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JIANG, YONG-YUAN, e ZONG-JING SHEN. "GUIDING CHARACTERISTICS OF AN AIR WAVEGUIDE WITH LEFT-HANDED METAMATERIALS CLADDING". Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 17, n. 04 (dicembre 2008): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021886350800441x.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The characteristics of guided modes of a planar waveguide in which an air core is sandwiched by two left-handed metamaterials are studied. The dispersion relation of the guided modes in this air waveguide is derived where the left-handed metamaterials claddings can be either isotropic or uniaxially anisotropic. We analyze the fast and slow wave characteristics of the guided modes. The problem of whether the dispersion relation of slow wave modes has a solution is explored. The relation between the electromagnetic parameters of the waveguide and the solution of the dispersion relation of the slow wave modes is discussed in detail.
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KURT, H. "ALL-DIELECTRIC PERIODIC MEDIA ENGINEERED FOR SLOW LIGHT STUDIES". International Journal of Modern Physics B 27, n. 27 (15 ottobre 2013): 1330020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797921330020x.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The paper presents various novel approaches to implementing slow light media by manipulating the group velocity via dispersion engineering of guided modes. Light is confined and then linked with a low group velocity inside a photonic crystal waveguide (PCW) and at the PC-air interface. We discuss both basic and engineered slow light waveguide structures. The structural changes in PCs greatly modify the spectral characteristics of the dispersion curves. The search for flat bands gives rise to various strategies for slowing the optical pulses. An appropriate and commonly adopted figure of merit (FOM) is accepted to quantify and characterize the performance of the designed slow light devices. The trade-off relationship between the group index and the bandwidth is highlighted. Efficient excitation of slow modes demands the design of additional interfaces as couplers between the input waveguide and slow mode guide structure. Other challenges of slow light studies, such as various loss sources, are mentioned. Finally, the potential applications of slow light are outlined, and remarks on future directions are presented.
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Liu, Qi, e Qi Chao Liu. "Slow Light Properties of 2D Photonic Crystal Waveguide for Optical Storage in Optical Computers". Advanced Materials Research 452-453 (gennaio 2012): 1210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.452-453.1210.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Slow light properties of the photonic crystal line-defect waveguide are researched with the plane wave expansion method. The structure of the waveguide is adjusted with several methods mentioned above at the same time and the slow light properties get better. For the structure of dielectric rods, central frequency and the group velocity of the guided modes decrease with the increase of the radii of the defected rods as well as the dielectric constant. Effects on the slow light from the change of the defected rods’ position are also studied, through moving the rods up and down; we get the almost linear guide mode which has flat slow light curve and smaller group velocity. In a word, group velocity of the slow light is mainly affected by the radii and dielectric constant of the defected rods, and group velocity dispersion is decided by the change of the defected rods’ location.
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Amorntep, W., e P. Wanchai. "Guided Modes of Slow Photon in Silicon Photonic Crystal Waveguide with Honeycomb Lattice". Advanced Science Letters 19, n. 3 (1 marzo 2013): 893–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2013.4829.
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Li, Guofeng, Junbo Yang, Zhaojian Zhang, Yuyu Tao, Lingjun Zhou, Huimin Huang, Zhenrong Zhang e Yunxin Han. "Double Electromagnetically Induced Transparency and Its Slow Light Application Based on a Guided-Mode Resonance Grating Cascade Structure". Materials 13, n. 17 (21 agosto 2020): 3710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173710.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In recent years, the achievement of the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) effect based on the guided-mode resonance (GMR) effect has attracted extensive attention. However, few works have achieved a double EIT-like effect using this method. In this paper, we numerically achieve a double EIT-like effect in a GMR system with a three-layer silicon nitride waveguide grating structure (WGS), using the multi-level atomic system model for theoretical explanation. In terms of slow light performance, the corresponding two delay times reach 22.59 ps and 8.43 ps, respectively. We also investigate the influence of wavelength detuning of different GMR modes on the transparent window and slow light performance. Furthermore, a wide-band flat-top transparent window was also achieved by appropriately adjusting the wavelength detuning between GMR modes. These results indicate that the EIT-like effect in the WGS has potential application prospects in low-loss slow optical devices, optical sensing, and optical communications.
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Djuve, Vilde Lunnan, Carl Henrik Knutsen e Tore Wig. "Patterns of Regime Breakdown Since the French Revolution". Comparative Political Studies 53, n. 6 (16 ottobre 2019): 923–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414019879953.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
We present a temporally fine-grained data set on regimes, defined as the formal and informal rules essential for selecting leaders. The data set comprises more than 2,000 regimes from 197 polities, 1789 to 2016. We highlight how the frequency of breakdowns and particular modes of breakdown have followed cyclical rather than monotonic patterns across modern history. The most common breakdown modes, overall, are coups and incumbent-guided regime transformations. Furthermore, we report robust evidence that low income, slow or negative growth, and intermediate levels of democracy predict a higher likelihood of regime breakdown. Yet, by running change-point analysis we establish that breakdown risk has cycled substantively across periods of modern history, and the aforementioned explanatory factors are more clearly related to breakdown during certain periods. When disaggregating different breakdown modes, low income is related to, for example, breakdown due to popular uprisings, whereas intermediate democracy levels clearly predict coup-induced breakdowns and incumbent-guided transitions.
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Kumari, Sheelu, Vibha Rani Gupta e Shweta Srivastava. "Analysis of Narrow Slot Loading on a Half Guided Wavelength Folded Substrate Integrated Waveguide". ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 19, n. 2 (21 giugno 2021): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2021192.241655.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In this paper, effects due to variation in positioning, width and length of a narrow slot loaded on central metal septum of a half guided wavelength Folded Substrate Integrated Waveguide (FSIW) segment is presented. The study shows that the most significant effect is due to variation in slot length. It was observed that the slot loading can be used both for slow wave structure and filter depending on the length of the slot. The smaller lengths of the slot provide the slow wave effect, whereas the longer lengths result in filtering effect. Both the phenomena are explained with the help of field diagrams for different propagating modes and extracted equivalent circuit for the Slot Loaded Folded Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SFSIW) segment. This study will help in deciding the dimensions of the slot as per application. The measured scattering parameters of the fabricated structure are compared with the simulated results obtained from the HFSS and the circuit simulator in ADS and are in good agreement.
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Fayard, Nikos, Adrien Bouscal, Jeremy Berroir, Alban Urvoy, Tridib Ray, Sukanya Mahapatra, Malik Kemiche et al. "The comb waveguide: a new tool for strong interaction between atoms and light". EPJ Web of Conferences 266 (2022): 08002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202226608002.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Coupling quantum emitters and nanostructures, in particular cold atoms and waveguides, has recently raised a large interest due to unprecedented possibilities of engineering light-matter interactions. However, the implementation of these promising concepts has been hampered by various theoretical and experimental issues. In this work, we propose a new type of periodic dielectric waveguide that provides strong interactions between atoms and guided photons with an unusual dispersion. We design an asymmetric comb waveguide that supports a slow mode with a quartic (instead of quadratic) dispersion and an electric field that extends far into the air cladding for an optimal interaction with atoms. We compute the optical trapping potential formed with two guided modes at frequencies detuned from the atomic transition. We show that cold Rubidium atoms can be trapped as close as 100 nm from the structure in a 1.3-mK-deep potential well. For atoms trapped at this position, the emission into guided photons is largely favored, with a beta factor as high as 0.88 and a radiative decay rate into the slow mode 10 times larger than the free-space decay rate.
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Claes, N., e R. Keppens. "Thermal stability of magnetohydrodynamic modes in homogeneous plasmas". Astronomy & Astrophysics 624 (aprile 2019): A96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834699.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Context. Thermal instabilities give rise to condensations in the solar corona, and are the most probable scenario for coronal rain and prominence formation. We revisit the original theoretical treatment done by Field (1965, ApJ, 142, 531) in a homogeneous plasma with heat-loss effects and combine this with state-of-the-art numerical simulations to verify growth-rate predictions and address the long-term non-linear regime. We especially investigate interaction between multiple magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) wave modes and how they in turn trigger thermal mode development. Aims. We assess how well the numerical MHD simulations retrieve the analytically predicted growth rates. We complete the original theory with quantifications of the eigenfunctions, calculated to consistently excite each wave mode. Thermal growth rates are fitted also in the non-linear regime of multiple wave–wave interaction setups, at the onset of thermal instability formation. Methods. We performed 2D numerical MHD simulations, including an additional (radiative) heat-loss term and a constant heating term to the energy equation. We mainly focus on the thermal (i.e. entropy) and slow MHD wave modes and use the wave amplitude as a function of time to make a comparison to predicted growth rates. Results. It is shown that the numerical MHD simulations retrieve analytically predicted growth rates for all modes, of thermal and slow or fast MHD type. In typical coronal conditions, the latter are damped due to radiative losses, but their interaction can cause slowly changing equilibrium conditions which ultimately trigger thermal mode development. Even in these non-linear wave-wave interaction setups, the growth rate of the thermal instability agrees with the exponential profile predicted by linear theory. The non-linear evolutions show systematic field-guided motions of condensations with fairly complex morphologies, resulting from thermal modes excited through damped slow MHD waves. These results are of direct interest to the study of solar coronal rain and prominence fine structure. Our wave–wave interaction setups are relevant for coronal loop sections which are known to host slow wave modes, and hence provide a new route to explain the sudden onset of coronal condensation.
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Yu, Pengchao, Volodymyr I. Fesenko e Vladimir R. Tuz. "Dispersion features of complex waves in a graphene-coated semiconductor nanowire". Nanophotonics 7, n. 5 (24 maggio 2018): 925–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2018-0026.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractThe dispersion features of a graphene-coated semiconductor nanowire operating in the terahertz frequency band are consistently studied in the framework of a special theory of complex waves. Detailed classification of the waveguide modes was carried out based on the analysis of characteristics of the phase and attenuation constants obtained from the complex roots of characteristic equation. With such a treatment, the waves are attributed to the group of either “proper” or “improper” waves, wherein their type is determined as the trapped surface waves, fast and slow leaky waves, and surface plasmons. The dispersion curves of axially symmetric TM0n and TE0n modes, as well as nonsymmetric hybrid EH1n and HE1n modes, were plotted and analyzed in detail, and both radiative regime of leaky waves and guided regime of trapped surface waves are identified. The peculiarities of propagation of the TM modes of surface plasmons were revealed. Two subregions of existence of surface plasmons were found out where they appear as propagating and reactive waves. The cutoff conditions for higher-order TM modes of surface plasmons were correctly determined.
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Huthwaite, P. "Improving accuracy through density correction in guided wave tomography". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 472, n. 2186 (febbraio 2016): 20150832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2015.0832.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The accurate quantification of wall loss caused by corrosion is critical to the reliable life estimation of pipes and pressure vessels. Traditional thickness gauging by scanning a probe is slow and requires access to all points on the surface; this is impractical in many cases as corrosion often occurs where access is restricted, such as beneath supports where water collects. Guided wave tomography presents a solution to this; by transmitting guided waves through the region of interest and exploiting their dispersive nature, it is possible to build up a map of thickness. While the best results have been seen when using the fundamental modes A0 and S0 at low frequency, the complex scattering of the waves causes errors within the reconstruction. It is demonstrated that these lead to an underestimate in wall loss for A0 but an overestimate for S0. Further analysis showed that this error was related to density variation, which was proportional to thickness. It was demonstrated how this could be corrected for in the reconstructions, in many cases resulting in the near-elimination of the error across a range of defects, and greatly improving the accuracy of life estimates from guided wave tomography.
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ALTMAN, C., e K. SUCHY. "Alfvén modes in a two-species magnetoplasma with anisotropic perturbation pressure-fluid and kinetic calculations". Journal of Plasma Physics 73, n. 4 (agosto 2007): 455–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377806004764.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractThe octic fluid dispersion equation, the kinetic Boltzmann–Vlasov equation and the MHD (scalar pressure) analysis, programmed for a two-species collisionless magnetoplasma in a form permitting direct comparison between them, have been applied to the study of the Alfvén modes in both low- and high-β plasmas. In the low-βregime all methods give essentially the same solutions for the isotropic fast magnetosonic and the field-guided shear Alfvén modes. The real part of the refractive index of the field-guided slow magnetosonic acoustic mode is almost identical in the fluid and kinetic analyses, but is 50% too high in the MHD analysis owing to neglect of the trace-free part of the pressure tensor which drives almost half of the acoustic energy flux. The strong damping of the acoustic mode in both low- and high-β plasmas is drastically reduced by increase of electron temperature, whereas a moderate increase in the perpendicular ion temperature is sufficient to eliminate shear Alfvén damping in high-β plasmas and even to produce wave growth, the effect being more pronounced the higher the plasma β. The fluid analysis shows the electromagnetic energy flux to be negligible in the acoustic mode, in which the acoustic flux is driven both by the trace-carrying and trace-free parts of the pressure tensor, but is usually the dominant component in the (fast) magnetosonic mode.
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Ofman, Leon, e Tongjiang Wang. "Excitation and Damping of Slow Magnetosonic Waves in Flaring Hot Coronal Loops: Effects of Compressive Viscosity". Astrophysical Journal 926, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2022): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac4090.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Slow magnetosonic waves associated with flares were observed in coronal loops by Solar and Heliospheric Observatory/Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation, Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly in various EUV bandpasses, and other instruments. The excitation and damping of slow magnetosonic waves provides information on the magnetic, temperature, and density structure of the loops. Recently, it was found using 1.5D models that the thermal conduction is suppressed and compressive viscosity is enhanced in hot (T > 6 MK) flaring coronal loops. We model the excitation and dissipation of slow magnetosonic waves in hot coronal loops with realistic magnetic geometry, enhanced density, and temperature (compared to background corona) guided by EUV observations using a 3D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) visco-resistive model. The effects of the compressive viscosity tensor component along the magnetic field are included with classical and enhanced viscosity coefficient values for the first time in a 3D MHD coronal loop model. The waves are excited by a velocity pulse at the footpoint of the loop at the coronal lower boundary. The modeling results demonstrate the excitation of the slow magnetosonic waves and nonlinear coupling to other wave modes, such as the kink and fast magnetosonic. We find significant leakage of the waves from the hot coronal loops with a small effect of viscous dissipation in cooler (6 MK) loops, and more significant effects of viscous dissipation in hotter (10.5 MK) coronal loops. Our results demonstrate that nonlinear 3D MHD models are required to fully account for the various wave couplings, damping, standing wave formation, and viscous dissipation in hot flaring coronal loops. Our viscous 3D MHD code provides a new tool for improved coronal seismology.
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Belloncle, Gaël, Francine Luppé, Hervé Franklin e Jean-Marc Conoir. "Influence of the slow wave on the relation between the angular resonances and the leaky guided modes properties for a poroelastic plate embedded in water". Ultrasonics 42, n. 1-9 (aprile 2004): 511–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2004.01.098.
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Kazys, Rymantas Jonas, Liudas Mazeika e Justina Sestoke. "Development of Ultrasonic Techniques for Measurement of Spatially Non-Uniform Elastic Properties of Thin Plates by Means of a Guided Sub-Sonic A0 Mode". Applied Sciences 10, n. 9 (9 maggio 2020): 3299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10093299.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Air-coupled ultrasonic guided A0 mode is already used for material characterization. By measuring the phase velocity of the A0 mode the elastic properties, such as the Young’s modulus, can be determined. The objective of this work was the development of measurement methods and corresponding signal processing procedures enabling the acquisition of spatial distributions of non-uniform elastic properties of thin films and plates. Those methods are based on the excitation of a slow sub-sonic A0 Lamb wave mode in a plate, the measurement of normal displacements at different distances from the source, the formation of the B-scan, and processing the collected signals. Two different signal processing methods were proposed and investigated. In the first method the all zero-crossing instants of the ultrasonic signals at different distances are found and from them spatial distributions of the A0 mode velocity are determined. According to the second method 2D spatial-temporal spectrum of the B-scan is calculated and propagating A0 modes with different velocities are identified. Efficiency of the proposed methods was evaluated theoretically and experimentally using thin mineral MICA paper samples, which is used in the electrical and aerospace industries as an insulating material. The zones with different A0 mode phase velocities (95 ± ∆3 m/s and (106 ± ∆6 m/s) at the frequency 47 kHz were identified.
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Kehrer, Andreas, Paul I. Heidekrueger, Daniel Lonic, Silvan Klein, Alexandra Anker, Christian D. Taeger, Niklas Biermann, Ernst Michael Jung, Lukas Prantl e Natascha Platz Batista da Silva. "Technical Aspects of High-Resolution Color-Coded Duplex Sonography for the Design of Perforator Flaps". Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery 38, n. 03 (17 gennaio 2022): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1740956.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Background Technical aspects are of utmost significance for an efficient execution in designing perforator flaps with high-resolution color-coded Duplex sonography (CCDS). The following study evaluates decisive factors for a successful microvessel examination conducted by the microsurgeon. Methods Technical knowledge presented in this study was based on a series of more than 200 perforator flaps planned with CCDS. Flap reconstructions were performed at the University Hospital Regensburg, Germany, from July 2013 to January 2021. Standard high-resolution ultrasound (US) devices with linear multifrequency transducers of 4 to 18 MHz were used. Modes and device settings were evaluated regarding applicability by microsurgeons. Key steps for safe perforator identification and further optional steps for additional assessment should be discriminated. Results Different US modes including brightness mode (B-mode), color flow (CF), power Doppler (PD), pulse wave (PW), and blood flow (B-Flow) were used. Transducers from 15 MHz and up were favorable to detect microvessels. Knobology of a standard US device regarding buttons, switches, and specific onscreen options with relevance for perforator mapping was subcategorized in four different groups. For qualitative and quantitative evaluation of microvessels, different US modes were tested with respect to their usefulness.Vital elements of the CCDS exam are disaggregated into three key steps for safe perforator identification and three optional steps for further perforator characterization. A standardized protocol for the CCDS exams was applied. Downregulation of pulse-repetition frequency/scale to adapt device sensitivity to slow-flow velocities represented the most important criterion to visualize microvessels.Qualitative microvessel evaluation was performed in B-mode, CCDS, PD mode, and B-Flow mode. Quantitative assessment was executed using PW-mode and CCDS measuring the microvessels' diameter (mm) and flow characteristics. Quantitative information may be obtained using PW-mode and the distance-measuring tool in CF-mode. Conclusion Technical aspects with respect to proper device trimming and application decisively impact CCDS-guided perforator vessel identification and evaluation.
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Korneev, Valeri, Ludmila Danilovskaya, Seiji Nakagawa e George Moridis. "Krauklis wave in a trilayer". GEOPHYSICS 79, n. 4 (1 luglio 2014): L33—L39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2013-0216.1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Krauklis wave is a slow dispersive wave mode that propagates in a fluid layer bounded by elastic media. The guided properties of this wave and its ability to generate very short wavelengths at seismic frequency range predict possibility of resonances in fluid-filled rock fractures. Study of Krauklis wave properties at laboratory scales requires evaluation of its propagation velocities in models with finite and thin elastic walls. Analysis of an exact solution for a fluid-filled trilayer with equal thickness plates reveals existence of the Krauklis waves in such a model, as well as another mode which propagates mostly in the solid part. Both propagation modes exist at all frequencies. We derived and verified various asymptotic solutions by comparing their dependencies on layer thicknesses and frequency with the exact numerical solution. Analytical and computational results demonstrate that in a 60-cm-long model, the first resonant frequency can be below 10 Hz. This result suggests that the Krauklis-wave effects can be studied in a laboratory at seismic range of frequencies avoiding a notorious problem of frequency downscaling. Strong dispersive properties of Krauklis waves and their dominant behavior in fluid-fracture systems are likely phenomena explaining the observed frequency-dependent seismic effects in natural underground reservoirs.
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Schmitt, Denis P., Michel Bouchon e Guy Bonnet. "Full‐wave synthetic acoustic logs in radially semiinfinite saturated porous media". GEOPHYSICS 53, n. 6 (giugno 1988): 807–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442516.
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The wave field generated by a point source in an axisymmetric fluid‐filled borehole embedded in a saturated porous formation is studied in both the spectral domain and time domain. The formation is modeled following Biot theory modified in accordance with homogenization theory. When the borehole wall is permeable, guided waves can be significantly affected by the permeability of the formation. Whatever the formation, fast or slow, Stoneley‐wave phase velocity and energy decrease and attenuation (in the sense of [Formula: see text]) increases with increasing permeability. These effects are more important in the very low‐frequency range, where Darcy’s law governs the fluid motion and the wave energy at the interface is maximum, than at higher frequencies. The effects increase and persist over a larger frequency range with decreasing viscosity and increasing compressibility of the saturant fluid, with increasing pore‐fluid volume, and with decreasing borehole radius. In contrast, the effects decrease with decreasing stiffness of the formation because of more efficient coupling of the interface wave to the surrounding medium. When present, the first pseudo‐Rayleigh mode also carries useful information. Fluid flow affects only the attenuation of the pseudo‐Rayleigh mode’s Airy phase; an increase in attenuation may be used to detect permeable zones and to infer the saturant fluid properties. However, the most reliable types of information are the formation shear‐wave velocity and attenuation from the low‐frequency part of the mode. In the time domain, all the modes overlap. Any signal processing should then be performed in the frequency domain, where mode spectra are more easily separable. The frequency band of the actual logging tool has to be large enough to ensure significant amplitude for each mode. Finally, the larger the number of receivers and the offset range, the better.
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Ghanekar, A., R. Kapadia e M. L. Povinelli. "Directional control of absorptivity with quasi-localized guided modes". Applied Physics Letters 121, n. 20 (14 novembre 2022): 201701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0123685.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
We present a guided mode resonance grating that exhibits high-Q resonances with highly selective directional absorption around 3.7 μm. The grating is designed to create slow guided mode resonances with near-flat dispersion relation. Weakly coupled resonators enable such resonances with small dispersion characteristics. We study the dynamic control of directional absorption using the design presented. We show that weaker dispersion of resonance frequency allows a strong sensitivity concerning the directionality of resonance. Our results indicate that the directionality of absorption can be tuned from normal incidence (0°) to approximately 35° upon small index perturbation. The design presents a pathway toward tunable directional absorption and emission.
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KIRINO, Hideki, Kazuhiro HONDA, Kun LI e Koichi OGAWA. "A Waffle-Iron Ridge Guide with Combined Fast- and Slow-Wave Modes for Array Antenna Applications". IEICE Transactions on Communications E101.B, n. 2 (2018): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.2017isp0013.
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Dargaville, Peter A. "Respiratory Support in Meconium Aspiration Syndrome: A Practical Guide". International Journal of Pediatrics 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/965159.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) is a complex respiratory disease of the term and near-term neonate. Inhalation of meconium causes airway obstruction, atelectasis, epithelial injury, surfactant inhibition, and pulmonary hypertension, the chief clinical manifestations of which are hypoxaemia and poor lung compliance. Supplemental oxygen is the mainstay of therapy for MAS, with around one-third of infants requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation. For those ventilated, high ventilator pressures, as well as a relatively long inspiratory time and slow ventilator rate, may be necessary to achieve adequate oxygenation. High-frequency ventilation may offer a benefit in infants with refractory hypoxaemia and/or gas trapping. Inhaled nitric oxide is effective in those with pulmonary hypertension, and other adjunctive therapies, including surfactant administration and lung lavage, should be considered in selected cases. With judicious use of available modes of ventilation and adjunctive therapies, infants with even the most severe MAS can usually be supported through the disease, with an acceptably low risk of short- and long-term morbidities.
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Andersson, Nils, e Fabian Gittins. "Formulating the r-mode Problem for Slowly Rotating Neutron Stars". Astrophysical Journal 945, n. 2 (1 marzo 2023): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acbc1e.
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Abstract We revisit the problem of inertial r-modes in stratified stars, drawing on a more precise description of the composition stratification in a mature neutron star. The results highlight issues with the traditional approach to the problem, leading us to rethink the computational strategy for the r-modes of nonbarotropic neutron stars. We outline two strategies for dealing with the problem. For moderate to slowly rotating neutron stars the only viable alternative may be to approach the problem numerically from the outset, while a meaningful slow-rotation calculation can be carried out for the fastest known spinning stars (which may be close to being driven unstable by the emission of gravitational waves). We demonstrate that the latter approach leads to a problem close, but not identical, to that for barotropic inertial modes. We also suggest that these reformulations of the problem likely resolve the long-standing problem of singular behavior associated with a corotation point in rotating relativistic neutron stars. This issue needs to be resolved in order to guide future gravitational-wave searches.
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Thompson, Christopher. "Radio Emission of Pulsars. I. Slow Tearing of a Quantizing Magnetic Field". Astrophysical Journal 933, n. 2 (1 luglio 2022): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac501f.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract The pulsed radio emission of rotating neutron stars is connected to slow tearing instabilities feeding off an inhomogeneous twist profile within the open circuit. This paper considers the stability of a weakly sheared, quantizing magnetic field in which the current is supported by a relativistic particle flow. The electromagnetic field is almost perfectly force free, and particles are confined to the lowest Landau state, experiencing no appreciable curvature drift. In a charge-neutral plasma, we find multiple branches of slowly growing tearing modes, relativistic analogs of the double-tearing mode, with peak growth rate s ≳ 4 π k ˜ y J z / B z . Here, B z is the strong (nearly potential) guide magnetic field, J z the field-aligned current density, and k ˜ y is the mode wavenumber normalized by the current gradient scale. These modes are overstable when the plasma carries a net charge, with the real frequency ω ∼ s · ∣ n 0 + − n 0 − ∣ / ( n 0 + + n 0 − ) proportional to the imbalance in the densities of positive and negative charges. An isolated current sheet thinner than the skin depth supports localized tearing modes with growth rate scaling as (sheet thickness/skin depth)−1/2. In a pulsar, the peak growth rate is comparable to the angular frequency of rotation, s ≳ 2 k ˜ y Ω , slow compared with the longitudinal oscillations of particles and fields in a polar gap. The tearing modes experience azimuthal drift reminiscent of subpulse drift and are a promising driver of pulse-to-pulse flux variations. A companion paper demonstrates a Cerenkov-like instability of current-carrying Alfvén waves in thin current sheets with relativistic particle flow and proposes coherent curvature emission by these waves as a source of pulsar radio emission.
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Nicolaidou, Evangelia, Thomas L. Hill e Simon A. Neild. "Detecting internal resonances during model reduction". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 477, n. 2250 (giugno 2021): 20210215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2021.0215.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Model order reduction of geometrically nonlinear dynamic structures is often achieved via a static condensation procedure, whereby high-frequency modes are assumed to be quasi-statically coupled to a small set of lower frequency modes, which form the reduction basis. This approach is mathematically justifiable for structures characterized by slow/fast dynamics, such as thin plates and slender beams, and has been shown to provide highly accurate results. Nevertheless, selecting the reduction basis without a priori knowledge of the full-order dynamics is a challenging task; retaining redundant modes will lead to computationally suboptimal reduced-order models (ROMs), while omitting dynamically significant modes will lead to inaccurate results, and important features such as internal resonances may not be captured. In this study, we demonstrate how the error associated with static condensation can be efficiently approximated during model reduction. This approximate error can then be used as the basis of a method for predicting when dynamic modal interactions will occur, which will guide the reduction basis selection process. Equivalently, this may serve as a tool for verifying the accuracy of ROMs without the need for full-order simulations. The proposed method is demonstrated using a simple oscillator and a finite element model of a clamped–clamped beam.
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Roberts, B. "Waves in Magnetic Flux Tubes". Symposium - International Astronomical Union 142 (1990): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900087891.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The basic aspects of wave propagation in a magnetic flux tube are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the types of flux tube that occur in the solar atmosphere. Two fundamental speeds arise naturally in a description of wave propagation in a flux tube: the slow magnetoacoustic (cusp) speed cT, which is both subsonic and sub-Alfvénic, and a mean Alfvén speed ck. Both surface and body modes are supported by a tube. It is stressed that a flux tube may act as a wave guide, similar to the guidance of light by a fibre optic, or sound in an ocean layer, or seismic waves in the Earth's crust.
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Chen, Hongting, Zhaojian Zhang, Xiao Zhang, Yunxin Han, Zigang Zhou e Junbo Yang. "Multifunctional Plasmon-Induced Transparency Devices Based on Hybrid Metamaterial-Waveguide Systems". Nanomaterials 12, n. 19 (21 settembre 2022): 3273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12193273.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In this paper, we design a multifunctional micro-nano device with a hybrid metamaterial-waveguide system, which leads to a triple plasmon-induced transparency (PIT). The formation mechanisms of the three transparent peaks have their own unique characteristics. First, PIT-I can be switched into the BIC (Friedrich–Wintge bound state in continuum), and the quality factors (Q-factors) of the transparency window of PIT-I are increased during the process. Second, PIT-II comes from near-field coupling between two bright modes. Third, PIT-III is generated by the near-field coupling between a low-Q broadband bright mode and a high-Q narrowband guide mode, which also has a high-Q transparent window due to the guide mode. The triple-PIT described above can be dynamically tuned by the gate voltage of the graphene, particularly for the dynamic tuning of the Q values of PIT-I and PIT-III. Based on the high Q value of the transparent window, our proposed structure can be used for highly sensitive refractive index sensors or devices with prominent slow light effects.
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Smith, Eliot R., e Jamie DeCoster. "Dual-Process Models in Social and Cognitive Psychology: Conceptual Integration and Links to Underlying Memory Systems". Personality and Social Psychology Review 4, n. 2 (maggio 2000): 108–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0402_01.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Models postulating 2 distinct processing modes have been proposed in several topic areas within social and cognitive psychology. We advance a new conceptual model of the 2 processing modes. The structural basis of the new model is the idea, supported by psychological and neuropsychological evidence, that humans possess 2 memory systems. One system slowly learns general regularities, whereas the other can quickly form representations of unique or novel events. Associative retrieval or pattern completion in the slow-learning system elicited by a salient cue constitutes the effortless processing mode. The second processing mode is more conscious and effortful; it involves the intentional retrieval of explicit, symbolically represented rulesfrom either memory system and their use to guide processing. After presenting our model, we review existing dual-process models in several areas, emphasizing their similar assumptions of a quick, effortless processing mode that rests on well-learned prior associations and a second, more effortful processing mode that involves rule-based inferences and is employed only when people have both cognitive capacity and motivation. New insights and implications of the model for several topic areas are outlined.
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Xu, Zhen, e Shudan Zheng. "Research on the "multi-agent co-governance" system of unfair competition on internet platforms: Based on the perspective of evolutionary game". PLOS ONE 19, n. 4 (18 aprile 2024): e0301627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301627.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Unfair competition on internet platforms (UCIP) has become a critical issue restricting the platform economy’s healthy development. This paper applies evolutionary game theory to study how to utilize multiple subjects’ synergy to supervise UCIP effectively. First, the "multi-agent co-governance" mode of UCIP is constructed based on the traditional "unitary supervision" mode. Second, the government and internet platform evolutionary game models are built under two supervision modes. Finally, MATLAB is used to simulate and analyze the evolutionary stage and parameter sensitivity. In addition, we match the model’s evolutionary stage with China’s supervisory process. The results show that (1) the Chinese government’s supervision of UCIP is in the transitional stage from "campaign-style" to "normalization." (2) Moderate government supervision intensity is essential to guide the game system to evolve toward the ideal state. If the supervision intensity is too high, it will inhibit the enthusiasm for supervision. If the supervision intensity is too low, it cannot form an effective deterrent to the internet platforms. (3) When the participation of industry associations and platform users is low, it can only slow down the evolutionary speed of the game system’s convergence to the unfavorable state. Nevertheless, it cannot reverse the evolutionary result. (4) Maintaining the participation level of industry associations and platform users above a specific threshold value while increasing punishment intensity will promote the transition of government supervision from the "campaign-style" to the "normalization" stage. This paper provides ideas and references for the Chinese government to design a supervision mechanism for UCIP.
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Zou, Jiexin, Ning Han, Jiangyan Yan, Qi Feng, Yajun Wang, Zhiliang Zhao, Jiantao Fan, Lin Zeng, Hui Li e Haijiang Wang. "Electrochemical Compression Technologies for High-Pressure Hydrogen: Current Status, Challenges and Perspective". Electrochemical Energy Reviews 3, n. 4 (7 agosto 2020): 690–729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41918-020-00077-0.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Hydrogen is an ideal energy carrier in future applications due to clean byproducts and high efficiency. However, many challenges remain in the application of hydrogen, including hydrogen production, delivery, storage and conversion. In terms of hydrogen storage, two compression modes (mechanical and non-mechanical compressors) are generally used to increase volume density in which mechanical compressors with several classifications including reciprocating piston compressors, hydrogen diaphragm compressors and ionic liquid compressors produce significant noise and vibration and are expensive and inefficient. Alternatively, non-mechanical compressors are faced with issues involving large-volume requirements, slow reaction kinetics and the need for special thermal control systems, all of which limit large-scale development. As a result, modular, safe, inexpensive and efficient methods for hydrogen storage are urgently needed. And because electrochemical hydrogen compressors (EHCs) are modular, highly efficient and possess hydrogen purification functions with no moving parts, they are becoming increasingly prominent. Based on all of this and for the first time, this review will provide an overview of various hydrogen compression technologies and discuss corresponding structures, principles, advantages and limitations. This review will also comprehensively present the recent progress and existing issues of EHCs and future hydrogen compression techniques as well as corresponding containment membranes, catalysts, gas diffusion layers and flow fields. Furthermore, engineering perspectives are discussed to further enhance the performance of EHCs in terms of the thermal management, water management and the testing protocol of EHC stacks. Overall, the deeper understanding of potential relationships between performance and component design in EHCs as presented in this review can guide the future development of anticipated EHCs. Graphic Abstract
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Kroon, Sjaak, e Massimiliano Spotti. "L1 Education in Times of Globalization, Digitalization and Super-Diversity". L1-Educational Studies in Language and Literature 24, n. 2 (20 maggio 2024): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/l1esll.2024.24.2.673.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This introduction first briefly sketches the (history of the) International Mother Tongue Education Network (IMEN). IMEN was founded in 1981 as an information and research network that over the years initiated an empirical-interpretive research program focusing on comparative analyses of the rhetoric and practices of L1 education across a dozen of European countries. Main elements of IMEN’s methodology that will be discussed below were the development of different types of research collaboration, a theoretical framework for comparative analysis, and a method for international triangulation. It then describes how, at the turn of the century, IMEN’s way of doing slow science became increasingly threatened by the requirements of publish or perish mainstream research, and how its research program was confronted with the challenges posed to L1 education by processes of globalization, digitalization, and super-diversity, becoming manifest in the superdiverse nature of student bodies, their sociolinguistic and ethnocultural doings, and the increasingly digitalized modes of teaching and learning they are exposed to. All these elements, in one way or another, also have an impact on the teaching-learning practices in mainstream L1 education and consequently must be addressed by IMEN-like studies. Finally this contribution briefly introduces the contributions to this special issue and suggests that they are a strong argument for a renewed interest in international comparative discussion on and around L1 education and a plea to further collaborative research from an empirical interpretive ethnographic perspective on teachers’ professional practical knowledge and classroom practices that can guide our understanding of the ubiquitous school subject L1 education that aims at preparing students for a global, digital, and super-diverse society.
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Elgammal, Ramez Ahmed, Carla Cecilia Fraenza, Thomas A. Zawodzinski e Steven Greenbaum. "Lithium Ion Battery Electrolytes Based on Deep Eutectic Solvents". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, n. 2 (28 agosto 2023): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-012547mtgabs.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as an alternative to both common organic solvents and ionic liquids (ILs). DESs share physicochemical properties with ILs such as low vapor pressure, high thermal stability, while offering advantages such as low toxicity, lower cost, and ease of preparation. Moreover, DESs are attractive candidates for electrochemical applications due to their large voltage windows and solubility properties. DESs as a solvent class share a general composition of a hydrogen bond donor (HBD), typically a polyol, amide, or acid, and a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA), usually a quaternary ammonium or phosphonium salt. At a specific molar composition of a HBD and HBA, the DES forms a eutectic mixture resulting in a large melting point depression. Despite being widely studied, the microscopic structures of DESs have remained largely uncharacterized. Herein, we present a multitechnique NMR study of ethaline (ethylene glycol + choline chloride). Pulsed field gradient diffusion, nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY), 13C NMR relaxation experiments are deployed to sample a range of frequencies and modes of motion of the polyol and choline components of the DES. Generally, translational and rotational diffusion of polyols are more rapid than those of choline while short-range rotational motions observed from 13C relaxation indicate slow local motion of ethylene glycol at low choline chloride (ChCl) content. Additionally, we have investigated the solubility properties of several lithium salts (LiTFSI, LiFSI, LiBF4, and LiOAc) in these DESs and utilized the same suite of NMR techniques to understand how they act as solvents. One interesting observation is that the Li+ diffusivity exceeds that of the counterion for TFSI-, but not for FSI-. Finally, large changes in the structural organization of DESs that result from the presence of lithium salts may serve as a guide to the design of a new class of electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries.
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Elgammal, Ramez A., Carla Cecilia Fraenza, Steven Greenbaum e Thomas A. Zawodzinski. "(Digital Presentation) Fundamentals of Deep Eutectic Solvents As Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, n. 46 (9 ottobre 2022): 1719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02461719mtgabs.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as an alternative to both common organic solvents and ionic liquids (ILs). DESs share physicochemical properties with ILs such as low vapor pressure, high thermal stability, high viscosity while offering advantages such as low toxicity, lower cost, and ease of preparation. Moreover, DESs are attractive candidates for electrochemical applications due to their large voltage windows and solubility properties. DESs as a solvent class share a general composition of a hydrogen bond donor (HBD), typically a polyol, amide, or acid, and a hydrogen box acceptor (HBA), usually a quaternary ammonium or phosphonium salt. At a specific molar composition of a HBD and HBD, the DES forms a eutectic mixture resulting in a large melting point depression due to extensive hydrogen bonding between the components. Despite being widely studied, the microscopic structures of DESs have remained largely uncharacterized. Herein, we present a multitechnique NMR study of two DESs: glyceline (glycerol + choline chloride) and ethaline (ethylene glycol + choline chloride). Fast-field cycling 1H relaxometry, pulsed field gradient diffusion, nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY), 13C NMR relaxation, and pressure-dependent NMR experiments are deployed to sample a range of frequencies and modes of motion of the polyol and choline components of the DES. Generally, translational and rotational diffusion of polyols are more rapid than those of choline while short-range rotational motions observed from 13C relaxation indicate slow local motion of glycerol at low choline chloride (ChCl) content. We show how the additional hydroxyl group present in glycerol contributes to not only higher viscosities, but a larger perturbation of the hydrogen bonding network by the addition of ChCl. Additionally, we have investigated the solubility properties of several lithium salts (LiTFSI, LiFSI, LiPF6, LiBF4, and LiOAc) in these DESs and utilized the same suite of NMR techniques to understand how they act as solvents. We observe that due to anion effects, the heterogeneities present in DES result in differential solvation for some species where there is a distinction of lithium salts co-existing in these holes as well as the bulk. The large changes in the structural organization of DESs that result from the presence of lithium salts will serve as a guide to the design of a new class of electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries.
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Bell, Lauren, Claire Garnett, Tianchen Qian, Olga Perski, Elizabeth Williamson e Henry WW Potts. "Engagement With a Behavior Change App for Alcohol Reduction: Data Visualization for Longitudinal Observational Study". Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, n. 12 (11 dicembre 2020): e23369. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/23369.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background Behavior change apps can develop iteratively, where the app evolves into a complex, dynamic, or personalized intervention through cycles of research, development, and implementation. Understanding how existing users engage with an app (eg, frequency, amount, depth, and duration of use) can help guide further incremental improvements. We aim to explore how simple visualizations can provide a good understanding of temporal patterns of engagement, as usage data are often longitudinal and rich. Objective This study aims to visualize behavioral engagement with Drink Less, a behavior change app to help reduce hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption in the general adult population of the United Kingdom. Methods We explored behavioral engagement among 19,233 existing users of Drink Less. Users were included in the sample if they were from the United Kingdom; were 18 years or older; were interested in reducing their alcohol consumption; had a baseline Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test score of 8 or above, indicative of excessive drinking; and had downloaded the app between May 17, 2017, and January 22, 2019 (615 days). Measures of when sessions begin, length of sessions, time to disengagement, and patterns of use were visualized with heat maps, timeline plots, k-modes clustering analyses, and Kaplan-Meier plots. Results The daily 11 AM notification is strongly associated with a change in engagement in the following hour; reduction in behavioral engagement over time, with 50.00% (9617/19,233) of users disengaging (defined as no use for 7 or more consecutive days) 22 days after download; identification of 3 distinct trajectories of use, namely engagers (4651/19,233, 24.18% of users), slow disengagers (3679/19,233, 19.13% of users), and fast disengagers (10,903/19,233, 56.68% of users); and limited depth of engagement with 85.076% (7,095,348/8,340,005) of screen views occurring within the Self-monitoring and Feedback module. In addition, a peak of both frequency and amount of time spent per session was observed in the evenings. Conclusions Visualizations play an important role in understanding engagement with behavior change apps. Here, we discuss how simple visualizations helped identify important patterns of engagement with Drink Less. Our visualizations of behavioral engagement suggest that the daily notification substantially impacts engagement. Furthermore, the visualizations suggest that a fixed notification policy can be effective for maintaining engagement for some users but ineffective for others. We conclude that optimizing the notification policy to target both effectiveness and engagement is a worthwhile investment. Our future goal is to both understand the causal effect of the notification on engagement and further optimize the notification policy within Drink Less by tailoring to contextual circumstances of individuals over time. Such tailoring will be informed from the findings of our micro-randomized trial (MRT), and these visualizations were useful in both gaining a better understanding of engagement and designing the MRT.
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Raab, Marc S., Jonathan L. Kaufman, Shambavi Richard, Sebastian Grosicki, Istvan Takacs, Andras Strassz, Andreas Martin Pahl et al. "Hdp-101, an Anti-BCMA Antibody-Drug Conjugate with a Novel Payload Amanitin in Patients with Relapsed Multiple Myeloma, Initial Findings of the First in Human Study". Blood 142, Supplement 1 (28 novembre 2023): 3334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2023-182480.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction Several antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are currently being evaluated in clinical trials in a variety of malignancies. The vast majority of these are based on a few toxic compounds, largely limited to microtubule- or DNA-targeting toxins which impact proliferating cells and have limited efficacy in diseases with a low proliferative fraction such as multiple myeloma. Thus, new compounds with alternative modes of action and the ability to actively induce cell death in non-proliferating tumor cells could enhance the therapeutic potential of ADCs. We are currently developing amanitin based ADCs. Amanitin specifically inhibits RNA polymerase II thereby inhibiting the cellular transcription process at very low concentrations irrespective of the proliferation status of the target cell. Subsequently tumor cells enter apoptosis and are eliminated. HDP-101 an Amanitin based antibody drug conjugate HDP-101 is a new ADC targeting BCMA carrying a synthetic version of amanitin as a payload. In vitro cytotoxic potency of HDP-101 was demonstrated on BCMA-positive myeloma cell lines, as well as on non-proliferating primary CD138+ cells isolated from patients with refractory myeloma The cytotoxic effects of HDP-101 were seen even in non-proliferating myeloma cells with low BCMA density. Toxicity was observed neither in non-BCMA expressing control cells nor in myeloma cells exposed to an amanitin-loaded non-target control antibody. In murine xenograft models of human myeloma, HDP-101 caused dose-dependent tumor regression including complete remissions after a single dose in subcutaneous and as well as in disseminated models. Safety profiling in Cynomolgus monkeys revealed a good therapeutic index after repeated dosing. Our non-clinical studies concluded that this amanitin-based ADC is a novel promising approach in the therapy of multiple myeloma to overcome drug resistance and improve patient outcome. HDP-101-01 Clinical study HDP-101-01 is a first-in-human, open label, non-randomized, multicenter, phase 1/2a trial with HDP-101 in patients with myeloma whose disease has progressed. The aim of the Phase 1 dose escalation part is to determine the Maximum Tolerated Dose and/or establish the Recommended Phase 2 Dose. The primary objective of the phase 2 dose expansion phase is to assess the preliminary anti-tumor activity of HDP-101. An adaptive Bayesian logistic regression model with overdose control principle is used to guide the dose escalation steps. An Interim Analysis is planned after each cohort is completed. The design of the study ensures a safe and adaptive dose escalation to reach a potential clinical benefit in a patient who have limited or no therapeutic options. HDP-101-01 Study progress The study started enrollment in February, 2022. As of 10th of July, 2023, eight (2 female and 6 male) patients were dosed in 3 consecutive dose cohorts. The median age of the patients was 70 years, ranging between 50 and 80. All 8 patients were heavily pre-treated and multidrug-resistant. The median previous lines of treatment were 7 (5 to 15). Table 1 HDP-101-01 Results Seven of 8 patients were evaluable for dose limiting toxicities (DLTs) in the first 3 treatment cohorts. The initial 3 cohorts were well tolerated, without any DLTs, there were no signs of liver and kidney toxicity, no infusion reaction was detected. No reports of keratopathy or visual acuity loss were observed. Free payload was not detected in any of the available pharmacokinetic samples. Based on the limited data, the PK of HDP-101 was in line with our expectation based on the preclinical observations, exposure to HDP-101 is dose proportional. Anti-drug antibody (ADA) was not detected and there's no sign of immunogenicity. Objective responses were not reported in these initial cohorts however in Cohort #3 (60μg/Kg) there was one patient ongoing after 8 cycles of treatment with SD. This patient had a slow decrease in M-protein levels. Image 1 The initial dose cohorts showed good tolerability in late stage relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma patients. The study continues to enroll patients to higher dose cohorts at selected sites in the US, Germany, Poland and Hungary. Currently the study is enrolling patients in Cohort #4 at the dose of 80μg/Kg. Additional updates will be provided at the 2023 ASH Annual Meeting.
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Gomez-Urrea, Hernan Alejandro, Jose Gerardo Cardona, Francisco Jose Caro-Lopera e Miguel Eduardo Mora-Ramos. "Photonic band gaps and waveguide slow-light propagation in Bravais-Moiré two-dimensional photonic crystals". Journal of Optics, 7 novembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/aca0aa.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Photonic band gap widths and slow-light optical guided modes are theoretically investigated for Bravais-Moiré photonic crystals made of cylindrical dielectric cores which are formed from the combination of two square Bravais lattices. Moiré pattern forms due to a commensurable rotation of one of these lattices with respect to the other. The analysis of gap maps is made versus the radii of dielectric cores -both rotated and unrotated- contained in the Bravais-Moiré unit cell. Guided modes are considered within the framework of coupled-resonator optical waveguides, built from the generation of a point defect chain along the direction of electromagnetic wave propagation. For the analyzed structures, rather wide photonic band gaps were found. It was noticed that changing the core radii can significantly affect the dielectric contrast in the unit cell, leading to wider gaps. In addition, due to the kind of crystal cell structure considered, guided modes with group velocities smaller than those typically observed in photonic crystals with simple square lattices were found for the investigated coupled-resonator optical waveguides.
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Madiot, Guilhem, Marcus Albrechtsen, Søren Stobbe, Clivia M. Sotomayor-Torres e Guillermo Arregui. "Multimode optomechanics with a two-dimensional optomechanical crystal". APL Photonics 8, n. 11 (1 novembre 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0170883.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Chip-scale multimode optomechanical systems have unique benefits for sensing, metrology, and quantum technologies relative to their single-mode counterparts. Slot-mode optomechanical crystals enable sideband resolution and large optomechanical couplings of a single optical cavity to two microwave-frequency mechanical modes. Still, previous implementations have been limited to nanobeam geometries, whose effective quantum cooperativity at ultralow temperatures is limited by their low thermal conductance. In this work, we design and experimentally demonstrate a two-dimensional mechanical–optical–mechanical (MOM) platform that dispersively couples a slow-light slot-guided photonic-crystal waveguide mode and two slow-sound ∼ 7 GHz phononic wire modes localized in physically distinct regions. We first demonstrate optomechanical interactions in long waveguide sections, unveiling acoustic group velocities below 800 m/s, and then move on to mode-gap adiabatic heterostructure cavities with a tailored mechanical frequency difference. Through optomechanical spectroscopy, we demonstrate optical quality factors Q ∼ 105, vacuum optomechanical coupling rates, go/2π, of 1.5 MHz, and dynamical back-action effects beyond the single-mode picture. At a larger power and adequate laser-cavity detuning, we demonstrate regenerative optomechanical oscillations involving a single mechanical mode, extending to both mechanical modes through modulation of the input laser drive at their frequency difference. This work constitutes an important advance toward engineering MOM systems with nearly degenerate mechanical modes as part of hybrid multipartite quantum systems.
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Kiefer, Daniel A., Sylvain Mezil e Claire Prada. "Beating resonance patterns and extreme power flux skewing in anisotropic elastic plates". Science Advances 9, n. 51 (22 dicembre 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adk6846.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Elastic waves in anisotropic media can exhibit a power flux that is not collinear with the wave vector. This has notable consequences for waves guided in a plate. Through laser-ultrasonic experiments, we evidence remarkable phenomena due to slow waves in a single-crystal silicon wafer. Waves exhibiting power flux orthogonal to their wave vector are identified. A pulsed line source that excites these waves reveals a wave packet radiated parallel to the line. Furthermore, there exist precisely eight plane waves with zero power flux. These so-called zero–group-velocity modes are oriented along the crystal’s principal axes. Time acts as a filter in the wave-vector domain that selects these modes. Thus, a point source leads to beating resonance patterns with moving nodal curves on the surface of the infinite plate. We observe this pattern as it emerges naturally after a pulsed excitation.
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Fung, Kit-Man, Shu-Jung Lai, Tzu-Lu Lin e Tien-Sheng Tseng. "Antigen–Antibody Complex-Guided Exploration of the Hotspots Conferring the Immune-Escaping Ability of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD". Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences 9 (22 marzo 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2022.797132.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The COVID-19 pandemic resulting from the spread of SARS-CoV-2 spurred devastating health and economic crises around the world. Neutralizing antibodies and licensed vaccines were developed to combat COVID-19, but progress was slow. In addition, variants of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein confer resistance of SARS-CoV-2 to neutralizing antibodies, nullifying the possibility of human immunity. Therefore, investigations into the RBD mutations that disrupt neutralization through convalescent antibodies are urgently required. In this study, we comprehensively and systematically investigated the binding stability of RBD variants targeting convalescent antibodies and revealed that the RBD residues F456, F490, L452, L455, and K417 are immune-escaping hotspots, and E484, F486, and N501 are destabilizing residues. Our study also explored the possible modes of actions of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. All results are consistent with experimental observations of attenuated antibody neutralization and clinically emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. We identified possible immune-escaping hotspots that could further promote resistance to convalescent antibodies. The results provide valuable information for developing and designing novel monoclonal antibody drugs to combat emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Li, Lixia, Wanlu Li, Xueyang Zong e Yufang Liu. "Self-hybridized exciton-polaritons in perovskite-based subwavelength photonic crystals". New Journal of Physics, 15 agosto 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ac89a5.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Self-coupled photonic resonators made of exciton materials have recently provoked great interest in the context of light–matter interactions due to their ability to produce large normal mode splittings. In order to obtain giant Rabi energy, it is rather necessary to ensure large electromagnetic fields within exciton materials. Here, using two independent numerical algorithms, namely, the finite-element method and the rigorous coupled wave analysis, we demonstrate that, even with a moderate oscillation strength, giant Rabi splittings in excess of 250 meV can be achieved in subwavelength perovskite-based photonic crystals. This can be attributed to the fact that quasi-guided resonance modes supported by photonic systems are strongly confined inside the exciton material, highly conducing to increasing the volume of light-matter interaction. We reveal how the oscillator strength of excitons and the thickness of perovskite photonic crystals influence photon–exciton couplings. Moreover, the perovskite nanostructures investigated allow us to engineer polaritonic dispersions with linear or slow-light characters. These findings show that perovskite-based photonic crystals could be an appealing and promising platform in realizing polaritonic devices.
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Jeong, Byeongha, Jin Hee Hong, Hyun Kim, Han Kyoung Choe, Kyungjin Kim e Kyoung J. Lee. "Multi-stability of circadian phase wave within early postnatal suprachiasmatic nucleus". Scientific Reports 6, n. 1 (19 febbraio 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep21463.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is a group of cells that functions as a biological master clock. In different SCN cells, oscillations of biochemical markers such as the expression-level of clock genes, are not synchronized but instead form slow circadian phase waves propagating over the whole cell population. Earlier studies presumed that their spatio-temporal structure is a fixed property set by the anatomy of a given SCN. Here, we show that this is not the case in early postnatal SCN. Based on bioluminescence imaging experiments with Per2-Luciferase mice SCN cultures which guided computer simulations of a realistic model of the SCN, we demonstrate that the wave is not unique but can be in various modes including phase- coherent oscillation, crescent-shaped wave, and most notably, a rotating pinwheel wave that conceptually resembles a wall clock with a rotating hand. Furthermore, mode transitions can be induced by a pulse of 38.5 °C temperature perturbation. Importantly, the waves support a significantly different period, suggesting that neither a spatially-fixed phase ordering nor a specialized pacemaker having a fixed period exist in these studied SCNs. These results lead to new important questions of what the observed multi-stability means for the proper function of an SCN and its arrhythmia.
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Rose, Jeremy. "Three decades of The Necks: Reciprocal Patterns of Improvised Music and Organisational Behaviour". Critical Studies in Improvisation / Études critiques en improvisation 15, n. 1 (20 luglio 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.21083/csieci.v15i1.6117.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article explores the nature of organisational behaviour within a long-standing improvised music group and its reciprocal relationship with their musical practice. It uses ideas from Ingrid Monson (1996) relating to social activities expressing the values and aesthetics of musical practice and adopts research findings from business management literature, in particular Kenneth Bettenhausen’s (1991) notion that the task patterns of a group play a role in shaping attitudes and behaviour, informing our understanding of the way improvisational music practices correlate with social and organisational behaviour. The Australian piano trio, The Necks, perform minimalist extended improvisations with ritual-like patterns in performance and social behaviour. Being self-managed with the same line-up since 1987, they present a unique case study in how a band’s organisational behaviour has a mutual relationship to its musical practice. This study traces out their organisational patterns to show how these have developed in tandem with an improvisational ethos in which members undertake slowly evolving group minimalist improvisations guided by an unspoken set of behavioural patterns with adaptable parameters for change. The findings reveal an underlying narrative of tension between group homogeneity and individual autonomy, experiences of group flow, the use of varying modes of communication for varying contexts, similarities between their musical improvisation parameters and their social interaction, and strategies for implementing change and innovation. The article sketches how their social and organisational behaviour converges with their musical process: a slow rate of change, effortless, and yet with a long arc of possibilities.
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Liang, Chao, Junjun Peng, Jean‐Paul Ampuero, Nathan Shauer e Kaoshan Dai. "Resonances of Fluid‐Filled Cracks With Complex Geometry and Application to Very Long Period (VLP) Seismic Signals at Mayotte Submarine Volcano". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 129, n. 3 (marzo 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2023jb027844.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractFluid‐filled cracks sustain a slow guided wave (Krauklis wave or crack wave) whose resonant frequencies are widely used for interpreting long period (LP) and very long period (VLP) seismic signals at active volcanoes. Significant efforts have been made to model this process using analytical developments along an infinite crack or numerical methods on simple crack geometries. In this work, we develop an efficient hybrid numerical method for computing resonant frequencies of complex‐shaped fluid‐filled cracks and networks of cracks and apply it to explain the ratio of spectral peaks in the VLP signals from the Fani Maoré submarine volcano that formed in Mayotte in 2018. By coupling triangular boundary elements and the finite volume method, we successfully handle complex geometries and achieve computational efficiency by discretizing solely the crack surfaces. The resonant frequencies are directly determined through eigenvalue analysis. After proper verification, we systematically analyze the resonant frequencies of rectangular and elliptical cracks, quantifying the effect of aspect ratio and crack stiffness. We then discuss theoretically the contribution of fluid viscosity and seismic radiation to energy dissipation. Finally, we obtain a crack geometry that successfully explains the characteristic ratio between the first two modes of the VLP seismic signals from the Fani Maoré submarine volcano in Mayotte. Our work not only reveals rich eigenmodes in complex‐shaped cracks but also contributes to illuminating the subsurface plumbing system of active volcanoes. The developed model is readily applicable to crack wave resonances in other geological settings, such as glacier hydrology and hydrocarbon reservoirs.
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Bouscal, Adrien, Malik Kemiche, Sukanya Mahapatra, Nikos Fayard, Jérémy Berroir, Tridib Ray, Jean Jacques Greffet et al. "Systematic design of a robust half-W1 photonic crystal waveguide for interfacing slow light and trapped cold atoms". New Journal of Physics, 29 gennaio 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ad23a4.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Novel platforms interfacing trapped cold atoms and guided light in nanoscale waveguides are a promising route to achieve a regime of strong coupling between light and atoms in single pass, with applications to quantum non-linear optics and quantum simulation. A strong challenge for the experimental development of this emerging waveguide-QED field of research is to combine facilitated optical access for atom transport, atom trapping via guided modes and robustness to inherent nanofabrication imperfections. In this endeavor, here we propose to interface Rubidium atoms with a photonic-crystal waveguide based on a large-index GaInP slab. With a specifically tailored half-W1 design, we show that a large chiral coupling to the waveguide can be obtained and guided modes can be used to form two-color dipole traps for atoms at 116~nm from the edge of the structure. This optimized device should greatly improve the level of experimental control and facilitate the atom integration.
44
Luo, Jiawei, Yan Liu, Daixuan Wu, Xiao Xu, Lijie Shao, Yuanhua Feng, Jingshun Pan, Jiayu Zhao, Yuecheng Shen e Zhaohui Li. "High-speed single-exposure time-reversed ultrasonically encoded optical focusing against dynamic scattering". Science Advances 8, n. 50 (16 dicembre 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.add9158.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Focusing light deep inside live scattering tissue promises to revolutionize biophotonics by enabling deep tissue noninvasive optical imaging, manipulation, and therapy. By combining with guide stars, wavefront shaping is emerging as a powerful tool to make scattering media optically transparent. However, for in vivo biomedical applications, the speeds of existing techniques are still too slow to accommodate the fast speckle decorrelation of live tissue. To address this key bottleneck, we develop a quaternary phase encoding scheme to enable single-exposure time-reversed ultrasonically encode optical focusing with full-phase modulations. Specifically, we focus light inside dynamic scattering media with an average mode time down to 29 ns, which indicates that more than 10 4 effective spatial modes can be controlled within 1 millisecond. With this technique, we demonstrate in vivo light focusing in between a highly opaque adult zebrafish of 5.1 millimeters in thickness and a ground glass diffuser. Our work presents an important step toward in vivo deep tissue applications of wavefront shaping.
45
De Vita, Maurizio. "Firenze Novecento fra conoscenza, tutela e pianificazione". Restauro Archeologico 30, n. 1 (3 febbraio 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/rar-14317.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Both the 1972 UNESCO Convention and the contemporary Italian Restoration Charter make indirect reference to 20th century architectural heritage, given the slow maturation of issues related to the Protection of the "Modern" and the "Contemporary" that only led to international conferences, the creation of important Associations, publications shared worldwide in the last two decades of the last century. A specific reflection on the characteristics, consistency, and state of conservation of the many twentieth-century buildings that are a constituent part of UNESCO Centers must start from the ways of systematic knowledge of these artefacts and urban spaces. The same principles that guide the modes of restoration of classical buildings in fact require their critical extension, aware of the interrelation between materials and design themes of the twentieth century with today's restoration choices and techniques. Florence's 20th-century heritage is extensive, rich in episodes, and significant in the alternation of references, styles, and materials that marked the history of 20th-century architecture and that make this city the repository of a peculiar modernity “in danger” that needs careful, systematic, up-to-date protection.
46
Zhang, Yi, Jing Chen, Yanmei Zhang, Baoxuan Sun e Yuhe Liu. "Using Auditory Characteristics to Select Hearing Aid Compression Speeds for Presbycusic Patients". Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 14 (30 giugno 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2022.869338.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ObjectivesThis study aimed to select the optimal hearing aid compression speeds (fast-acting and slow-acting) for presbycusic patients by using auditory characteristics including temporal modulation and speech-in-noise performance.MethodsIn total, 24 patients with unilateral or bilateral moderate sensorineural hearing loss who scored higher than 21 on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test participated in this study. The electrocochleogram (ECochG) results, including summating potentials (SP) and action potentials (AP), were recorded. Subjects' temporal modulation thresholds and speech recognition at 4 individualized signal-to-noise ratios were measured under three conditions, namely, unaided, aided with fast-acting compression (FAC), and aided with slow-acting compression (SAC).ResultsThe results of this study showed that modulation discrimination thresholds in the unaided (−8.14 dB) and aided SAC (−8.19 dB) conditions were better than the modulation thresholds in the FAC (−4.67 dB) conditions. The speech recognition threshold (SRT75%) for FAC (5.21 dB) did not differ significantly from SAC (3.39 dB) (p = 0.12). A decision tree analysis showed that the inclusion of the AP, unaided modulation thresholds, and unaided SRT75% may correctly identify the optimal compression speeds (FAC vs. SAC) for individual presbycusic patients with up to 90% accuracy.ConclusionBoth modes of compression speeds improved a presbycusic patient's speech recognition ability in noise. The SAC hearing aids may better preserve the modulation thresholds than the FAC hearing aids. The measurement of AP, along with the unaided modulation thresholds and unaided SRT75%, may help guide the selection of optimal compression speeds for individual presbycusic patients.
47
Girel, Sergey, Isabel Meister, Gaetan Glauser e Serge Rudaz. "Hyphenation of microflow chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for bioanalytical applications focusing on low molecular weight compounds: A tutorial review". Mass Spectrometry Reviews, luglio 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mas.21898.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractBenefits of miniaturized chromatography with various detection modes, such as increased sensitivity, chromatographic efficiency, and speed, were recognized nearly 50 years ago. Over the past two decades, this approach has experienced rapid growth, driven by the emergence of mass spectrometry applications serving ‐omics sciences and the need for analyzing minute volumes of precious samples with ever higher sensitivity. While nanoscale liquid chromatography (flow rates <1 μL/min) has gained widespread recognition in proteomics, the adoption of microscale setups (flow rates ranging from 1 to 100 μL/min) for low molecular weight compound applications, including metabolomics, has been surprisingly slow, despite the inherent advantages of the approach. Highly heterogeneous matrices and chemical structures accompanied by a relative lack of options for both selective sample preparation and user‐friendly equipment are usually reported as major hindrances. To facilitate the wider implementation of microscale analyses, we present here a comprehensive tutorial encompassing important theoretical and practical considerations. We provide fundamental principles in micro‐chromatography and guide the reader through the main elements of a microflow workflow, from LC pumps to ionization devices. Finally, based on both our literature overview and experience, illustrated by some in‐house data, we highlight the critical importance of the ionization source design and its careful optimization to achieve significant sensitivity improvement.
48
Tassi, E., T. Passot e P. L. Sulem. "A Hamiltonian gyrofluid model based on a quasi-static closure". Journal of Plasma Physics 86, n. 4 (agosto 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002237782000077x.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A Hamiltonian six-field gyrofluid model is constructed, based on closure relations derived from the so-called ‘quasi-static’ gyrokinetic linear theory where the fields are assumed to propagate with a parallel phase velocity much smaller than the parallel particle thermal velocities. The main properties captured by this model, primarily aimed at exploring fundamental problems of interest for space plasmas such as the solar wind, are its ability to provide a reasonable agreement with kinetic theory for linear low-frequency modes, and at the same time to ensure a Hamiltonian structure in the absence of explicit dissipation. The model accounts for equilibrium temperature anisotropy, ion and electron finite Larmor radius corrections, electron inertia, magnetic fluctuations along the direction of a strong guide field and parallel Landau damping, introduced through a Landau-fluid modelling of the parallel heat transfers for both gyrocentre species. Remarkably, the quasi-static closure leads to exact and simple expressions for the nonlinear terms involving gyroaveraged electromagnetic fields and potentials. One of the consequences is that a rather natural identification of the Hamiltonian structure of the model becomes possible when Landau damping is neglected. A slight variant of the model consists of a four-field Hamiltonian reduction of the original six-field model, which is also used for the subsequent linear analysis. In the latter, the dispersion relations of kinetic Alfvén waves and the firehose instability are shown to be correctly reproduced, relatively far in the sub-ion range (depending on the plasma parameters), while the spectral range where the slow-wave dispersion relation and the field-swelling instabilities are precisely described is less extended. This loss of accuracy originates from the breaking of the condition of small phase velocity, relative to the parallel thermal velocity of the electrons (for kinetic Alfvén waves and firehose instability) or of the ions (in the case of the field-swelling instabilities).
49
Zhang, Yuhang, James M. Balter, Janell S. Dow, Yue Cao, Theodore S. Lawrence e Rojano Kashani. "Development of an abdominal dose accumulation tool and assessments of accumulated dose in gastrointestinal organs". Physics in Medicine & Biology, 15 febbraio 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/acbc61.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Objective: Online adaptive radiotherapy has demonstrated improved dose conformality in response to inter-fraction geometric variations in the abdomen. The dosimetric impact of Intra-fractional variations in anatomic configuration resulting from breathing, gastric contraction and slow configuration motion, however, have been largely ignored, leading to differences between delivered and planned dose. To investigate the impact of intra-fractional abdominal motions on delivered dose, anatomical deformations due to these three motion modes were extracted from dynamic MRI data using a previously developed hierarchical motion modeling methodology. Approach: Motion magnitudes were extracted from deformation fields between a reference state and all other motion states of the patient. Delivered dose estimates to various gastrointestinal organs (stomach, duodenum, bowel and colon) were calculated on each motion state of the patient and accumulated to estimate the delivered dose to each organ for the entire treatment fraction. Main results: Across a sample of 10 patients, maximal motions of 33.6, 33.4, 47.6 and 49.2mm were observed over 20 minutes for the stomach, duodenum, small bowel and colon respectively. Dose accumulation results showed that motions could lead to average increases of 2.0, 2.1, 1.1, 0.7Gy to the maximum dose to 0.5cc (D0.5cc) and 3.0, 2.5, 1.3, 0.9Gy to the maximum dose to 0.1cc (D0.1cc) for these organs at risk. From the 40 dose accumulations performed (10 for each organ at risk), 27 showed increases of modeled delivered dose compared to planned doses, 4 of which exceeded planned dose constraints. Significance: The use of intra-fraction motion measurements to accumulate delivered doses is feasible, and supports retrospective estimation of dose delivery to improve estimates of delivered doses, and further guide strategies for both plan adaptation as well as advances in intra-fraction motion management.
50
Blair, Nathaniel T., Ingrid Carvacho, Dipayan Chaudhuri, David E. Clapham, Paul DeCaen, Markus Delling, Julia F. Doerner et al. "Transient Receptor Potential channels (version 2019.4) in the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology Database". IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology CITE 2019, n. 4 (16 settembre 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/gtopdb/f78/2019.4.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The TRP superfamily of channels (nomenclature as agreed by NC-IUPHAR [145, 915]), whose founder member is the Drosophila Trp channel, exists in mammals as six families; TRPC, TRPM, TRPV, TRPA, TRPP and TRPML based on amino acid homologies. TRP subunits contain six putative transmembrane domains and assemble as homo- or hetero-tetramers to form cation selective channels with diverse modes of activation and varied permeation properties (reviewed by [630]). Established, or potential, physiological functions of the individual members of the TRP families are discussed in detail in the recommended reviews and in a number of books [344, 589, 979, 216]. The established, or potential, involvement of TRP channels in disease is reviewed in [384, 588] and [591], together with a special edition of Biochemica et Biophysica Acta on the subject [588]. Additional disease related reviews, for pain [542], stroke [967], sensation and inflammation [843], itch [109], and airway disease [261, 896], are available. The pharmacology of most TRP channels has been advanced in recent years. Broad spectrum agents are listed in the tables along with more selective, or recently recognised, ligands that are flagged by the inclusion of a primary reference. See Rubaiy (2019) for a review of pharmacological tools for TRPC1/C4/C5 channels [692]. Most TRP channels are regulated by phosphoinostides such as PtIns(4,5)P2 although the effects reported are often complex, occasionally contradictory, and likely to be dependent upon experimental conditions, such as intracellular ATP levels (reviewed by [862, 592, 689]). Such regulation is generally not included in the tables.When thermosensitivity is mentioned, it refers specifically to a high Q10 of gating, often in the range of 10-30, but does not necessarily imply that the channel's function is to act as a 'hot' or 'cold' sensor. In general, the search for TRP activators has led to many claims for temperature sensing, mechanosensation, and lipid sensing. All proteins are of course sensitive to energies of binding, mechanical force, and temperature, but the issue is whether the proposed input is within a physiologically relevant range resulting in a response. TRPA (ankyrin) familyTRPA1 is the sole mammalian member of this group (reviewed by [246]). TRPA1 activation of sensory neurons contribute to nociception [356, 763, 516]. Pungent chemicals such as mustard oil (AITC), allicin, and cinnamaldehyde activate TRPA1 by modification of free thiol groups of cysteine side chains, especially those located in its amino terminus [491, 47, 311, 493]. Alkenals with α, β-unsaturated bonds, such as propenal (acrolein), butenal (crotylaldehyde), and 2-pentenal can react with free thiols via Michael addition and can activate TRPA1. However, potency appears to weaken as carbon chain length increases [21, 47]. Covalent modification leads to sustained activation of TRPA1. Chemicals including carvacrol, menthol, and local anesthetics reversibly activate TRPA1 by non-covalent binding [364, 438, 923, 922]. TRPA1 is not mechanosensitive under physiological conditions, but can be activated by cold temperatures [365, 175]. The electron cryo-EM structure of TRPA1 [639] indicates that it is a 6-TM homotetramer. Each subunit of the channel contains two short ‘pore helices’ pointing into the ion selectivity filter, which is big enough to allow permeation of partially hydrated Ca2+ ions. TRPC (canonical) familyMembers of the TRPC subfamily (reviewed by [239, 673, 14, 4, 79, 382, 638, 55]) fall into the subgroups outlined below. TRPC2 is a pseudogene in humans. It is generally accepted that all TRPC channels are activated downstream of Gq/11-coupled receptors, or receptor tyrosine kinases (reviewed by [661, 814, 915]). A comprehensive listing of G-protein coupled receptors that activate TRPC channels is given in [4]. Hetero-oligomeric complexes of TRPC channels and their association with proteins to form signalling complexes are detailed in [14] and [383]. TRPC channels have frequently been proposed to act as store-operated channels (SOCs) (or compenents of mulimeric complexes that form SOCs), activated by depletion of intracellular calcium stores (reviewed by [640, 14, 665, 703, 954, 132, 626, 51, 133]). However, the weight of the evidence is that they are not directly gated by conventional store-operated mechanisms, as established for Stim-gated Orai channels. TRPC channels are not mechanically gated in physiologically relevant ranges of force. All members of the TRPC family are blocked by 2-APB and SKF96365 [295, 294]. Activation of TRPC channels by lipids is discussed by [55]. Important progress has been recently made in TRPC pharmacology [692, 529, 372, 87]. TRPC channels regulate a variety of physiological functions and are implicated in many human diseases [248, 56, 759, 879]. TRPC1/C4/C5 subgroup TRPC1 alone may not form a functional ion channel [191]. TRPC4/C5 may be distinguished from other TRP channels by their potentiation by micromolar concentrations of La3+. TRPC2 is a pseudogene in humans, but in other mammals appears to be an ion channel localized to microvilli of the vomeronasal organ. It is required for normal sexual behavior in response to pheromones in mice. It may also function in the main olfactory epithelia in mice [951, 625, 624, 952, 462, 988, 947].TRPC3/C6/C7 subgroup All members are activated by diacylglycerol independent of protein kinase C stimulation [295].TRPM (melastatin) familyMembers of the TRPM subfamily (reviewed by [230, 294, 640, 978]) fall into the five subgroups outlined below. TRPM1/M3 subgroupIn darkness, glutamate released by the photoreceptors and ON-bipolar cells binds to the metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 , leading to activation of Go . This results in the closure of TRPM1. When the photoreceptors are stimulated by light, glutamate release is reduced, and TRPM1 channels are more active, resulting in cell membrane depolarization. Human TRPM1 mutations are associated with congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB), whose patients lack rod function. TRPM1 is also found melanocytes. Isoforms of TRPM1 may present in melanocytes, melanoma, brain, and retina. In melanoma cells, TRPM1 is prevalent in highly dynamic intracellular vesicular structures [341, 609]. TRPM3 (reviewed by [615]) exists as multiple splice variants which differ significantly in their biophysical properties. TRPM3 is expressed in somatosensory neurons and may be important in development of heat hyperalgesia during inflammation (see review [803]). TRPM3 is frequently coexpressed with TRPA1 and TRPV1 in these neurons. TRPM3 is expressed in pancreatic beta cells as well as brain, pituitary gland, eye, kidney, and adipose tissue [614, 802]. TRPM3 may contribute to the detection of noxious heat [870].TRPM2TRPM2 is activated under conditions of oxidative stress (respiratory burst of phagocytic cells) and ischemic conditions. However, the direct activators are ADPR(P) and calcium. As for many ion channels, PIP2 must also be present (reviewed by [935]). Numerous splice variants of TRPM2 exist which differ in their activation mechanisms [200]. The C-terminal domain contains a TRP motif, a coiled-coil region, and an enzymatic NUDT9 homologous domain. TRPM2 appears not to be activated by NAD, NAAD, or NAADP, but is directly activated by ADPRP (adenosine-5'-O-disphosphoribose phosphate) [827]. TRPM2 is involved in warmth sensation [724], and contributes to neurological diseases [61]. Recent study shows that 2'-deoxy-ADPR is an endogenous TRPM2 superagonist [231]. TRPM4/5 subgroupTRPM4 and TRPM5 have the distinction within all TRP channels of being impermeable to Ca2+ [915]. A splice variant of TRPM4 (i.e.TRPM4b) and TRPM5 are molecular candidates for endogenous calcium-activated cation (CAN) channels [278]. TRPM4 is active in the late phase of repolarization of the cardiac ventricular action potential. TRPM4 deletion or knockout enhances beta adrenergic-mediated inotropy [507]. Mutations are associated with conduction defects [347, 507, 753]. TRPM4 has been shown to be an important regulator of Ca2+ entry in to mast cells [847] and dendritic cell migration [39]. TRPM5 in taste receptor cells of the tongue appears essential for the transduction of sweet, amino acid and bitter stimuli [460] TRPM5 contributes to the slow afterdepolarization of layer 5 neurons in mouse prefrontal cortex [439]. Both TRPM4 and TRPM5 are required transduction of taste stimuli [206].TRPM6/7 subgroupTRPM6 and 7 combine channel and enzymatic activities (‘chanzymes’). These channels have the unusual property of permeation by divalent (Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+) and monovalent cations, high single channel conductances, but overall extremely small inward conductance when expressed to the plasma membrane. They are inhibited by internal Mg2+ at ~0.6 mM, around the free level of Mg2+ in cells. Whether they contribute to Mg2+ homeostasis is a contentious issue. When either gene is deleted in mice, the result is embryonic lethality. The C-terminal kinase region is cleaved under unknown stimuli, and the kinase phosphorylates nuclear histones. TRPM7 is responsible for oxidant- induced Zn2+ release from intracellular vesicles [3] and contributes to intestinal mineral absorption essential for postnatal survival [532]. TRPM8Is a channel activated by cooling and pharmacological agents evoking a ‘cool’ sensation and participates in the thermosensation of cold temperatures [50, 147, 186] reviewed by [864, 481, 391, 556]. TRPML (mucolipin) familyThe TRPML family [676, 964, 670, 926, 156] consists of three mammalian members (TRPML1-3). TRPML channels are probably restricted to intracellular vesicles and mutations in the gene (MCOLN1) encoding TRPML1 (mucolipin-1) cause the neurodegenerative disorder mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV) in man. TRPML1 is a cation selective ion channel that is important for sorting/transport of endosomes in the late endocytotic pathway and specifically, fission from late endosome-lysosome hybrid vesicles and lysosomal exocytosis [704]. TRPML2 and TRPML3 show increased channel activity in low extracellular sodium and are activated by similar small molecules [270]. A naturally occurring gain of function mutation in TRPML3 (i.e. A419P) results in the varitint waddler (Va) mouse phenotype (reviewed by [676, 593]). TRPP (polycystin) familyThe TRPP family (reviewed by [179, 177, 252, 905, 320]) or PKD2 family is comprised of PKD2 (PC2), PKD2L1 (PC2L1), PKD2L2 (PC2L2), which have been renamed TRPP1, TRPP2 and TRPP3, respectively [915]. It should also be noted that the nomenclature of PC2 was TRPP2 in old literature. However, PC2 has been uniformed to be called TRPP2 [293]. PKD2 family channels are clearly distinct from the PKD1 family, whose function is unknown. PKD1 and PKD2 form a hetero-oligomeric complex with a 1:3 ratio. [775]. Although still being sorted out, TRPP family members appear to be 6TM spanning nonselective cation channels. TRPV (vanilloid) familyMembers of the TRPV family (reviewed by [849]) can broadly be divided into the non-selective cation channels, TRPV1-4 and the more calcium selective channels TRPV5 and TRPV6.TRPV1-V4 subfamilyTRPV1 is involved in the development of thermal hyperalgesia following inflammation and may contribute to the detection of noxius heat (reviewed by [660, 756, 786]). Numerous splice variants of TRPV1 have been described, some of which modulate the activity of TRPV1, or act in a dominant negative manner when co-expressed with TRPV1 [722]. The pharmacology of TRPV1 channels is discussed in detail in [280] and [868]. TRPV2 is probably not a thermosensor in man [635], but has recently been implicated in innate immunity [469]. TRPV3 and TRPV4 are both thermosensitive. There are claims that TRPV4 is also mechanosensitive, but this has not been established to be within a physiological range in a native environment [106, 454].TRPV5/V6 subfamily TRPV5 and TRPV6 are highly expressed in placenta, bone, and kidney. Under physiological conditions, TRPV5 and TRPV6 are calcium selective channels involved in the absorption and reabsorption of calcium across intestinal and kidney tubule epithelia (reviewed by [901, 168, 558, 227]).