Articoli di riviste: "Gunnedah Basin"

1

Danis, Cara. "Sydney–Gunnedah–Bowen Basin deep 3D structure". Exploration Geophysics 43, n. 1 (marzo 2012): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg11043.

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2

Hamilton, D. S. "Genetic stratigraphy of the Gunnedah Basin, NSW". Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 38, n. 1 (febbraio 1991): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099108727958.

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3

Davidson, John, e Felipe Oliveira. "3D Mapping of NSW Project: Sydney-Gunnedah Basin". ASEG Extended Abstracts 2018, n. 1 (dicembre 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2018abp013.

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4

Danis, C., C. O'Neill e M. A. Lackie. "Gunnedah Basin 3D architecture and upper crustal temperatures". Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 57, n. 4 (giugno 2010): 483–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2010.481353.

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5

Othman, Rushdy, Khaled R. Arouri, Colin R. Ward e David M. McKirdy. "Oil generation by igneous intrusions in the northern Gunnedah Basin, Australia". Organic Geochemistry 32, n. 10 (ottobre 2001): 1219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0146-6380(01)00089-4.

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6

Gurba, Lila W., e Carl R. Weber. "Effects of igneous intrusions on coalbed methane potential, Gunnedah Basin, Australia". International Journal of Coal Geology 46, n. 2-4 (maggio 2001): 113–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-5162(01)00020-9.

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7

Hamilton, D. S., C. B. Newton, M. Smyth, T. D. Gilbert, N. Russell, A. McMinn e L. T. Etheridge. "THE PETROLEUM POTENTIAL OF THE GUNNED AH BASIN AND OVERLYING SURAT BASIN SEQUENCE, NEW SOUTH WALES". APPEA Journal 28, n. 1 (1988): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj87018.

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The Permo-Triassic Gunnedah Basin has good potential for the discovery of commercial petroleum. Gas shows have been reported from the Porcupine-Watermark, Black Jack and Digby Formations, and from the basal sandstone of the Purlawaugh Formation in the overlying Surat Basin sequence. Gas flowed on drill stem test from the Porcupine-Watermark Formation in the Wilga Park No. 1 discovery well although the find was sub-commercial. An oil show was observed in Lower Permian volcanics, and oil staining has been observed in the Pilliga Sandstone in several wells. The origin of oil staining in the Pilliga Sandstone is unknown, however, and may have been the result of diesel contamination during drilling operations.Structural style within the basin sequence is characterised by north-south and north-north-west/south- south-east trending anticlines which formed in response to periodic compressive and left lateral strike-slip movements along the main Hunter Mooki Thrust Fault. These anticlines are attractive exploration targets.Westerly-derived quartz-rich sandstones occur at several stratigraphic levels within the Black Jack Formation and within the upper Digby Formation. Sandstones of the western bed-load fluvial system (lower Black Jack Formation) are most prospective with thick sections (up to 8 m) giving permeabilities from several hundred to several thousand millidarcies. Marine reworked easterly-derived sandstones up to 12 m thick in the Black Jack and Watermark Formations have minor reservoir potential with permeabilities in the order of tens of millidarcies. All potential reservoirs within the sequence are considered to be adequately sealed. Regionally extensive shaly units deposited either by marine incursion or lacustrine inundation overlie most reservoir horizons; remaining reservoirs are capped by intraformational shales.Organic petrology and geochemistry indicate the best potential source rocks within the Gunnedah Basin are floodplain, lacustrine and shallow marine facies of the Purlawaugh, Napperby, Watermark, Maules Creek and Goonbri Formations. The shallow marine Arkarula Sandstone Member within the Black Jack Formation also has significant potential for oil generation. Vitrinite reflectance, liptinite auto-fluorescence and TAI values indicate Lower Permian sediments are marginally mature to mature for oil generation. Combining the data on source quality and quantity with thermal maturity, the Permian sediments - in particular the Watermark Formation - have the best potential for generating oil.

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8

Smith, Stanley D., Emeline Mathouchanh e Dirk Mallants. "Quartz-Helium Method to Estimate Fluid Flow in Thick Aquitards, Gunnedah Basin, Australia". Groundwater 57, n. 1 (10 aprile 2018): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12665.

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9

Korsch, J., C. J. Boreham, J. M. Totterdell, R. D. Shaw e M. G. Nicoll. "DEVELOPMENT AND PETROLEUM RESOURCE EVALUATION OF THE BOWEN, GUNNEDAH AND SURAT BASINS, EASTERN AUSTRALIA". APPEA Journal 38, n. 1 (1998): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj97011.

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The Early Permian to Middle Triassic Bowen and Gunnedah basins and the Early Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Surat Basin in eastern Australia developed in response to a series of interplate and intraplate tectonic events located to the east of the basin system. The initial event was extensional and stretched the continental crust to form a significant Early Permian East Australian Rift System. The most important of the rift-related features are a series of half graben that form the Denison Trough, now the site of several commercial gas fields. Several contractional events from the mid-Permian to the Middle Triassic are associated with the development of a foreland fold and thrust belt in the New England Orogen. This caused a foreland loading phase of subsidence in the Bowen and Gunnedah basins. Thick coal measures deposited towards the end of the Permian are the most important hydrocarbon source rocks in these basins. The development of the Surat Basin marked a major change in the subsidence and sedimentation patterns. It was only towards the end of this subsidence that sufficient burial was achieved to put the source rocks over much of the basin into the oil window. Based on an evaluation of the undiscovered hydrocarbon resources for the Bowen and Surat basins in southern Queensland, our estimates of the yields of hydrocarbons suggest that significant volumes of hydrocarbons have been produced in the basins. The bulk of the hydrocarbons were generated after 140 Ma and most of the generation occurred in the late Early Cretaceous. Because the estimated volume of the hydrocarbons generated far exceeds the volume of discovered hydrocarbons, preservation of accumulations may be the main risk factor. The yield analysis, by demonstrating the potentially large quantities of hydrocarbons available, should act as a stimulus to exploration initiatives, particularly in the search for stratigraphic traps.

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10

Korsch, R. J., e J. M. Totterdell. "Subsidence history and basin phases of the Bowen, Gunnedah and Surat Basins, eastern Australia". Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 56, n. 3 (aprile 2009): 335–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120090802698687.

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11

Danis, Cara, Craig O’Neill e Steve Quenette. "Is it hot enough down there? Assessing geothermal potential in the Sydney-Gunnedah-Bowen Basin." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2012, n. 1 (dicembre 2012): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2012ab091.

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12

Ward, Colin R., D. A. Spears, Carol A. Booth, Ian Staton e Lila W. Gurba. "Mineral matter and trace elements in coals of the Gunnedah Basin, New South Wales, Australia". International Journal of Coal Geology 40, n. 4 (luglio 1999): 281–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-5162(99)00006-3.

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13

Smyth, M., Feng Xu Jian e C. R. Ward. "POTENTIAL PETROLEUM SOURCE ROCKS IN TRIASSIC LACUSTRINE-DELTA SEDIMENTS OF THE GUNNEDAH BASIN, EASTERN AUSTRALIA". Journal of Petroleum Geology 15, n. 3 (luglio 1992): 435–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-5457.1992.tb00718.x.

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14

Smyth, M., Feng Xu Jian e C. R. Ward. "POTENTIAL PETROLEUM SOURCE ROCKS IN TRIASSIC LACUSTRINE-DELTA SEDIMENTS OF THE GUNNEDAH BASIN, EASTERN AUSTRALIA". Journal of Petroleum Geology 15, n. 4 (ottobre 1992): 435–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-5457.1992.tb01044.x.

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15

Hamilton, Douglas S. "Deltaic depositional systems, coal distribution and quality, and petroleum potential, Permian Gunnedah basin, N.S.W., Australia". Sedimentary Geology 45, n. 1-2 (ottobre 1985): 35–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(85)90023-5.

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16

Alder, J. D., S. Hawley, T. Maung, J. Scott, R. D. Shaw, A. Sinelnikov e G. Kouzmina. "PROSPECTIVITY OF THE OFFSHORE SYDNEY BASIN: A NEW PERSPECTIVE". APPEA Journal 38, n. 1 (1998): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj97004.

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Approximately 40 per cent of the 52,000 km2 Sydney Basin lies in shallow waters (less than 200 m) off the central New South Wales coast. Containing more than 5,000 m of Permo-Triassic marine and non-marine sediments, and having been the subject of several previous exploration campaigns, no wells have been drilled in the offshore despite widespread numerous occurrences of oil and gas onshore.The Sydney Basin, together with the Bowen and Gunnedah basins, form a major longitudinal Permo-Triassic basinal complex stretching 2,500 km down the eastern margin of Australia. Whereas the onset of this basinal development may have been extensional, reinterpretation of seismic and other geophysical data highlight the potential role played in the early development of the Sydney Basin by easterly directed compression. A compressional style is to be contrasted with the dominantly extensional style interpreted by others for the adjacent onshore areas. The most conspicuous structural element in the offshore, the Offshore Uplift, is interpreted to represent the western overthrust edge of the Currarong Orogen. Accepting the Panthalassan margin geometry of Veevers and Powell (1994) it follows that the Offshore Uplift and restored Dampier Ridge would have constituted a 'greater Currarong Orogen'. A series of progressive westerly directed thrust fronts may have been established across the Panthalassan margin, including the uplifted western margin of the Currarong Orogen, which over-rode and created a thrust load onto the eastern margin of the Lachlan Fold Belt. Much of the Early Permian development of the Sydney Basin therefore could have resulted as a consequence of foreland loading. This is consistent with depositional trends including the overall westerly directed marine transgression which dominated the sedimentary record of the Early Permian. Alternatively, this marine transgression may represent the sag phase induced along a segment of the Bowen-Sydney rift system that had been offset by the Hunter River Transverse Zone from the Gunnedah Basin to a site coincident with the Offshore Syncline.Previous interpretations identified structural development of the Currarong Orogen as either a Cretaceous (Tasman Sea rift related) or Middle to Late Permian phenomena. Early Permian structural growth of the offshore Uplift has important implications for petroleum exploration. The major impediment to exploration appears to be the perception that the Sydney Basin lacks suitable reservoir targets and is gas-prone. Potential source and seal sequences occur extensively within both Early Permian marine shales and siltstones and Early and Late Permian coal measure sequences. The emerging uplift provided a major sediment provenance area and represented a barrier behind which restricted anoxic conditions flourished, conditions favouring the preservation of organic matter. Late Permian and Triassic sequences are absent across the crestal portions of the uplift. However, the emerging, sea-ward facing flank of the uplift would have been subject to marginal and shallow marine, wave-base, barrier and strand bar deposition during the Lower Permian, conditions known in the onshore to favour better reservoir development.Gas demand to the greater Sydney region is anticipated to exceed supply by the year 2000, and new gas markets are being eagerly sought in time for the expiration, in 2006, of the current contract under which gas is supplied to Sydney via the Moomba pipeline.Cretaceous, Tasman Sea rift related, structuring is subordinate to that of the earlier compressional and wrench related structuring. Several new structural targets have been added to the existing inventory of prospects and leads, including some now considered optiminally located with respect to source rock and reservoir development.

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17

Gurba, Lila W., e Colin R. Ward. "Vitrinite reflectance anomalies in the high-volatile bituminous coals of the Gunnedah Basin, New South Wales, Australia". International Journal of Coal Geology 36, n. 1-2 (marzo 1998): 111–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-5162(97)00033-5.

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18

Ward, Colin R., e Lila W. Gurba. "Chemical composition of macerals in bituminous coals of the Gunnedah Basin, Australia, using electron microprobe analysis techniques". International Journal of Coal Geology 39, n. 4 (aprile 1999): 279–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-5162(98)00049-4.

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19

Guoping, BAI, e John B. KEENE. "Diagenesis and Fluid Flow History in Sandstones of the Upper Permian Black Jack Formation, Gunnedah Basin, Eastern Australia". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 81, n. 3 (giugno 2007): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.2007.tb00966.x.

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20

McDonald, S. J., e C. G. Skilbeck. "Authigenic fluid inclusions in lithic sandstone: A case study from the Permo‐Triassic Gunnedah Basin, New South Wales". Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 43, n. 2 (aprile 1996): 217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099608728249.

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21

Gurba, Lila W., e Colin R. Ward. "Elemental composition of coal macerals in relation to vitrinite reflectance, Gunnedah Basin, Australia, as determined by electron microprobe analysis". International Journal of Coal Geology 44, n. 2 (agosto 2000): 127–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-5162(00)00007-0.

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22

Krassay, A. A., R. J. Korsch e B. J. Drummond. "Meandarra Gravity Ridge: symmetry elements of the gravity anomaly and its relationship to the Bowen–Gunnedah–Sydney basin system". Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 56, n. 3 (aprile 2009): 355–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120090802698695.

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23

Riley, J. M. "THE RISE AND RISE OF COAL SEAM GAS IN THE BOWEN BASIN". APPEA Journal 44, n. 1 (2004): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj03032.

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Abstract (sommario):

The coal seam gas (CSG) industry has been active in Australia for almost three decades, with interest largely focussed on the Bowen and Sydney basins. Sporadic activity has also occurred in a number of other areas including the Galilee, Ipswich, Clarence–Moreton, Gunnedah, Gloucester, and Otway basins to name a few, with significant recent interest shown in the promising Surat Basin. Of these basins it is the Bowen Basin in eastern central Queensland which has continued to shine as the premier coal seam gas province in the country.From humble beginnings in the mid-1970s in the Moura area, CSG from the Bowen Basin now supplies around 20% of Queensland gas demand. Since the start of commercial production from the basin in 1996, production has grown to about 20 PJ per year from five separate fields, with three new fields under construction expected to more than double this volume over the next 2–3 years.The largest contribution to this growth will come from the Comet Ridge region which is proving itself to be a world class CSG deposit. The high-productivity fairway in the south of the region extends over an area about 80 km long and 20 km wide and includes the Tipperary Fairview field, and the Origin Energy Spring Gully project. In the last year proved and probable gas reserves have more than doubled to 1,500 PJ across the fairway, with upside recoverable gas estimated to be 4,700 PJ. The rapid rate of CSG reserves increase in the Bowen Basin demonstrates the key role this industry will play in the eastern Australia gas market.

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Nakano, Osamu, Eiji Ishii, Noriyoshi Ozawa, Brad Mullard, Jeff Beckett, David Robson e Alan Willmore. "Examination of the gravity & electromagnetic survey methods applied to coal exploration in the area of the Southern Gunnedah Basin". Exploration Geophysics 29, n. 3-4 (settembre 1998): 543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg998543.

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25

Salmachi, Alireza, Mojtaba Rajabi, Peter Reynolds, Zahra Yarmohammadtooski e Carmine Wainman. "The effect of magmatic intrusions on coalbed methane reservoir characteristics: A case study from the Hoskissons coalbed, Gunnedah Basin, Australia". International Journal of Coal Geology 165 (agosto 2016): 278–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2016.08.025.

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26

Danis, Cara, e Craig O’Neill. "3D thermal modelling versus down-hole temperature extrapolation in the Sydney-Gunnedah-Bowen Basin and the implications for targeting potential geothermal anomalies". ASEG Extended Abstracts 2010, n. 1 (dicembre 2010): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/22020586.2010.12041854.

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Baker, G., e S. Slater. "Coal seam gas—an increasingly significant source of natural gas in eastern Australia". APPEA Journal 49, n. 1 (2009): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj08007.

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The commercial production of coal seam gas (CSG) in Australia commenced in 1996. Since then its production has grown up significantly, particularly in the last five years, to become an integral part of the upstream gas industry in eastern Australia. The major growth in both CSG reserves and production has been in the Bowen and Surat basins in Queensland. Active exploration and appraisal programs with the first pilot operations were established in the Galilee Basin in 2008; however, an important reserve base has been built up in New South Wales in the Clarence-Moreton, Gloucester, Gunnedah and Sydney basins. There has been modest CSG production from the Sydney Basin for some years with commercial production expected to commence in the other three basins by or during 2010. Exploration for CSG has been undertaken in Victoria and Tasmania while programs are being developed in South Australia focussing on the Arckaringa Basin. Elsewhere in Australia planning is being undertaken for CSG exploration programs for the Pedirka Basin in the Northern Territory and the Perth Basin in Western Australia. CSG was being supplied into the eastern Australian natural gas market at 31 December 2008 at a rate of approximately 458 TJ per day (167 PJ per year). Queensland is currently producing 96.7% of this total. Approximately 88% of the natural gas used in Queensland is CSG. Currently, CSG accounts for nearly 25% of the eastern Australian natural gas market, estimated at 670 PJ per year. The production of CSG is now a mature activity that has achieved commercial acceptability, especially for coal seam derived gas from the Bowen and Surat basins. The recent proposals by a number of local CSG producers—in joint venture arrangements with major international groups—to produce liquefied natural gas (LNG) from CSG along with a number of merger and acquisition proposals, is testimony to the growing economic and commercial significance of the CSG sector. Should all of the proposed CSG based LNG projects eventuate, LNG output would be approximately 40 million tones per year. This will require raw CSG production to increase to approximately 2,600 PJ per year, resulting in a four fold increase from the present natural gas consumption in eastern Australia. The proved and probable (2P) reserves of CSG in eastern Australia at 31 December 2008 were 17,011 PJ or 60.2% of the total independently audited 2P natural gas reserves of 28,252 PJ. The Bowen and Surat basins with 16,120 PJ have the largest onshore gas reserves eastern Australia. In New South Wales, the 2P CSG reserves at the end of 2008 were 892 PJ, though this is expected to increase significantly over the next 12 months. Major upstream natural gas producers such as Origin Energy Limited and Santos Limited both hold over 50% of their Australian 2P gas reserves as CSG. The 1P reserves of CSG in eastern Australia at 31 December were reported as 4,197 PJ while the 3P reserves of CSG at the same date were 40,480 PJ. Most companies in the CSG sector are undertaking development work to upgrade their 3P reserves (and contingent resources) into the 2P category. The CSG resource in eastern Australia is very large. Companies with interests in CSG have reported in excess of 200,000 PJ as gas in place in the Bowen, Clarence-Moreton, Galilee, Gloucester, Gunnedah, Queensland Coastal, Surat and Sydney basins. The 2P reserves of CSG are expected to exceed 20,000 PJ by the end of 2009. A significant part of the expected large increase in 2P reserves of gas initially will be dedicated to the proposed LNG projects being considered for Gladstone. The major issues confronting the CSG industry and its rapid growth are concerned with land access, overlapping tenure (particularly in Queensland with underground coal gasification) the management and beneficial use of co-product formation water and gas production ramp up factors associated with the proposed LNG projects.

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Salmachi, Alireza, Mojtaba Rajabi, Carmine Wainman, Steven Mackie, Peter McCabe, Bronwyn Camac e Christopher Clarkson. "History, Geology, In Situ Stress Pattern, Gas Content and Permeability of Coal Seam Gas Basins in Australia: A Review". Energies 14, n. 9 (5 maggio 2021): 2651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092651.

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Abstract (sommario):

Coal seam gas (CSG), also known as coalbed methane (CBM), is an important source of gas supply to the liquefied natural gas (LNG) exporting facilities in eastern Australia and to the Australian domestic market. In late 2018, Australia became the largest exporter of LNG in the world. 29% of the country’s LNG nameplate capacity is in three east coast facilities that are supplied primarily by coal seam gas. Six geological basins including Bowen, Sydney, Gunnedah, Surat, Cooper and Gloucester host the majority of CSG resources in Australia. The Bowen and Surat basins contain an estimated 40Tcf of CSG whereas other basins contain relatively minor accumulations. In the Cooper Basin of South Australia, thick and laterally extensive Permian deep coal seams (>2 km) are currently underdeveloped resources. Since 2013, gas production exclusively from deep coal seams has been tested as a single add-on fracture stimulation in vertical well completions across the Cooper Basin. The rates and reserves achieved since 2013 demonstrate a robust statistical distribution (>130 hydraulic fracture stages), the mean of which, is economically viable. The geological characteristics including coal rank, thickness and hydrogeology as well as the present-day stress pattern create favourable conditions for CSG production. Detailed analyses of high-resolution borehole image log data reveal that there are major perturbations in maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) orientation, both spatially and with depth in Australian CSG basins, which is critical in hydraulic fracture stimulation and geomechanical modelling. Within a basin, significant variability in gas content and permeability may be observed with depth. The major reasons for such variabilities are coal rank, sealing capacity of overlying formations, measurement methods, thermal effects of magmatic intrusions, geological structures and stress regime. Field studies in Australia show permeability may enhance throughout depletion in CSG fields and the functional form of permeability versus reservoir pressure is exponential, consistent with observations in North American CSG fields.

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Lavin, Ciaran, Terry Walker e Yvette Knowles. "2010 PESA industry review–exploration". APPEA Journal 51, n. 1 (2011): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj10010.

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An uncertain global economy, offset by strong commodity prices, provided the backdrop to a subdued yet solid level of exploration activity in 2010. The major loci of activity in the Australian oil and gas industry were the Exmouth Plateau, where exploration for conventional gas in support of LNG projects was the primary driver, and the Bowen/Surat Basin, where coal seam gas (CSG) for LNG was the main target. Onshore permit awards dominated new licensing in 2010, with 31 exploration permits awarded over an area of 190,000 km2. The majority of these permits are focused on unconventional gas exploration. Conversely only 14 exploration permits (30,000 km) were awarded offshore, all in northwest Australia. This historically low level can be related to an already extensive coverage of existing permits in the offshore petroleum provinces and delays in the announcement of acreage awards from the 2009(II) acreage release. Twenty-nine 2D seismic surveys were started in 2010, with three still active at the end of the year. Once completed, the 2010 surveys will total nearly 37,000 km of data, with 76% offshore. Twenty-one 3D seismic surveys commenced in 2010, with six still active at year end. The 2010 surveys will ultimately comprise approximately 29,000 km2 of data, with 95% offshore. Northwest Australia dominated seismic activities. Exploration drilling for conventional hydrocarbon resources was relatively subdued in 2010, with 63 wells spudded, compared to 92 wells in 2008 and 74 in 2009. Of the 49 wildcat wells where results are known, 51% reported hydrocarbon discoveries. This was a little less than the 57% in 2009 and up on the 39% in 2008. The discoveries were distributed across most of the traditional petroleum provinces. High levels of CSG drilling continued in 2010, exceeding 2008 activity but less than that of 2009. At least 648 CSG wells were spudded in 2010, mostly in the new heartland plays of the Bowen/Surat, Gunnedah and Clarence-Moreton basins. This compares with more than 600 CSG wells drilled in 2008 and more than 900 in 2009. The first dedicated Australian shale gas exploration drilling took place in 2010. Emerging shale plays in the Cooper and Perth basins were tested.

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Martínez-Hernández, Enrique, e Elia Ramírez-Arriaga. "Palaeocorología de angiospermas de la flora mexicana durante el Mesozoico y Terciario. Algunas evidencias palinológicas". Botanical Sciences, n. 58 (27 aprile 2017): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1490.

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Abstract (sommario):

The historical phytogeography is closely related to climatic changes and with the modifications of Ecosystems through time caused by th e p la te tecto nics. This pa lin ostratig rap hic review is the result of the surveys carried out in several sedimentary basin from Baja California to Chiapas, Mexico. The paleochorology of angiosperms in Mexican terrains began in the Lower Cretaceous (Barremian-Aptian) in the northern state of Durango, where at the "Gran Tesoro" appeared jugella sensu Srivastava ( 1994) and Tricolpites cf. T. minutus Brenner, 1963. In the same age, in Michoacán state, southern of Mexico occurred cf. Afropolis (Brenne r) Doyle et al. 1982, at Tepalcatepec Fm. Meanwhile, at the state of Puebla in the Tlayua Fm. (Aptian - Albian), the genus Retimonocolpites Pierce , 1961, as a very scarce palinomorphs in this micrite limestone. During the late Cretaceous a pantropical flora predominated on the continents, and in Mexico three palynological provinces sensu Kedves ( 1985) were recognized: 1) Normapolles province, covering north eastern basins at Coahuila and Tamaulipas with taxa belonging to the Chlorantaceae, Magnoliaceae and to extinct genus Anacolosidites; 2) Aquilapollenites province, found in the occidental part of Mexico at Baja California and Sonora, characterized - besides Aquilapollenites- by the presence of certains paratropical taxa as Gunnera and bombacaceas; 3) Monocolpates province , present at Chiapas with high frequencies of sulcate pollen grains and Proteaceae. In Mexico through the Paleogene -from Baja California to Chiapas- the prevailing flora is pantropical with taxa belonging to the Caesalpinaceae, Bombacaceae, Sapindaceae and Sapotaceae; with a great abundance and diversity of Engelhardtia (Momipiles) together with the presence of boreal and temperate taxa. In the Eocene-Oligocene began the formations of the several types of vegetation, which in mexican territory can be considered two main provinces: one occidental province(Rocky Mountain type) with affinities with western United States and Asia and other eastern province, herein named as the Gulf Coast Province, with more para tropical elements in the northern part and which affinities are with the atlantic flora of Europa and North America (Mississippi embayments); meanwhile in the southern region of this eastern province, there is an increase in the frecuency of neotropical taxa. Finally in the Neogene, the conformation of the present mosaics of vegetations start to build during the Miocene and basically such mosaics continue until the present. Hence, at western Sonora began the establishment of the lower biomass vegetation, in contrast, in the south the neotropical floral start to be present at the coastal plains in the mexican Gulf region; meanwhile at the cordilleras the template and boreal taxa diversified i.e. Quercus and Pinus. Consequently, the mexican flora has a long history since the Early Cretaceous (120 m.a.), where the paleochorology can explain why many taxa that has been considered as neotropical, are indeed pantropical and paratropical relicts which migrated from the North as result of the climate deterioration through the Cenozoic. Other pantropical taxa evolved regionally given rise to other types of vegetation .

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M. Smyth*, Feng Xu Jian** and C. R. "POTENTIAL PETROLEUM SOURCE ROCKS IN TRIASSIC LACUSTRINE-DELTA SEDIMENTS OF THE GUNNEDAH BASIN, EASTERN AUSTRALIA". Journal of Petroleum Geology 15 (1992). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/bf9ab712-0eb6-11d7-8643000102c1865d.

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"00/03034 Mineral matter and trace elements in coals of the Gunnedah Basin, New South Wales, Australia". Fuel and Energy Abstracts 41, n. 6 (novembre 2000): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6701(00)94112-2.

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FENG XU JIAN and IAN J. TAGGART, Ce. "Sedimentological and Geostatistical Characterization of Reservoir Heterogeneities of the Triassic Fluvial and Lacustrine-Deltaic Sequences, Gunnedah Basin, NSW." AAPG Bulletin 76 (1992). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/f4c8fa84-1712-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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Julian C. Baker (1,2), Guo P. Bai (. "Continental-Scale Magmatic Carbon Dioxide Seepage Recorded by Dawsonite in the Bowen-Gunnedah-Sydney Basin System, Eastern Australia". SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research Vol. 65A (1995). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/d4268117-2b26-11d7-8648000102c1865d.

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Douglas S. Hamilton (2), N. Z. Tadr. "Utility of Coal Seams as Genetic Stratigraphic Sequence Boundaries in Nonmarine Basins: An Example from the Gunnedah Basin, Australia". AAPG Bulletin 78 (1994). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/bdff9082-1718-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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Mather, Ben, R. Dietmar Müller, Craig O’Neill, Adam Beall, R. Willem Vervoort e Louis Moresi. "Constraining the response of continental-scale groundwater flow to climate change". Scientific Reports 12, n. 1 (16 marzo 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-08384-w.

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Abstract (sommario):

AbstractNumerical models of groundwater flow play a critical role for water management scenarios under climate extremes. Large-scale models play a key role in determining long range flow pathways from continental interiors to the oceans, yet struggle to simulate the local flow patterns offered by small-scale models. We have developed a highly scalable numerical framework to model continental groundwater flow which capture the intricate flow pathways between deep aquifers and the near-surface. The coupled thermal-hydraulic basin structure is inferred from hydraulic head measurements, recharge estimates from geochemical proxies, and borehole temperature data using a Bayesian framework. We use it to model the deep groundwater flow beneath the Sydney–Gunnedah–Bowen Basin, part of Australia’s largest aquifer system. Coastal aquifers have flow rates of up to 0.3 m/day, and a corresponding groundwater residence time of just 2,000 years. In contrast, our model predicts slow flow rates of 0.005 m/day for inland aquifers, resulting in a groundwater residence time of $$\sim $$ ∼ 400,000 years. Perturbing the model to account for a drop in borehole water levels since 2000, we find that lengthened inland flow pathways depart significantly from pre-2000 streamlines as groundwater is drawn further from recharge zones in a drying climate. Our results illustrate that progressively increasing water extraction from inland aquifers may permanently alter long-range flow pathways. Our open-source modelling approach can be extended to any basin and may help inform policies on the sustainable management of groundwater.

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John F. Aitken (2). "Utility of Coal Seams as Genetic Stratigraphic Sequence Boundaries in Nonmarine Basins: An Example from the Gunnedah Basin, Australia: Discussion". AAPG Bulletin 79 (1995). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/8d2b2213-171e-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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Douglas S. Hamilton (2). "Utility of Coal Seams as Genetic Stratigraphic Sequence Boundaries in Nonmarine Basins: An Example from the Gunnedah Basin, Australia: Reply". AAPG Bulletin 79 (1995). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/8d2b221d-171e-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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XU JIAN, FENG, and COLIN R. WARD, D. "Sediment Input and Evolution of Deltaic Systems in the Triassic Napperby Formation, Gunnedah Basin, N.S.W.: Implications for Reservoir Description and Characterization of Deltaic Systems". AAPG Bulletin 76 (1992). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/f4c8ff52-1712-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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