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1
Klein, Wolf Peter. " Vorlesung und Hörsaal als Symptomwörter für Geschichte und Gegenwart der deutschen Sprache". Zeitschrift für germanistische Linguistik 49, n. 3 (2 dicembre 2021): 556–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zgl-2021-2039.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract The article starts with the etymology of the words Vorlesung („lecture“) and Hörsaal (“lecture hall”). On the one hand, it turns out that the two expressions are deeply anchored in the history of the old Latin scientific language. They transmit Latin structures and perspectives in German neologisms. On the other hand, the two words arose exactly at the time when the sciences were moving from Latin to German, thus distancing themselves from the traditional forms of Latin scholarship. In this light, they exemplify an epochal change in the history of the German language, but at the same time they represent a great European continuity. Against this background, the two words can be interpreted as symptomatic words associated with the Enlightenment’s confident outlook on the future relationship between science and society. Further corpus linguistic surveys also show how productively the two words appear in word formation processes. In particular, these surveys show by way of example that and how German standard language has benefited from the emergence of German academic language.
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Zudilina, Nadezhda. "Influence of the Meanings of the Greek Сoncept of “'Aret'h” on the Meanings of the Latin Concept of “Virtus” as One of the Reasons for the Polysemanticity of the Concept of “Virtual” in the XX–XXI centuries". Logos et Praxis, n. 1 (giugno 2019): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lp.jvolsu.2019.1.1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The author considers how the influence of the meanings of the Greek concept “'aret'h” on the semantics of the Latin concept “virtus” could cause the concept of “virtual” acquire such meanings as “being something in essence, real” (and not formally); “actual, real”. One of the Greek words translated into Latin as “virtus” in antiquity and the Middle Ages, was the word “'aret'h”. As a result of such a translation, the meanings of the word “'aret'h” and the philosophical (first of all, Platonic) meanings of the concept of “'aret'h” enriched the meanings of the concept “virtus”. It is most likely that the first meaning of the concept of “virtual”, that is, “being something in essence, really” (and not formally), comes from the meaning “in essence” of the English word “virtually”, connected with one of the aspects of Plato’s interpretations of “'aret'h” – 'aret'h as the essence of a thing (Greek “oysia”, Latin “essentia”). Probably, the concept “virtual” acquired the meaning of “ factual, real “ through the the mediation of the word “virtually” (in its meaning “in fact, factually”), from the word “actually”, which, on the one hand, means “ in fact, indeed, really”, and on the other, is used as a synonym for “virtually”. It is possible that the accurrence of meanings “factual, real” of the concept “virtual” has been reinforced by the connection of the word “virtus” and its derivatives with the above mentioned “Platonic” meaning of the concept of “virtual”, that is the meaning “being something in essence”, which is in some respects close to the meaning “factual, real”.
3
Mari, Tommaso. "The Grammarian Consentius on Errors Concerning the Accent in Spoken Latin". Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59, n. 1-4 (25 settembre 2020): 623–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/068.2019.59.1-4.54.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Summary:The 5th-century Gaulish grammarian Consentius wrote an extensive treatise on errors in spoken Latin. In the Roman grammatical tradition, errors in single words are deemed to arise by means of the improper addition, removal, substitution, and misplacement of one of the constitutive elements of the word (letter, syllable, quantity, accent, and aspiration). Late grammarians assumed that the four catego- ries of change applied to accents too, but only Consentius provided an example for each of these cases. However, his discussion poses some problems. The examples of removal, substitution and misplacement of an accent all concern the word orator and present oddities such as a circumflex accent on the antepe- nultimate syllable; they were clearly made up for the sake of completeness and have no bearing on our understanding of Vulgar Latin. On the other hand, the example of addition of an accent is tríginta, with retraction of the accent on the antepenultimate syllable; this must be genuine and fits in well with current reconstructions of most Romance continuations of Latin triginta (Italian trenta, French trente, etc.) and other vigesimals (uiginti, quadraginta, etc.).
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Minuț, Ana-Maria, e Ion Lihaciu. "Observații cu privire la unele dicționare germano-române din secolul al XIX-lea". Anuar de lingvistică şi istorie literară 63, n. 2023 (30 novembre 2023): 39–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.59277/alil.2023.02.
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The observations stated in this article focus on the composition of the word lists and the way of organizing the lexical material in some German-Romanian dictionaries from the 19th century. On the one hand, we analyse the role of German-Romanian dictionaries in putting into circulation and popularizing in Romanian a large number of Latin-Romanic neologisms. On the other hand, we focus on their different ways of organizing the dispersed lexical material by the separate registration of the polysemantic, or concentrated word meanings, by including words from an entire lexical family in the same lexicographic article.
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Aubert-Baillot, Sophie. "De la φρόνησις à la prudentia". Mnemosyne 68, n. 1 (20 gennaio 2015): 68–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12301407.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper focuses on the equivalence between Greek phronesis, a very hard word to translate, and Latin prudentia. Based on the word phren, phronesis means ‘thought’, ‘intellectual perception’, ‘sense’, ‘prudence’, ‘practical wisdom’, while prudentia is derived from prouidentia, meaning ‘ability to look ahead’, ‘forecast’, ‘foresight’ and also ‘Providence’. Why, although their etymological roots were apparently different, did the Romans choose the word prudentia in order to translate Greek phronesis? And how did such a translation alter the evolution of the philosophical concept of prudence in Latin culture? It seems that Cicero offers a new analysis of prudentia by dividing the term prouidentia, from which it was formed, into two parts. The prefix pro- alludes not only to Aristotelian phronesis (a virtue especially related to the future and most important in political field), but also to Stoic pro-noia (or Pro-vidence) on a cosmological level, while the Latin verb videre (‘to see’) leads Ciceronian prudence, in ethics, towards a theoretical, i.e. contemplative, wisdom (sophia), inspired by Plato.
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Grotans, Anna A. "Simplifying Latin in Notker's Classroom: Tradition and Innovation". American Journal of Germanic Linguistics and Literatures 10, n. 1 (1998): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1040820700002213.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Much of the rearrangement of the Latin syntax by Notker Labeo in his classroom translation/commentaries is done according to a pedagogic principle called theordo naturalis, which prescribes an SVO word order. A theoretical discussion of theordo naturalisis preserved in a tenth-century treatise composed at St. Gall, and its practical application is found throughout Europe in the form of glosses and construe marks. My analysis shows that Notker varied the traditional and prescribed “natural order” according to the passage at hand, taking into consideration the level of textual difficulty and pedagogic relevance of the passage as well as the text-building strategies of the original. In a few instances Notker even sprinkled his personal variant ofordo naturaliswith OHG word order. Notker expanded upon and modified tradition with his own pedagogic common sense, thus tailoring his teaching materials to the needs of the St. Gall pupils.
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Tur, Cristina. "Concepts that fit in a (Roman) hand". Cognitive Linguistic Studies 11, n. 1 (6 giugno 2024): 158–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.00116.tur.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract The Roman author Lucius Anneus Seneca (4 BC–65 AC), the main representative of Stoic philosophy in Latin literature, wrote several tragedies in verse in which the Latin noun manus ‘hand’ has a remarkable incidence, almost doubling the occurrence of other terms more related to tragic themes, such as scelus ‘crime’ or mors ‘death’. This paper is based on the hypothesis that this high frequency is linked to the concept of embodiment as well as on the metonymies and metaphors used in Seneca’s figurative language to encode abstract concepts. The occurrences of the term manus in a corpus composed of Seneca’s dramatic and philosophical texts have been analysed, paying attention to the metonymic and metaphorical contexts where it appears. As a result, it has been observed that this word can refer to multiple realities such as individuals, actions, identity, control, or power.
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Mollie e John Dixon. "The Significance of Emphasis in Latina Case Study from Caesar's Bellum Gallicum". Greece and Rome 39, n. 1 (aprile 1992): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383500023998.
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As a contribution to the study of ‘Latin in use’, we focus in this article on the ways a writer indicates what s/he wants to emphasize within the sentence; the specific linguistic signs s/he uses to that end; and the range of effects that these may have for an alert reader. We have used, on the one hand, recent developments in the study of narrative, discourse and general linguistics and, on the other, the work of earlier pioneers in the field of word order in Latin.
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Crowley, Joseph. "Anglicized word order in Old English continuous interlinear glosses in British Library, Royal 2. A. XX". Anglo-Saxon England 29 (gennaio 2000): 123–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026367510000243x.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Old English interlinear glosses in the prayerbook London, British Library, Royal 2. A. XX frequently render certain Latin verb phrases and noun phrases into Old English with English word order rather than Latin, in contrast to almost all other surviving Old English interlinear glosses of the same prayers. Investigation of the occurrences of similar syntactic tendencies in all other Old English continuous interlinear glosses (the thirteen Old English interlinear glosses to the psalms, the eleven glosses to canticles of the psalter, the two interlinear glosses to the gospels and the thirty other numbered entries under ‘continuous interlinear glosses’ in Angus Cameron's ‘A List of Old English Texts’) reveals that such anglicization is restricted to relatively few texts from various centuries and places. Analysis of the features and conditions of these few witnesses reveals that neither scribal education, region, century nor other particular of situation is a factor common to all witnesses. The scribe of the Old English glosses in Royal 2. A. XX appears to have had deficiencies in Old English grammar, yet confidence in Old English phrasings of the prayers. His gloss was probably not made for students learning Latin grammar; it was more likely intended simply to help laypeople or less-than-well-educated religious persons to understand the Latin prayers. The context is clearer when we consider the Latin prayers in the margins (and a few interlinear glosses in Greek) that were added by the same hand.
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Enăchescu, Mihai. "Continuidad y discontinuidad en la transmisión de las palabras patrimoniales competidas por arabismos: oliva y aceituna, olio y aceite, olivo y aceituno". Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 66, n. 4 (17 dicembre 2021): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2021.4.04.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Continuity and Discontinuity in the Transmission of Spanish Inherited Words Competed by Arabisms: oliva and aceituna, olio and aceite, olivo and aceituno. The loss and replacement of Arabisms by Latin loanwords was a frequent phenomenon between the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries; the opposite movement, the replacement of an inherited word by an Arabism is far less frequent. Oliva, an inherited word, is competed by the Arabism aceituna; currently the common name for the fruit in the Hispanic world is aceituna, and oliva has a restricted use to the phrase aceite de oliva or to refer to a colour. Similarly, the inherited word olio will be replaced by aceite, and with a specialized meaning will be eliminated by the euphuism óleo, its etymological doublet. On the other hand, olivo prevails over aceituno and represents a special case of continuity in this lexical family. The research will be carried out in two directions: first, I will analyse the old academic dictionaries and other specialized dictionaries and glossaries from the fifteenth-twentieth centuries. Second, I will conduct a corpus analysis, based on the diachronic corpora available for the Spanish language. This study will try to answer the questions how? and why? of these neological movements of vocabulary. Keywords: inherited words, Arabisms, oliva, aceituna, lexical substitution
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Nikolaev, Alexander. "LATINDRAUCUS". Classical Quarterly 64, n. 1 (16 aprile 2014): 316–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838813000748.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The rare Latin worddraucusis known almost exclusively from Martial. Older dictionaries and handbooks used to gloss the word as ‘sodomite’, until Housman showed thatdraucusis in fact ‘as innocent a word ascomoedus, and simply means one who performs feats of strength in public’. Thus, Mart. 7.67.5–6 concerns weightlifting:gravesque draucis|halteras facili rotat lacerto(‘and with effortless arm she rotates weights that would tax adraucus’), while 14.48 describesdrauciplaying hand-ball (harpastum):Haec rapit Antaei velox in pulvere draucus|grandia qui vano colla labore facit(‘These the swiftdraucus, who makes his neck big by futile toil, snatches in Antaeus’ dust').
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Uden, James. "Codeswitches in Caesar and Catullus". Antichthon 45 (2011): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066477400000071.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractThis article analyses two texts, Caesar's Bellum Civile and Catullus' Carmen 12, as a window onto linguistic politics in mid-first century Rome. Both writers use ‘codeswitches’ between Latin and Greek as a means of indirect characterisation of the subjects of their texts. On one hand, isolated switches into Greek in Caesar's text contribute to the sense of foreignness with which Caesar polemically characterises Pompey throughout the Bellum Civile. On the other hand, Catullus' use of the word mnemosynum in his twelfth poem is part of the establishment of a sophisticated language of elite aestheticism from which the napkin-thief Asinius is pointedly excluded. Both these authors have connections to a larger first century controversy that fixated on Latin linguistic purity — a controversy in which politics and language use were inextricably linked.
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Ruda, Natalia. "WORD-FORMING TYPES OF ROCKS AND MINERALS NAMES IN UKRAINIAN PETROLOGY". Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Literary Studies. Linguistics. Folklore Studies, n. 31 (2022): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2659.2022.31.13.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Dynamic development of petrology leads to the intensification of the processes of terms formation. The need to organize the system of rocks and minerals names in the Ukrainian language in accordance with international standards, to unify and to standardize it is becoming increasingly important. A number of problems related to the functioning and development of Ukrainian (and international) petrological terminology, including the transcription of international names in the national language, constant changes in spelling, the existence of doublet terminological elements, synonymy of terms, etc. require the attention of not only naturalists but also linguists. The article considers the issues of petrological terms formation in the Ukrainian language. Attention is focused on the description and analysis of the main word-forming types of rocks and minerals names. The main problems of rocks and minerals names formation in modern Ukrainian petrology are highlighted. It was found that in modern petrology occurs an extremely branched paradigm of means, types and models of rocks and minerals names formation, which, on the one hand, helps to create the most appropriate name, but on the other hand, causes the emergence of large number of synonyms. It is determined that the terminological derivation in Ukrainian petrology, as well as in international, is based on terminological elements of Greek-Latin origin, to use them properly petrologist needs to know ancient Greek and Latin. The most productive were proved to be suffixal word-forming types; the main prefixal and compositional types were also analyzed. Despite the high productivity of suffixal types, the largest number of irrational, scientifically uninformative names is created through the use of suffixes, while prefixation and composition prevail in the word formation of rational nomenclature.
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Grab-Kempf, Elke. "Einige Notizen zur Etymologie von kat. <i>borratja</i>, <i>borraina</i>". Zeitschrift für Katalanistik 13 (1 luglio 2000): 92–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/zfk.2000.92-108.
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This article interprets the form borratja as a direct arabism because in vulgar Arabic there is an etymon that is both formally and semantically acceptable: bū hur(r)ays "drunk".
The word borraina, on the other hand, is considered a borrowing transmitted through the low Latin borragine(m), which, in turn, comes from the same etymological basis, the vulgar Arabic (Hispano-Arabic and Maghreb) bū hur(r)ayš that designates borratja and other related plants.
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Presnova, Natalia. "LATIN RENAISSANCE TRANSLATIONS OF SOPHOCLES’ OEDIPUS AT COLONUS: AD VERBUM AND AD SENSUM". Lomonosov Journal of Philology, n. 4, 2023 (23 agosto 2023): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/msu0130-0075-9-2023-47-04-9.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article discusses ad verbum and ad sensum translation techniques in the Middle Ages and in the Renaissance, with special attention paid to the literal translation of Sophocles’ Oedipus at Colonus made by an Italian humanist, Giovanni Battista Gabia, in the 16th century as an example of ad verbum (word-by-word) translation. It can be seen that trying to translate Greek into Latin involves some grammatical and semantic issues; as a result, the translation becomes hard to perceive. However, the ad verbum type of translation was used for parallel studying of ancient languages that was widespread in the 16th century. Another translation mentioned in the article was produced by a German humanist Veit Winsheimius. It is characterized by simplified grammar and vocabulary. As a result, the translation becomes easier to perceive and understand. The article shows the variety of forms of reception that can be explained not only by usage of certain translation techniques, but also by certain goals of the translators: though both Giovanni Gabia and Veit Winsheim made their translations to use them for teaching ancient languages, the former preferred the method of parallel texts and the latter wanted to make the Latin translation itself clear enough for students.
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Hillenbrand, Rainer. "Teutschem Michel". Daphnis 43, n. 2 (3 maggio 2015): 592–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18796583-04302009.
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Grimmelshausen’s language satire on one hand turns patriotic against the foreign word addiction of his time, but mainly criticizes from a Catholic point of view the purism of the Protestant dominated Opitz school. He refers in religious and linguistic respects both to the old use, as it was taught to the Germans by the Latin Rome, and rejects any form of reformation that pretends to restore artificially a supposedly old state, but actually applying arbitrary own inventions and thus putting man’s salvation at risk.
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Yurtbaşı, Metin. "Building English vocabulary through roots, prefixes and suffixes". Global Journal of Foreign Language Teaching 5, n. 1 (17 novembre 2015): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjflt.v5i0.39.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is the sum of the basic elements of four skills, namely, reading, writing, speaking and listening effectively. The knowledge of vocabulary words in lexico-semantics, on the other hand, is essential in every grade level, subject area and assessment for every student. In order to improve students’ efficiency in the realm of learning and utilizing them in appropriate instances, we must give them means to decode unfamiliar words through such elements called “affixes” and “roots”. Based on theories of Constructivism and Bloom's Taxonomy, and in the context of teaching all components of a language and arts curriculum, teaching such common roots and affixes is an effective strategy that would secure them a rich vocabulary. This presentation will call attention to an alternative dimension to traditional vocabulary teaching based on giving definitions of words or eliciting or deducing meaning from context. According to this methodology, first an awareness is given to students that the English words are essentially borrowings from other languages mostly with Latin or Greek origins (roots) formed by additions to them by parts (affixes) attached to their front and end. So by guessing the meaning of unknown words by such elements, learners are assumed to grasp the idea of the whole word. This presentation will serve as an introduction to the issue of the nature and functions of word etymology with semantics and lexico-semantics in learning English vocabulary items both for learners and teachers alike. Keywords: semantics, lexico-semantics, affix, prefix, suffix, root.
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Scheer, Tobias, e Philippe Ségéral. "Elastic s+C and Left-moving Yod in the Evolution from Latin to French". Probus 32, n. 2 (18 novembre 2020): 183–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/probus-2020-0003.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractElastic s+C is the idea that s+C clusters are heterosyllabic by default in all languages, and that some repair will occur in case, pending on language-specific circumstances, a heterosyllabic parse is illegal (preceding long vowel, preceding coda, beginning of the word). The repair at hand is the branching of the s on the following empty nucleus. This generalization is derived from the behaviour of left-moving yod in the diachronic evolution from Latin to French. The floating yod (here coming from palatalization k+i,e > j+ʦ) anchors as a coda if the preceding syllable is open (placēre > plaisir), but is lost in case it is closed (cancellāre > chanceler), except when the syllable-final C is s (cresc(e)re > croistre (mod. croître)). We know independently that intervocalic s+C clusters are regular coda clusters: they block diphthongization (testa > teste (mod. tête)). Hence s is elastic: s+C is a regular coda cluster unless there is a demand for s to vacate its coda position. It is shown that among all syllabic identities for s+C that are entertained in the literature only one is compatible with this pattern: in CsC clusters, i.e. in absence of a preceding vowel, s branches on the following empty nucleus, i.e. the one that separates it from the following C. This is confirmed by an independent pattern: the middle consonant of CCC clusters is lost unless it is s (CsC), but is regularly dropped in sCC clusters. Here as well s+C is a regular coda-onset cluster when preceded by a vowel (sCC), but s elastically becomes a non-coda when preceded by a consonant (CsC). This empirical generalization appears to be an unprecedented finding: s in s+C is a coda when preceded by a vowel, but a (branching) non-coda when not preceded by a vowel. It is shown that it may solve a good deal of the notoriously mysterious behaviour of s+C clusters as such, i.e. in other languages and in synchronic analysis. Word-initially s+C is not followed by a vowel and therefore a non-coda, thus accounting for the typical cross-linguistic pattern whereby s+C is exceptional word-initially, but not word-internally (where it is followed by a vowel). Also, the branching analysis solves the mysterious fact that s only shows exceptional behaviour when it is followed by a consonant: there is no empty nucleus it could branch on when followed by a vowel.
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De Lusignan Fan-Moniz, Alex. "Aromanian Cultural and Linguistic Shift to Greek". European Journal of Language and Culture Studies 1, n. 6 (27 dicembre 2022): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejlang.2022.1.6.54.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Aromanian-armân, (Weigand, 1895) is an oral Eastern-Romance language spoken by the Aromanians (armâni, or armãneashti), an ethnic group historically known for transhumance, dispersed over a wide area of the Balkans in what is present-day Peninsular Greece, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Southern Romania, Serbia, and Albania. These people have been noted as Aromanians or Vlachs sometime since the eighth century AD. (Caranica, 1990). Their ethnicity (Eriksen, 2010) is controversial with Greeks believing them Latinised Greeks, Romanians considering them Romanian, others as Balkan natives from Wallachia (Ruzica, 2006). In Greek, the current word for Aromanian is in fact ‘Vlach’ believed to originate from the Latin terms Volcae, Volci (Volks, Wolks) referring to a Celtic tribe from Gaul that had learnt Latin and become Latinized. The Volks-Wolks were the closest neighbors to Germanic tribes in the area, which resulted in Germans referring to all Latin speakers as ‘Volks,’ the same way they did with their language. For clarification, in this study: Aromanian, Vlach (-) Aromanian and Vlach will all be used to refer to this ethnic group and language. The word Volci was adopted by Germanic speakers and took different forms over time: Walachen, Welchland, Wallis, Wallais, Wallons, Wales, Welschme etc. These terms are still visible in different European languages today and refer to ‘Latin speaker.’ The Slavic speakers borrowed the word from the Germans as: Olahy, Olahi, Valachi, Voloh, Vloh whereas the Byzantines borrowed it as ‘Vlachs’ (Tapanikos, 2020). Their isolated modus vivendi, between pastoral valleys and high mountains, confined them to hardship and socio-cultural periphery, and allowed relative immunity from major European conflicts and periods of unrest spanning short of a millennium. From 1975 when the modern Greek Republic is finally consolidated, the ideology of ‘one people, one language’ is an intrinsic part of Greek nationality and nationalism (Moschonas, 2004). Lacking written, standardized forms, Aromanian has been transmitted orally from generation to generation in the Epirus, Macedonia and Thessally regions of Greece. With profound socio-economic changes and rewards, Aromanians left their pastoral lifestyle in large numbers (Beis, 2000) attracted by prospects of a better future in Greek urban centers and Western European countries, USA, or Australia. In modern times, with Greek being the only language of instruction and communication in the wider society (Chomsky, 1971), the generational language-transfer cycle has been broken, and Aromanian is now endangered (Dinas et al., 2011). On the other hand, Aromanian folklore and traditional festivals are very much alive through associations like the Pan-Hellenic Federation of Cultural Associations of Vlachs, while many self-identified Aromanians do not speak a word of their ancestral language, by choice (Kahl, 2004). How did this (apparent) contradiction come to be? What drove Aromanians away from their language and led to the assimilation into Greek society, language, and culture so completely that it will lead to the death of Aromanian in Greece?
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Franceschi, Daniele. "Anglo-Saxon and Latinate Synonyms: The Case of Speed vs. Velocity". International Journal of English Linguistics 9, n. 6 (12 novembre 2019): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n6p356.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The aim of this paper is to provide an initial analysis of the semantic relations holding between Anglo-Saxon and Latinate synonyms in present-day English. It is an acknowledged fact that the lexicon of English consists of a basic indigenous vocabulary of Germanic origin with many foreign borrowings especially from French, Latin and Greek. This has produced an etymologically diverse word-stock characterized by distinct features. Near-synonymous words with a different etymology can be a source of confusion and dictionaries often fail to clearly distinguish between them. Pairs of Anglo-Saxon vs. Latinate words, such as speed/velocity, sweat/perspire, lunatic/insane, etc., are often said to be equivalent in meaning, with differences only in terms of style and register. The scenario, however, is more subtle, complex and interesting than this. A finer-grained analysis of speed and velocity, for instance, shows, on the one hand, that there is a high degree of interchangeability between the two words. On the other hand, though, the semantics of speed is more generic, neutral and broader in scope, while velocity expresses specific and restricted meanings. In addition to this generic-specific relation between the two words, velocity appears to undergo metaphoric extension.
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Dall’Aglio, Francesco. "Rex or Imperator? Kalojan’s Royal Title in the Correspondence with Innocent III". Studia Ceranea 9 (30 dicembre 2019): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2084-140x.09.10.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In the correspondence between Innocent III and Kalojan of Bulgaria (1197–1207), the title of the Bulgarian ruler is recorded both as rex and imperator. While the pope consistently employs the title rex, Kalojan refers to himself, in every occasion, with the title imperator. Some scholars have speculated that the use of this title was a deliberate political move: styling himself imperator, Kalojan was claiming a much greater political dignity than that of king of Bulgaria, putting himself on the same level as the emperor of Constantinople. On the other hand, while Innocent’s letters were obviously written in Latin, Kalojan’s letters were originally in Bulgarian, translated in Greek, and finally translated from Greek to Latin. Therefore, the use of the word imperator may be just an attempt at translating the term βασιλεύς, not in the sense of Emperor of the Romans but merely in that of autocrat, a ruler whose power was fully independent from any other external political authority. This recognition was of a fundamental importance for Kalojan, since the rulers of Bulgaria’s neighbouring states, the kingdom of Hungary, the Byzantine empire, and especially the Latin empire of Constantinople, were not willing to recognize his legitimacy as an independent sovereign.
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Kiss, Sándor. "La transition latino-romane : problèmes de la reconstruction". Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59, n. 1-4 (25 settembre 2020): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/068.2019.59.1-4.4.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
SummaryProto-Romance linguistic transformations are partially hidden by the archaic style that char- acterizes Late Latin documents. However, these texts (e. g. chronicles) permit insights into the changes undergone by the oral language, because authors and scribes can reproduce unconsciously their own speech habits, already different from Classical standard. In our presentation, this curious duality is shown by the example of noun declension, which is undermined, but not yet completely eliminated, in 7th century Latin. A comparison is made between the so-called Fredegarius, a Merovingian chronicle, and an early French poem, the Eulalia Sequence, which manifests the last stage of the declension, just before its disappearance. The morphological change has its counterpart in the restructuration of the sentence: the neighbourhood of subject and verb becomes usual in the surface structure, and certain limitations are im- posed upon the freedom of word order. Thus, the reconstruction process we propose has two aspects: it is necessary to describe the diastratic variation at different moments of the history of Late Latin, and, on the other hand, the results need to be compared with the Early Romance linguistic systems. In this manner, reconstruction can show the coexistence of tradition and innovation in the language, a necessary condition of its normal functioning.
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Prokop, I. A., T. V. Savaryn e H. I. Navolska. "LATIN SAYINGS AS AN EDUCATIONAL ASPECT FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS". Медична освіта, n. 2 (3 giugno 2020): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.11603/me.2414-5998.2020.2.11160.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The research is aimed at deepening and extending the knowledge regarding interpretation of Latin sayings and their role in the formation of future doctors’ professional culture. The use of Latin idioms for healthy lifestyle promotion since antiquity has been analysed. The aphorisms, one way or another characterizing human physical health, are divided into four theme groups depending on the meaningful context.
The first group is represented by the phrases, in which human health is directly related to food and hygiene. The second group of aphorisms calls for constant work both physical and mental, since it is regular and unceasing work on oneself that can lead to physical and spiritual health. The third group is aimed at human physiological health and formation of decision-making capacity with regard to enhancing one’s health, as well as developing habits and, further, need for keeping to hygienic rules and maintaining neatness of one’s body. The fourth group symbolizes hard work and patience for the sake of victory over one’s own nature.
Upon the analysis of the meaning of the word “health” in the Latin phraseology, it has been determined that organism integrity and strength are the main health characteristics. Peace of mind, good sleep, healthy food, moderate eating and drinking, as well as hardening, ignoring worries, cheerful disposition, loyal friends, physical exercises, etc. are needed for maintaining healthy lifestyle.
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Nelis, Damien P. "Translating the emotions: some uses of animus in Vergil’s Aeneid". Social Science Information 48, n. 3 (21 agosto 2009): 487–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018409106202.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In recent years, considerable scholarly attention has been devoted to investigating the influence of Lucretius’ De rerum natura on Vergil. At the same time, the Aeneid has become a central text for the study of the presentation of the emotions in Latin poetry. The author attempts to bring together these two trends in Vergilian scholarship by trying to see if the depiction of emotions in Vergilian epic owes anything to Lucretian precedent. He focuses on the term animus and its use in the opening scenes of the Aeneid . It is an important word in both epics, but it is also notoriously hard to translate accurately.
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Dolgorukova, Natalya M., Darya A. Strizhkova e Kseniya V. Babenko. "What does wafna mean? Towards the reception of a medieval Latin song, “Ego sum abbas Cucaniensis…”, in English-language literature". Shagi / Steps 10, n. 2 (2024): 256–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2412-9410-2024-10-2-256-267.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Our article is devoted to a detailed historical, linguistic, and cultural commentary and a new Russian translation of the song “Ego sum abbas Cucaniensis” from Carmina Burana, a LatinGerman manuscript written in the first quarter of the 13th century. Our research presents an analysis of the topoi and allusions to sacred texts found in this drinking song; it also explores the context of its creation. This song provides the first mention of the fabulous and paradisiacal land of Cockaigne, an imaginary place of extreme luxury and ease where physical comforts and pleasures are always immediately at hand. In the song the abbot wins a gambling game, and the loser exclaims wafna. The word wafna is a hapax, probably of a German origin, and, according to different scholars and medievalists, it may have different meanings. Due to this mysterious exclamation, “Ego sum abbas Cucaniensis” is frequently reflected in English literature: in the 20th and 21st centuries different authors belonging to “popular” and “high” culture have used this word in their texts. However, in their works the word wafna did not fully correlate with its original meaning, but instead, due to its unique use in the above context, became a kind of marker of “goliardic” themes (primarily in connection with gambling and alcohol). There are several reasons for this. To begin with, the song’s popularity in the English-speaking environment (while apparently not being widely disseminated in the Middle Ages) is explained by the fact that it was among the first translations of poems from Carmina Burana into English by J. A. Symonds in 1884; later, in 1935–1936, it was included in Carl Orff’s cantata by the same name, texts from which were subsequently often read in schools and universities in Latin classes. Moreover, Symonds leaves the word wafna untranslated, which encourages readers to seek their own interpretations and create their own associations, just as English-language writers of subsequent eras continue to do.
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Rivera-Pagán, Luis N. "A Prophetic Radical Reform of the Church: The Last Word of Bartolomé de las Casas". REFLEXUS - Revista Semestral de Teologia e Ciências das Religiões 11, n. 18 (17 dicembre 2017): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.20890/reflexus.v11i18.551.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In 1566, after several decades of intense and exhausting endeavors to influence and shape the policy of the Spanish state and church regarding the Americas, years of drafting countless historical texts, theological treatises, colonization projects, prophetic homilies, juridical complaints, political utopias, and apocalyptic visions, Bartolomé de Las Casas knows very well that the end is at hand: the end of his life and the end of his illusions of crafting a just and Christian empire in the New World. It is a moment of searching for the precise closure, the right culmination of a human existence that since 1502 had been intimately linked, as no other person of his time, to the drama of the conquest and Christianization of Latin America, a continent, as has been so aptly asserted, “born in blood and fire.
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McGillivray, Barbara, Simon Hengchen, Viivi Lähteenoja, Marco Palma e Alessandro Vatri. "A computational approach to lexical polysemy in Ancient Greek". Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 34, n. 4 (4 agosto 2019): 893–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqz036.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Language is a complex and dynamic system. If we consider word meaning, which is the scope of lexical semantics, we observe that some words have several meanings, thus displaying lexical polysemy. In this article, we present the first phase of a project that aims at computationally modelling Ancient Greek semantics over time. Our system is based on Bayesian learning and on the Diorisis Ancient Greek corpus, which we have built for this purpose. We illustrate preliminary results in light of expert annotation, and take this opportunity to discuss the role of computational systems and human analysis in a complex research area like historical semantics. On the one hand, computational approaches allow us to model large corpora of texts. On the other hand, a long and rich scholarly tradition in Ancient Greek has provided us with valuable insights into the mechanisms of semantic change (cf. e.g. Leiwo, M. (2012). Introduction: variation with multiple faces. In Leiwo, M., Halla-aho, H., and Vierros, M. (eds), Variation and Change in Greek and Latin, Helsinki: Suomen Ateenan-instituutin säätiö, pp. 1–11.). In this article, we show that these qualitative analyses can be leveraged to support and complement the computational modelling.
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Variot, Estelle. "Correspondances étymologiques, lexicales et sémantiques dans le processus de féminisation de noms de profession, métiers et activités dans les sociétés française et roumaine". Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 65, n. 4 (30 ottobre 2020): 401–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2020.4.24.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
"Etymological, Lexical and Semantic Correspondences in the Process of Feminization of Professional Names, Trades and Activities in French and Romanian Societies. The feminization of thought represented by language and of its varieties in the Roman World has allowed to highlight some convergences that come from a common linguistic heritage, often from Greek and Latin and some hesitation about adapting society to its realities. The feminization of some words which comes from an ancient process illustrates on the one hand the potential of the language and on the other hand some constraints sometimes linked to the society itself, which creates transitional periods, between matching grammatical correction and the evolution of linguistic uses over time. The possibilities of lexical enrichment (internal creation or loan) show the means available in French and Romanian and some convergences in the area of derivation, of lexical units and their etymologies. The grammatical perspective and word constructing methods make it possible to give keys for the feminization of names of trades or professions. Likewise, recording entries in the lexicon, their evolution, their assimilation or sometimes their forgetfulness, for the benefit of new constructions highlight the existence of objective and subjective criteria which teach us a lot about society as a whole. Keywords: feminization of professions, internal and external enrichment, suffixal match, use of words, grammar, lexicon, French and Romanian."
29
Klajn, Ivan. "Purism and antipurism in present-day Serbian". Juznoslovenski filolog, n. 64 (2008): 153–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi0864153k.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
As in other Balkan languages, Serbo-Croatian vocabulary is of mixed origin Ever since its earliest days, some of the commonest words were borrowed from Greek, Latin, Italian, Turkish, Hungarian, and in more recent times from Russian, Czech and German. For this reason most loanwords are received without resistance in Serbia. The same openness is shared by practically all Serbian linguists, while purist attitudes are only to be found among laymen. A less relaxed policy might prove to be advisable towards the Anglicisms of today, since global English is more universally present and more penetrating than any foreign language in the past. In Croatia, on the other hand, purism was adopted as an official policy, first as a response to the threats of Germanization (within the Austro-Hungarian empire) and later to the presumed Serbian domination (in Yugoslavia). As a consequence, the mechanisms of word formation are better developed in Croatian, but at the same time many artificial coinages and recycled archaisms have been launched, leading to what is known as the 'Croatian Newspeak'. While Croatian linguists are constantly on the guard against Serbianisms, in Serbia many Croatian words have been adopted almost without resistance, especially when they are shorter, more practical or more precise than their Serbian equivalents.
30
Kries, Douglas. "Origen, Plato, and Conscience (Synderesis) in Jerome's Ezekiel Commentary". Traditio 57 (2002): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0362152900002701.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Due especially to the pioneering work of Lottin, philosophers and theologians interested in the medieval discussion of the human conscience are today well aware that the Scholastic debate was framed principally in relation to two words, conscientia and synderesis. In the now classic formulation of the distinction between those two terms by Thomas Aquinas, synderesis is understood as the special habitus of the practical intellect whereby human beings know the basic principles of morality, whereas conscientia is the act whereby the practical reasoning powers of a human being apply the fundamental principles to the particular matter at hand. It is also generally acknowledged by scholars today that the argument about the relationship between conscientia and synderesis began many years prior to Thomas's work, that the medieval debate was originally spurred by the introduction of the strange term synderesis into the conversation, and that the term entered the discussion by means of an enigmatic passage in Jerome's Commentary on Ezekiel. Finally, most scholars acknowledge that the appearance of synderesis in the medieval manuscripts of Jerome's commentary is in all likelihood a corruption of the Greek word syneidēsis, which is the standard correlate in Greek Patristic literature for the Latin conscientia.
31
Avery, Joshua. "The prison analogy in Thomas More's A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation". Moreana 60, n. 2 (dicembre 2023): 196–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/more.2023.0151.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This essay argues for a particular purpose in the section of the Dialogue during which Anthony argues to Vincent that the world is, properly understood, a prison. Anthony, in the vein of Socrates, challenges Vincent by presenting questions and arguments—sometimes even deliberately simplified arguments—that force Vincent into a deeper engagement with the relevant issues, and hence to an improved clarity. Specifically, Anthony Socratically pushes Vincent better to appreciate the enormous gulfs between human and divine perspectives on the relevant issues. By realizing the limits of his own human-centered assumptions, Vincent is able to deepen and elevate his understanding of the points at hand. It is by means of this new orientation that Vincent is able to find peace, a victory over his passions, as is implied by the Latin word for “conquer” embedded in his name.
32
Jurgaitis, Nedas. "Zur Entstehung und Entwicklung des begriffes „Konzept“ in der kognitiven Semantik". Vārds un tā pētīšanas aspekti: rakstu krājums = The Word: Aspects of Research: conference proceedings, n. 25 (23 novembre 2021): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/vtpa.2021.25.251.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The present article deals with the genesis of the notion “concept” in German cognitive semantics. The aim of the study is to present the origin and development of the notion “concept” from a diachronic perspective. The genesis of the notion “concept” in linguistics, particularly cognitive semantics, is an object of discussion. It reveals a connection between ancient ideas about word meaning and trends in modern linguistics. The roots of the notion can be traced back to ancient Greek philosophy – the concept debuts as a primal notion of mental experiences in Aristotle’s writings. However, the controversial translation of ancient works leaves room for scientific discussion regarding the prototype of the notion. In the Middle Ages, the word concept originated in European languages from Latin, later establishing itself in scientific discourse through the influence of Neo-Scholasticism, Frege’s conception of logic and the semiotic triangle, as well as the principle of the arbitrariness of linguistic signs. Finally, the notion concept gains importance in the transition from objective to the subjective perception of the meaning of linguistic units (the shift from structuralism to cognitivism) and becomes under the influence of cognitive psychology, the central term in cognitive linguistics in the 1970s and 1980s. The unconventional use of the notion in linguistic studies, on the one hand, makes meta-analyses of the semantics of certain concepts more difficult; on the other hand, it favours disciplinary and methodological diversity in today’s linguistic research.
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Solaiman, Md. "Teaching the ‘Soul of English Language’ to the Learners’ of Schools: Bangladesh Perspective". International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, n. 7 (1 agosto 2020): 733–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jul559.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Tense is called the soul of English Language (Hossain: 2000). It means the time, period or duration of any actions. Tense identifies the time of actions that happen as an accident or incident. Understanding Tense for a fresher is not so easy if it is not properly designed. The words ‘Tense’ is derived from Latin word ‘tempus’ which mean time (Agarwal: 2016). It is Tense that assumes an indispensable part in developing meaning. It is thought confidently that the present methods of the available books are considered as the toughest methods to the learners. The students fall in a hard situation to memorize the forms and structures frequently. And in that way it is quite difficult to compare one structure with other or others. That’s why it has been arranged in a new method such as Present Indefinite, Past Indefinite and Future Indefinite. The purpose of this paper and its graphical design is to convey the learners the proper ideas on Tense according to the newly designed style. The given style will provide 80% easy method to the students to obtain proper and long lasting knowledge on Tense. The APA style manual is followed for the research and the teaching method is found as fruitfully effective for the students as it is expected.
34
Guggisberg, Elisabeth, Kistnensamy Terumalai, Jean-Marie Carron e Charles-Henri Rapin. "New Perspectives in the Treatment of Decubitus Ulcers". Journal of Palliative Care 8, n. 2 (giugno 1992): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/082585979200800202.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Although the consequences of prolonged lying on a hard surface are as old as the human race, publications on this subject are scarce. This is due to the fact that a decubitus ulcer never occurs in isolation but is nearly always a complication of some other condition. The term “decubitus” was already used by Hildnaus in 1590 and is derived from the Latin word decumbere which means “lying down” (1). The most important fact to keep in mind is that pressure sores can be prevented. This is the reason why this article not only discusses the management of pressure sores but also the importance of preventive measures. The basis of effective treatment is early detection and an adequate knowledge of the fundamental pathological process. Only adequate preventive measures, careful examination of the lesions, and a thorough knowledge of the products used can avoid unnecessary suffering by patients.
35
Trappes-Lomax, John. "Kissing Clodius: a note on Catullus 79". Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 49 (2003): 155–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068673500000997.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Lesbius est pulcer. quid ni? quern Lesbia malitquam te cum tota gente, Catulle, tua.sed tamen hic pulcer uendat cum gente Catullum,si tria notorum sauia reppererit.notorum is the reading of O; GR have natorum, which is now generally rejected; among other things Catullus himself had no children and could hardly use childlessness as an insult, even if Clodius' children had not been born at the time of the poem. On the other hand notorum has caused some degree of unease; Skinner (1982) 203–4 takes it as meaning not only ‘acquaintances’ but also ‘well-known, distinguished men’, though there seems no evidence for such a meaning for substantival noti; it could also theoretically be the genitive plural of notor; likewise Birt (1904) 470 suggested that it is a partitive genitive with sauiorum understood; to leave even the possibility of such ambiguities is untypical of Catullus. Calphurnius and Heinsius, who were of course unaware of O's notorum, suggested amatorum; this accounts for natorum with the loss of a by haplography and consequent alteration of m to n to produce a Latin word, but it does not account for notorum; furthermore it is a word not used elsewhere by Catullus, and there would be an awkward ambiguity between ‘lovers’ and ‘well-wishers’; cf. OLD s.v. It will be suggested here that amatorum is almost right, and that we should read amicorum.
36
Castronovo, Russ. "Facts, Faction, Anachronism". PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 134, n. 5 (ottobre 2019): 1143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2019.134.5.1143.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Temporal concerns are baked into the matter of facts. From an etymological point of view, facts are moments of making and doing that are no longer alive and kicking. Coming into English and other modern Western languages by means of both the past participle of the Latin word facere (“to make or to do”) and the Latin noun factum, whose senses include the “result of doing” and “something done,” fact denotes an action that has happened and is now preserved like a fossil in the accumulated sediments of history (“Fact”). Etymologically speaking, facts are safely removed from the vicissitudes of the present and the whims of our leaders. So it makes sense that there should be some hand-wringing over facts that have become so thoroughly destabilized that they no longer seem to be based on anything. The defining moment in this distressing development occurred when the Trump administration, not content merely to put a spin on facts, dismissed quantifiable facts by summoning “alternative facts” to deny that the low attendance at the 2017 presidential inauguration was real. A dictionary, not the renowned one from Oxford but Urban Dictionary, offers the following definition of alternative facts: “an attempt to gaslight the population in an effort to control the media and create propaganda” (Mozzy-o). If only we could take refuge in etymology and remind ourselves and anyone else who will listen that facts are veritable faits accomplis, over and done with, past participles that stand as linguistic monuments to a bygone event beyond alteration.
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Horváthy, Sára. "Thèmes et variations Réflexions stylistiques sur l’itinéraire d’Égérie". Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59, n. 1-4 (25 settembre 2020): 611–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/068.2019.59.1-4.53.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
SummaryEgeria, a 4th century pious woman from the south of present-day Spain, retold, after visiting Palestine with the Bible in hand, her observations to her sisters. If the linguistic aspects of her letters are quite well-known, much less is known about its stylistic value, inappropriately called “simple”.What seems to be boringly the same again and again, is in fact a constantly renewed and perfectly mastered “variation on a theme”, just as in a well-composed piece of music. Her apparent objectivity is indeed a wish to focus on what she considers the most important, namely to tell her community, as closely to reality as possible, what she observed during her pilgrimage. However, Egeria’s latin is also a testimony of the christian lexicon in construction and of the social changes that were in progress by that time.Linguistics and stylistics work together here, the choice of a word or a grammatical formula reveals hidden information about the proper style of an author who, despite her supposed objectivity, had real personal purposes.
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Nasri, Nasri. "Manfaat Komunikasi Guru dalam Memberikan Motivasi Belajar Kepada Siswa di MTs". YASIN 2, n. 3 (30 giugno 2022): 393–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.58578/yasin.v2i3.462.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Communication is the process of delivering or receiving messages from one person to another, either directly or indirectly, in writing, verbally or in nonverbal language. Teachers' communication skills in learning activities include 4 main abilities, namely: First, the ability of teachers to develop positive attitudes in learning activities. This ability consists of: (1) Recognizing the strengths and weaknesses of students in learning activities. (2) Helping students to develop self-confidence in learning activities. (3) Help clarify thoughts and feelings so that others can understand and exchange ideas in learning activities. Learning motivation comes from the Latin word "movere" which means "encouraging or moving". "Motivation is something that encourages individuals to behave which directly causes the emergence of behavior. A person will do an action no matter how hard it is if he has high motivation. Likewise, in learning motivation plays a large enough role in achieving results. Another opinion suggests that motivation is the basic drive that moves a person to behave. This drive resides in a person who moves him to do something according to his inner urge.
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Feoktistova, Lyubov A. "Abramova Guba: Towards the Etymology of the Myconym". Вопросы Ономастики 19, n. 3 (2022): 235–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/vopr_onom.2022.19.3.039.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article attempts to clarify the origin of a number of names of mushrooms and fungal growths on a tree (myconyms): abramka, abramukha, obramushka, Abramova (obramova) guba <Abram’s lip>, Abramov grib <Abram’s mushroom> attested in the Yaroslavl dialects of the Russian language. Researching the etymology of such words which are formally close to anthroponyms, requires considering some specific factors: a) semantic features of certain components of the name (denotative reference, indication of gender, prevalence of usage, etc.), b) the nature of paronymic attraction to the personal name, particularly in colloquial speech. In terms of deanthroponymic logic of the origin of myconyms, the name Abram can be interpreted as: a) the name of the biblical patriarch, b) a secondary ethnonym, c) a pejorative characteristic of a person (regardless of ethnicity). However, there are several factors that testify against the hypothetical relation between the myconyms and this personal name, such as: the lack of connection with the biblical character and the corresponding botanical terms in Latin and other Western European languages; the absence of “Jewish” or “male” names of mushrooms in the Russian language. On the other hand, considering the distribution factor (these myconyms are specific to Yaroslavl dialects), it might have been some foreign word borrowed into the Russian language and reanalyzed following the anthroponymic pattern. The analysis of the names of tree growths in the Northern Russian vocabulary carried out by Olga V. Mishchenko proves the possibility of drawing connections with Finno-Ugric borrowings and the need to include the meaning of ‘growth, tumor,’ etc. among the potential origin for myconyms. The author of this article substantiates the etymology from the Mari ováryme ‘tumor’ as by both formal (variation of vowels at the beginning and middle of a word in the source language, correlation of Mari β ~ Russian b, etc.), and semantic (similar naming patterns of ‘something bloated’ → ‘mushroom, mushroom growth’ in both contacting languages) criteria.
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Carolina Salustino dos Santos, Maria, Ana Emília Araújo de Oliveira, Raquel Carvalho Lima, Iracema Vitória Gomes Lins Paz, Yasmin Figueiredo da Silva, Vânia Marília Lima Guida, Albertina Martins Gonçalves et al. "HEALTH TECHNOLOGIES". Health and Society 2, n. 02 (29 novembre 2022): 166–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.51249/hs.v2i02.1011.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The use of health technologies provides better health management, anchored in equity, communication and governance in health. Technologies are conceptualized as a tool, which helps from planning to the execution of activities, and can be applied in health or in another area of knowledge. The objective is: to analyze scientific productions related to health technologies in a collective perspective. This study takes the form of an integrative literature review, built through the following steps: definition of the research question, selection of descriptors, choice of database, search and organization of articles and presentation of results. The chosen databases were: Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences - LILACS, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrievel System Online - MEDLINE, Google Scholar and Scientific Electronic Library Online - SciELO, from July to August, year of 2022. Eight studies on the topic were gathered and organized in a table. The results obtained from the research carried out through scientific articles related to health technology and the collective impacts, several concepts were analyzed about the word technology, the main ones being: “light technology”, “light-hard technology” and “hard technology” . It was observed that there is a generalization of these mentioned terms, which are related to the reception along with the dialogue, the information and the production of procedures, respectively.
41
Goliyski, Petar. "Ammianus Marcellinus and the Western Armenian Consonantism". Chuzhdoezikovo Obuchenie-Foreign Language Teaching 50, n. 2 (2023): 194–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/for23.241amia.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
If not the most essential, but at least the most noticeable difference between the two forms of the modern Armenian language – the Eastern and the Western – is the difference in the pronunciation of a large part of the consonants. In initial position and within the word, the voiceless consonants of Eastern Armenian language have voiced pronunciation in Western Armenian and the voiced consonants of the Eastern Armenian, especially the explosive ones, have voiceless pronunciation in Western Armenian. The devoicing has been already found in Old Armenian texts from the 10th – 11th centuries, but a similar case has been discovered much earlier – in the 7th century, in a text of the so-called ‘Anonymous interpreter’ (Armenian: Անանուն մեկնիչ), a commentator of ‘The Art of Grammar’ of Dionysius Thrax (170 – 90 BC), whose work had been translated into Old Armenian in the 5th century AD. In the commentaries of the Anonymous Interpreter there is an alternating use of the forms bazuk ~ pazuk ~ p'azuk (‘hand, arm’), which suggests that the devoicing of the explosive consonants in the Armenian language was a very old phenomenon. An even earlier and neglected example of devoicing of the explosive consonants in the Old Armenian language (Grabar) could be found in the Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus, a Latin speaking author who worked in the second half of the 4th century. Writing about the events of 368 – 369 AD, Ammianus mentions an Armenian eunuch named Cylaces, which name was a Greco-Latin form of the Syriac-Armenian personal name Glak, but in its Western Armenian pronunciation, Klak. This example not only lowers the timeline of this typical Western Armenian phonetic phenomenon by as much as three centuries, but also supports the existing hypothesis that the devoicing of the explosive consonants in the Armenian language already existed in the preliterate period, that is, before 405 AD.
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Milić, Andrea. "Envy – an Unwanted, yet Unavoidable and Necessary Emotion". Psihologijske teme 28, n. 2 (2019): 355–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31820/pt.28.2.7.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Envy is a word signifying an emotion that arises from social comparison and signals that one is outperformed by another person, or group of people, which makes one feel painful inferiority. It originates from the Latin "invidere" which means to "gaze maliciously". Yet, this emotion does not want to be communicated. It is hard to identify or admit it, partly because of a range of other negative emotions, such as hostility, resentment and rejection that accompany envious feelings. Envy may also trigger admiration that motivates one to "do better". However, subjective, historical and philosophical accounts overwhelmingly speak of its negative consequences. Not surprisingly, envy is regarded as a social taboo. Even the traditional scientific community considers envy as a "second class" emotion. It is said that envy does not meet the criteria for basic emotions. Only recently, with the paradigmatic shift in modern evolutionary psychology, a new framework was offered and started shedding light onto the emotion nobody likes to feel, think or talk about. This paper presents a review of theoretical considerations, predictions and empirical results, emerging from a relatively small amount of studies that incited a change in the conceptualization of this unwanted and seemingly inept emotion.
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O’Kane, J. Philip. "Eutopian and Dystopian Water Resource Systems Design and Operation—Three Irish Case Studies". Hydrology 9, n. 9 (6 settembre 2022): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9090159.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Harvard Water Program is more than sixty years old. It was directed by an academic Steering Committee consisting of the professors of Government and Political Science, Planning, Economics, and Water Engineering. In 2022 we would add to the notional Steering Committee the professors of Ecology, Sociology and Water Law, calling it the augmented Harvard eutopian approach to the design and operation of Water Resource Systems. We use the Greek word ‘eu-topos’ to mean ‘a good place’, figuratively speaking, and ‘dys-topos’ its antonym, ‘not a good place’. By opposing eutopia and dystopia (latin forms) (Utopian literature begins with Thomas More’s (1478–1535) fictional socio-political satire “Utopia”, written in Latin and published in 1516: “Libellus vere aureus, nec minus salutaris quam festivus, de optimo rei publicae statu deque nova insula Utopia”. “A little, true book, not less beneficial than enjoyable, about how things should be in a state and about the new island Utopia” [Wikipedia translation]. He coined the word ‘utopia’ from the Greek ou-topos meaning ‘no place’ or ‘nowhere’. It was a pun-the almost identical Greek word eu-topos means ‘a good place’), we pass judgement on three Irish case studies, in whole and in part. The first case study deals with the dystopian measurement of the land phase of the hydrological cycle. The system components are distributed among many government departments that see little need to cooperate, leading to proposition 1: A call for a new Water Law. The second case study deals with a project to restore a 200 km2 polder landscape to its condition in 1957. The project came to the University with an hypothetical cause of the increased flooding and a tentative solution: dredge the Cashen estuary of its sand, speeding the flow of sluiced water to the sea, and the status quo ante would be restored. The first scientific innovation was the proof that restoration by dredging is impossible. Pumping is the only solution, but it raises disruptive questions that are not covered by Statute. The second important innovation was the discovery in the dynamic water balance, of large leakage into the polders, either around or between sluiced culverts, when the flap valves are nominally closed, impacting both their maintenance and minimization of pumping. Discussions on our findings ended in dystopian silence. Hence proposition 2: Moving towards eutopia may only be possible with a change in the Law. The third case study concerns the protection of Cork City from flooding: riverine, tidal and groundwater. The government’s “emerging solution” consists of major physical intervention in the city centre, driven hard against local opposition, as the only possible solution. Two hydro-electric reservoirs upstream were largely ignored as part of a solution because the relevant Statute did not mandate their use for flood control. The Supreme Court has recently overturned this interpretation of the governing Statute. A new theory of flood control with a cascade of reservoirs, dams and weirs is the scientific innovation here. Once more these findings have been greeted by government with dystopian silence. Hence proposition 3: Re-open the design process to find several much better solutions, approximating a eutopian water world.
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TIMOFEEVA, OLGA. "Survival and loss of Old English religious vocabulary between 1150 and 1350". English Language and Linguistics 22, n. 2 (luglio 2018): 225–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674318000114.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Middle English religious vocabulary is radically different from that of the previous period: while Old English is characterised more by lexical pattern replication of Latin (and Greek) etyma, Middle English is the period of matter replication. Due to the intake of new French religious words, English lexemes and also whole word families undergo semantic transformation and lexical replacement. Other terms, however, survive from the Old English period into the present day, resisting contact-induced pressure. This study shows that the survival of old lexemes into Middle English is largely determined by the extent of their diffusion and frequency of occurrence before the Norman Conquest. It is postulated that two kinds of inherited Old English lexis should be distinguished in the Middle English period: (i) established terms that had belonged to the West Saxon standard and were still preserved in general use by the lower regular clergy, parish priests and the faithful at large, and (ii) terms of limited currency that had failed to spread outside local communities with strong ties and survived for a short time after the Conquest in smaller religious foundations. The innovation and spread of new francophone religious lexis was conditioned by the new preaching practices that began to develop in Europe in the wake of the Fourth Lateran Council and the emergence of mendicant orders. Preachers of the new type were the multilingual innovators who generated new lexis in English and at the same time were instrumental in its diffusion, serving as weak ties between the various levels of the medieval society. Urban middle classes, on the other hand, were the most likely English-speaking early adopters of new norms.
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Dabney, D. Lyle. "Pneumatologia Crucis: Reclaiming Theologia Crucis for a Theology of the Spirit Today". Scottish Journal of Theology 53, n. 4 (novembre 2000): 511–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0036930600057008.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Of what are we speaking when we speak of the Holy Spirit? This most fundamental of all the questions asked in the field of Pneumatology has not received an answer widely accepted in the theology of the twentieth century. Karl Barth could write that the ‘Holy Spirit is nothing else than a certain relation of the Word to man’; while to Rudolph Bultmann, the Spirit was ‘the power of futurity,’ and was to be counted among the mythological forms of New Testament speech. Heribert Mühlen, on the other hand, interpreting the Latin pneumatological tradition in terms of the personalism of Ebner and Bubner, calls the Spirit ‘we,’ the unity of T and ‘thou.’ And David Gelpi reflects current feminist concerns when he designates God's Spirit as ‘The Divine Mother,’ the feminine in God. Finally, most recendy, Michael Welker has adopted the language of the natural sciences mediated through process thought and calls the Holy Spirit a ‘force field,’ while Jürgen Moltmann terms God's Spirit ‘the Spirit of Life’; a notion echoed in Mark Wallace's thesis that the Spirit is ‘the power of life-giving breath (r¨ah) within the cosmos who continually works to transform and renew all forms of life—both human and nonhuman.‘
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Petrică, Ion, e Mihaela Tomiţa. "Organisational Communication In The Field Of Child Protection. Passing From Fatalism To Organisational Democracy In The Romanian Public Space". European Review Of Applied Sociology 8, n. 10 (1 giugno 2015): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eras-2015-0005.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractConsidered a fundamental element of human existence, communication has been used since ancient times for the purpose of “transmitting something to the others also”. Although the term of “communication” has Latin origin, the first practical preoccupations for this issue are found in the Ancient Greeks’ works and were related to oratory which, in its turn, was promoted as “art of the word”. Even if in the literature the notion of “communication” was defined in a complex manner, being assigned numerous valences. Theoreticians found that, on the level of human communication, two common elements clearly appear for each of the meanings of this term. Thus, on the one hand, communication is perceived as a true process of information transmission, and on the other hand no human action, irrespective of the level of its realisation, can be conceived outside this process. Beyond the completion of the main theoretical models for the phenomena of organisational communication, the present article attempts to forward the author's personal diagnosis of a child protection institution, more precisely the General Division for Social Work/Assistance and Child Protection Caraş-Severin (DGASPC), valuing a wide-range methodology (analysis of social documents, interview, and structured observation). Thus, by combining the quantitative endeavour with the qualitative one, we highlighted the existence of a formal ascendant vertical communication, opposed or complementary to the descendant vertical one characterising most of Romanian organisational practices. The special institutional specificity of DGASPC turns this organisational territory into a possible model of interpersonal relationing, different from the general specificity existing in Romanian public institutions where the boss dictates.
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Denysiuk, Vasyl V. "THE PHRASEOLOGY OF IVAN MAZEPA’S BUSINESS DOCUMENTATION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE PHRASEOLOGICAL FUND DEVELOPMENT". Alfred Nobel University Journal of Philology 2, n. 24 (20 dicembre 2022): 180–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2523-4463-2022-2-24-15.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The aim of the article is a structural-semantic analysis of the idiom рукою власною (by one’s own hand) in Ivan Mazepa’s documents in the general context of the Ukrainian language phraseological fund development. The texts of the Hetman Chancellery during the Imperial-Soviet era had an unspoken status of non grata in linguistics, therefore there was a kind of taboo on involving them in the orbit of linguistic studies. To achieve the aim, it was necessary to complete the following tasks: to identify the declared idiom in Ivan Mazepa’s business discourse; to determine the semantics of the idiom; to reveal semantic and structural innovations of the idiom in time and space, caused by individual reception of the situation and the phraseological potential of linguistic units, which will make it possible to trace the Ukrainian language phraseological fund durability. To achieve the aim, the following methods were used: the descriptive method made it possible to analyze the specifics of the semantics of phraseological units; the method of contextual analysis was decisive for clarifying the peculiarities of phraseological units functioning in monuments of various styles and genres, which made it possible to determine shifts in the semantic structure of word combinations; with the help of the structural method, the connections between components of the idiom are traced; the comparative-historical method makes it possible to present the vertical development and dynamics of the set expression; the etymological method was used to confirm the specific or borrowed character of the phraseology. The set expression is a linguistic calque of the Latin manu propria and got into the Ukrainian language through Polish language. However, the functioning of the idiom своею рукою (by one’s own hand) «personally» in the Ukrainian language of the 15th century gives us a reason to talk about semantic, structural and stylistic syncretization in the Polish-Ukrainian era with the adapted in Polish variant ręką własną. The idiom demonstrates the complete dominance of the variant with the attribute власний (own) and a fairly stable trend to use exactly the indirect word order which corresponds to the «noun + adjective» model. However, the laws of Ukrainian syntagmatics led to the entry and functioning of set expressions in the new Ukrainian language with a direct order of components, attesting data from the Ukrainian language corpora. The inflection of the instrumental case, which is sporadically recorded in a reduced form, also demonstrates its historical persistence. Conclusion. The conducted research proved that the use of the idiom рукою власною (by one’s own hand) in Ivan Mazepa’s business documentation was a complete reflection of its use and changes in the contemporary Ukrainian language. Its use primarily in the texts of business communication, and later also in the texts of other styles and genres, proves the development and persistence of the lack of general semantics «personally» expressiveness over the centuries. Semantic identity made it possible to vary the attributive component, and the identity of business situations led to the complete ellipticity of this word combination in the direction of one word, which is characteristic, however, only of business sphere texts, which in the 18th century testify to the transfer of the practice of abbreviations developed in Western European offices for business set expressions.
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Ermakova, Liya L. "“The blow from the plough” (Philostr. Gymn. 20; Paus. VI.10.1–2)". Shagi / Steps 10, n. 2 (2024): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2412-9410-2024-10-2-163-171.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In the Gymnasticus, ascribed to Flavius Philostratus, there are five anecdotes about trainers who helped their athletes by various means to win at Olympia (Gymn. 20–24). None of these stories, except the one about the renowned boxer Glaucus of Carystus, is attested elsewhere. Glaucus’ trainer Tisias encouraged him by shouting τὰν ἀπ’ ἀρότρου πλῆξαι which meant ‘right-handed punch’ because his right hand was so strong that he once straightened a ploughshare with it. Pausanias, however, attributes the exhortation (ὦ παῖ τὴν ἀπ’ ἀρότρου) to Glaucus’ father Demylus and renders the story differently: Demylus takes his young son to Olympia after having watched him attach a ploughshare to a plough with his bare hands. The author of the present article proposes how to interpret this exhortation. The problem of interpretation has been solved differently as we may see in the translations of Pausanias’ work into Latin and modern languages; it has also resulted in a variant reading ἐπ(ί) instead of ἀπ(ό) in the Suda lexicon, where the Pausanias text is cited with minor changes. Since Philostratus’ aim was to praise the wisdom of trainers, it is not improbable that he slightly changed the story and that the Pausanias version is the original one. In this case, the two parts of the anecdote are logically connected and the ellipsis might be filled with the word “ploughshare” (ὕνιν) which is present in both variants of the anecdote
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Van Hal, Toon. "Protestant Pioneers in Sanskrit Studies in the Early 18th Century". Historiographia Linguistica 43, n. 1-2 (24 giugno 2016): 99–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.43.1-2.04van.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Summary Sanskrit has played a notable role in the history of the language sciences. Its intensive study at the turn of the 19th century went hand in hand with the institutionalization of linguistics as an independent academic discipline. This paper endeavours to trace the earliest Sanskrit studies conducted by Protestant missionaries in Tranquebar (present-day Tharangambadi in Tamil Nadu) under the auspices of the Dänisch-Hallesche Mission from 1706 onwards. In contrast to some of their Jesuit colleagues, the Protestant missionaries did not leave us full-blown manuscript grammars. However, this does not imply that the Tranquebar missionaries had no interest in the sacred language of the Hindus. It was, of course, the primary concern of all missionaries to spread the word of Christ among the indigenous people. Hence, they placed an extremely high value on a firm command of the local vernacular languages. In the case of the Tranquebar missionaries, the study of both Portuguese and Tamil was, therefore, prioritized. In a second stage, however, many of the Tranquebar missionaries, once they had mastered the local vernaculars, gained interest in Sanskrit, which they frequently styled ‘Malabaric Latin’. Partly on the basis of unpublished manuscript sources, this paper (a) investigates why the Tranquebar missionaries were interested in Sanskrit in the first place, (b) surveys the numerous problems they had to overcome, and (c) studies their interaction with scholars working in Europe, from whom they received many incentives. In so doing, the paper investigates to what extent this 18th-century interest in Sanskrit reflects a fascination with the original traditional culture and religion of South India. In conjunction with this, the paper also examines to what extent this largely overlooked chapter in early Sanskrit philology may shed an indirect light on the specific role of Sanskrit in the institutionalization of linguistics.
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Bannikov, Konstantin V. "Paul Claudel, an interpreter of the Song of Songs". Izvestiya of Saratov University. Philology. Journalism 22, n. 4 (23 novembre 2022): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1817-7115-2022-22-4-415-420.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
«Paul Claudel interroge le Cantique des Cantiques» («Paul Claudel questions the Song of Songs») is a landmark work in the oeuvre of Paul Claudel (1868-1955), it is one of the largest artistic and exegetic commentaries in the collection of prose «Le Poëte et la Bible» («The Poet and the Bible») (1998, 2004). The writer creates a new «Claudelian novel» in Bakhtin’s understanding of the novelistic word, based on the centuries-old tradition of multiple interpretations, on the one hand, but built into a work of art, on the other. Claudel draws on his experience of reading the Vulgate, working with concordances and the works of the Fathers of the Church, updating the text of the Holy Scripture through the prism of his work. The artistic world of prose allows us to trace themes, motives, images, as well as the style of working with the text in Latin. Upon finishing his work on the commentary, Claudel makes his own translation of the Bible. It reveals the principles that Lemaistre de Sacy and Fillon adhered to, as well as the typical Claudelian methods of translation, which the writer stated in his discussions about language, French verse and orthography. The translation becomes part of the work: the interpreter places it at the beginning of each chapter. Claudel makes a new translation, pursuing other goals: he does not translate the Bible from the sacred language into the profane language, he translates it into the «Claudelian», adding the meanings that he puts into the text himself, which develops in the second part of each chapter – a poetic commentary.