Tesi: "Health insurance – United States"

1

Zhu, Liye. "Three essays on the United States health insurance market". Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3220413.

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Thesis (Ph.D. in Economics)--S.M.U.
Title from PDF title page (viewed July 20, 2007). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-05, Section: A, page: 1847. Adviser: Daniel L. Millimet. Includes bibliographical references.

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2

Welle, Derek John. "Health care in the United States: How the determinants of health insurance status differ across regions". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29229.

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Using a nationally representative sample of individuals across all fifty United States from the 2016 American Community Survey (ACS), this research explores differences in the incidence and predictors of health insurance status across region (i.e. West, Midwest, South, and Northeast) for individuals age 18 and older. The data suggests that: 1) Individuals from the Northeast are the most likely to have some form of health insurance, while individuals from the South are the least likely; 2) The factors which influence health insurance status are relatively similar across all regions, though they often differ substantially in magnitude; 3) In some cases region can play a significant role in determining the type of insurance an individual has (i.e. Public versus Private). Policy makers will find these results useful to target specific factors within regions that may prove to increase the number of insured individuals. Furthermore, researchers may choose to use this paper as a current reference and starting point for further in-depth analysis on targeted factors within specific regions.

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3

Rein, David Bruce. "Modeling the health care utilization of children in Medicaid". Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2003. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-06072004-131339/unrestricted/rein%5Fdavid%5Fb%5F200405%5Fphd.pdf.

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4

Fernandez, Juan Gabriel. "Three essays on competition and health insurance markets". Thesis, Boston University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/31552.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University
PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
Health care systems are complex organizations. Multiple agents interact in different settings to provide health care, each one of them with different objectives and information. How markets are organized and which actions are allowed, has a direct impact on the incentives agents face when making health care choices. In this dissertation, I study the determinants and effects of these choices on market outcomes, focusing on private health insurance markets. The first chapter provides insights about health insurance markets in which workers, rather than firms , choose insurance plans in an imperfect competition setting. Using a unique dataset that includes every person enrolled in private plans in Chile in 2009, I estimate underlying preference parameters over health insurance features. I find large heterogeneity in the valuation of t hese features across age-sex-groups and individual types. Individual characteristics play an important role on health plan choices and therefore, can be used by insurers to design plans targeted to specific groups and for patient selection. The second chapter presents a theoretical model where private insurers compete with a free public alternative to attract clients. Using a two-type model I show that if private insurance companies offer a non-rationing alternative and the public system rationing is done through random selection, an efficiency trap may exist. A marginal increase in the budget allocated to the public system can potentially reduce the expected welfare for all types. This result extends to a model with multiple types, but the negative welfare impact is offset by a crowding-in effect among the rich. Finally, the third chapter provides a general analytical framework that can be used to evaluate risk selection under different health care models. The model is based on the interactions between the four key agents present in every health care system: sponsors, health plans, providers and customers. This framework is used to review risk selection in four countries in the Americas - Canada, Chile, Colombia, and the U.S.-, showing how regulatory policies both create and ameliorate it, and in some cases are as important as risk adjustment, risk sharing and risk selection strategies for reducing risk selection.
2031-01-01

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5

Abel, Karin M. "Private or Public Insurance? The Institutional History of Health Care in the United States and the United Kingdom". DigitalCommons@USU, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/819.

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The primary question at issue in this paper is the following: given the similarities between the two countries with regard to welfare state institutions, why have the United States and the United Kingdom diverged on the issue of health care? Drawing on sociological institutionalism, a branch of the new institutionalist paradigm, this paper provides an answer to this question: during the formative years of the health care stories in the two countries, variations in institutional and cultural conditions produced contrasting policy outcomes. More specifically, this paper discusses how the combination of institutions (political, labor, and medical) and culture led to private insurance in the United States and public insurance in the United Kingdom. Of course, this paper has implications for several areas of scholarship, as well as for current policy debates on a wide range of issues.

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6

Palmedo, P. Christopher. "Equality, Trust and Universalism in Europe, Canada and the United States: Implications for Health Care Policy". PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1929.

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A number of theoretical explanations seek to describe the factors that have led to the position of the United States as the last industrialized Western nation without a universal health care program. Theories focus on institutional arrangement, historic precedent, and the influence of the private sector and market forces. This study explores another factor: the role of underlying social values. The research examines differences in values among ten European countries, the United States and Canada, and analyzes the associations between the values that have been seen to contribute the individualism-collectivism dynamic in the United States. The hypothesis that equality and generalized trust are positively associated with universalism is only partially true. Equality is positively associated (B = .301, p < .001), while generalized trust is negatively associated with universalism (B = -.052, p < .001). Not only do Americans show lower levels of support for income equality and universalism than Europeans, but the effect of being American holds even after controlling for socio-demographic and religious variables (B = .044, p < .01). When the model tests the association of equality and trust on universalism in each region, it explains approximately 17 percent of the variance of universalism for the United States, and approximately 13 percent in Europe and Canada.

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7

Lawings, Michael Anthony. "Business continuity operational strategies for national healthcare insurance companies". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21804.

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8

Potter, Emma C. "Health Insurance Experiences of Gay Father Families: Perceptions, Disclosure, and Roles". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/23839.

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Recent developments in public debate, health policy, and research on nontraditional families have brought gay-parent families, especially gay fathers, into the cultural and political spotlight. Existing research and literature on LGBT families and gay fatherhood have emphasized relationship dynamics within the families but there are gaps in the literature regarding the health and well-being of these families, specifically as it relates to health insurance. Using symbolic interactionism, life course theory, and grounded theory methodology, I conducted a qualitative pilot study to investigate gay fathers\' health insurance experiences. I collected responses from 10 White, gay fathers across the United States and asked questions about access to health insurance, the process of providing insurance for their families, access and use of community resources, and unique factors of their health insurance story. This research adds to the same-sex parent knowledge based by (a) gaining an understanding of the family decisions gay fathers make around health insurance, (b) identifying obstacles and subsequent solutions to health insurance problems, (c) discussing issues of disclosure and outness in gay father families, and (d) uncovering continued gender associations with the division of labor. This study has more broad implications for theoretical concepts like intersectionality and agency, but also provides insights into policy inequalities that continue in the United States.
Master of Science

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9

Simuoli, Olivia. "The Impact of the State Children's Health Insurance Program on Educational Outcomes in the United States: A Two-Fold Analysis". Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1432154845.

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10

Hadjimaleki, Sohayla K. "Replacing health insurance with health assurance establishing the right to health care and the need for reform in the United States /". [Denver, Colo.] : Regis University, 2009. http://165.236.235.140/lib/SHadjimaleki2009.pdf.

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11

Petersen, Mirella. "A retrospective analysis of autism health insurance legislation, small business closures and the percentage of small businesses offering health insurance plans in the United States". Thesis, Central Michigan University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3596751.

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Autism is a rapidly increasing global health concern. In the United States, many families and individuals with autism find it difficult to access treatment for this condition because it is commonly excluded from health insurance plans. Apprehension about passing autism health insurance legislation includes concerns regarding the impact on small businesses. Many businesses advocates and law makers have expressed concern that passing an autism health insurance mandate will cause small businesses to close or to stop offering health insurance plans to their employees. In an effort to substantiate these concerns, this study provides an analysis of publicly available data on small business closures and small business health insurance plans to determine if a relationship exists between passing an autism health insurance mandate and a change in the number of small business closures or the percentage of small businesses that offer health insurance plans to their employees.

The methodology for this study includes testing of Pearson’s r correlation models, semipartial correlation models and analysis of variance (ANOVA) models. Findings indicate there is insufficient evidence to conclude that a relationship exists between enacting an autism health insurance mandate and an increase in the number of small business closures. In addition, findings indicate there is insufficient evidence to conclude that a relationship exists between enacting an autism health insurance mandate and a decrease in the percentage of small businesses offering health insurance to their employees.

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12

Berger, Loretta Kathleen. "The effect of health insurance plan type on initial colorectal cancer screening in the United States since the inception of health care reform in Massachusetts". Thesis, Boston University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/21124.

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Thesis (M.S.H.P.) PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
The Accountable Care Act (ACA) will expand coverage to millions of Americans. Health insurance plans designed to contain costs and incentivize patients may pose risks that deter members from utilizing recommended services despite provisions such as zero-cost-sharing intended to encourage their use. We evaluated trends (from 2007 to 2011) in health insurance plan type and initial colorectal cancer (CRCA) screening per current guidelines. We hypothesized that consumer-directed and high-deductible health plans (CDHP/HDHP) would be associated with decreased and delayed CRCA screening, and a shift toward lower-cost screening options. Using Thomson MarketScan® data, we analyzed commercial claims for 989,038 American adults (prior colectomy or CRCA excluded) over a full three-year period (starting in January of the fiftieth birthday-year) to assess for CRCA screening (colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, or stool test). Using logistic regression, we found that CDHP/HDHP members showed increased likelihood of having had any CRCA screening compared to Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) members, in both Massachusetts (Odds Ratio [OR] 2.321, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.788-3.014) and the Nation (OR 1.640, 95% CI 1.602-1.678). Of those screened, CDHP/HDHP patients were more likely to receive colonoscopy than other recommended alternatives compared to PPO (Massachusetts OR 1.289, 95% CI 1.007-1.651; U.S. OR 1.225, 95% CI 1.192-1.259). Using linear regression, we found that CDHP/HDHP patients were only slightly older at screening compared to PPO, and the difference, while statistically significant, was likely too small to be clinically meaningful. We conclude that contrary to our expectations, CDHP/HDHP members have not been deterred from seeking and obtaining appropriate and timely initial CRCA screening, and they have not chosen lower-cost options. These findings may reflect the newly insured effect, although one limitation of this study was the inability to adjust for selection into CDHP/HDHP. Further study should determine whether CDHP/HDHP members subsequently experience unexpected financial burdens related to CRCA screening that affect future utilization of recommended care. In the pursuit of lower costs through better outcomes, attention should be paid to designing simple and affordable plans with easily understandable features that encourage both patients and providers to follow recommended guidelines while considering the cost-effectiveness of available options.
2031-01-01

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13

Opper, Scott. "Redesigning the American healthcare system". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2000. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/400.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.
Bachelors
Health and Public Affairs
Social Work

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14

Hammond, Terry Richard. "Feasible Models of Universal Health Insurance in Oregon According to Stakeholder Views". PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/500.

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This study collects the views of 38 health policy leaders, answering one open-ended question in a 1-hour interview: What state-level reforms do you believe are necessary to implement a feasible model of universal health insurance in Oregon? Interviewees represented seven groups: state officials, insurers, purchasers, hospitals, physicians, public interest, and experts. About 370 coded arguments in the interview transcripts were condensed into 95 categorical topics. A code outline was constructed to present a dialogue among stakeholders in one comprehensive narrative. Topical sections include the cost imperative, politics, model systems, insurance, purchasing, delivery system, practice management, and finance. Summary results show the prevalence of group attention to each topic, group affinities, and proximity correlations of different arguments mentioned by individuals. The most common arguments related to problems of low-value care and delivery system reform. There was a generally felt imperative to control costs. Regarding universal health insurance, stakeholders were split between two main alternatives. One model, favored mostly by insurer and purchaser groups, supported the state-sponsored individual mandate. This plan, embodied in the current Oregon Action Plan to implement universal health insurance, involved managed competition for insurers and clinical governance over professional practice. A separate set of arguments, favored mostly by expert and physician groups, emphasized the need for a unified public system, or utility model, possibly with centralized funds and regional global budgets. The ability of the individual mandate plan to control costs or manage quality appears doubtful, which strengthens opposition. The utility model is more likely to work at cost control and governance, but it disrupts the status quo and its details are vague, which strengthens opposition. Neither model is endorsed by a majority of the stakeholders, and political success for either one alone is not promising. Possibly, a close analysis of the two models could find a way to combine them and generate unified support.

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15

Berry, Edmund A. "The Impact of Being Uninsured in the United States on Economic and Humanistic Outcomes: Results from the 2004-2008 Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1353154260.

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16

Baker, Timothy Alan. "Oregon Primary Care Physicians' Support for Health Care Reform". PDXScholar, 1994. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4755.

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This dissertation studies Oregon primary care physicians' attitudes toward health care reform. Two models of reform are examined: one, health care rationing such as that proposed by the Oregon Health Plan (OHP); and, two, support for national health insurance (NHI). This work examines the necessity for changing the present health care system, traced from the early origins of the medical profession to the present day health care "crisis." The high cost of health care is examined and an overview of the OHP is provided, including citations from John Kitzhaber, M.D., author of the plan. Overall, Oregon primary care physicians overwhelmingly supported health care rationing policies. Just under 75 percent of the physicians expressed support for health care rationing policies such as that proposed by the Oregon Health Plan. However, just under 48 percent of the same physicians expressed support for national health insurance (NHI). Internal medicine physicians were most supportive of health care rationing policies and OB/GYN physicians were least supportive. Conversely, pediatricians were most supportive of NHI and OB/GYN physicians were least supportive. Regression analyses explained 11.5 percent of variation in support for health care rationing policies and 20.9 percent of their support for national health insurance (NHI). While strong support measures were found for health reform such as that proposed by the Oregon Health Plan (OHP), no similar measures of support for NHI emerged. Almost universal support for health care reform such as the OHP was found among primary care physicians across the state, however similar patterns were not found for NHI. It appears from the research's findings that attempts to change the health care system that include the physician's ability to ration care would be more successful than a more systematic change such as would occur under a national health insurance program. This dissertation points out that physicians represent strong supporting forces and/or opposing forces for health care reform. Their attitudes toward such reform must be considered if successful change is to occur in the U.S. health care system.

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17

Quinn, Melane. "Long-term care insurance : a study of participation and need". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2001. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/295.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.
Bachelors
Health and Public Affairs
Health Services Administration

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18

McEldowney, Rene P. "A century of democratic deliberation over American and British national health care : extending the Kingdon model /". Diss., This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-164612/.

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19

Ling, Meng-Chun. "Senior health care system". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2785.

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Senior Health Care System (SHCS) is created for users to enter participants' conditions and store information in a central database. When users are ready for quarterly assessments the system generates a simple summary that can be reviewed, modified, and saved as part of the summary assessments, which are required by Federal and California law.

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20

Vassiliou, Constantinos. "U.S. terrorism insurance market the case of government intervention /". Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/595.

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21

Balkan, Sule 1966. "Social insurance programs and compensating wage differentials in the United States". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282704.

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This dissertation brings together empirical analyses of the impact of social insurance programs on compensating wage differentials under different institutional frameworks. I study three periods: the late nineteenth century prior to the introduction of Unemployment Insurance, the Great Depression when Unemployment Insurance is introduced, and then the recent period, in which UI has been long established. Initially, late nineteenth century labor markets with no social programs for workers were investigated. Three different data sets were analyzed from two different states, Maine and Kansas, to examine the precautionary saving behavior of workers and the wage premium they received for the expected unemployment prevalent in their industry. Results showed that workers were receiving statistically and economically significant wage premiums in two of the three samples. Also, in two of the three samples, households were able to save against expected unemployment using family resources. In the second chapter, after reviewing the historical backgrounds of social insurance programs, namely Workers' Compensation, Compensation for Occupational Diseases, and Unemployment Insurance (UI), the empirical literature about the impacts of these programs on wages is reviewed. Later in the chapter, hours and earnings data for various manufacturing industries across forty-eight states for the years 1933-1939 are brought together with the state UI, Workers' Compensation, and Compensation for Occupational Diseases provisions to test the impact of these laws on wage rates. The economic history and origins of UI have not been elaborated before and no previous study has analyzed the simultaneous impacts of different social insurance programs. Results showed that higher accident rates, limited working hours and the higher regional cost of living had a positive impact on wages. Workers' Compensation continued to have a negative impact on wages. During its infancy, UI benefits did not have a statistically significant effect on wages. The last chapter analyzes the impact of UI and the unemployment rate for the labor market of the worker on wage rates using micro level modern data. Results from the analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth suggest that expected UI benefits have a negative and statistically significant impact on wages, holding worker and labor market characteristics constant. However, the unemployment rate of the labor market did not have a statistically significant impact on wages.

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22

Nahra, Kirk J., e Bethany A. Corbin. "Digital health regulatory gaps in the United States". Universität Leipzig, 2018. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A32046.

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Digital health in the United States is rapidly and continuously evolving to enhance patient care and revolutionize health care delivery. This technology offers substantial promise to both patients and providers, but lacks a comprehensive regulatory structure to ensure adequate safety and privacy. While the Department of Health and Human Services, the Food and Drug Administration, and the Federal Trade Commission regulate portions of the digital health industry, their oversight is incomplete, with numerous digital health companies falling between the cracks and assuming an unregulated status. This article analyzes the state of digital health legal and regulatory oversight in the United States, discusses how state legislatures and industry organizations have worked to fill existing legal gaps, and presents strategies for encouraging compliance for unregulated entities.

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23

Herring, Elizabeth Ann. "The macroeconomy and health in the United States". Connect to this title online, 2009. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1256570706/.

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24

Kuo, Alice, David L. Wood, James H. Duffee e J. M. Pasco. "Poverty and Child Health in the United States". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5138.

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Almost half of young children in the United States live in poverty or near poverty. The American Academy of Pediatrics is committed to reducing and ultimately eliminating child poverty in the United States. Poverty and related social determinants of health can lead to adverse health outcomes in childhood and across the life course, negatively affecting physical health, socioemotional development, and educational achievement. The American Academy of Pediatrics advocates for programs and policies that have been shown to improve the quality of life and health outcomes for children and families living in poverty. With an awareness and understanding of the effects of poverty on children, pediatricians and other pediatric health practitioners in a family-centered medical home can assess the financial stability of families, link families to resources, and coordinate care with community partners. Further research, advocacy, and continuing education will improve the ability of pediatricians to address the social determinants of health when caring for children who live in poverty. Accompanying this policy statement is a technical report that describes current knowledge on child poverty and the mechanisms by which poverty influences the health and well-being of children.

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25

Shaw, James Warren. "Development of United States population-based preference weights for the EQ-5D health states". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290084.

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The EQ-5D is a brief, multi-attribute, preference-based health status measure. This dissertation describes the development of a statistical model for estimating U.S. population-based preference weights for the EQ-5D health states. A multistage probability sample was selected from the adult U.S. population. Using the time trade-off (TTO) method, each respondent valued 13 of the 243 health states described by the EQ-5D. The valuations were linearly transformed to lie on the interval [-1, 1]. Numerous model specifications were investigated, and a modified split-sample approach was used to evaluate the predictive accuracy of the models. All statistical analyses took into account the clustering and disproportionate selection probabilities inherent in our sampling design. The best model proved to be one based on a conceptual notion of the effect of movements away from perfect health. This model, which we have named D1, included ordinal terms to capture the effect of departures from perfect health as well as interaction effects due to increasing health problems. Relative to other models tested, a random effects specification of the D1 model provided a good fit for the observed TTO data. This model yielded an overall R² of 0.38, a mean absolute error of 0.02, and a correlation between mean observed and predicted valuations of 0.99. We also examined differences in health state valuations among the three major racial/ethnic groups in the U.S., i.e., Hispanics, non-Hispanic blacks, and others. In general, non-Hispanic blacks valued health states more highly than Hispanics or non-Hispanic non-blacks. Non-Hispanic blacks appeared to perceive extreme health problems to be associated with less disutility than did members of the other racial/ethnic groups. Differences in valuations did not appear to be related to differences between groups in education, income, or self-reported chronic conditions. The D1 model predicts the values for observed health states with a high degree of accuracy. This model's predictions provide a set of EQ-5D preference weights specifically developed for use in the U.S. population. Within the U.S. population, there exist differences among the major racial/ethnic groups in the perceived desirability of the EQ-5D health states. These differences cannot be readily explained by socioeconomic disparities.

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26

Wilson, George Edward. "An analysis of workers' compensation insurance for the southeastern United States logging industry". Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54811.

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The objective of this research was to analyze the workers’ compensation insurance system for the logging industry in the states of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. Insurance rate components were fairly consistent among the nine states investigated. Approximately 72 percent of the workers’ compensation insurance rate is composed of loss components and components utilized to update and predict future losses of the year (time period) that the manual rate is in effect. The higher manual rates for the production based 2705 classification can be explained, in part, due to the different premium basis, i.e., production versus payroll. Upset factors based on 1) historical wage and productivity information and 2) a logging contractor survey, indicated that statewide upset factors were too low to equate production based payroll to actual payroll. Low upset factors provide a direct disincentive for contractors to move to an actual payroll basis. Experience modification, premium discounts and retrospective rating are used to customize premium to firm specific characteristics. The credibility test of the experience modification parameters indicated that a greater weight to firm specific characteristics is warranted for harvesting operations. The majority of logging injuries in North Carolina and Virginia occurred during felling and topping activities. An increase in lacerations as an injury type and topping as an occupation type in the coastal plain region may indicate that feller bunching and gate delimbing reduced neither the number or type of injuries. The high number of inexpensive losses contributes substantially to the logging industry’s poor safety image. A number of recommendations for improving the workers’ compensation system are presented. Recommendations which focused on system changes included eliminating numerical exemptions, establishing a $500 deductible clause, creating a mandatory retrospective rating plan for assigned risk policies, and designing greater credit and debit modifications based on firm characteristics. It was also suggested that a regional accident reporting system, funded from surcharged assigned risk policies, be established to provide actuarial data for rate hearings and loss control programs. Other recommendations included eliminating the 2705 "pulpwood only" classification, increasing and indexing the state’s upset factors, and determining the amount of premium slippage that occurs.
Ph. D.

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27

Yuan, Hongbo. "Fetal deaths in the United States, 1997 vs 1991". Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84858.

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Objective. To examine the temporal change in fetal death risk in the U.S. from 1991 to 1997 and to assess the extent to which changes in registration practices and labor induction have contributed to that change. Setting. United States. Design. Cohort study. Participants. All singleton pregnancies 20--43 weeks of gestation in 1991 and 1997. Main outcome measure. Fetal death risk (fetal deaths per 10,000 fetuses at risk at each completed gestational week).
Results. From 1991 to 1997, the overall fetal death rate fell from 77.7 to 67.8 per 10,000 total births. However, fetal deaths at 20--22 weeks as a proportion of total births increased from 14.5 to 16.9 per 10,000. In a Cox regression analysis, the crude period effect (1997 vs 1991) at 40--43 weeks was 0.87 (95% CI 0.80--0.94) and remained virtually unchanged (HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.81--0.96) after adjustment for maternal sociodemographic, medical, and lifestyle risk factors. In ecologic (Poisson regression) analysis based on states as the unit of analysis, the crude period effect in non-Hispanic Whites (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.74--0.84) disappeared (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.82--1.16) after adjusting for induction of labor. No such effect of induction was observed in Blacks.
Conclusions. Increased registration is probably responsible for an increase in fetal death risk at 20--22 weeks of gestation, whereas the increasing trend toward routine labor induction at and after term appears to have reduced the risk of fetal death, at least among Whites.

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28

Snow, Mary. "Environmentalism in the United States: An Evolving Perspective". TopSCHOLAR®, 1996. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/818.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate environmentalism in the United States. The dimension of perspective receives considerable attention. The prevailing perspective by a society regarding the importance of the health of the natural world greatly influences the degree of support of environmental organizations, environmental policy, as well as the direction charted for the future of that society. The perspectives of the Native Americans and the dominant European cultures which arrived in North America are presented and contrasted. It is supposed that the perspective which prevails in the United States regarding the importance of the natural world is evolving. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Manifest Destiny and the American Industrial Revolution exacted a steep cost from the nation's natural resources. Previously perceived as "raw materials," today the unmanipulated environment is viewed in terms of its recreational, aesthetic, ecologic, and spiritual worth. This evolving perspective is demonstrated qualitativelythrough case studies featuring methods of sustainable agriculture, by an ecological restoration project, and by grassroots eco-poltical activism. The changing perspective is quantified by measuring the growth of some of the nation's leading environmental organizations. It is hypothesized that those organizations have experienced significant growth over the study period, or from 1980-1994. It is concluded that there has been phenomenal growth of the leading environmental organizations during the study period. The prevailing perspective by the citizens of the United States is indeed evolving toward a view that is more sustainable since the missions of the nation's leading environmental organizations are endorsed by the financiers of those organizations Environmentalists, now more than ever, must remain encouraged and vigilant in order to increase the chances that the newly evolved perspective will become policy. Increased participation in the political process is facilitated by the personal computer which allows both the monitoring of environmental voting records of the individual Members of Congress while making those legislators accessible by electronic mail systems. Finally, the optimal sustainable perspective is reflected in the words of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Each step toward the ultimate environmental perspective indicates genuine progress for America.

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29

Hohman, Jessica A. "Achieving Universal Health Care in the United States Using International Models". Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1146785935.

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30

Mogusu, Eunice, Sreenivas P. Veeranki, Claudia Kozinetz, Yan Cao e Shimin Zheng. "Epidemiology of Preterm Births in the United States". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/99.

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Preterm delivery is one of the important causes of infant morbidity and mortality in the United States (U.S.). Annually, 12% of infants are born preterm in the U.S. and preterm birth related causes of death account for approximately 35% of all infant deaths. Using the latest (2012) National Survey of Children’s Health, the study aims to estimate the prevalence rates of preterm birth in the U.S., and identify key risk factors associated with it. Data (n=42,282) was obtained from the 2012 NSCH. Using the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommendations, preterm birth was defined as one occurring less than 37 completed weeks of gestation from the first day of Page 26 2015 Appalachian Student Research Forum the last menstrual period. Based on existing literature, the following maternal and child characteristics were included as potential factors associated with preterm birth in the U.S. – infant gender, race, maternal smoking or maternal exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS), family income and maternal general health status. Descriptive statistics were reported using frequencies and proportions. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the association of selected variables with the preterm birth. Overall, 10.65% of live births were born preterm in the U.S. during 2012. Preterm birth prevalence rates were higher among males (12.07%), non-Hispanic blacks (14.34%) and those born to mothers who were smokers or exposed to secondhand smoke during pregnancy (23.8%). Males had higher odds of being born preterm (OR 1.07 95% CI 1.01-1.15) than females. Non-Hispanic White is less likely to be born preterm (OR 0.86 95% CI 0.74-0.99) compared to non-Hispanic black. Infants born to mothers who were smokers or exposed to SHS during pregnancy had higher odds of being born preterm (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.97-1.13) compared to those born to women who were non-smokers and not exposed to SHS. Infants born to women who reported better general health status were less likely to be born preterm (Excellent/Very good vs Fair/Poor: OR 0.51 95% CI 0.46-0.56, Good vs Fair/Poor: OR 0.68 95% CI 0.61-0.75) than referent group. Approximately one-tenths of live births in the U.S. were born preterm. Study findings demonstrated infant race, gender, maternal general health status and maternal smoking or secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy as factors associated with preterm birth. Determining these factors is important in the development of effective intervention programs and policies to reduce the rates of preterm birth in the U.S.

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31

Kirchner, Sandra J. "Health promoting lifestyles and medication compliance among older adults". Virtual Press, 1999. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1125066.

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The point of concentration for this study was to estimate the extent to which health-promoting habits might predict medication-compliant practices among older adults. The purpose was to recognize potentially non-adhering persons, identify attitudes leading to healthy habits, and signal any practices contributing to non-compliant behaviors. Selected were patients who ranged in age from minimum 62, lived independently, self-administered medication regimes, had a chronic ailment that had persisted for at least 12 months, and regularly attended a geriatric clinic sited in the midwestern United States. A non-probability convenience sample (n = 100) was analyzed by a descriptive correlational approach to test self-proclaimed relations between health habits and compliant practices. The instrument used to measure health habits that would enrich life was the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II created and promoted by Walker, Sechrist, and Pender (1995). The tool used to decide levels of medication adherence was a compliance profile created specifically for this study. Demographic information was collected for age, race, marital status, gender, and education. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each variable and Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was utilized to decide what, if any, real and measurable interrelationships exist between the health-promoting habits and medication-compliant practices among an older population. The t-test was utilized in determining differences in both healthpromoting lifestyle habits and medication-compliant practices between older males and females. The significance level used to evaluate every theory was p < .05. Discovery gave no statistically critical relationship between overall health-promoting lifestyle habits and medication-compliant practices among the constituents of an older populace. Findings gave no significant variance between men and women in either lifestyle habits or compliance practices as a whole, but the HPLP II categories of Interpersonal Relations and Nutrition did mirror a significant difference between genders.
Department of Physiology and Health Science

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32

Talat, Rehab. "Healthcare for Undocumented Workers in France and The United States". Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1403691584.

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33

Ahuja, Gurlivleen (Minnie). "Price Transparency in the United States Healthcare System". Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7460.

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The study explores price transparency in the healthcare system. With the increase in healthcare spending resulting in the advent of high deductible plans, consumers have been exposed to high healthcare cost. Despite being burdened with outrageous and extravagant bills, studies have shown that the consumers are not using price transparency tools to their benefit. The literature review reveals that the major stakeholders in the healthcare industry have never been studied together to understand the research question on ‘Why is there lack of price transparency in the healthcare system?’ moreover, there is no theory to explains this phenomenon. This study undertakes a 360-degree, exhaustive view of all the major stakeholders of the healthcare industry in aims to understand the reasons behind the lack of price transparency in the healthcare system and what is holding the industry back. The study followed a grounded theory methodology approach, utilizing the data from 78 semi-structured interviews. The 78 professionals and executives representing the major stakeholders in the healthcare industry contributed to providing information to uncover the key factors for an opaque healthcare industry. Eighty-five hours of interviews resulted in 1,686 transcribed pages that provided insights and discernment to understanding the complexities and intricacies in the healthcare industry that prevent it from becoming fully transparent. The results provide the richness of data for an emergent theory that explains the actions taken by major stakeholders to reduce healthcare spending based on their intrinsic interests and their perceptions of complexities of the healthcare industry. The study presents practical implications on how a complex industry is slow to evolve and that a change is not possible unless it is deconstructed layer by layer to recognize the root cause. The change has to start from the core by simplifying the complexities that are created over time by the stakeholders who have always looked to optimize their motivations and have had no incentives to make the industry efficient.

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34

Tompa, Steven Mark. "Southeastern United States' Parental Perspectives to Promote Adolescent Sleep Health". Thesis, Walden University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3737740.

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Many U.S. adolescents suffer from sleep disorders. Although poor sleep habits may contribute to health issues, less is known about how parental perspectives influence sleep health in adolescents. The purpose of this descriptive phenomenological study was to address a knowledge gap in understanding parental views to promote better sleep habits in adolescents. The blended theoretical framework included the theories of caring science, social learning, advocacy paradigm, and repair and restoration of sleep. Twenty parents in the Southeastern United States participated in open-ended interviews. Research questions were designed to elicit parental perspectives about recognizing unhealthy sleep habits, improving daily sleep health routines, and identifying conditions that led to consultation with health professionals. Colaizzi’s data analysis strategy demonstrated thematic parental reports of declines in attitudes, behaviors, and performances as factors for recognizing unhealthy sleep habits; consistent and routine schedules as options for promoting improved sleep habits; and irregular sleep or health problems as reasons for consultation with health professionals. Recommendations for future research include exploring other geographical locations and investigating school bus schedules interfering with early morning sleep loss. To affect positive social change, dissemination of this study’s findings to health practitioners may influence enhanced provider-patient communications and ultimately contribute to improved sleep habits among adolescents. Additionally, this study’s findings may inform health care administrators with strategies to develop effective parent and provider education programs while reducing unnecessary health services’ utilization and resulting costs for adolescent health.

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35

Burton, Christopher. "Self-Reported Health Among Sexual Minorities in the United States". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2021. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3931.

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Previous literature on LGBTQ+ people (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning, and other sexual minorities) reports that this community experiences greater health problems than heterosexuals. LGBTQ+ people experience higher rates of chronic conditions, STIs, addiction, poor mental health, and cancer, which highlights the importance of capturing data regarding health. A growing concern is that social surveys fail to find meaningful ways to gather gender and sexuality data to understand possible health disparities for LGBTQ+ people. This study uses data from the General Social Survey to examine the physical and mental health outcomes of LGB people compared to straight people in a nationally representative sample of Americans. An analysis of potential disparities in the self-reported health of straight and LGB respondents finds that respondents who identified as bisexual reported significantly lower levels of self-rated health and more problems with mental health compared to respondents who identified as gay, lesbian, or heterosexual.

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36

Cylus, Jonathan. "Do unemployment benefits affect health? : evidence from the United States". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3234/.

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A large body of research finds correlations between unemployment and health. This raises the question of whether unemployment benefit programs, which aim to alleviate financial stress associated with job loss, have their own health effects. Although existing studies indicate that receiving unemployment benefits is likely protective for health, most studies do not account for the potentially endogenous relationship between unemployment benefit receipt and individual characteristics. Since not all unemployed people are eligible for, or receive unemployment benefits, estimates of the health effects of unemployment benefits may be biased. This thesis aims to better understand whether unemployment benefits have a causal effect on health by taking advantage of quasi-experimental variations in unemployment benefit programs in the United States. In the first study, I investigate whether the presence of generous State unemployment benefit programs results in fewer suicides during labour market downturns. In the second study, I use longitudinal data to explore whether State unemployment benefit generosity buffers the impact of job loss on self-reported health. The third study examines whether unemployment benefit eligibility expansions lead to greater participation in physically active leisure. Lastly, I use an instrumental variables approach to estimate the self-reported health effects of receiving unemployment benefits. Across all four studies, I consistently find evidence that unemployment benefits have a health promoting effect in the short-term: unemployment benefits are associated with lower suicide rates, better self-reported health and increased physical activity. While the precise mechanisms remain uncertain, I argue that unemployment benefits may positively affect health by subsidizing income and leisure time, both of which can be beneficial for physical and mental health. Although unemployment benefits are unlikely to be a costeffective approach to improve health, the results indicate that policymaker efforts to reduce or limit access to unemployment benefits may lead to unanticipated adverse health effects.

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37

Arteaga, Rachel Rose. "Comparison of Health Care in the United States and Canada". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/578966.

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It has long been noted that the systems of health care in both the United States and Canada are markedly different, given the similarities of the two countries to which the health care system belongs. This thesis applies the philosophy of John Rawls's "Justice as Fairness" from his book "A Theory of Justice" to determine which system of health care is the most just, and thus promoting a more just society. This paper uses cancer as a narrowing point for investigation. Using data from different studies, this paper first notes the similarities between the two health care systems before delving into the differences and noting the statistics from three different studies that cover cervical cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer. This paper concluded that if one is a least advantaged member of society, such as one who would be without insurance in the United States, then, given the data found from various sources, that person would have better care in Canada, despite its disadvantages. According to John Rawls's Theory of Justice, Canadian society is more just than that of the United States given its health care system.

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38

Bueno, David. "The relationship between income, health status, and health expenditures in the United States". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65780.

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Abstract (sommario):

Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. [29]).
The relationship between income and health has important implications for policy makers and businesses, and will continue to receive attention as healthcare reform takes hold in the U.S. Most existing literature looks at the relationship between income and either health status or health expenditures in isolation. However, in this research, we take advantage of the wealth of data available in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Medical Expenditures Panel Survey (MEPS) to answer two important, related questions regarding the income-health relationship for U.S. adults. First, we seek to determine how much sicker are poorer people than richer people (if at all), both in their perception and in actual terms. Second, we seek to determine if a poorer person is likely to consume more or less care than a richer person for given level of health or condition. To answer the first question, we start by examining the relationship between family income and health status using multiple regression techniques. For both perceived health and actual health, we find a curvilinear relationship between income and health, with diminishing returns associated with membership in successively higher-income groups. Depending on the status metric, the associated health benefits of membership in highincome cohorts tend to flatten once income reaches approximately 500-600% of the federal poverty level (FPL). We also find that marginal income at low income levels tends to be more strongly associated with reduced probability of poor health than increased probability of strong health. Regardless of the dependent variable chosen, we find that the shape of the relationship between income and health status is the same once we normalize the coefficients. Perceived and actual health are strongly related, although some of our results indicate that poorer people may be more pessimistic about their health than richer people. We find similar trends when we examine the relationship between income and health expenditures using the MEPS data. In this case, however, the diminishing returns associated with membership in higher-income cohorts are more accelerated, and the associated reductions in spending for membership in successive cohorts above 200-300% FPL are not significantly different from zero. When we add controls for health status, however, we find that the wealthiest members of the population are most likely to have the highest spending on healthcare, although not drastically so. In addition, we find the poorest members of the population do not have a tendency to overconsume care relative to their level of health.
by David Bueno.
M.B.A.

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39

Hayden, Sat Ananda. "Wage Equality among Internationally Educated Nurses Working in the United States". Thesis, Walden University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3596619.

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Discrimination against immigrants based on country of origin, gender, or race is known to contribute to wage inequality, lower morale, and decrease worker satisfaction. Healthcare leaders are just beginning to study the impact of gender and race on the wages of internationally educated nurses (IENs). Grounded in Becker's theory of discrimination, this cross-sectional study examined nursing wages for evidence of wage inequality among IENs working in the United States using secondary data collected in the 2008 quadrennial National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses. Ordinary least square regression coupled with the Blinder-Oaxaca wage decomposition was used to analyze the wages of 757 IENs working in the U.S. healthcare system. T tests with effect size were calculated to find the impact of gender, race, and country of education on wage. The study found that white male IENs earned higher wages than all other immigrant groups, followed by nonwhite males and nonwhite females (R² = .143; F(8,748) = 15.60; p =.000;). White female IENs earned the least, at 80%, 88%, and 91% of wages earned by white male, nonwhite male, and nonwhite female IENs, respectively (p < .005). The relationship between hourly wage and being a white female was negative and statistically significant (p = .006) and white females earned 19.6% less per hour than white male IENs. Working in tertiary care contributed 21.60% of wages for white IENs and 10.30% of wages for nonwhite IENs. Inequality in nursing wages was related to an interaction between race and gender for wages of white female IENs but not in wages for nonwhite female IENs. Results of this study promote positive social change by motivating nursing departments to equalize wages and policymakers to strengthen equal pay statutes.

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40

Qureshi, Zaina Parvez. "Market Discontinuation of Pharmaceuticals in the United States". The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1250572741.

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41

Clark, Lauren. "Women's domestic health work in poverty: A comparison of Mexican American and Anglo households". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186048.

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The purpose of this dissertation was to identify the components of women's domestic health work in networks surrounding poor Mexican American and Anglo households and compare women's experiences as domestic health workers. Women representing 10 Mexican American households and 10 Anglo households and their surrounding domestic networks were recruited for this study. Criteria for participation included the presence of at least one child in the household $\le$5 years of age and household income at or below the federally-defined weighted poverty threshold. Sources included, first, 66 interviews with women (n = 26) residing in the study households. Second, women kept 3-week daily health diaries on behalf of all household members. And third, women participated in an inventory of household medications. The study employed several analytic methods, including descriptive statistical analyses, phenomenological insight, taxonomic analyses of women's knowledge structures, life history analysis, thematic analysis, and narrative analyses. The results of the study emphasized several points, including the: (a) gendered but hotly contested nature of domestic responsibility for health, with responsibility negotiated between men and women in households, and disputed between households and social service agencies; (b) significant role played by women's informal networks in defining and evaluating the enactment of maternal responsibility; (c) workings of women's coalitions and cooperatives that protect women's threatened interests and redistribute resources among women; (d) influences governing the transmission of child health and illness knowledge and skills across generations of women; (e) double-edged nature of self-medication that appears as both a source of female autonomy and expertise, yet paradoxically and simultaneously can act as an inappropriate, self-palliating balm for the hurt incurred from inadequate accessibility to quality professional health care for poor women and children; and (f) cross-cutting influences of ethnicity and historical situation in each of the above domains. Women pieced together resources from their cultural background, femaleness, and sometimes their poverty; all these factors also entailed contradictory disadvantages in the production of household health. The health and social policy implications of this study were described in detail in the dissertation, as were the women's own visions for an approximation of utopia.

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42

Mupinga, Emily E. "Adjustment Experiences of Zimbabwean International Students Studying in the United States and Their Perception of United States Mental Health Counseling". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1522429226571264.

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43

Pelletier, Marianne S. "Factors Associated With Late Stage Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer in the United States". ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2054.

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Cervical cancer represents a significant public health problem in the United States. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the prognosis is related to stage at diagnosis, with the 5-year survival rate being 91.2% for early stage disease and only 17.0% for those with late stage disease. There is a gap in the literature examining the association of insurance status with late stage cervical cancer diagnosis across a large segment of the United States population. There is also a gap in the literature examining women residing in the United States with late stage cervical cancer diagnosis and identifying their country of birth. Guided by Andersen's behavioral model of healthcare utilization, this study used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, which includes over 28% of the United States population. The independent variables used were insurance, country of birth, race/ethnicity, age at diagnosis, and marital status. The dependent variable was stage at diagnosis. This cross sectional study included data from 7,445 women across the United States for the years 2008-2012. Two-way tests of association and logistic regression were used to analyze the data. The logistic regression (full model) was statistically significant and found that women born outside of the United States have a lower risk of late stage cervical cancer diagnosis and that unmarried women have a greater risk of late stage diagnosis. This study should send a signal to healthcare providers, as well as public health organizations, to direct their actions toward targeting groups that are now being diagnosed with late stage disease.

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44

Stelzer, Donald R. "The Armstrong investigation : problems and reforms in the life insurance industry, 1905-1906". Virtual Press, 1989. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/562771.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the causes and historical impact of the Armstrong investigation into the practices of the life insurance industry. As a long-time admirer of Charles Evans Hughes, and a serious student of the history of insurance, I found the opportunity of looking into an important part of Hughes's early career and the most significant event in the annals of insurance history to be especially compelling, particularly as my research came to show the need to re-assess much of what previously has been written about the episode.In addition to basic resource materials available at Bracken Library, I found that extensive use of contemporary newspaper accounts, principally those in the Chicago Tribune andNew York Times, revealed the vivid images that caught so well the attention and imagination of the American public in 1905. I also have made valuable use of James Hazen Hyde's personal papers in the archival section of Baker Library at Harvard University. This important collection of private correspondence and records has been largely overlooked by insurance historians writing about the period. Those who have written about the New York Times also have ignored the Hyde material, most significantly the items linking the financial condition of the New York Times with the Equitable Life Assurance Society, the principal firm in the great financial scandal. That embarrassing link explains the newspaper's restrained and even bland reporting and editorials concerning the unfolding events.Little mention is given the Armstrong investigation in the insurance textbooks used in American colleges and universities. The occasional references to the most important public investigative body of its time are limited to phrases beginning with "because of" or "prior to" and rarely provide more than a minimal amount of background explanation. Certainly more of the history of insurance needs to be taught.While institutions of higher learning offer students the opportunity to study the history of many subjects, such as art, music, medicine, law, and economics, none of the more than two hundred universities in the country offering insurance courses includes study of the history of insurance. Of the many rich and intriguing events in the realm of insurance, the story of the Armstrong investigation, with its startling findings and resulting widespread reform legislation, should serve well as the nucleus of an insurance history text. Completion of such a textbook indeed will finish the work started by this thesis.
Department of History

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45

Del, Rio Jassmin. "Racial Disparities in Maternal Mortality Rates in the United States". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2153.

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Introduction: The Center for Disease Control (CDC) reports that the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in 1987 was 7.2 deaths per 100,000 live births compared to 18.0 deaths in 2015. This increase in MMR has occurred disproportionately. The same report demonstrates that black women are more than 3 times as likely to die of pregnancy-related causes than non-Hispanic white women. The present study explores how structural differences in the economy, education system, and public policy affect the health of black, pregnant women in the U.S. Methods: This research examined epidemiological studies of maternal mortality in the U.S. Data from previous studies was used to investigate the relationship between the racial disparity in MMR and societal, economic, and political factors that contribute to said relationship. Data from the Center for Disease Control (CDC), the U.S. Census Bureau, the United Nations (UN), and the Claremont Colleges Library network was examined. Results: Studies show that between 2008-2012, black women were found to have the greatest prevalence of preexisting conditions prior to pregnancy. Furthermore, white women are more likely to have their labor induced than black, Asian, and Hispanic women. The increased prevalence of preexisting conditions among black women can be greatly attributed to factors stemming from institutional racism. These factors include less access to health care, education, and equal economic opportunities. Conclusion: Implicit bias among practicing health professionals must be addressed via multiethnic education. It is necessary to create an equally safe environment for women of all races. Additionally, health care providers should take on the responsibility of educating pregnant women about any possible preexisting chronic conditions to properly care for themselves. Prenatal health education must be made readily available and accessible to all demographics. Reports demonstrate that the creation of standardized, disease-specific procedures that target chronic conditions may reduce the U.S. MMR. For black women to overcome the current rates of comorbidity, U.S. public policy must change in a way that decreases the disparity in the socioeconomic status of all Americans.

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46

Watson, Julia A. "Patients' choice between the National Health Service and the private sector in the United Kingdom". Thesis, Boston University, 1993. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/38113.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University
PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
The aim of this dissertation is to explain how elective surgery patients choose between the public and private hospital sectors in the United Kingdom, and to analyze government policy changes which affect this choice. First the choice between the public and private sectors is modeled for the case where there is no private insurance available. The model takes into account the different rationing mechanisms used by National Health Service (NHS) and private hospitals to allocate surgery among patients. Private hospitals charge a price and ration on the basis of willingness to pay , while NHS hospitals , which face budget limits, ration on the basis of clinical need and require patients to wait for surgery. Consequently, a patient's choice of sector depends on her income and her level of clinical need. A simulation model is used to compare the efficiency and equity of two policy measures designed to raise the number of people receiving elective surgery : an increase in NHS funding and a subsidy to the price of private surgery. The subsidy is shown to be more efficient and the NHS funding increase more equitable. Within the same framework an expected utility model of the demand for private health insurance is developed. Two cases are analyzed: the case where individuals have no information about their future need for elective surgery and the case where they have partial information. In each case it is shown that for a given insurance premium there is a threshold level of income above which people buy insurance. It is also shown by simulation that in each case the insurance company can set a premium that allows it to break even. Finally the two models are combined. This enables the efficiency and equity of an increase in NHS funding, a subsidy to private care and a subsidy to private insurance to be compared in a situation where some private patients have insurance to cover the cost of their surgery. The NHS funding increase is shown to be most equitable , and depending on the definition of efficiency chosen, one of the two subsidies is most efficient.
2031-01-01

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47

Shi, Fan. "Cancer incidence and survival patterns among Chinese immigrants in the United States". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ58504.pdf.

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48

Venable, Dianne Fae. "Soviet Pentecostal Refugees' Health and Their Religious Beliefs: An Exploratory Study". PDXScholar, 1992. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4567.

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This thesis explored the health practices and religious beliefs of the recent Soviet Pentecostal refugee population in the Portland, Oregon metro area. The methodology consisted of 25 in-depth interviews over a period of twelve months. Soviet Pentecostal refugees' health practices are influenced by their religious belief system which is Pentecostalism. The four primary factors that were found to have an affect on the refugees' health were lifestyle practices; coherence; or the meaning of suffering that religion provides; cohesiveness, or group belonging to the religious community, and world view provided by the underlying theology. The language barrier, distrust of outsiders, unfamiliarity with their belief system, and a limited understanding of their experiences of persecution may limit effective health care by professionals.

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49

Raymonvil, Aleeshaia Danner. "Serum Iron Concentration and Prostate Cancer in the United States". ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3257.

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Abstract (sommario):

Over 2 million adult men in the United States have been diagnosed with prostate cancer, with nearly 200,000 new diagnoses each year. This type of cancer is the leading cause of mortality in U.S. men. One possible risk factor for prostate cancer is a high level of iron in the body, but the association has yet to be confirmed. This study was an investigation of the relationship between serum iron concentration and prostate cancer using data obtained from the 2009-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. This quantitative study involved 1,850 men in the U.S. aged 51 to 70 years. The framework for this research was based on the exposure-disease model. Participants' data were analyzed using chi-squared independence tests and hierarchical logistic regression, while controlling for demographic variables (body mass index, age, ethnicity, poverty-to-income ratio, educational attainment, and hours worked in the last week) to account for potential confounding effects. Serum iron concentration was not found to be significantly associated with prostate cancer diagnosis in this sample. Additional results indicated a significant association between age and prostate cancer, and between ethnicity and prostate cancer, confirming previous research findings. This study contributes to positive social change by confirming the importance of screening for prostate cancer among high-risk populations and by suggesting that it is premature to use serum iron concentration as a screening tool to detect prostate cancer.

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Zheng, Yi. "Do Banks' Dividends Signal Their Financial Health?" Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1248441/.

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Abstract (sommario):

This paper examines the relation between banks' dividends and their future financial health. Using banks' Nonperforming Loans Ratio, Loan Loss Provision Ratio, and Z-score as proxies for their financial health, I show that there is a strong positive relation between banks' dividends lagged by one quarter and their financial health in the current quarter. This main finding continues to hold following several additional tests, including the application of an instrumental variable approach, the use of change in dividends as the key independent variable, the exclusion of banks that are subject to stress test, the addition of macroeconomic variables, the exclusion of too-big-to-fail banks, and the exclusion of non-depository banks. I also find that the positive relation between banks' dividends and their future financial health is more pronounced for banks with a higher degree of opacity, a lower Tier 1 capital ratio, and during the 2007-2009 financial crisis. This paper contributes to three strands of the finance literature, including the Risk Reduction Hypothesis of dividend signaling in corporate finance, bank dividend policies, and the determinants of banks' financial stability. First, I show that there is a positive relation between banks' dividends lagged by one quarter and their financial health in the current quarter, also meaning that banks' dividends are negatively associated with their future risk conditions. This finding is consistent with the Risk Reduction Hypothesis regarding dividend signaling. Second, Floyd, Li, and Skinner (2015) propose a new idea that banks use dividends to signal financial health, and they rely on this idea to explain why banks have a higher and more stable propensity to pay dividends vis-à-vis industrials during the past several decades. My finding that banks' dividends are positively associated with their future financial health empirically supports this idea proposed by Floyd, Li, and Skinner (2015). Last, to my knowledge, no prior study has attempted to extensively detect a direct relation between banks' dividends and their financial stability. I fill this gap by investigating whether this relation exists. I show that banks' dividends have significantly positive explanatory power on their future financial stability, as proxied by three risk conditions.

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