communicates with reservation system of accommodation facility. The main goal is to lower expenses for heating.
27
Wernqvist, Jonas, e Kalle Cedervall. "Jämförelse av central och lokal uppvärmning av mindre bostadsrättsförening". Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-215429.
Abstract (sommario):
Idag när bostadsmarknaden växer snabbare än på länge blir samtidigt energihushållning viktigare och viktigare. Ekonomiska och miljömässiga intressen från bostadsägare angående stigande elpriser och energihushållning leder båda till ett mer medvetet byggande vad gäller klimatskalets täthet, energismarta installationer såsom styrda FTX-system och andra besparingsåtgärder.Examensarbetet har skrivits åt Bjerking för att undersöka möjligheten till att centralisera uppvärmningen istället för att värma upp bostäderna med varsin frånluftsvärmepump i en bostadsrättsförening bestående av parhus.Rapporten innehåller en del beräkningar i form av energiförluster och kostnadsberäkningar för de olika värmesystemen samt statistik för uppvärmning i Sverige.Examensarbetet har resulterat i kostnadsberäkningar som kan användas vid inledande investeringsberäkning för centraliserad uppvärmning i liknande projekt.Today, when the housing industry is growing faster than in a long time energy house holding is becoming more important for every day. Economic and environmental interests from house owners, when it comes to increasing energy prices and energy house holding, both leads to a more conscious house building. This includes the buildings U-value, energy smart installations and other energy saving arrangements.This examination paper has been written for Bjerking to investigate the possibility to centralize the heating in a housing society of several semi-detached houses instead of heating them locally with the standard solution, an exhaust air heat pump per apartment.This examination paper includes a few calculations of energy losses and life cycle costs for the different heating systems. It also includes a bit of statistic for different types of heating in Sweden.It has ended in cost calculations that can be used when thinking about and planning to build semi-detached houses with central heating.
28
Laakso, Merja. "Clean and Affordable Energy for Heating Water - Impacts and Feasibility of Solar Water Heaters in Lwandle, Cape Town". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-58353.
Abstract (sommario):
In Cape Town, South Africa, households' acces to modern and clean energy services needs to be increased. However, use of coal-powered electricity stresses the environment and power cuts create an urgent need to reduce the demand. Solar water heaters (SWH) could enable increasing access and affordability of energy services in the townships without stressing the environment or increasing the demand for coal-powered electricity. However, it is an expensive solution and the majority of the city-level efforts still target the high-consuming households. The benefits for the poor households from using a SWH could though outweigh the high capital investements and meet the needs of the city's environmental management. The results from this study of 20 households showed that by having an affordable, clean and reliable source of energy for heating water, households were able to use more warm water for bathing and reduce their use of electricity and paraffin. This resulted in improvements in health and quality of life. Also, households' general spending on energy was reduced, which for some enabled an increase in income-generating activities. The use of solar-heated showers was found to be restricted by the issue of sharing and it is argued that the benefits would be greater if each households had their own solar water heater. The estimated increase in water use might raise questions of the solution's future feasibility. Despite this, it can be argued that the changes in the households' energy and water use are likely to result in significant improvements in the households' well-being which could also benefit the city as a whole.
29
Li, Xiaoming. "Développement d'une méthode connexionniste pour la détection et le diagnostic de défauts des systèmes de chauffage". Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ENPC9603.
Abstract (sommario):
L’accroissement des performances des systèmes de génie climatique de ces dernières années s’est accompagné d’une complexité accrue de ceux-ci. La compréhension de leur fonctionnement ainsi que la détection et le diagnostic de leurs défauts deviennent de plus en plus difficiles pour les équipes de maintenance. Ces derniers souhaitent donc disposer d’outil performant d’aide à la détection des défauts ou dérives de fonctionnement et, éventuellement, d’aide au diagnostic des causes de ceux-ci. Cette thèse s’intéresse au développement d’un tel outil adapté aux systèmes de chauffage collectif à eau chaude. Les défauts pour lesquels il paraissait le plus utile de développer un outil de détection et de diagnostic ont d’abord été recensés. La modélisation-simulation du fonctionnement des cinq systèmes de chauffage avec et sans défauts a permis ensuite d’obtenir une base de données destinée au développement d’un outil de détection et de diagnostic. Un prototype de détection et de diagnostic basé sur la « reconnaissance des formes » a été développé en utilisant, comme outil de classification, un modèle connexionniste (« réseaux de neurones » multi-couches). Ce prototype a été testé sur les cinq systèmes simulés. Le résultat est satisfaisant avec taux de réussite supérieur à 90% et un risque de fausse alarme inférieur à 2% pour l’ensemble des défauts des cinq systèmes simulés. Ceci bien que seules les données provenant d’un des systèmes aient été utilisées pour la phase d’apprentissage du prototype. Cette étude permet de penser que la généralisation du prototype vers des systèmes réels devrait donner des résultats intéressants. A l’issue de ce travail les principales perspectives consistent à : a) valider l’outil de détection et de diagnostic ainsi développé sur des systèmes réels ; b) implanter celui-ci dans des systèmes de « gestion technique des bâtiments » en collaborant avec des industriels ; c) appliquer l’approche développée dans cette à d’autres systèmes de génie climatiqueNowadays, the Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems are becoming more and more complicated due to the increase of their performances. Consequently, it is more difficult for the maintenance teams to understand the running states of these systems and to detect and daignose their faults. They wish to have perormant tools which can help to detect and diagnose (if necessary) the operating faults of HVAC-systems. This thesis concerns the development of one such tool for Fault Detection and Diagnosis (FDD) suitable for hydraulic heating systems. The most important faults of hydraulic heating systems, for which a FDD tool must be developed, have been selected at the first stage of the thesis. And then, the modelling-simulation of 5 heating systems with and without faults allowed us to obtain a data base which will be used to develop a FDD tool. Based on « pattern recognition » theory, a FDD prototype has been developed by using a connectionist model (Multi-Layers « neutral networks ») as classifier. The prototype has been tested for 7 cases in each of the 5 simulated systems. The overall results are satisfactory (a successful detection rate greater than 90% and a false alarm probability less than 2%) although only the simulation data of one heating system were used to train the FDD prototype. This study shows that the generalization of the FDD prototype to real heating systems could give interesting result. So, the main prospect, resulting from this thesis, consists of : a) validating this prototype with real heating systems ; b) implementing it in « Building Energy Management systems » in cooperation with industrialists ; c) applying the methodology developed in this thesis to other HVAC-systems
30
Lam, Pui-fong Kat, e 林珮芳. "Indoor air quality management: a case study in Hong Kong office buildings". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255899.
31
Rankin, Riaan. "Optimization of the in-line sanitary water heating system for demand side management in the South African commercial and industrial sectors / by Riaan Rankin". Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1423.
32
Jose, Panangat James. "Simulation Validation with Real Measurements of an Intelligent Home Energy Management System". Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-37214.
Abstract (sommario):
This thesis's main objective is to conduct a comparison study between measured values and simulated results of a demonstrator, of the intelligent home energy management (iHEM) project. The comparison helps to validate the simulation. TRNSYS software is used for the design. In this study, only the thermal energy side of the project is considered. In which system-level (both domestic hot water (DHW), space heating (SH)) and component level (solar collector, gas boiler) are considered as the parameters to compare. An attempt is made to optimize both system-level and component-level simulation outputs with measured values by adopting measured boundary conditions as simulation inputs.During the comparison, the DHW loop simulation design is modified. The measured data were given as input files for simulation, replacing the estimated values used before. This is done to optimize the simulation output with measured data. In the space heating loop (SH), the simulated building model’s parameters were changed to optimize the SH demand. After the system-level validation and optimization, the component level comparison is carried out. For this, the simulation output of solar thermal collectors and gas boiler are compared with measured values. The solar collector loop in the simulation is modified to optimize the simulated results. The seasonal and yearly efficiencies of the collector have been calculated. Solar supply fraction and gas boiler supply fraction is also determined. For the comparison, graphs are plotted for three different weeks, representing the spring, summer, and winter months of 2018.The final optimized simulation output of DHW demand is 7% less than the measured value. Even after optimizing the Space heating loop (SH), the simulated building demand is 17% more heat than the demonstrator building. The simulation's solar collector output is optimized close to the measured values. The simulated gas boiler produces 19% more than the demonstrator system to meet excess SH demand in the simulation (including losses). The overall yearly collector efficiency calculated for measured and simulated values are 58% and 50%, respectively. The estimated solar collector supply fraction and gas bo
33
Coetzee, René Pierré. "The development of a methodology to measure & verify the impact of a national solar water heating program". Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9006.
Abstract (sommario):
The School for Mechanical Engineering at the North-West University is home to one of South Africa's most established Measurement & Verification (M&V) teams. The team is involved with South Africa's electricity utility, Eskom, and their efforts to reduce the energy demand of the nation through Demand Side Management (DSM). One of the DSM initiatives in the residential energy sector is a National Solar Water Heating Program which encourages homeowners to purchase and install an Eskom accredited solar water heating system by means of a financial incentive. Massive financial investments have been incurred and it is only natural for stakeholders to question their return on investment. The need consequently exists to determine the impact of the National Solar Water Heating Program and establish whether it is being sustained.
Before developing a methodology to measure and verify the impact of a solar water heating program an in-depth study had to be done on M&V as well as the concepts around solar water heating itself. After considering financial, time and accuracy constraints it was decided that an M&V Solar Water Heating Application along with the M&V methodology be developed. The primary aim of the application was to simulate the electrical hot water demand caused by the electrical-backup elements of the solar water heating systems and thereby avoiding the logistically and financially impossible process of measuring the electrical demand.
A high-level simulation application, based on energy balances, was developed with solar water heating system types, geographical locations, weather conditions, hot water demand profiles and installation positions as inputs. The outputs of the application were the uncontrolled, simulated electrical hot water demand and were compared to the actual measured electrical hot water demand of a solar water heating system located in Cape Town.
The outputs from two scenarios were compared to the measured data; one calculated with weather data from the global weather database Meteonorm, and the second calculated with the measured weather parameters acquired during the measurement period. The first scenario indicated relative accuracy with a mean bias error (MBE) and coefficient of variation of the root mean squared errors (CV (RMSE)) of 13.5% and 16.00/o respectively. The second scenario revealed improved accuracy with an MBE and CV (RMSE) of -1.1% and 5.5% respectively.
The M&V Solar Water Heating Application and methodology has set the process in motion to measure and verify the impact of the National Solar Water Heating Program and will be refined as more data and information become available.Thesis (M.Ing. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.
34
Treweek, Allison, e n/a. "Wood, money and habitat to burn: environmental issues and the role of the educator". University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental & Heritage Sciences, 2002. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060427.114839.
35
Bernier, Hervé 1952. "Energy conservation using a soil heat exchanger-storage system in a commercial type greenhouse". Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64033.
36
Yaser, Hussnain A. "Novel System Design For Residential Heating And Cooling Load Shift Using PCM Filled Plate Heat Exchanger And Auxiliaries For Economic Benefit And Demand Side Management". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1397234246.
37
Van, Rensburg Johann Francois. "Developing ESCO procedures for large telecommunication facilities using novel simulation techniques / J.F. van Rensburg". Thesis, North-West University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1693.
38
Krupová, Tereza. "Deriváty na počasí jako alternativní nástroj řešení rizikovosti". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-72022.
Abstract (sommario):
Thesis deals with weather derivatives and their position within other financial instruments. It is divided into five main parts. The aim of the first part is to describe the basic mechanism and hallmarks of derivatives as a part of financial market. Also a brief history of weather derivatives is charted. The second chapter is focused on risk and fundamental risk factors and approaches. The weather risk management is presented. The third part discuses weather risk as special kind of risk. This part analyzes the impact of weather on the economy. The differences between weather derivatives and insurance are highlighted. The fourth chapter presents the weather derivatives from the users' points of view; it describes weather derivatives' structure and usage, main underlying indices and also looks on the pricing issues. In the final part the current situation and the possible future evolution of weather derivatives is presented. This part also includes information about the main organizations dealing with either weather management or derivatives.
39
Love, Christopher K. "Investigation of RF Curing Parameters in Resin Infusion Molding". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2074.
Abstract (sommario):
The purpose of this study is to investigate RF or Radio Frequency energy as a viable alternative to traditional heating methods for the purpose of curing resins used in resin infusion molding, a molding system for polymeric composites. Traditional heating/curing methods include technologies such as room temperature, oven, microwave, infrared, and ultraviolet. Although RF curing provides far more advantages than disadvantages, its implementation into a manufacturing process can be challenging. Specifically, three critical elements must be present in order for RF to function in a manner that is profitable to the manufacturer. Those elements are: (1) the proper generator (voltage and frequency), (2) the correct electrode configuration, and (3) the appropriate material sensitizer (amount and type). There is also the consideration of initial capital investment; which is by no means insignificant. However, if all 3 elements are present, the benefits can be immediate and numerous. Potential advantages include the following: improved part quality through penetrating and uniform heating; competitive, if not superior, material physical properties; and drastically reduced curing times. Other potential advantages include floor space savings, high energy efficiency, and increased operational flexibility. For the purpose of this thesis, experimentation will be conducted to first confirm and then, if successful, quantitatively capture the reduction in curing time. Physical properties will also be measured using tensile testing to determine whether or not RF curing can facilitate minimal loses in the material's physical properties.
40
Nordin, Ida, e Anjeli Forsberg. "Logistiklösning för värme och sanitet : En jämförelse mellan två logistiklösningar". Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-215201.
Abstract (sommario):
Planering av hur och var byggmaterialet levereras till byggarbetsplatsen har blivit allt merbetydelsefullt. Byggbranschen stöter på många utmaningar angående leveranser då det finns flerundantag än regler för hur en byggarbetsplats ser ut. Det går inte att förutse hur väder, mark ellertrafikförhållanden ser ut men med en genomtänkt planering går det att påverka materialhanteringen.De företag som använder en välplanerad logistik har en fördel inom produktionen så logistik är idagen stark del inom konkurrensstrategi.Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka hur Bravida ska kunna effektivisera monteringen av värmeoch sanitet i bostäder med hjälp av en logistiklösning. Undersökningen är avgränsad till enlogistiklösning för VS-projekt som innefattar bostäder av nyproduktion med 100 lägenheter uppdeladepå fem hus.Genom informationssökning och intervjuer skapades två logistikmetoder som var intressanta förBravida att undersöka. Metod 1 baseras på tjänster som utförs av externa företag som Grossist A,Leverantör A och Flyttfirma B. Metod 2 baseras på användningen av ett bygglogistikcenter i Bravidasbefintliga lagerlokal i Nynäshamn. Huvudsyftet med metoderna är att låta montörerna fokusera påvärdeskapande moment genom att överföra arbetsmoment som beställning, förflyttning och kapningtill projektledare, flyttfirmor, leverantörer och långtidssjukskrivna personer.För att genomföra beräkningar granskades arbetstiderna hos montörer, projektledare och projektörerför att se hur mycket tid arbetsmomenten krävde. Därefter gestaltades ett produktionstypfall för attberäkna framtida arbetstider och kostnader vid användning av Metod 1 och 2. Resultatet visade attMetod 1 skulle öka den ekonomiska lönsamheten med 8,2 % jämfört med 5,7 % med Metod 2.Förutom en ekonomisk lönsamhet skulle Metod 1 bidra till en bättre miljö samt att montörerna får enbättre arbetsmiljö som även påverkar hela byggarbetsplatsen.I diskussionskapitlet granskas Metod 1 djupare med dess innebörd för Bravida och jämförelser tillderas nuvarande kostnader och tidsåtgångar.When planning how and where the building materials gets delivered to the construction site hasbecome increasingly more important. The construction industry is facing many challenges regardingdeliveries as there are more exceptions than regulations for how a construction site looks. It is notpossible to predict how weather, ground or traffic conditions are, but with a thoughtful planning it ispossible to influence material management. The companies that use well planned logistics has anadvantage in production, therefore today logistics is a strong part of the competition strategy.The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how Bravida can be more effective when installing heatingand sanitation in buildings using a logistics solution. The thesis is delimited to a logistics solution forheating and sanitation projects involving newly built houses with 100 apartments divided into fivebuildings.Through information retrieval and interviews, two logistics methods were created that wereinteresting for Bravida to investigate. Method 1 is based on services performed by external companiessuch as Grossist A, Leverantör A and Flyttfirma B. Method 2 is based on the use of a buildinglogistics center in Bravidas existing warehouse in Nynäshamn. The main purpose of these methods isto allow the installers to focus on value creating moments by transferring suboperations such asordering, relocate and cutting materials to project managers, movers, suppliers and long-term sickpeople.In order to do the calculations the working hours of installers, project managers and planners wereexamined to see how much time the workflow demanded. Thereafter, a production typical case wasconfigured to calculate future working hours and expenses using Methods 1 and 2. The result showedthat Method 1 would increase economic profitability by 8.2 % compared with 5.7 % for Method 2.Besides economic profitability Method 1 also gives a better environment and the installers get a betterworking environment that also affects the entire construction site.In the discussion chapter, Method 1 is investigated deeper with its significance for Bravida andcomparisons to their current expense and duration.
41
Behnam, Majd, e Axel Karlsson. "Värmeförluster i fjärrvärmerör : En granskning av värmeförluster i fjärrvärmerör". Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-215299.
Abstract (sommario):
Den här examensarbete är en utredning av värmeförluster och ekonmiska besparingar av olika fjärrvärmerör. En fiktiv fjärrvärmeförläggning på 100m, för respektive dimension av fjärrvärmerör, har legat till grund för beräkningarna. Syftet är att få en klar bild på hur lönsamt det är att använda sig utav isoleringsserie 3 istället för isoleringsserie 2 alternativt dubbelrör med isoleringsserie 2 när förutsättningar tillåter detta.Resultaten visar att dubbelrör i mindre dimensioner har en lägreinvesteringskostnad, har lägre värmeförluster och ger en större vinst än vad enkelrör serie 2 och serie 3. För dubbelrör i större dimensioner så är investeringskostnaderna något högre men värmeförlusterna mycket lägre.I jämförelsen mellan serie 2 och serie 3 så är serie 3 lönsamt i båda fallen.Dessa resultat visar att det gynnar fjärrvärmenätägare i längden att använda sig utav en högre isoleringsserie alternativt dubbelrör.Examensarbetet har ej utrett miljöpåverkan av respektive rör, ej heller har kontirör undersökts.This thesis is an evaluation of heat losses and economical savings for different types of district heating pipes. Calculations have been based on a fictional district heating system with the length 100m, for each district heating pipe dimension. The cause is to get a clear image of how profitable it is to use a higher series of insulation alternatively using twin pipes when it’s possible.The results show that twin pipes in lower dimensions has a lower investment cost, less heat losses and is more profitable than insulation series 2 and series 3. When it comes to twin pipes with a higher dimension the investment cost is slightly higher than single pipe insulation series 3, though the heat losses are much lower.The comparison between series 2 and series 3 show that series 3 is more profitable in both cases.These results show that it’s profitable for the network owners in the long-term to use either a higher insulation series or twin pipes.No evaluation of neither the impact on the environment or district heating pipes with diffusion barrier, has been done.
42
Payne, Nathaniel M. "Development of a Combined Thermal Management and Power Generation System using a Multi-Mode Rankine Cycle". Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1622657194320193.
43
Edling, Laura. "Factors Affecting The Adoption Of Automated Wood Pellet Heating Systems In The Northeastern Us And Implications For The Transition To Renewable Energy". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2020. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/1177.
Abstract (sommario):
Public and private incentive programs have encouraged conversions to high efficiency, low emissions wood heating systems as a strategy to promote renewable energy and support local economies in the Northeastern US. Despite these efforts, the adoption of these systems remains slow. The study that is the subject of this dissertation examines several social, economic, policy and environmental factors that affect the decisions of individuals and small-scale institutions (local business and community facilities) to transition to automated wood pellet boilers and furnaces (AWPH) utilizing local fuel sources. Due to the complexity and risk associated with conversion, the transition to these systems can help further both a practical and theoretical understanding of the global transition to non-fossil fuel technologies. Chapter One of this dissertation examines this notion in more detail, as well as spells out the research questions of this study. Chapter Two delves into the research methods and their implications for other studies of energy transitions. These methods include interviews with 60 consumers, technology and fuel suppliers, and NGO and state agency personnel. These provided in-depth qualitative data which are complemented by a four-state survey (New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, and Maine) of adopters and informed non-adopters of AWPH systems (n=690; 38% response rate). Interview and survey questions, as well as subsequent coding, was developed through use of diffusion of innovation theory, the multi-level perspective on sociotechnical transitions, as well as through collaboration with industry experts and research partners. Chapters Three and Four offer a discussion of the results and their implications. Specifically, Chapter Three examines the complex system actors, elements, and interactions that are part of the transition from fossil fuel technology to AWPH. Chapter Four focuses on the data surrounding state and private programs that encourage the use of AWPH and the implications that this data has for effective climate mitigation and energy policy. Data show that AWPH consumers, who should be considered “early adopters” due to the small number of AWPH adopters in the region, are largely value-driven but are also concerned about upfront costs and lack of available technical support and fuel delivery options. Both environmental values (e.g. desire to find alternative to fossil fuels, concern for air quality and belief in climate change) and social values (e.g. support for the local economy and wood products industry) influenced consumer decisions, especially when fuel oil prices were low. Financial incentives, which are offered by all four states in the study region, were highly influential, but additional decision support offered by a non-profit (e.g. site visits, informational workshops, local print media) were rated highly by consumers where they were available. These additional supports, as well as the community-based nature of the non-profit program, enabled a broader range of people (lower income, more risk averse) to choose AWPH as well as created more efficiency in the supply chain. This approach created a reinforcing feedback loop between broader early adopters of AWPH, normalization of AWPH technology and its associated infrastructure, and increased levels of technical support and fuel availability. These findings suggest that efforts to increase adoption of renewable technologies that use locally harvest fuels take a community-based and system-wide approach, targeting both consumer and supplier motivations and barriers.
44
Shay, Colin Gerald. "Empirical evidence of utility sponsored conservation programs". Thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-12232009-020659/.
45
Andersson, Victor. "Väderprognosstyrda värmesystem i byggnader : En jämförelse mot traditionell styrning". Thesis, KTH, Hållbara byggnader, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254810.
Abstract (sommario):
The aim of this essay is to investigate how forecast control can affect the energy consumption and the top effects for heating compared to the traditional control system in facilities with different building structures. In 2013 were the energy consumption 80 TWh for the heating and domestic hot water in resident buildings and facilities. This corresponds to 55 % of the total energy consumption within the building sector and facilities represent 28 % of the buildings. This indicates that there is room for efficiency for the heating systems in facilities.Demands from new directives for stricter energy consumptions for buildings are going to be established in the Swedish regulations and 19:th of June 2018 were the new amending directives published which need to be established in the Swedish regulations latest 10 March 2020. The demands on the buildings is pushed further and further. It is getting more difficult to reach the requirements from BBR and even more difficult to reach the requirements from environmental certifications like Miljöbyggnad. Therefore, it is important with detailed solutions that is able to lower the energy consumptions for the heating systems.A reference building has been used and created in the simulation software IDA ICE with three different building constructions to compare forecast control against the traditional control system. One with a large U-value and low amount of thermal mass, one with a smaller U-value and a low amount of thermal mass and one with a smaller U-value and a high amount of thermal mass.The centrally controlled forecast control is tested against the traditional controlled system for each building structure. Traditional controlled systems in facilities is normally using thermostatic valves, due to the lack of sustainability and the lack of maintenance the control systems are also tested without the thermostatic valves.The results for the forecast control indicate on an increase for the energy saving by 3.4 % without the thermostatic valves and an increase by 2.7 % with the thermostatic valves. The top effects can be improved with forecast control by 33 % without thermostatic valves and by 15 % with thermostatic valves. These improvements were made for the building construction with high amount of thermal mass. It is possible to argue for benefits with forecast control if it is installed in a heavy constructed building with regard to the decreased top effects. It is more difficult to argue for the benefits with regard to the energy consumption. Large benefits were found with in local control, especially for buildings with large U-value and low amount of thermal mass. The result indicated on an improvement of 30 % for the traditional control with thermostatic valves and of 28 % for the forecast control with thermostatic valves compared to the scenario without the thermostatic valves.Knowledge about the building characteristics has a significance for the choice of control system. According to the results forecast control may be a benefit with regard to the top effects if it is a heavy building construction. Regarding the energy consumption is the best strategy to carefully adjust and maintain the current traditional control system.Denna rapport har i avsikt att undersöka hur energianvändningen och värmeeffekterna för uppvärmning påverkas med prognosstyrning i jämförelse med traditionell styrning av värmesystem i lokaler av olika byggnadskonstruktioner. 2013 var energianvändningen 80 TWh för uppvärmning och tappvarmvatten i hushåll och lokalbyggnader. Detta motsvarade då 55 % av den totala energianvändningen inom sektorn där lokaler representerar 28 % av byggnaderna. Med andra ord finns det utrymme för effektivisering av uppvärmningen i lokaler.Krav från direktiv om skärpt energianvändning av byggnader måste införas i svenska regler. Den 19 juni 2018 publicerades nya ändringsdirektiv som måste vara införda i svenska regler senast den 10 mars 2020. Kraven på byggnader blir allt hårdare för att uppnå kraven som ställs från BBR och så även för att uppnå miljöcertifieringar som miljöbyggnad. Det blir alltså allt viktigare att hitta detaljlösningar som kan minska på energianvändningen på byggnader.För att ställa prognosstyrning mot traditionell styrning har en referensbyggnad använts. Den har byggts upp i simuleringsverktyget IDA ICE med tre olika byggnadskonstruktioner. Ett med både högt U-värde och liten termisk massa (originalkonstruktion), en med lägre U-värde men fortfarande liten termisk massa (lätt konstruktion) och en med lägre U-värde och mycket termisk massa (tung konstruktion).Den centralt styrda prognosstyrningen prövades sedan mot den traditionella styrningen för respektive byggnadskonstruktion. Med traditionell styrning används vanligtvis termosstatventiler i lokaler men då hållbarheten på dessa är låg vilket också underhållet av dessa kan vara, prövas även båda strategierna utan termostatventiler också.Resultatet visar att prognosstyrningen förbättrar energianvändningen som mest med 3.4 % i det fallet termostatventiler inte används och 2.7 % i det fallet termostatventiler används. Effekttopparna kan förbättras med 33 % utan termostatventiler och 15 % med termostatventiler. Dessa förbättringar genererades med den tunga konstruktionen. En tung konstruktion kan visa på fördelar med prognosstyrning med avseende på lägre effekttoppar. Utifrån resultaten går det däremot inte att se några fördelar med avseende på energianvändningen.Stora fördelar kunde däremot gå att se med lokal reglering med termostatventiler, vilket var särskilt gynnsamt för byggnader med högt U-värde och låg termisk massa. Resultatet visade då på en förbättring med 30 % för den traditionella styrningen och 28 % för prognosstyrningen när jämförelse med om de inte användes.En god förståelse av byggnadsstommens karaktär har en betydande roll för valet av reglersystem. Prognosstyrning kan vara fördelaktigt med avseende på toppeffekterna, framför allt med den tunga konstruktionen i resultatet. För att minska på energianvändningen är det dock troligtvis viktigast att se över och injustera det befintliga systemet på både central som lokal nivå.
46
Lambert, Quentin. "Business Models for an Aggregator : Is an Aggregator economically sustainable on Gotland?" Thesis, KTH, Industriella informations- och styrsystem, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-98482.
Abstract (sommario):
Under the determined impulse of the European Union to limit the environmental impact of energy-related services, the electricity sector will face several challenges in coming years. Integrating renewable energy sources in the distribution networks is certainly one of the most urging issues to be tackled with. The current grid and production structure cannot absorb the high penetration shares anticipated for 2020 without putting at risk the entire system. The innovative concept of smart grid offers promising solutions and interesting implementation possibilities. The objective of the thesis is to specifically study the technical and economic benefits that the creation of an aggregator on the Swedish island of Gotland would imply. Comparing Gotland's power system characteristics to the broad variety of solutions offered by demand side management, wind power integration enhancement by demand response appeared particularly suited. A business case, specifically oriented towards the minimisation of transmission losses by adapting the electric heat load of private households to the local wind production was designed. Numerical simulations have been conducted, evaluating the technical and economic outcomes, along with the environmental benets, under the current conditions on Gotland. Sensitivity analyses were also performed to determine the key parameters for a successful implementation. A prospective scenario for 2020, with the addition of electric vehicles, has finally been simulated to estimate the long term profitability of an aggregator on the island. The simulation results indicate that despite patent technical benefits for the distribution network, the studied service would not be profitable in the current situation on Gotland. This, because the transmission losses through the HVDC-cable concern limited amounts of power that are purchased on a market characterized by relatively cheap prices and low volatility. Besides, the high fixed costs the aggregator has to face to install technical equipment in every household constitutes another barrier to its setting up.
47
Dmuchovskis, Andrius. "Protingos namų informacijos valdymo sistemos sudarymas ir tyrimas". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20131104_112900-33617.
Abstract (sommario):
Sparčiai augant modernių būstų skaičiui, taip pat sparčiai auga šių kompiuterizuotų būstų informacijos valdymo sistemų poreikis. Šios sistemos įvairiais jutikliais renka informaciją apie būsto patalpų temperatūrą, drėgmę ir kt. Ši informacija dažniausiai yra kaupiama skirtingais būdais atskirose posistemėse, todėl vartotojui nėra paranku stebėti kiekvienos posistemės duomenis. Informacijos valdymo sistemos leidžia vartotojui stebėti visą savo kompiuterizuoto būsto sistemų informaciją vienoje vartotojo sąsajoje. Informacijos valdymo sistemos, panaudodamos esamus būsto informacijos sistemų duomenis, gali pateikti vartotojui išteklių naudojimo rekomendacijas, atsižvelgdamos į vartotojo suformuotus reikalavimus – paskaičiuoti mėnesio šildymo kainą vartotojui nurodant norimą patalpos temperatūrą įvertinant išteklių kainas. Šio darbo objektas – informacijos valdymo sistema įterpta į kompiuterizuoto būsto sistemą. Darbo tikslas – sukurti protingos namų informacijos valdymo sistemos prototipą. Sistemą sudaro programiniai agentai, kurie pagal vartotojo poreikius sugeba surinkti ir pateikti informaciją vartotojui ir pagal tai priimti sprendimus. Darbe tiriamos programinių agentų savybės, informacijos, kurią naudoja agentai, surinkimo metodai, jų (agentų) kasifikacija ir tipologija, taikymas informacijos valdymo sistemose. Darbas susideda iš probleminės srities analizės, sistemos modelio ir eksperimentinio tyrimo.With the rapid growth of automated houses, there is same rapid growth of these houses information management systems needs. Systems with various sensors gather information about zones temperature, humidity etc., information about other systems resources (e.g. heating services, electricity prices) is also gathered.Most of the time this information is being saves by different methods in separate systems, and that is not very handy for a user to track all data from different systems sources. Information management systems let the user to see all his automated house systems information in one graphical user interface. Information management systems, using existing house information systems data, can provide user resource usage recommendations, considered with users needs. E.g. calculate months heating costs, when user provides desired zone temperature, using resource prices to achieve this goal. Master thesis object – information management system, working inside home automation system. Master thesis goal – to create smart house information managent systems prototype. System consists of software agents, which, according to users’ needs, can gather and deliver information for user. Master thesis studies software agent features, agent information gathering methods, their (agents) classification and typology, usage in information management systems. Master thesis consists of three parts: problem analysis, system model and experiment.
48
Dekking, Anoek. "Phase Out the Old to Phase In the New: Managing the Heat Transition in Leiden, the Netherlands". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-444620.
Abstract (sommario):
By 2050, the Netherlands wants to reduce its use of natural gas for heating to zero. Currently, over 90%of houses are dependent on the fossil resource to warm their houses. As such, the phase-out of natural gas hasbecome an important policy project. The government delegated the formulation of the phase-out strategy andexecution to the 347 municipalities. This thesis examines how one municipality, Leiden, has formulated andimplemented this strategy. In doing so, the thesis addresses two matters in the literature on energy transitionswhich have received little attention: heating and deliberate decline. Traditionally, the focus within this field hasbeen on electricity and innovation. This thesis aims to find out to what extent the Transition Management (TM)framework by Derk Loorbach (2010) can be applied as a guide to a phase-out policy formulation process of theWarmtevisie of the Dutch municipality of Leiden. The thesis uses the process tracing methodology to combinedata generated from document analysis and two interviews with policy makers involved in the policy formulationprocess. By comparing the process followed in Leiden with the analytical framework of TM, the thesis shows thatthe TM framework could be used to guide to the phase-out policy formulation process to a large extent. However,the case study also shows that knowledge and expertise must increase substantially for a sound strategy to emerge.Additionally, it shows that even within phase-out strategies the focus remains on innovation practises.
49
Åhlander, Pettersson Victoria, e Anton Mattsson. "Kartläggning av problem vid projektering, installation och drift av värmepumpar". Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231788.
Abstract (sommario):
För att kunna utföra energieffektiviserande åtgärder i en befintlig byggnad, och generera ett bra utfall, krävs goda kunskaper om projektet. Detta betyder att alla discipliner måste ha ett gott samarbete och att varje disciplin måste ta sitt ansvar för uppgiften. Det är inte alltid som utfallet blir det optimala. En sammanställning i tabellform kan tydligt påvisa de frekventa problemen. Detta har genom att belysa de problem som uppstår i samband med projektering, installation och drift av värmepumpar i tre olika fall genererat en sammanställd tabell. Resultatet visar att åtta olika problem förekommer och samtliga resultat förklaras och analyseras. Genom att påvisa svagheter, och ge förslag på möjliga åtgärder kan problem med projektering, installation och drift av värmepumpar minska.In order to be able to perform energy efficiency measures in an existing building, and generate a good outcome, good knowledge of the project is required. This means that all disciplines must have a good cooperation and that each discipline must take responsibility for the task. It is not always that the outcome will be optimal. A summary in tabular form can clearly identify the frequent problems. This is done by highlighting the problems that arise in connection with the design, installation and operation of heat pumps in three different cases, generating a compiled table. The result shows that eight different problems occur and all results are explained and analyzed. By detecting weaknesses, and suggesting possible measures, problems with the design, installation and operation of heat pumps may decrease.
50
Kopecký, Václav. "Význam dodávky tepla ze zařízení energetického využití odpadů". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-400865.
Abstract (sommario):
This thesis is focused on identifying main factors influencing economical rentability of energy generated using incineration of municipal waste. Research was conducted focusing on municipal waste management, waste-to-energy possibilities and the issue of district heating systems, which are important considering the economy of waste-to-energy plants. Main limiting factors were identified using mathematic models adjusted for specific geographic locations.