Articoli di riviste: "Heating and ventilation control"

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Abed Elfattah, Shaymaa, Mubarak M. Mostafa, Mahmoud A. Elnono e Ahmed M. Kassem. "GREENHOUSE HEATING AND VENTILATION CONTROL SYSTEM". Misr Journal of Agricultural Engineering 31, n. 2 (1 aprile 2014): 667–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/mjae.2014.99670.

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Fisher, G., B. Ligman, T. Brennan, R. Shaughnessy, B. H. Turk e B. Snead. "Radon Mitigation in Schools Utilising Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Systems". Radiation Protection Dosimetry 56, n. 1-4 (1 dicembre 1994): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a082421.

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Abstract As part of a continuing radon in schools technology development effort, EPA's School Evaluation Team has performed radon mitigation in schools by the method of ventilation/pressurisation control technology. Ventilation rates were increased, at a minimum, to meet the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) standard Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (ASHRAE 62-1989). This paper presents the results and the preliminary evaluations which led to the team's decision to implement this technology. Factors considered include energy penalties, comfort, indoor air quality (IAQ), building shell tightness, and equipment costs. Cost benefit of heat recovery ventilation was also considered. Earlier results of the SEP team's efforts have indicated a severe ventilation problem within the schools of the United States. An integrated approach to radon mitigation in schools and other large buildings which control radon as well as improve overall IAQ should be the goal of radon remediation where practical. Two case studies are presented where HVAC technology was implemented for controlling radon concentrations. One involved the installation of a heat recovery ventilator to depressurise a crawl space and provide ventilation to the classrooms which previously had no mechanical ventilation. The other involved the restoration of a variable air volume system in a two-storey building. The HVAC system's controls were restored and modified to provide a constant building pressure differential to control the entry of radon. Pre-mitigation and post-mitigation indoor air pollutant measurements were taken, including radon, carbon dioxide (CO2), particulates, and bio-aerosols. Long-term monitoring of radon, CO2 building pressure differentials, and indoor/outdoor temperature and relative humidity is presented.

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Yau, Jamilu, Ji JianWei, Hui Wang, Olubakinde Eniola e Folahan Peter Ibitoye. "Modelling of Ventilation Rate and Heating Rate using Multi-Module Fuzzy Control System for A Greenhouse". European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, n. 7 (31 luglio 2020): 800–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.7.2015.

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The implementation of Ventilation rate and Heating rate can save energy and reduce cost of production. In previous studies, ventilation rates and heating rates were calculated based on mass and energy balance but they are mainly influenced by several factors. In order to check for the effectiveness and applicability of greenhouse ventilation rate and heating rate, we study a multi-module fuzzy control method and use fuzzy logic controllers to control the coordination of a greenhouse heating and ventilation systems. The complexity is reduced by using fuzzy tool in matlab-simulink environment which enables a quick design. The experimental data showed that the new multi-module fuzzy control reduced temperature and humidity fluctuations and maintained temperature and humidity closer to the desired temperature and humidity; this method can be easily used to control other equipment in the greenhouse.

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Krajčík, Michal, Lucia Kudiváni e Ardeshir Mahdavi. "Energy Saving Potential of Personalized Ventilation Applied in an Open Space Office under Winter Conditions". Applied Mechanics and Materials 861 (dicembre 2016): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.861.417.

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Mixing and displacement air distribution are the main ventilation principles applied in both residential and non-residential buildings. Recently, personalized ventilation when the fresh air is delivered directly to the occupants at a high ventilation effectiveness has become an alternative. Despite of this fact, little research has been carried out to quantify the energy saving potential of personalized ventilation. This study aimed to quantify the effect of ventilation effectiveness and control strategy on the energy performance and thermal comfort for an open plan office equipped by different types of ventilation systems, including mixing ventilation with constant air volume, demand control ventilation and personalized ventilation. A model was created in a program for dynamic energy simulations TRNSYS, representing one floor of a typical office building divided into four zones with different orientations and a core. Space heating and cooling were provided by ceiling fancoil units recirculating the room air, thus the tasks of ventilation and air conditioning were provided by two separate systems. The potential of personalized ventilation to save energy for fans and for the heating coil of the ventilation system presented about 70% compared to constant air volume mixing ventilation, however, the overall saving was only 20% when also the energy demand for space heating was considered. The energy benefit of demand control ventilation and personalized ventilation depends on the energy need for space heating and cooling, system configuration and operation, and occupancy.

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Xue, Guiyuan, Chen Wu, Wenjuan Niu, Xun Dou, Shizhen Wang e Yadie Fu. "Flexible Control Strategy for Intelligent Building Air Conditioning System". E3S Web of Conferences 252 (2021): 01039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125201039.

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An improved optimization adjustment strategy for building heating ventilation and air conditioning (Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning, HVAC) is proposed. The energy consumption model of building heating/refrigeration is established by using the instantaneous energy balance of heat, and then the optimal operation strategy of building HVAC energy based on weather forecast data is constructed in the range of user temperature comfort. Finally, the MATLAB and TRNSYS simulation techniques are used to verify the example. Simulation results show that the optimal operation strategy of building HVAC energy based on weather forecast data can not only significantly reduce the cost of energy use, but also effectively improve the absorption capacity of renewable energy on the building side.

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Berquist, Justin, Carsen Banister e Mathieu Pellissier. "Comparison of Heat Recovery Ventilator Frost Control Techniques in the Canadian Arctic: Preheat and Recirculation". E3S Web of Conferences 246 (2021): 11010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124611010.

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Air-to-air heat/energy recovery ventilators can effectively reduce the cost associated with ventilating a home. However, high indoor moisture levels, in conjunction with extreme temperature differences between the outdoor and indoor air can cause frost accumulation in the mechanical equipment, leading to performance degradation or failure. In this research, a demonstration house using a heat recovery ventilation system in Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada was used to compare the performance of two frost control techniques: recirculation and electrical preheat. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are outlined to highlight the need to adapt southern strategies to ensure system functionality in the Arctic. The system was equipped with a heat recovery ventilator (HRV) with built-in recirculation technology to defrost the HRV, as well as two electric preheaters that can be used instead of recirculation and prevent frost formation. Between December 2018 and April 2019 the ventilation system’s performance was monitored for seven weeks while using either recirculation or electrical preheat. The experiments showed the ventilation system equipment consumed more absolute energy with electrical preheat than with recirculation as the frost control technique. However, when using recirculation, the ventilation system experienced more losses throughout the ventilation system, causing the whole building to consume more energy due to an increase in energy consumption by the home’s heating system. Moreover, the quantity of outdoor air that was restricted while using recirculation made electrical preheat the superior option for this ventilation system design. The energy use of the ventilation system with electric preheat enabled was 35% lower on a per volume of outdoor air basis. Contrary to some belief that preheating is a poor approach for frost control in heat/energy recovery ventilators, this research finds that preheating can be a more energy efficient method to provide ventilation if controlled well.

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Wang, Yang, Jens M. Kuckelkorn, Daoliang Li e Jiangtao Du. "A novel coupling control with decision-maker and PID controller for minimizing heating energy consumption and ensuring indoor environmental quality". Journal of Building Physics 43, n. 1 (6 agosto 2018): 22–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744259118792582.

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Due to climate change, global energy crisis, and high-quality life requirement for people, decreasing building energy consumption and enhancing indoor environment quality through control of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems tend to be increasingly important. Therefore, favorable control methods for heating and ventilation systems are urgently necessary. In this work, a new coupling control with decision-maker was proposed, developed, and investigated; meanwhile, several demand controlled ventilation strategies combined with heating control method was compared considering heating energy consumption, thermal comfort, and indoor air quality. In order to properly model the service systems, the air change rates and thermal time constants have been first measured in a reference office installed with commonly applied bottom-hinged tilted windows in our low-energy building supplied by geothermal district heating. Then, simulations have been carried out across two typical winter days in the reference office. The results illustrate that the proposed combination of suitable heating and demand controlled ventilation coupling control methods with decision-maker and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller could greatly reduce heating consumption in the reference room during the office time: around 52.4% (4.4 kW h energy saving) per day in winter in comparison to a commonly suggested method of intensive and brief airing. At the same time, it could ensure indoor CO2 concentration to keep within the pre-set ranges (Pettenkofer limit: 1000 ppm) as well as low variations of indoor temperature (standard deviation (SD): 0.1°C).

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Jamieson, M. "Climate control systems and equipment — heating, energy conservation and system failure". BSAP Occasional Publication 11 (gennaio 1987): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00001798.

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AbstractConventionally heat consumption forms a small proportion (about 002) of the total cost of producing finishing pigs. Heating costs are incurred from farrowing to about 20 kg live weight and generally represent about 0–05 of production costs to this stage.Apart from the incorporation of adequate insulation in the building structure, the main means of restricting heating costs is by good control of minimum ventilation rate. Efficient control systems are available but operators do not always fully understand how they are intended to work, so effective training is as important as clear operating instructions.Techniques exist for the reduction of fossil fuel consumption but all involve the expenditure of additional capital and have running costs of their own. In relation to the current low costs of fossil fuels, oil and propane, even the simplest of these methods are difficult to justify in commercial practice. They include: heat recovery by static recuperator from ventilation exhaust air; and heat recovery by heat pump from low temperature sources such as aerobically treated slurry, ground water and exhaust air.Alternative non-fossil fuels include biogas and straw. Biogas production by anaerobic digestion of slurry is expensive in capital and is only feasible where the slurry must be treated for other reasons, such as odour control. Heat production from straw may be economical where the straw is available at low cost and simple stoking aids (e.g. existing tractor fore-loaders) are used.Fail-safe equipment to protect stock in the event of forced ventilation system breakdown must be carefully designed and installed to be reliable. Methods are available to suit the range of ventilation and housing systems. Failure of natural ventilation systems is less likely to cause problems, and indications to the stockman of abnormal temperature conditions should be sufficient to prevent loss of stock.

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Saber, Esmail Mahmoudi, Issa Chaer, Aaron Gillich e Bukola Grace Ekpeti. "Review of Intelligent Control Systems for Natural Ventilation as Passive Cooling Strategy for UK Buildings and Similar Climatic Conditions". Energies 14, n. 15 (21 luglio 2021): 4388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154388.

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Natural ventilation is gaining more attention from architects and engineers as an alternative way of cooling and ventilating indoor spaces. Based on building types, it could save between 13 and 40% of the building cooling energy use. However, this needs to be implemented and operated with a well-designed and integrated control system to avoid triggering discomfort for occupants. This paper seeks to review, discuss, and contribute to existing knowledge on the application of control systems and optimisation theories of naturally ventilated buildings to produce the best performance. The study finally presents an outstanding theoretical context and practical implementation for researchers seeking to explore the use of intelligent controls for optimal output in the pursuit to help solve intricate control problems in the building industry and suggests advanced control systems such as fuzzy logic control as an effective control strategy for an integrated control of ventilation, heating and cooling systems.

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Lachhab, Fadwa, Mohamed Bakhouya, Radouane Ouladsine e Mohammed Essaaidi. "A context-driven platform using Internet of things and data stream processing for heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems control". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 233, n. 7 (9 aprile 2019): 877–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959651819841534.

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Control approaches of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems in buildings have been proposed in the past years for minimizing energy consumption and maintaining occupants’ comfort. However, recent studies have shown that context-driven control approaches using Internet of things and data stream processing technologies could further improve energy saving in heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. In this article, an intelligent control approach using a state feedback technique is introduced to regulate the heating, ventilation and air conditioning system according to the actual context. The proposed thermal state feedback control was then implemented and deployed in our EEBLab to study its effectiveness in a real-setting scenario. The performance of the proposed control was evaluated in a real test-site by deploying a control card that links the controller with the heating, ventilation and air conditioning system. A smart mobile application for real feedback control was also developed and deployed to dynamically adapt the controller to context’s changes. The mobile application and the heating, ventilation and air conditioning system communicate and exchange data under a data acquisition and visualization platform. In this article, a holistic platform that combines Internet of things and data stream processing technologies was developed and deployed in a real-setting scenario. Experiments have been performed, and results are reported to demonstrate the effectiveness and usefulness of the proposed approach in terms of energy saving while maintaining a comfortable room temperature. The proposed state feedback control outperforms the proportional–integral–derivative and ON/OFF approaches in terms of energy consumption while providing acceptable thermal comfort by allowing a neutral thermal sensation with ± 0.30 of predictive mean vote and less than 7% of predicted percentage of dissatisfaction.

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Javed, Saqib, Ivar Rognhaug Ørnes, Tor Helge Dokka, Maria Myrup e Sverre Bjørn Holøs. "Evaluating the Use of Displacement Ventilation for Providing Space Heating in Unoccupied Periods Using Laboratory Experiments, Field Tests and Numerical Simulations". Energies 14, n. 4 (11 febbraio 2021): 952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040952.

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Displacement ventilation is a proven method of providing conditioned air to enclosed spaces with the aim to deliver good air quality and thermal comfort while reducing the amount of energy required to operate the system. Until now, the practical applications of displacement ventilation have been exclusive to providing ventilation and cooling to large open spaces with high ceilings. The provision of heating through displacement ventilation has traditionally been discouraged, out of concern that warm air supplied at the floor level would rise straight to the ceiling level without providing heat to the occupied space. Hence, a separate heating system is regularly integrated with the displacement ventilation in cold climates, increasing the cost and energy use of the system. This paper goes beyond the common industry practice and explores the possibility of using displacement ventilation to provide heating without any additional heating system. It reports on experimental investigations conducted in laboratory and field settings, and numerical simulation of these studies, all aimed at investigating the application of displacement ventilation for providing a comfortable indoor environment in winter by preheating the space prior to occupancy. The experimental results confirm that the proposed concept of providing space heating in unoccupied periods without a separate heating system is possible with displacement ventilation.

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Yezhov, V. S., N. E. Semicheva, D. N. Tyutyunov, A. P. Burtsev, N. S. Perepelitsa e A. P. Burtsev. "Mathematical Model for Automated Heat Flow Control of an EnergyEfficient Ventilation System". Proceedings of the Southwest State University 25, n. 1 (30 maggio 2021): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2021-25-1-38-52.

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Purpose of research. In modern ventilation and air conditioning systems (VAC), one of the main components is an automatic control system (ACS) which performs various functions and also provides highly efficient operation in the range from shutdown functions to centralized regulation and control of climate parameters (temperature, humidity, monitoring concentrations of harmful substances, air speed). The goal is to study a mathematical model of heat flow control of a supply and exhaust ventilation system with a builtin integrated recuperative heat exchanger for the purpose of utilization of low-temperature heat of ventilation gases and emissions with the associated production of thermoelectricity.Methods. To achieve these goals, we used methods of mathematical simulation and computational model development. The automatic control of VAC is based on the principle of feedback – regulation of processes by obtaining information from external sensors based on mathematical simulation of physical processes occurring in the building or structure serviced.Results. An experimental supply and exhaust system with a plate heat exchanger-recuperator operates in a quasi-steady heat transfer mode. Exhaust air removed from the room is used as a heating medium. At the same time, the system is controlled using an independent scheme of connection to the heat supply system. The air heated in the room is considered as an incompressible gas, the heat exchange between the heating and heated heat transfer media is a steadystate process, the turbulence of the heating and heated flow of heat transfer media is isotropic. The result of the study is a mathematical model of heat flow control in the supply and exhaust ventilation system with a builtin integrated heat exchanger-recuperator. The optimal values of the heat energy consumed and the parameters of the ventilation system operation are obtained.Conclusion. A mathematical model of heat flow control in a supply and exhaust ventilation system with a builtin integrated heat exchanger-recuperator is proposed and investigated. The optimal values of the consumed heat energy and the parameters of the ventilation system operation are obtained.

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Ioslovich, Ilya, Per-Olof Gutman e Ido Seginer. "A non-linear optimal greenhouse control problem with heating and ventilation". Optimal Control Applications and Methods 17, n. 3 (luglio 1996): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1514(199607/09)17:3<157::aid-oca570>3.0.co;2-x.

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Zhang, Y., e E. M. Barber. "An Evaluation of Heating and Ventilation Control Strategies for Livestock Buildings". Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 60, n. 4 (aprile 1995): 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jaer.1995.1016.

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Kooistra, E. "Developments in the control of growing conditions in Dutch glasshouse horticulture." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 34, n. 3 (1 agosto 1986): 381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v34i3.16791.

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A short review and discussion on recent advances in greenhouse heating and ventilation, energy saving, growing on artificial substrates, and automated management information systems. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

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Garay-Martinez, Roberto, e Beñat Arregi. "Curtain Wall with Solar Preheating of Ventilation Air. Full Scale Experimental Assessment". E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 09007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017209007.

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Heating load in Commercial buildings is highly related with ventilation systems, while at the same time local discomfort in the vicinity of glass walls occurs due to overheating. In this paper, a novel double envelope curtain wall is presented, which extracts heat from the façade by means of a ventilated cavity which is then incorporated to the ventilation air intake. A substantial reduction of heating loads is achieved. Whenever solar gains are not sought, a bypass element allows the natural ventilation of this air cavity, acting as a ventilated façade. An integrated control system with embedded electronics and actuators allows for a smart control of the system. The system is designed for integration with existing rooftop ventilation systems. Design considerations are discussed, and the outcomes of a full-scale experiment conducted in Bilbao (Spain) along 2019 presented.

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Bragança, Pierre, Kodjovi Sodjavi, Amina Meslem e Ilinca Nastase. "Passive control strategy for mixing ventilation in heating mode using lobed inserts". Energy and Buildings 133 (dicembre 2016): 512–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.10.023.

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Lin, Chang-Ming, Hsin-Yu Liu, Ko-Ying Tseng e Sheng-Fuu Lin. "Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning System Optimization Control Strategy Involving Fan Coil Unit Temperature Control". Applied Sciences 9, n. 11 (11 giugno 2019): 2391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9112391.

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The objective of this study was to develop a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system optimization control strategy involving fan coil unit (FCU) temperature control for energy conservation in chilled water systems to enhance the operating efficiency of HVAC systems. The proposed control strategy involves three techniques, which are described as follows. The first technique is an algorithm for dynamic FCU temperature setting, which enables the FCU temperature to be set in accordance with changes in the outdoor temperature to satisfy the indoor thermal comfort for occupants. The second technique is an approach for determining the indoor cold air demand, which collects the set FCU temperature and converts it to the refrigeration ton required for the chilled water system; this serves as the control target for ensuring optimal HVAC operation. The third technique is a genetic algorithm for calculating the minimum energy consumption for an HVAC system. The genetic algorithm determines the pump operating frequency associated with minimum energy consumption per refrigeration ton to control energy conservation. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed HVAC system optimization control strategy combining FCU temperature control, this study conducted a field experiment. The results revealed that the proposed strategy enabled an HVAC system to achieve 39.71% energy conservation compared with an HVAC system operating at full load.

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Barch, Anna, Sergey Naumenko, Alexandr Kotelnikov e Lev Muginshtein. "Use and control of heat flows in ventilation shafts of subways with Thermal Power Generation". MATEC Web of Conferences 239 (2018): 01045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823901045.

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The variants of schematic technical solution of the system of using secondary energy resources - the waste heat of the subway – for the heating of subway stations are proposed, the results of the feasibility study of the heating of the “Nagatinskaya” station of the Moscow Metro with the use of heat pumps are presented.

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Goel, Swati, e R. Manikandan. "Validating the performance of the HVAC system for commercial buildings". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, n. 2.8 (19 marzo 2018): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.8.10491.

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Commercial Buildings consumes a large amount of world’s energy. Energy components comprises of Lighting, Heating, Cooling, Ventilation, water heating etc. To make the building energy efficient, we need to maintain, monitor and apply thermal optimization. Numerous researchers over the world are chipping away at vitality demonstrating and control with a specific end goal to create techniques which will bring about general decrease of vitality utilization. This paper presentstheworkflow of the energy modelling HVAC (heating, ventilation and cooling)systemwhich proved to be the complete solution for low energy buildings.Also the estimation of the thermal load which helps in validation of architectural design for energy efficient buildings.

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Basile, M. C., V. Bruni, F. Buccolini, D. De Canditiis, S. Tagliaferri e D. Vitulano. "Automatic and Noninvasive Indoor Air Quality Control in HVAC Systems". Journal of Industrial Mathematics 2016 (30 giugno 2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9674387.

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This paper presents a methodology for assessing and monitoring the cleaning state of a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system of a building. It consists of a noninvasive method for measuring the amount of dust in the whole ventilation system, that is, the set of filters and air ducts. Specifically, it defines the minimum amount of measurements, their time table, locations, and acquisition conditions. The proposed method promotes early intervention on the system and it guarantees high indoor air quality and proper HVAC working conditions. The effectiveness of the method is proved by some experimental results on different study cases.

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Ayaz, Murat, Volkan Aygül, Ferhat Düzenli˙ e Erkutay Tasdemi˙rci˙. "Comparative Study on Control Methods for Air Conditioning of Industrial Paint Booths". Advanced Science, Engineering and Medicine 11, n. 11 (1 novembre 2019): 1053–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asem.2019.2454.

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It is of great importance that each product in industrial production facilities is to be produced in the same quality and standard. Especially in the automotive industry, the painting process needs to be done under certain environmental conditions according to the paint properties used. Therefore, the temperature, humidity and air quality values of the paint booth are very important for a quality painting operation. In this study, adaptive control has been proposed to control of one-zone heating-ventilation system for the paint booths. The system has been modelled by using the Matlab/Simulink. Performance of the proposed control method has been compared with conventional control methods such as On/Off, PID, fuzzy logic in terms of accuracy, efficiency and response time. Simulation results show that the proposed adaptive control is effective in the Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems temperature control applications. In addition, energy efficiency in HVAC systems has been provided with the proposed control model. Furthermore, thermal analysis of the system has been done to corroborate simulation results.

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Xu, Xiaoyan, Qing-Shan Jia, Zhanbo Xu, Beibei Zhang e Xiaohong Guan. "On Joint Control of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning and Natural Ventilation in a Meeting Room for Energy Saving". Asian Journal of Control 18, n. 5 (4 febbraio 2016): 1781–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asjc.1260.

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Kaminska, Aniela. "Impact of Heating Control Strategy and Occupant Behavior on the Energy Consumption in a Building with Natural Ventilation in Poland". Energies 12, n. 22 (12 novembre 2019): 4304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12224304.

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This study aims to provide an experimental assessment of energy consumption in an existing public building in Poland, in order to analyze the impact of occupant behavior on that consumption. The building is naturally ventilated and the occupants have the freedom to change the temperature set point and open or close the windows. The energy consumption is calculated and the calculation results are compared with the experimental data. An analysis of occupants’ behavior has revealed that they choose temperature set points in a wide range recognized as thermal comfort, and window opening is accidental and difficult to predict. The implemented heating control algorithms take into account the strong influence of individual occupant preferences on the feeling of comfort. The energy consumption assessment has revealed that the lowering of temperature set point by 1 °C results in an energy saving of about 5%. Comparisons of energy consumption with heating control and without any controls showed that the potential for energy reduction due to heating control reached approximately 10%. The use of windows control, which allows to turn off the heating after opening the window and its impact on energy savings have been discussed as well.

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Berckmans, D., e V. Goedseels. "Development of new control techniques for the ventilation and heating of livestock buildings". Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 33, n. 1 (gennaio 1986): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8634(86)80024-5.

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Liu, Jing, Zhiwen Luo, Taoyao Zhao e Jing Shui. "Ventilation in a Street Canyon under Diurnal Heating Conditions". International Journal of Ventilation 11, n. 2 (settembre 2012): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14733315.2012.11683977.

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Ding, Junwei, Chuck Wah Yu e Shi-Jie Cao. "HVAC systems for environmental control to minimize the COVID-19 infection". Indoor and Built Environment 29, n. 9 (21 ottobre 2020): 1195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x20951968.

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The outbreak of pneumonia caused by 2019 Novel Coronavirus arises significant concern for virus transmission and control. The control of the indoor environment or public-enclosed environment is crucial to reduce the risk of infection. Heating, ventilation, air-conditioning (HVAC) systems are used to create a healthy, thermal-comfort indoor environments. Thus, the rational use of HVAC systems is of great importance for the environmental control to reduce infection risk and to improve human wellbeing in the pandemic. In order to satisfy the requirement of better healthy environment and more thermal comfort performance of indoor ventilation system, prevention of indoor pollution is essential, especially considering the purpose of disease transmission resistance. This paper investigated the collective contagion events in enclosed spaces as well as engineering control against virus spread with ventilation systems for health-care facilities and public vehicles. Future challenges of HVAC design and control were discussed.

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Ibrahim Oleolo, Hayati Abdullah, Maziah Mohamad, Mohammad Nazri Mohd Jaafar, Akmal Baharain e Sapiah Sulaiman. "Multi-Circuit Air-Conditioning System Modelling for Temperature Control". Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 83, n. 2 (8 giugno 2021): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.83.2.1424.

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The suitable application of innovative control strategies in Heating, Ventilation, and Air-conditioning systems is important to improving the energy efficiency and maintenance of temperature set point to improve thermal comfort in buildings. The increased focus on energy savings and appropriate thermal comfort has resulted in the necessity for more dynamic approach to the use of these controllers. However, the design of these controllers requires the use of an accurate dynamic modelling. Substantial progresses have been made in the past on model development to provide better control strategy to ensure energy savings without sacrificing thermal comfort and indoor air quality in the Heating, Ventilation, and Air-conditioning systems. However, there are scarce model using the data driven approach in the Multi-circuit air-conditioning system. This research, carried out a study on the choice of a dynamic model for an operating centralized multi-circuit water-cooled package unit air-conditioning system using a system identification procedure. Baseline data were collected and analyzed, the model development was achieved by processing, estimating and validating the data in system identification. Result shows that the Autoregressive-moving average with exogenous terms (ARMAX) of the third order model, established the best model structure with the highest Best Fit and Lowest Mean Square Error.

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Liu, Wei, Zhen Yu, Jianlin Wu, Huai Li, Caifeng Gao e Hongwei Gong. "Influence of Building Air Tightness on Energy Consumption of Ventilation System in Nearly Zero Energy Residential Buildings". E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 03074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911103074.

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Building air tightness increased quickly in recent years as nearly zero energy buildings concept gradually drawn more attentions from the industry. Ventilation system plays an important role for the indoor air quality control in residential buildings with good air tightness. The energy consumption of the ventilation system is a significant part of the overall energy consumption of low energy residential building. The influence of the building air tightness on the energy consumption of ventilation system was not addressed sufficiently in previous studies. This paper analyses the quantitative relations between building air tightness, energy recovery efficiency and ventilation system control strategy. A mathematical model of the heating and cooling energy consumption in residential buildings is proposed, which takes building air tightness, energy recovery efficiency and control strategy of ventilation system as major input parameters. Equivalent COP of ventilation energy recovery system is proposed as an energy efficiency index of the ventilation system. It can be used as a criterion to decide the optimal design parameters of nearly zero residential buildings in different climate conditions.

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30

Merabet, Ghezlane Halhoul, Mohamed Essaaidi e Driss Benhaddou. "A dynamic model for human thermal comfort for smart building applications". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 234, n. 4 (28 luglio 2019): 472–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959651819865795.

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Thermal comfort is closely related to the evaluation of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. It can be seen as the result of the perception of the occupants of a given environment, and it is the product of the interaction of a number of personal and environmental factors. Otherwise, comfort issues still do not play an important role in the daily operation of commercial buildings. However, in the workplace, local quality effects, in addition to the health, the productivity that has a significant impact on the performance of the activities. In this regard, researchers have conducted, for decades, investigations related to thermal comfort and indoor environments, which includes developing models and indices through experimentations to establish standards to evaluate comfort and factors and set-up parameters for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. However, to our best knowledge, most of the research work reported in the literature deals only with parameters that are not dynamically tracked. This work aims to propose a prototype for comfort measuring through a wireless sensor network and then presenting a model for thermal comfort prediction. The developed model can be used to set up a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system to meet the expected comfort level. In particular, the obtained results show that there is a strong correlation between users’ comfort and variables such as age, gender, and body mass index as a function of height and weight.

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31

Kochev, Alexey, Mikhail Sokolov e Kirill Lushin. "Air exchange calculation in traditional buildings of orthodox churches in Russia". E3S Web of Conferences 263 (2021): 04048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126304048.

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The paper devoted to indoor air quality providing in orthodox churches in Russia. Using the results of theoretical and experimental research made some practical recommendations for design and installation of ventilation systems in orthodox churches. Significant part of research deals with air and constructions humidity controls by reverse osmosis. It is reaffirmed that the rate of dehumidification is directly connected with the air exchange rates and operation of space heating devises in premises. It is very common to use natural ventilation in old churches. It is very easy to install and maintain, but still this way of indoor air conditions providing is absolutely not sustainable. And to avoid the leak of ventilation efficiency for different rooms it is recommended to provide mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation. Another significant issue for providing rapid wall dehumidification is properly operating space heating. It is noted that heating should be combined with an action of ventilation and electroosmotic drying.

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32

Naidu, D. Subbaram, e Craig Rieger. "Advanced control strategies for heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, and refrigeration systems—An overview: Part I: Hard control". HVAC&R Research 17, n. 1 (febbraio 2011): 2–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10789669.2011.540942.

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33

Rasheed, Adnan, Cheul Soon Kwak, Wook Ho Na, Jong Won Lee, Hyeon Tae Kim e Hyun Woo Lee. "Development of a Building Energy Simulation Model for Control of Multi-Span Greenhouse Microclimate". Agronomy 10, n. 9 (21 agosto 2020): 1236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091236.

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In this study, we propose a building energy simulation model of a multi-span greenhouse using a transient system simulation program to simulate greenhouse microenvironments. The proposed model allows daily and seasonal control of screens, roof vents, and heating setpoints according to crop needs. The proposed model was used to investigate the effect of different thermal screens, natural ventilation, and heating setpoint controls on annual and maximum heating loads of a greenhouse. The experiments and winter season weather conditions of greenhouses in Taean Gun (latitude 36.88° N, longitude 126.24° E, elevation 45 m) Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea was used for validation of our model. Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients of 0.87 and 0.71 showed good correlation between the computed and experimental results; thus, the proposed model is appropriate for performing greenhouse thermal simulations. The results showed that the heating loads of the triple-layered screen were 70% and 40% lower than that of the single-screen and double-screen greenhouses, respectively. Moreover, the maximum heating loads without a screen and for single-, double-, and the triple-layered screens were 0.65, 0.46, 0.41, and 0.34 MJ m−2, respectively. The analysis of different screens showed that Ph-77 (shading screen) combined with Ph-super (thermal screen) had the least heating requirements. The heating setpoint analysis predicted that using the designed day- and nighttime heating control setpoints can result in 3%, 15%, 14%, 15%, and 40% less heating load than when using the fixed value temperature control for November, December, January, February, and March, respectively.

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34

Ferdyn-Grygierek, Joanna, e Krzysztof Grygierek. "Proposed Strategies for Improving Poor Hygrothermal Conditions in Museum Exhibition Rooms and Their Impact on Energy Demand". Energies 12, n. 4 (15 febbraio 2019): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12040620.

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In museums, poor microclimate conditions, especially large changes in relative humidity and temperature, can lead to serious deterioration of the exhibits. Properly designed heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems for precise control of the air parameters are required. However, due to the financial restrictions of museums, complex air-conditioning systems are often not feasible. In this study, we tested and propose novel methods to reduce the short- and long-term fluctuations in the relative humidity in exhibition rooms of a Polish museum. The methods only include indoor temperature and ventilation airflow control strategies, without the use of (de)humidification equipment. The analysis is based on simulations using EnergyPlus software. A multi-zone thermal model of the museum building was validated and calibrated with measured data. A full calendar year was simulated for five control cases (including the current method used) and two internal heat gain schedules. The energy demand for heating and cooling for each case was calculated. The combination of temperature control and adequate ventilation using ambient airflow allows for dramatic improvement in the microclimate conditions. The proportion of the year when the instantaneous indoor relative humidity is ±5% from set point decreased from 85% to 20%. A significant effect was obtained over the summer months.

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35

Yu, Xiao Ping, e Xiang Zhao Fu. "Study on the Ventilation and Dehumidification System Integration Framework for City Buildings in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone". Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (ottobre 2012): 4270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.4270.

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Building ventilation has typical regional characteristics, due to its annual high wet climate characteristics in hot summer and cold winter area, the choice of ventilation type is especially important. The present building energy consumption simulation and thermal comfort evaluation of is inadequate to air humidity effects, and easily to ignore ventilation energy saving potential with building thermal environment control. In this paper based on the region annual building humidity environment characteristic, author put forward a kind of building ventilation and dehumidification integrated solutions, from a methodological point of view to explore a ventilation and dehumidification integrated technique with air conditioning and heating period , try to deal with the indoor thermal environment quality problems with lower energy consumption.

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36

Younis, Samir M., e Ashraf F. Ragheb. "DEVELOPMENT OF A TRADITIONAL HETCHERY Part I: Control System of Ventilation, heating, Constant temperature". Misr Journal of Agricultural Engineering 27, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2010): 372–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/mjae.2010.107178.

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37

BAKKER, L. G., A. H. M. BROUWER e R. BABUŠKA. "INTEGRATED PREDICTIVE ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATION, DAYLIGHTING AND ELECTRICAL LIGHTING IN BUILDINGS". International Journal of Solar Energy 21, n. 2-3 (15 gennaio 2001): 203–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01425910108914371.

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38

Garnier, Antoine, Julien Eynard, Matthieu Caussanel e Stéphane Grieu. "Predictive control of multizone heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems in non-residential buildings". Applied Soft Computing 37 (dicembre 2015): 847–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2015.09.022.

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39

Bragança, Pierre, Kodjovi Sodjavi e Amina Meslem. "Passive Control Strategy for Mixing Ventilation in Heating and Cooling Modes Using Lobed Inserts". Energy Procedia 112 (marzo 2017): 232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1091.

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40

Chan, C. C., A. B. Rad e Y. K. Wong. "Comparison of GPC Controller and a Pid Auto-Tuner for a Heating Plant". International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 34, n. 4 (ottobre 1997): 316–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002072099703400403.

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Generalised Predictive Control (GPC)1 is applied on the VVS-400 Heating/Ventilation System4. The temperature control performance of GPC is compared with the on-board PID auto-tuner under load disturbance condition. GPC seems to be not affected if the plant model is over-parameterized. Furthermore, any offsets are eliminated by the consequence of assuming CARIMA plant model.

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41

Franco, Alessandro, Lorenzo Miserocchi e Daniele Testi. "HVAC Energy Saving Strategies for Public Buildings Based on Heat Pumps and Demand Controlled Ventilation". Energies 14, n. 17 (5 settembre 2021): 5541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175541.

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The paper analyzes and compares the perspectives for reducing the energy consumption associated to the operation of Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning system for climatic control of large-size non-residential buildings. Three different control strategies are considered comparing the use of boiler and heat pumps as heating systems and analyzing the use of demand-controlled ventilation, operating on the effective occupancy of the building. The control strategies are applied to two different educational buildings with shapes representative of typical educational structures. The results of the analysis show how the energy consumption can be reduced up to 70%, shifting from the actual values of the energy intensity of over 300 kWh/m2 for year to values of less than 100 kWh/m2 per year. The significance of the energy savings achieved in such different buildings has led to the identification of a possible benchmark for HVAC systems in the next future years which could help reach the environmental targets in this sector.

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42

Jomaa, M., M. Abbes, F. Tadeo e A. Mami. "Greenhouse Modeling, Validation and Climate Control based on Fuzzy Logic". Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 9, n. 4 (10 agosto 2019): 4405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2871.

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This paper deals with the modeling and control of the air temperature and humidity in greenhouses. A physical model of the greenhouse used in the Simulink/Matlab environment is elaborated to simulate both temperature and indoor humidity. As a solution to the non-linearity and complexity of the greenhouse system, a fuzzy logic method is developed to control the actuators that are installed inside the greenhouse for heating, ventilation, humidification and cooling to obtain a suitable microclimate.

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43

Chao, Kuanglin, Richard S. Gates e Robert G. Anderson. "A Knowledge-based System for Control of the Environment for Single-stem Roses". HortScience 31, n. 4 (agosto 1996): 654c—654. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.654c.

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Knowledge engineering offers substantial opportunities for integrating and managing conflicting demands in greenhouse crop production. A fuzzy inference system was developed to balance conflicting requirements of producing a high-quality, single-stem rose crop while simultaneously controlling production costs of heating and ventilation. An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system was built to predict the rose status of `Lady Diana' single-stem roses from nondestructive measurements. The fuzzy inference system was capable of making a critical decision based on the principle of economic optimization. Temperature set points for two greenhouses with similar rose status were treated significantly different by the fuzzy inference system due to differences in greenhouse energy consumption. Moderate reduction in heating energy costs could be realized with the fuzzy inference system.

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44

Ivanov, Yuri, e Nikolai Novikov. "Digital intelligent microclimate control of livestock farms". E3S Web of Conferences 175 (2020): 11012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017511012.

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The article presents the livestock structural and hardware implementations, the element base of digital intelligent microclimate control’s systems, the tasks must be solved in the light of microclimate quality imposed by livestock production modern technologies’ requirements are formulated. It is shown that the microclimate quality by changing of heating (cooling) power and air exchange equipment based on air environment’s temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide content’s measurements is provided. An animals’ premises microclimate parameters’ automatic discrete-analog-digital control has been developed. The livestock farm premises’ microclimate system controlling hardware implementation’s scheme, including two levels: an electronic computer (farm), controllers with control and measuring devices, an interface, and executive devices (premises) has been developed. The information flows in the control system are determined: tasks are sent from the computer to the controllers for the current values of temperature, humidity, air pollution in the rooms, controllers in communication with measuring devices (radio channel), ventilation, heating (cooling) control devices. An example of the optimal microclimate control system’s effectiveness on 1300 heads of pigsty-feedlot is shown.

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45

Song, Zhaopeng, Fengjie Wei, Xinfeng Su, Yongjun Wang, Yikuan Fan e Jian-An Wang. "Application of automatic control furnace for combustion of biomass briquette fuel for tobacco curing". Thermal Science, n. 00 (2020): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci191115148s.

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Applying biomass energy for curing flue-cured/Virginia tobacco heating is the best way to realize green tobacco production. Aiming to satisfy the heating demand for flue-cured tobacco curing, a new heating device that uses biomass briquettes as fuel for curing tobacco is adopted the first time, which was developed using modern mature electromechanical and computer technology. The new device consists of automatic feeding, ash cleaning, ventilation, and ignition systems governed by an intelligent tobacco-curing controller designed for specific curing characteristics. The results of experiments conducted with an original direct combustion coal furnace, bulk curing barn, and controlled coal-fired heating indicated that the heat supply of the new device could satisfy the heat demand during the tobacco curing process, with a good performance-controlling difference of ? 0.5?C between the actual and target dry-bulb temperature in the barn. With its unattended heating management and use of fully burning fuel, the new device sharply decreased the cost of manual operation and tobacco leaves required per kilogram compared to a coal furnace. Considering the shape of its structure, the new device could be used to heat homes or small-scale boilers if the chip procedure of the controller is altered.

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46

Jeffs, James, Truong Quang Dinh, Widanalage Dhammika Widanage, Andrew McGordon e Alessandro Picarelli. "Optimisation of Direct Battery Thermal Management for EVs Operating in Low-Temperature Climates". Energies 13, n. 22 (16 novembre 2020): 5980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13225980.

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Electric vehicles (EVs) experience a range reduction at low temperatures caused by the impact of cabin heating and a reduction in lithium ion performance. Heat pump equipped vehicles have been shown to reduce heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) consumption and improve low ambient temperature range. Heating the electric battery, to improve its low temperature performance, leads to a reduction in heat availability for the cabin. In this paper, dynamic programming is used to find the optimal battery heating trajectory which can optimise the vehicle’s control for either cabin comfort or battery performance and, therefore, range. Using the strategy proposed in this research, a 6.2% increase in range compared to no battery heating and 5.5% increase in thermal comfort compared to full battery heating was achieved at an ambient temperature at −7 °C.

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47

Cardillo, Emanuele, Changzhi Li e Alina Caddemi. "Embedded heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning control systems: From traditional technologies toward radar advanced sensing". Review of Scientific Instruments 92, n. 6 (1 giugno 2021): 061501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0044673.

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48

Berouine, Anass, Radouane Ouladsine, Mohamed Bakhouya e Mohamed Essaaidi. "Towards a Real-Time Predictive Management Approach of Indoor Air Quality in Energy-Efficient Buildings". Energies 13, n. 12 (23 giugno 2020): 3246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123246.

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Abstract (sommario):

Ventilation, heating and air conditioning systems are the main energy consumers in building sector. Improving the energy consumption of these systems, while satisfying the occupants’ comfort, is the major concern of control and automation designers and researchers. Model predictive control (MPC) methods have been widely studied in order to reduce the energy usage while enhancing the occupants’ comfort. In this paper, a generalized predictive control (GPC) algorithm based on controlled auto-regressive integrated moving average is investigated for standalone ventilation systems’ control. A building’s ventilation system is first modeled together with the GPC and MPC controllers. Simulations have been conducted for validation purposes and are structured into two main parts. In the first part, we compare the MPC with two traditional controllers, while the second part is dedicated to the comparison of the MPC against the GPC controller. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the GPC in reducing the energy consumption by about 4.34% while providing significant indoor air quality improvement.

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49

Calabrese, Toni, Fabian Ochs, Dietmar Siegele e Georgios Dermentzis. "Compact ventilation and heat pump with recirculation air for renovation of small apartments". E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911101011.

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A new compact and cost effective heating and ventilation concept for decentral renovation of small flats in multifamily houses was developed and investigated in the framework of the Austrian project “SaLüH!” through a dynamic building and HVAC simulation study based on results of laboratory measurements of functional models. The system consists of a façade integrated supply air/exhaust air heat pump equipped with a desuperheater allowing to increase the heating power and to add more freedom to control the system. The simulation results show that such a system is able to improve the thermal comfort of the flat (compared to the standard heating concept without desuperheater) with good indoor air quality and satisfying energy performance. The proposed system - because of its versatility and compactness - represents an ideal solution for decentral renovation of flats in multi-family houses, especially in case of limited space inside the flat and if central solutions are not possible for technical, economic or social reasons.

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50

Vuksanovic, Dusan, Vera Murgul, Nikolay Vatin e Viktor Pukhkal. "Optimization of Microclimate in Residential Buildings". Applied Mechanics and Materials 680 (ottobre 2014): 459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.680.459.

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Nowadays it is possible to reduce energy consumption without losing comfort as a result of using efficient energy saving technologies and advanced environment control methods for buildings. One of the measures to improve energy performance of buildings can be installation of decentralized air intake and exhaust mechanical ventilation systems with plate heat exchangers in apartments making it possible to «return» up to 85% of thermal energy. The article deals with the decentralized system controlled ventilation with heat recovery and alternative solutions heating supply air in residential buildings.

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