Tesi sul tema "GST Tau"

Les glutathion transférases (GSTs) constituent une famille multigénique d’enzymes ubiquitaires impliquées notamment dans la détoxication des xénobiotiques et le métabolisme secondaire. Les GSTs canoniques sont constituées d’un domaine N-terminal de type thiorédoxine et d’un domaine C-terminal formé d’hélices α. Chez les plantes terrestres, les GSTs peuvent être regroupées en 14 classes et selon le résidu conservé au sein de leur motif catalytique en GSTs à cystéine (Cys-GSTs) ou à sérine (Ser-GSTs). Les Ser-GSTs présentent des activités de réduction des peroxydes et/ou de conjugaison de glutathion (GSH) alors que les Cys-GSTs portent des activités de déglutathionylation et déshydroascorbate réductase. Certaines d’entre elles présentent également des propriétés non-catalytiques de type ligandine à des fins de transport ou de stockage de molécules diverses. Les GSTs Tau (GSTUs) correspondent à la classe regroupant le plus d’isoformes chez les plantes et leur sont spécifiques. Les GSTUs sont souvent surexprimées lors de stress biotiques et abiotiques et participent notamment à la détoxication des herbicides. Toutefois, le rôle physiologique des GSTUs reste encore lacunaire in planta. En combinant des approches phylogénétiques, biochimiques et structurales, ces travaux ont conduit à la caractérisation de neuf GSTUs d’Arabidopsis thaliana (AtGSTUs) et de six GSTUs de Populus trichocarpa (PtGSTUs). L’analyse phylogénétique des Ser-GSTs d’organismes photosynthétiques a révélé que l’expansion des GSTUs est apparue de façon concomitante à l’apparition du réseau vasculaire chez les plantes bien que quelques mousses et bryophytes possèdent des GSTUs. Au sein d’un organisme, les GSTUs peuvent être classées en groupes distincts en fonction de leur motif catalytique. Les essais enzymatiques réalisés ont montré que quasiment toutes les GSTUs d’intérêt portent des activités de conjugaison du GSH et de réduction des peroxydes envers différents substrats modèles (CDNB, dérivés d’isothiocyanates, hydroperoxydes). Les structures tridimensionnelles de deux GSTUs ont été résolues et ces dernières présentent le repliement classique des GSTs canoniques avec des différences notables entre elles. Les analyses biochimiques et structurales réalisées sur les protéines AtGSTUs et PtGSTUs d’intérêt ont montré que certaines d’entre elles lient des porphyrines bactériennes et d’autres des composés polyphénoliques. Parmi les complexes enzyme-ligand identifiés, la structure d’un complexe baicaléine-GSTU a été résolue. L’utilisation d’échantillons enrichis en métabolites extraits de plantes représente la prochaine étape sur le chemin de l’analyse fonctionnelle des GSTUs
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) constitute a ubiquitous multigene superfamily of enzymes involved in xenobiotic detoxification and secondary metabolism. Canonical GSTs consist of an N-terminal thioredoxin domain and a α-helical C-terminal domain. In terrestrial plants, GSTs can be grouped in 14 classes but also according to the conserved residue found in their catalytic site either cysteine (Cys-GSTs) or serine (Ser-GSTs) GSTs. Ser-GSTs exhibit reduction of peroxides and/or glutathione (GSH) conjugation activities while Cys-GSTs rather exhibit deglutathionylation and dehydroascorbate reductase activities. Some of them also appear to have non-catalytic ligandin properties for the transport or storage of various molecules. The plant-specific Tau GST (GSTU) class is usually the most expanded one. The GSTUs are often over-expressed during biotic and abiotic stresses contributing notably to herbicide detoxification. However, the physiological role of most GSTUs is still poorly documented in planta. By combining phylogenetic, biochemical and structural approaches, this work led to the characterisation of nine GSTUs from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtGSTUs) and six GSTUs from Populus trichocarpa (PtGSTUs). Phylogenetic analysis of the Ser-GSTs present in photosynthetic organisms revealed that the expansion of GSTUs occurred concomitantly with the appearance of vasculature in plants, although some mosses and bryophytes possess GSTUs. Within an organism, GSTUs can be classified into distinct groups according to their catalytic motif. Enzymatic tests using recombinant proteins showed that almost all studied GSTUs exhibit GSH conjugation and peroxide reduction activities against different model substrates (CDNB, isothiocyanate derivatives, hydroperoxides). The three-dimensional structures of two GSTUs have been resolved and these adopt the classical canonical GST fold with some notable difference between them. The biochemical and structural analyses of these AtGSTUs and PtGSTUs further showed that some of them bind bacterial porphyrins while others bind polyphenolic compounds. Among the enzyme-ligand complexes identified, the structure of a bacalein-GSTU has been solved. The use of metabolites enriched samples extracted from A. thaliana and P. trichocarpa is the next step to decipher the role of GSTUs in planta

Reg-1α est une protéine essentielle du système digestif impliquée dans des fonctions de prolifération, différenciation et régénération. Elle est exprimée et sécrétée par les neurones du système nerveux central où elle stimule la croissance neuritique et régule la différenciation et la migration des cellules précurseurs neurales via son récepteur EXTL3 et la voie GSK-3β. Par ailleurs, Reg-1α est surexprimée dans les cerveaux de patients Alzheimer et nos études préliminaires montrent qu’elle est associée à Tau hyperphosphorylée. Nous avons étudié dans ce contexte (1) le rôle de Reg-1α dans les processus neurodégénératifs liés à Tau et les voies de signalisation impliquées et (2) sa localisation dans le cerveau de souris transgéniques exprimant Tau mutée P301L/R406W. Nous avons montré que la surexpression de Reg-1α dans des neurones différenciés ne modifie pas significativement la voie Akt/GSK-3β/P-Tau mais induit la formation d’amas de Tau anormalement phosphorylée et une perturbation modérée du transport axonal. Par contre, sur des neurones surexprimant TauP301L, Reg-1α stimule la phosphorylation de Tau via Akt/GSK-3β entrainant la formation accentuée de renflements neuritiques et la perturbation sévère du transport axonal. In vivo, Reg-1α augmente avec l’âge dans le cerveau des souris contrôles et son expression est plus importante dès 5 mois chez les souris PLB2 Tau comparée aux souris sauvages. De plus, Reg-1α est associée à l’accumulation de Tau phosphorylée en S202 chez les souris transgéniques. Reg-1α est une protéine pouvant moduler l’hyperphosphorylation de Tau et le transport axonal et donc pourrait jouer un rôle dans le développement des tauopathies
Reg-1α is an essential protein of the digestive system involved in proliferation, differentiation and regeneration functions. It is also expressed and secreted by neurons of the central nervous system where it stimulates neurite outgrowth and regulates differentiation and migration of neural precursor cells via its receptor EXTL3 and GSK-3β pathway. Moreover, Reg-1α is overexpressed in the brain of Alzheimer's patients and our preliminary studies show that it is associated with hyperphosphorylated Tau. We studied in this context (1) the role of Reg-1α in neurodegenerative processes associated with Tau and the involved signaling pathways and (2) its location in the brain of transgenic mice expressing mutated Tau P301L/R406W (PLB2 mice). We showed that overexpression of Reg-1α in differentiated neurons does not significantly modify the Akt/GSK-3β/P-tau pathway. However it induces the formation of neuritic swellings associated with abnormal phosphorylated Tau and leads to the disruption of axonal transport. Furthermore, in neurons overexpressing TauP301L, Reg-1α overexpression stimulates Tau phosphorylation via Akt/GSK-3β regulation and results in the increase of neuritic bulges and severe disruption of axonal transport. In vivo, Reg-1α expression increases with age in brains of control mice and is already higher in 5 month-old PLB2 Tau mice compared with age-matched controls. Cellular localization showed that Reg-1α is associated with the accumulation of phosphorylated Tau S202 in PLB2 mice. Finally, Reg-1α can regulate Tau hyperphosphorylation and axonal transport and consequentely could be involved in Tauopathy development

This thesis analyses the Australian approach to taxation of goodwill and related intangibles. It asks the questions: 'Is the current Australian approach to taxation of goodwill coherent?'; and 'Could a different approach minimise any distortions?' The thesis identifies the increasing importance of goodwill and other intangible property in a modern information-based economy. It identifies benchmarks for a 'good' tax system ??? such as efficiency, simplicity, and equity. It emphasises the criteria of simplicity and efficiency but includes other criteria and specifically considers the issue of alignment of accounting and legal concepts. It concludes that the current misalignment makes it difficult for the tax system to deal with goodwill coherently. The thesis criticises the treatment of goodwill under various Australian taxes, including stamp duty; Goods and Services Tax; taxation of capital gains; and income tax. It specifically considers the treatment of intangible sources of goodwill and their relationship with goodwill itself. The discussion of income tax pays particular attention to the role of goodwill and other intangibles in international transfer pricing. The thesis draws conclusions about the treatment of goodwill in Australia and whether the Australian approach meets the benchmarks established at the outset. The thesis demonstrates that the current Australian approach leads, inter alia, to tax avoidance. The current approach also offends a number of other criteria of a 'good' system. The thesis considers the UK tax treatment of intangibles held by resident companies and considers this model for Australia. It also considers the abandoned 'Tax Value Method' previously proposed for Australia. From this and other material, it suggests possible new directions and an alternative approach to taxing goodwill in Australia. These include a consistent and coherent definition of goodwill for tax that is compatible with law and accounting. The thesis also urges the development of a consistent approach to taxing goodwill at both the state and federal levels; and suggests greater reliance on the existence of goodwill as a means to establish jurisdiction to impose tax in international tax situations.

Introduction: The neonatal immune system is still immature, which makes them more susceptible to the infectious agents present in that period. Neonatal immune activation is associated with increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), causing an inflammatory cascade in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and altering behavioral and neurochemical parameters. One of the hypotheses that has been studied is that neuroinflammation may be involved in neurodegenerative processes, such as in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Objective: To evaluate visuo-spatial memory and the expression of Tau and GSK-3β proteins in hippocampus and cortex of animals exposed to neonatal endotoxemia. Methods: C57BL/6 mice with two days old received a single injection of subcutaneous lipopolysaccharide (LPS). At 60,120 and 180 days old, visual-spatial memory was evaluated through the Morris walter maze and the hippocampus and córtex were dissected to evaluate the expression of Tau and GSK-3β proteins through the use of Western Blot. Results: In the animals exposed to LPS in the neonatal period there were ans visuo-spatial memory impairment at 120 and 180 days old. There was an increase in the expression of GSK-3β in hippocampus of the animals at 60, 120 and 180 days of life. In the cortex, this increase occurred only in 120 and 180 days old. Tau protein expression was high in hippocampus and cortex of animals at 120 days old and only in cortex at 180 days old. Conclusion: The data observed in this study show that neonatal immune activation may be associated with visuo-spatial memory impairment and increased expression of GSK-3β and Tau proteins in long-term. These evidences may base future studies on the relationship between neonatal neuroinflammation and long-term neurodegenerative processes.
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Introdução: O sistema imunológico dos neonatos ainda é imaturo, o que torna-os mais suscetíveis aos agentes infecciosos presentes nesse período. A ativação imune neonatal está associada a um aumento da permeabilidade da barreira hematoencefálica (BHE), provocando uma cascata inflamatória no Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC) e alterando parâmetros comportamentais e neuroquímicos. Uma das hipóteses que vem sendo estudas é que a neuroinflamação possa estar envolvida nos processos neurodegenerativos, como na Doença e Alzheimer (DA). Objetivo: Avaliar o comprometimento da memória visuo-espacial e a expressão das proteínas Tau e GSK-3β em hipocampo e córtex de animais expostos a endotoxemia neonatal. Métodos: Camundongos C57BL/6 com dois dias de vida receberam uma única injeção de lipopolisacarídeo (LPS) subcutânea. Ao completarem 60,120 e 180 dias de vida, a memória visuo-espacial foi avaliada através do Labirinto Aquático de Morris e as estruturas hipocampo e córtex dissecados para avaliação da expressão das proteínas Tau e GSK-3β através da técnica de Western Blot. Resultados: Os animais expostos ao LPS no período neonatal apresentaram um comprometimento da memória visuo-espacial com 120 e 180 dias de vida. Houve um aumento da expressão de GSK-3β em hipocampo dos animais com 60, 120 e 180 dias de vida. Já no córtex, este aumento aconteceu somente em 120 e 180 dias. A expressão da proteína Tau estava elevada em hipocampo e córtex dos animais com 120 dias e apenas em córtex em 180 dias de vida. Conclusão: Os dados observados neste estudo mostram que a ativação imune neonatal pode estar associada a um comprometimento da memória visuo-espacial e a um aumento da expressão das proteínas GSK-3β e Tau tardiamente. Estas evidências podem basear futuros estudos sobre a relação entre neuroinflamação neonatal e processos neurodegenerativos tardios.

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It is analyzed in this work the perception of controllers on the practice of tax management in companies in the city of Bauru-SP. In the present scenario, tax burden has been representative impacting the results of organizations what requires the tax management in search of minimizing this impact in order to fortify the company before competition. The controller is a professional that participates in important decision taking processes and that acts in strategic moments of the organization, and has as its main duty tax management what demands from this professional knowledge of the national tributary system and of the legislation that creates legal principals about the issue. In this context, tax management is the differential, the tax burden once administrated promotes the continuity and fair competitiveness before the competitive market. This research aims to answer the following question: what is the perception of controllers in companies in the city of Bauru regarding the practice of tax management. Therefore, it is elaborated a literary review of controlling and controllers, their responsibility and duties, and about tax management with examples of applicability and possible results of tributary economies. After the literary review, it is applied a questionnaire focusing the controller and, with statistic techniques it is evaluated the profile of the respondents as their duties, scholar, college course and experience in tributary field; It is also analyzed the companies profiles as their work field, tributary regime and invoicing. It is concluded that controllers' perception as the practice of management is low and that their experience in the tributary field is not long for acquiring all the necessary knowledge. As a consequence, this professional might opine wrongly in the practice of tax management what increases the risk of wrong decision taking
Analisa-se neste trabalho a percep????o dos controllers sobre as pr??ticas de gest??o tribut??ria em empresas com sede na cidade de Bauru-SP. No cen??rio atual, a carga tribut??ria tem sido representativa, impactando os resultados das organiza????es, o que demanda a gest??o de tributos em busca da minimiza????o deste impacto a fim de fortalecer a empresa frente ?? concorr??ncia. O controller ?? um profissional que participa das tomadas de decis??es importantes, atua nos momentos estrat??gicos das organiza????es e tem como uma de suas principais fun????es a administra????o tribut??ria, o que exige desse profissional conhecimento do sistema tribut??rio nacional e da legisla????o espec??fica sobre o assunto. Nesse contexto, a gest??o tribut??ria ?? um diferencial, pois a carga tribut??ria, uma vez bem administrada, promove a continuidade e a competitividade de forma justa diante do avan??o do mercado competitivo. Nesta pesquisa procura-se responder ?? seguinte pergunta: qual ?? a percep????o dos controllers das empresas de Bauru quanto ??s pr??ticas de gest??o tribut??ria? Para tanto, elabora-se uma revis??o em literatura relacionada ??s atividades da controladoria e do controller, suas responsabilidades e fun????es, bem como sobre gest??o tribut??ria, com exemplos concretos de aplicabilidade e resultados poss??veis de economia tribut??ria. Ap??s a revis??o te??rica, aplica-se um question??rio cujo foco s??o os controllers e, atrav??s de t??cnicas de estat??stica, avalia-se o perfil dos respondentes quanto ?? fun????o exercida, o n??vel de escolaridade, o curso de forma????o e o tempo de experi??ncia na ??rea tribut??ria; avaliou-se tamb??m o perfil das empresas quanto ao ramo de atividade, regime tribut??rio e faixa de faturamento. Conclui-se que a percep????o dos controllers quanto ??s pr??ticas de gest??o tribut??ria ?? baixa e que o tempo de experi??ncia deles na ??rea tribut??ria ?? insuficiente para a absor????o dos conhecimentos da ??rea. Em conseq????ncia, esses profissionais est??o vulner??veis a opinar de forma incorreta sobre as pr??ticas de gest??o tribut??ria, o que aumenta os riscos de uma tomada de decis??o equivocada

This thesis explores the relationship between information literacy and learning. In formal education, students are frequently required to independently find and use information to learn about a topic, and information literacy is often claimed to be a generic skill and graduate attribute. However, to date; the experienced relationship between information literacy and learning has not been investigated. In order to investigate this experience, I have based this research on interviews with 19 students enrolled in third year music composition courses, and 18 students enrolled in a third year tax law course at an Australian university. My primary research question was 'What is the experienced relationship between information literacy and learning?' The secondary research question was "What are the generic and situated aspects of information literacy?' In this study, I have used phenomenography to describe the qualitatively different ways that students in two distinct disciplines experience the relationship between information literacy and learning. I have suggested curriculum implications of this description based on a relational approach to learning and teaching. The outcomes of the study include two related sets of categories which map the experience of students in music composition and tax law, and the theoretical GeST windows model for information literacy which is based upon literacy models and theories. The key findings of this study include: * A description of the nature of the experienced relationship between information literacy and learning in music composition and tax law as 1) Applying, 2) Discovering and 3) Expressing (music) or Understanding (tax law); * the theoretical GeST windows model and alignment of the model with the empirical study; * the presentation of curriculum implications in music and tax law, and * an exploration of the nature of information as-it-is-experienced. The findings may be used by teachers, students, librarians, academic skills advisors, academic developers and policy makers in higher education.

This thesis explores the relationship between information literacy and learning. In formal education, students are frequently required to independently find and use information to learn about a topic, and information literacy is often claimed to be a generic skill and graduate attribute. However, to date; the experienced relationship between information literacy and learning has not been investigated. In order to investigate this experience, I have based this research on interviews with 19 students enrolled in third year music composition courses, and 18 students enrolled in a third year tax law course at an Australian university. My primary research question was 'What is the experienced relationship between information literacy and learning?' The secondary research question was "What are the generic and situated aspects of information literacy?' In this study, I have used phenomenography to describe the qualitatively different ways that students in two distinct disciplines experience the relationship between information literacy and learning. I have suggested curriculum implications of this description based on a relational approach to learning and teaching. The outcomes of the study include two related sets of categories which map the experience of students in music composition and tax law, and the theoretical GeST windows model for information literacy which is based upon literacy models and theories. The key findings of this study include: * A description of the nature of the experienced relationship between information literacy and learning in music composition and tax law as 1) Applying, 2) Discovering and 3) Expressing (music) or Understanding (tax law); * the theoretical GeST windows model and alignment of the model with the empirical study; * the presentation of curriculum implications in music and tax law, and * an exploration of the nature of information as-it-is-experienced. The findings may be used by teachers, students, librarians, academic skills advisors, academic developers and policy makers in higher education.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
The environment and its constant degradation are not recent concerns. The possible forms of environmental preservation are subject of constant debate in media, especially because some of the environmental consequences of our inconsequential actions are already palpable. It is undeniable that this debate also orbits the energy sector, given that the sources currently chosen by the Brazilian government for electric power generation aggressively affect the environment. Brazil, despite having hydroelectric plants as its main source of energy, a renewable source although not completely clean, does not have a significant generation through other clean sources, despite having an exorbitant potential, especially with regard to wind and solar energy. Due to the high potential of this type of electric power generation, which is acquired through an inexhaustible and non-polluting source, and the accelerated population growth, which has a significant increase in energy demand, it is undeniable that this type of power generation should be encouraged by the government. Considering this scenario, this research intended, through a dialectical method, to make a legal-dogmatic parallel between the right to an ecologically balanced environment and the current legislation, in order to verify the existing national programs and incentives, as well as to make a juxtaposition between the national and international scenarios, and, finally, discuss the different possibilities of application of the institute of extrafiscality to renewable sources, with the objective of stimulating more effectively this type of power generation in the national territory. In the course of the research, we verified that the range of available alternatives is vast and the application of the extrafiscality to the energy sector has shown to be an excellent tool in the pursuit of constitutional purposes such as the environmental protection. It remains evident, finally, that in order for us to do justice to the constitutional provision that guarantees to everyone the right to an ecologically balanced environment and grant the State duties of environmental protection and promotion, it is necessary that the government actually assume its role of a Socio-environmental State and, urgently, create new and efficient policies, stimulating the national growth of the renewable energy sector, so that we can reach our true potential and guarantee a decent and possible future for the next generations.
N?o ? de hoje a preocupa??o com o meio ambiente e sua constante degrada??o. As poss?veis formas de preserva??o ambiental s?o tema de debate constante nos diversos meios midi?ticos, muito em raz?o de j? serem palp?veis algumas das consequ?ncias ambientais acarretadas pelo nosso agir inconsequente. ? ineg?vel que referido debate tamb?m orbita o setor energ?tico, dado que os meios escolhidos atualmente pelo pa?s para a gera??o de energia afetam agressivamente o ambiente. O Brasil, no que pese ter como principal fonte de gera??o de energia as hidroel?tricas, fonte de energia renov?vel, ainda que n?o completamente limpa, n?o possui gera??o significativa no que se refere as demais energias n?o poluentes, apesar de dispor de um potencial exorbitante, principalmente no que tange ?s fontes e?lica e solar. Em raz?o do alto potencial deste tipo de gera??o de energia, que ? adquirido atrav?s de uma fonte inesgot?vel e n?o poluente, somando-se ainda ao acelerado crescimento da popula??o, que possui como consequ?ncia um aumento significativo da demanda energ?tica, ? incontest?vel que este tipo de gera??o deve ser incentivado. Tendo em vista o mencionado cen?rio, o presente trabalho se prop?s, mediante um m?todo dial?tico, a realizar um cotejo jur?dico-dogm?tico entre o direito fundamental ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado e a legisla??o vigente, com intuito de verificar quais os incentivos existentes no pa?s at? ent?o, assim como realizar uma compara??o entre o cen?rio nacional e internacional, para, por fim, discorrer sobre as distintas possibilidades de aplica??o, pelo Poder P?blico, do instituto da extrafiscalidade ?s energias renov?veis, para que o mesmo consiga incentivar de modo mais eficaz este tipo de gera??o no territ?rio nacional. Verificamos, no decorrer da pesquisa, que ? imensa a gama de alternativas que est?o dispon?veis ao Estado brasileiro e que a aplica??o da extrafiscalidade ambiental ao setor energ?tico se demonstrou, no direito comparado, um excelente instrumento na persecu??o de fins constitucionais como a prote??o ambiental. Restou evidente, enfim, que, para que possamos fazer jus ? previs?o constitucional que garante a todos o direito a um meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado e outorga ao Estado deveres de prote??o e promo??o ambiental, ? preciso que o mesmo vista de fato a roupagem de Estado Socioambiental e, impreterivelmente, crie novas e eficientes pol?ticas p?blicas, induzindo o crescimento real do setor das energias renov?veis de maneira que enfim o nosso verdadeiro potencial seja alcan?ado e, assim, um futuro digno e poss?vel seja garantido ?s pr?ximas gera??es.

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This research analyzed how important the ERPs contribute for the Tax Management. It was made a theoretical revision on the ERP and it was presented the scenario in which the tax management is inserted. The camp field was made under the scope of a qualitative research (a multi-case study), by means of the content analysis technique. This analysis comprised three companies: one of the cosmetic sector, one of the base industry sector and one of the pharmaceutical sector. The current REP operating in these companies is the R/3, from the SAP- Systems Analysis and Program Developing supplier. The subjects of this research were the tax managers and systems analysts of the companies. As a result, it was verified that some tax management workers participated in the implementation of the ERP, and their claims sometimes were not answered. Moreover, the offered preparation was not sufficient for the full operation of the ERP. In spite of the ERP having the tax information, this information is not enough for the full tax management, as a lot of information is not present in the ERP. One of the companies adopted the ERP and also an external solution to satisfy activities not covered by the system. The other 2 companies apply alternative means (for instance, electronic charts, parallel data banks and even data changing to magnetic files to be delivered to public agencies). To conclude, the software suppliers still have to pay attention to answer the informational necessities of the Tax Management.
Esta pesquisa analisou como o Enterprise Resource Planning -ERP ou Sistemas Integrados de Gest??o contribui para a gest??o de tributos. Foi feita uma revis??o te??rica acerca do ERP e apresentando o cen??rio no qual a gest??o de tributos est?? inserida. A pesquisa de campo foi feita sob a ??tica de uma pesquisa qualitativa (estudo de multi casos), utilizando a t??cnica de an??lise de conte??do. O estudo foi realizado com tr??s casos de empresas do setor de cosm??tico, ind??stria de base e farmac??utica. O ERP presente nas empresas estudadas ?? o R/3, comercializado e produzido pela fornecedora SAP- Systems Analysis and Program Development. Os sujeitos da pesquisas foram os gestores de tributos e os analistas de sistemas. Como resultado, foi identificado que houve a presen??a de funcion??rios da gest??o tribut??ria na implanta????o do ERP. As solicita????es desses funcion??rios nem sempre foram atendidas. Ademais, o treinamento ofertado n??o foi suficiente para a plena opera????o do ERP. Quanto ??s informa????es tribut??rias, o ERP estudado possui parte das informa????es, mas elas n??o s??o suficientes para a plena gest??o tribut??ria. Muitas informa????es necess??rias s??o inexistentes dentro do ERP. Em um dos casos, a empresa adotou, al??m do ERP, uma solu????o externa para atender ??s atividades n??o abrangidas pelo ERP. Nos outros dois casos, as empresas utilizam meios alternativos (planilhas eletr??nicas, banco de dados paralelos e at?? mesmo a altera????o dos dados em arquivos magn??ticos a serem entregues aos ??rg??os fiscalizadores). Concluiu-se que ainda ?? necess??ria uma maior aten????o dos fornecedores de software quanto ao atendimento das necessidades informacionais da Gest??o de Tributos.

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This study examines the factors that influence public managers in the adoption of advanced practices related to Information Security Management. This research used, as the basis of assertions, Security Standard ISO 27001:2005 and theoretical model based on TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) from Venkatesh and Davis (2000). The method adopted was field research of national scope with participation of eighty public administrators from states of Brazil, all of them managers and planners of state governments. The approach was quantitative and research methods were descriptive statistics, factor analysis and multiple linear regression for data analysis. The survey results showed correlation between the constructs of the TAM model (ease of use, perceptions of value, attitude and intention to use) and agreement with the assertions made in accordance with ISO 27001, showing that these factors influence the managers in adoption of such practices. On the other independent variables of the model (organizational profile, demographic profile and managers behavior) no significant correlation was identified with the assertions of the same standard, witch means the need for expansion researches using such constructs. It is hoped that this study may contribute positively to the progress on discussions about Information Security Management, Adoption of Safety Standards and Technology Acceptance Model
Este estudo analisa os fatores que influenciam os gestores p?blicos na ado??o de pr?ticas van?adas de Gest?o de Seguran?a da Informa??o. A pesquisa utilizou como base assertivas a Norma de Seguran?a ISO 27001:2005 e modelo te?rico baseado no TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) descrito em Venkatesh e Davis (2000). O m?todo adotado foi a esquisa de campo de alcance nacional que contou com a participa??o de oitenta gestores p?blicos dos Estados do Brasil, sendo todos coordenadores na ?rea de gest?o e planejamento dos governos estaduais. A abordagem da pesquisa foi quantitativa e foram utilizados m?todos de estat?stica descritiva, an?lise fatorial e regress?o linear m?ltipla para an?lise dos dados. Os resultados da pesquisa apresentaram correla??o entre os construtos do modelo TAM (facilidade na utiliza??o, percep??o sobre a utilidade, atitude e inten??o de utiliza??o) e a concord?ncia com as assertivas elaboradas de acordo com a norma ISO 27001, demonstrando que estes fatores influenciam os gestores na ado??o de tais pr?ticas. J? as outras vari?veis independentes do modelo (perfil organizacional, perfil demogr?fico e comportamental dos gestores) n?o tiveram correla??o significante com as assertivas da referida norma, demonstrando necessidade de amplia??o de pesquisas com utiliza??o de tais construtos. Espera-se que este estudo possa contribuir de forma positiva ao avan?o nas discuss?es sobre o tema Gest?o de Seguran?a da Informa??o e Ado??o de Normas de Seguran?a, bem como, Modelos de Aceita??o de Tecnologia

Les besoins sans cesse croissants de transmission de l'information nécessitent une utilisation efficace des ressources fréquentielles. Les transmissions radioélectriques s'effectuent au travers de canaux de propagation qui, lorsque les débits sont importants, dégradent de façon sévère les signaux émis. Ce phénomène, couple avec une volonté de partager au mieux le spectre, a amené le cdma à être choisi comme la technique d'accès multiple des futurs systèmes de téléphonie mobile. Afin de garantir de bonnes performances aux systèmes cdma dans le contexte radio-mobile, il est indispensable d'utiliser des techniques de démodulations avancées ainsi que d'avoir une bonne connaissance des canaux de propagation. Afin de garantir la meilleure qualité de transmission possible, nous développons le récepteur qui estime les séquences de symboles émises les plus probables. Malheureusement, ce récepteur est d'une complexité algorithmique trop importante et, en pratique, il est nécessaire de développer des structures sous optimales. Ces récepteurs sous optimaux sont développes en introduisant de nouveaux critères permettant d'obtenir une complexité de traitement inférieure a celle du récepteur optimal. Les performances de ces divers récepteurs sont ensuite comparées en termes de taux d'erreur binaire. La mise en ouvre de récepteurs coopératifs nécessite la connaissance du canal de propagation. Nous développons différentes techniques d'estimation des canaux exploitant au mieux la connaissance des systèmes. Ces estimateurs de canaux sont développes au sens du maximum de vraisemblance en les adaptant a la connaissance des signaux transmis et ce dans un cadre MIMO (multiple input multiple output). Nous développons dans les différents cas les études de performances, les bornes de Cramer-Rao et nous montrons que les estimateurs proposes sont efficaces a fort rapport signal sur bruit (rsb).

La tesi ha come obiettivo principale lo sviluppo hardware e software di una piattaforma di monitoraggio per dispensatori di bevande. Questo tipo di progetto si colloca nel mondo dei dispositivi IoT che sono caratterizzati dalla presenza di connessione internet e dall'ingente scambio di dati. Nell'elaborato sono descritti i passi progettuali in maniera dettagliata che mi hanno condotto alla realizzazione di due differenti prototipi: il primo, utile per validare i sistemi di acquisizione e di invio dati; il secondo, sviluppato con lo scopo di eliminare le schede di sviluppo utilizzate nella prima revisione e ridurre costi ed ingombri. Dopo la descrizione delle parti hardware ho proceduto alla descrizione del firmware che controlla tutte le parti della scheda, ponendo particolare attenzione sulle parti più importanti del sistema. Al termine dell'elaborato viene fatto un breve resoconto dei risultati ottenuti e dei probabili sviluppi futuri che il progetto prevede di affrontare.

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Brazilian society increasingly demands quality public services assuming the application of established practices in private management would support the managerial model called New Public Management, a model that aims to assist managers to meet this demand. The Federal Higher Education Institutions - FHEI - need to professionalize the management to achieve excellence in public service. This research started asking: What is the composition of the satis-motivational dynamics of the administrators? who work at the Federal University of Juiz de Fora ? UFJF? The research goal was to diagnose the components of the satis-motivational dynamics that impacts the work of the technical-administrative civil servants - TA - who make their professional career in the position of administrator in the FHEI. The answer achieved may subsidize the construction of pertinent policies of people management and the implementation of strategic people management within the UFJF. Qualitative data was collected through interviews with ten out of the 42 administrators who work at UFJF. Such interviews were recorded in audio, transcribed and interpreted by inductive and phenomenographic analysis procedures. The main findings: (1st) motivation to work vary according to the conception of work developed by each individual through subjectively experiencing the performed work; (2d) the motivational factors that positively impact the work of TAs administrators in UFJF are related to: (i) the content of the job they perform; (ii) the recognition they receive; (iii) their sense of accomplishment; (iv) the importance they confer to their work; (3d) such motivational factors manifested according to two working concepts revealed by the interviewees: (a) work as having relevant social impact of organizational results; (B) work as an achievement of personal goals within the organization. It were also identified motivational factors that negatively impact the TA administrators? motivation as well as the ones that bring them satisfaction and dissatisfaction in their work. The administrators? in UFJF satis-motivational dynamic is compounded by: their profile, the activities they carried out and the career horizon they perceive at UFJF. Based on this satis-motivational diagnosis it was drawn up a proposal for a satis-motivational program relevant to the administrators? career as technician public servants in UFJF and pertinent to the organizational context. This diagnosis revealed evidence of an existing crisis of motivations linked to the examined workforce over qualification that tends to result in a loss of their motivation when carrying out perceived low-complexity tasks. The results are relevant to launch a Brazilian interpretive perspective on individual and motivational dynamics in the public sector, that provides managers with information to release TA?s own motivational potential and the re-motivation of those who are in a loss of motivation process. The results are relevant to launch a Brazilian interpretative perspective at the intrinsic individual motivational dynamics in the public sector, which provides managers the possibility to release the motivational potential of each worker and to propitiate their own re-motivation of those who are in loss of motivation process.
A sociedade brasileira demanda crescentemente servi?os p?blicos de qualidade e a aplica??o de pr?ticas consagradas na gest?o privada ? um dos pressupostos presentes no vigente modelo gerencial da chamada Nova Administra??o P?blica, modelo esse que se prop?e a auxiliar os gestores no atendimento dessa demanda com pertin?ncia e efetividade. As Institui??es Federais de Ensino Superior - IFES - necessitam profissionalizar a gest?o de suas atividades para atingir excel?ncia na presta??o de servi?o p?blico. Servi?o este prestado por seus servidores p?blicos, dentre eles os t?cnicos-administrativos. A presente pesquisa partiu da seguinte indaga??o: Qual ? a composi??o da din?mica satis-motivacional dos administradores que fazem sua carreira na Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora? O objetivo foi diagnosticar os componentes dessa din?mica satis-motivacional que impactam o trabalho dos servidores p?blicos t?cnicos-administrativos - TAE ? fazendo sua carreira no cargo de administrador numa IFES. A resposta alcan?ada pode subsidiar a constru??o de pol?ticas motivacionais pertinentes de gest?o de pessoas e a implementa??o de uma gest?o estrat?gica de pessoas no ?mbito da UFJF. Esta pesquisa coletou dados qualitativos mediante entrevistas realizadas com dez dos 42 administradores que comp?em o quadro efetivo da UFJF. Tais entrevistas foram gravadas em ?udio, transcritas e interpretadas por an?lise indutiva e fenomenogr?fica. Dentre as descobertas: (1?) as motiva??es para trabalhar variam de acordo com a concep??o que cada indiv?duo subjetivamente elabora vivenciando o trabalho que realiza; (2?) os fatores motivacionais que impactam positivamente no trabalho dos TAEs administradores na UFJF relacionam-se com: (i) o conte?do do que realizam no cargo; (ii) o reconhecimento que recebem; (iii) a sensa??o de realiza??o; (iv) a import?ncia que eles mesmos atribuem ao cargo; (3?) tais fatores motivacionais se manifestaram de acordo com duas concep??es de trabalho explicitadas pelos sujeitos de pesquisa: (a) trabalho como impacto social relevante do resultado organizacional; (b) trabalho como conquista de objetivos pessoais dentro da organiza??o. (4?) Tamb?m se identificaram fatores motivacionais que impactam negativamente no trabalho e na motiva??o dos administradores bem como os que lhes trazem satisfa??o e insatisfa??o no seu trabalho. Comp?em a din?mica satis-motivacional do administrador na UFJF: o seu perfil, as atividades que realiza e o horizonte de carreira por ele almejado na IFES. Com base no diagn?stico satis-motivacional foi elaborada uma proposta de programa satis-motivacional pertinente aos servidores TAE da carreira de administrador na UFJF e ao contexto organizacional. Este diagn?stico revelou ind?cios de estar se vivendo uma crise das motiva??es ligada ? superqualifica??o do quadro de funcion?rios TAE que tendem a perder sua motiva??o pela realiza??o de tarefas percebidas como de baixa complexidade. Os resultados s?o relevantes por lan?ar um olhar brasileiro e interpretativista do indiv?duo e da din?mica motivacional no setor p?blico, que propicia aos gestores considerar a ?tica dos pr?prios TAE para desbloquear o potencial motivacional de cada trabalhador e propiciar a eles realizarem sua pr?pria remotiva??o dos que se encontram em processo de perda da motiva??o.

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L??tude du processus de construction / reconstruction des comp?tences de l?assistant social sous la gestion du SESI (Service Social de l? Industrie), Natal/RN, d?s la moiti? des ann?es 90 a r?affirmer la perspective que ce processus est le r?sultat de d?terminations macrosoci?taires qui sont pr?sents, particuli?rement au Br?sil, aussi que, la fa?on par laquelle l?assistant social, le professionnel inscrit dans la division sociale et technique du travail, fait d?velopper son perfectionement technique et intelectuel dans un milieu de nouvelles structures productives qui ?xigent un nouveau profil du professionnel face ? la crise du capital et de l??tat. Cette recherche, de nature qualitative et quantitative, a eu lieu par de combinaisons de recherche bibliographique et empirique. Les sujets ont ?t? huit assistants sociaux et six travailleurs administratifs du SESI, Natal/RN. Les donn?s ont ?t? obtenus par des interviews semi-structr?es. On a analis? les changements qui sont arriv?s dans les gestions du SESI et les comp?tences qui sont ?xig?es de l?assistant social ; l?influence du milieu socio-occupationel sur l?action professionnelle et sur le processus de construction/reconstruction de comp?tences; l?agrandissement de demandes institutionnelles pour l?assistant social par rapport ? la prestation de services ; aussi que la constatation de l?importance de ce professionnel, sa hardiesse, mais aussi quelques limites et d?fis affront?s face ? la qualification stimul? par le SESI, en amenant le professionnel dans un processus contradictoire de qualification et disqualification professionelle
O estudo sobre o processo de constru??o/reconstru??o das compet?ncias do assistente social sob a gest?o do SESI, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, a partir de meados dos anos 90 reafirmou a perspectiva de que esse processo ? resultado tanto de determina??es macrossociet?rias presentes de forma particular no Brasil, quanto da forma em que o assistente social, profissional inscrito na divis?o social e t?cnica do trabalho, desenvolve o seu aprimoramento t?cnico e intelectual em meio a um cen?rio de reestrutura??o produtiva que exige um novo perfil de trabalhador diante da crise do capital e do Estado. A pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa e quantitativa, efetivou-se atrav?s da combina??o entre pesquisa bibliogr?fica e emp?rica.Os sujeitos foram oito assistentes sociais e seis trabalhadores da ?rea administrativa do SESI, Natal/RN. A coleta de dados foi obtida por meio de entrevistas semi- estruturadas. Foram analisadas as mudan?as ocorridas em termos da gest?o do SESI e das compet?ncias exigidas do assistente social; a influ?ncia do espa?o s?cio-ocupacional sobre a a??o profissional e sobre o processo de constru??o/reconstru??o de compet?ncias; o alargamento de demandas institucionais para o assistente social no ?mbito da presta??o de servi?os; bem como a constata??o da import?ncia desse profissional, sua ousadia, mas tamb?m alguns limites e desafios enfrentados diante da qualifica??o incentivada pelo SESI que ingressa o profissional num processo contradit?rio de qualifica??o e desqualifica??o profissional

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In recent decades the public sector comes under pressure in order to improve its performance. The use of Information Technology (IT) has been a tool increasingly used in reaching that goal. Thus, it has become an important issue in public organizations, particularly in institutions of higher education, determine which factors influence the acceptance and use of technology, impacting on the success of its implementation and the desired organizational results. The Technology Acceptance Model - TAM was used as the basis for this study and is based on the constructs perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. However, when it comes to integrated management systems due to the complexity of its implementation,organizational factors were added to thus seek further explanation of the acceptance of such systems. Thus, added to the model five TAM constructs related to critical success factors in implementing ERP systems, they are: support of top management, communication, training, cooperation, and technological complexity (BUENO and SALMERON, 2008). Based on the foregoing, launches the following research problem: What factors influence the acceptance and use of SIE / module academic at the Federal University of Para, from the users' perception of teachers and technicians? The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of organizational factors, and behavioral antecedents of behavioral intention to use the SIE / module academic UFPA in the perspective of teachers and technical users. This is applied research, exploratory and descriptive, quantitative with the implementation of a survey, and data collection occurred through a structured questionnaire applied to a sample of 229 teachers and 30 technical and administrative staff. Data analysis was carried out through descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling with the technique of partial least squares (PLS). Effected primarily to assess the measurement model, which were verified reliability, convergent and discriminant validity for all indicators and constructs. Then the structural model was analyzed using the bootstrap resampling technique like. In assessing statistical significance, all hypotheses were supported. The coefficient of determination (R ?) was high or average in five of the six endogenous variables, so the model explains 47.3% of the variation in behavioral intention. It is noteworthy that among the antecedents of behavioral intention (BI) analyzed in this study, perceived usefulness is the variable that has a greater effect on behavioral intention, followed by ease of use (PEU) and attitude (AT). Among the organizational aspects (critical success factors) studied technological complexity (TC) and training (ERT) were those with greatest effect on behavioral intention to use, although these effects were lower than those produced by behavioral factors (originating from TAM). It is pointed out further that the support of senior management (TMS) showed, among all variables, the least effect on the intention to use (BI) and was followed by communications (COM) and cooperation (CO), which exert a low effect on behavioral intention (BI). Therefore, as other studies on the TAM constructs were adequate for the present research. Thus, the study contributed towards proving evidence that the Technology Acceptance Model can be applied to predict the acceptance of integrated management systems, even in public. Keywords: Technology
Nas ?ltimas d?cadas o setor p?blico vem sofrendo press?es com vistas a melhorar seu desempenho. A utiliza??o da Tecnologia da Informa??o (TI) tem sido uma ferramenta cada vez mais empregada na tentativa de alcan?ar esse objetivo. Dessa forma, passou a ser uma importante quest?o nas organiza??es p?blicas, e em particular nas institui??es de ensino superior, verificar quais fatores influenciam a aceita??o e o uso da tecnologia, impactando no sucesso de sua implementa??o e nos resultados organizacionais almejados. O Modelo de Aceita??o da Tecnologia TAM foi utilizado como base para o presente estudo e fundamenta-se nos construtos utilidade percebida e facilidade de uso percebida. No entanto, quando se trata de sistemas integrados de gest?o, devido ? complexidade de sua implanta??o, acrescentaram-se fatores organizacionais para assim buscar maior explica??o da aceita??o desses sistemas. Assim, acrescentaram-se ao modelo TAM cinco construtos relacionados aos fatores cr?ticos de sucesso na implementa??o de sistemas ERP, s?o eles: apoio da alta administra??o, comunica??o, treinamento, coopera??o, e complexidade tecnol?gica (BUENO e SALMERON, 2008). Com base no exposto, lan?a-se o seguinte problema de pesquisa: quais fatores influenciam a aceita??o e uso do SIE/m?dulo acad?mico na Universidade Federal do Par?, a partir da percep??o dos usu?rios t?cnicos e docentes? O objetivo geral da pesquisa foi identificar a influ?ncia de fatores organizacionais e comportamentais como antecedentes da inten??o comportamental de uso do SIE/m?dulo acad?mico na UFPA sob a perspectiva dos usu?rios docentes e t?cnicos. A presente pesquisa ? aplicada, explorat?ria e descritiva, de natureza quantitativa com a aplica??o de um survey, e a coleta de dados se deu por meio de question?rio estruturado aplicado a uma amostra composta por 229 docentes e 30 t?cnico-administrativos. A an?lise de dados se deu atrav?s de estat?sticas descritivas e modelagem de equa??o estrutural com a t?cnica de m?nimos quadros parciais (Partial Least Square-PLS). Primeiramente efetuou-se a avalia??o do modelo de mensura??o, no qual foram verificadas a confiabilidade, validade convergente e discriminante para todos os indicadores e construtos. Em seguida, o modelo estrutural foi analisado, com a utiliza??o de bootstrap como t?cnica de reamostragem. Na avalia??o das signific?ncias estat?sticas, todas as hip?teses formuladas foram suportadas. O coeficiente de determina??o (R?) foi considerado alto ou m?dio em 5 das 6 vari?veis end?genas, assim o modelo consegue explicar 47,3% da varia??o da inten??o comportamental. Ressalta-se que, dentre os antecedentes da inten??o comportamental (BI) analisados no presente estudo, utilidade percebida ? a vari?vel que possui maior efeito sobre a inten??o comportamental, seguida pela facilidade de uso (PEU) e a atitude (AT). Dentre os aspectos organizacionais (fatores cr?ticos de sucesso) estudados, complexidade tecnol?gica (TC) e treinamento (TRE) foram aqueles com maior efeito sobre a inten??o comportamental de usar, apesar desses efeitos serem inferiores aos produzidos pelos fatores comportamentais (origin?rios do TAM). Destaca-se, ainda, que o apoio da alta administra??o (TMS) apresentou, entre todas as vari?veis, o menor efeito sobre a inten??o de usar (BI) e foi seguida pela comunica??o (COM) e coopera??o (CO), as quais exercem um baixo efeito sobre a inten??o comportamental (BI). Portanto, conforme outros estudos, os construtos relativos ao TAM mostraram-se adequados para a presente pesquisa. Dessa maneira, o estudo contribuiu no sentido de demonstrar ind?cios de que o Modelo de Aceita??o da Tecnologia pode ser aplicado ? predi??o da aceita??o de sistemas integrados de gest?o, mesmo em organiza??es p?blicas.

Det finns idag väldigt många olika handelsföretag, vilket medför att konkurrensen om konsumenterna är stenhård. Butiker använder många olika former av marknadsföring för att nå fram till sina respektive målgrupper, marknadsföring är ett väldigt brett begrepp och involverar många olika åtgärder som butiken kan använda sig av. Det här arbetet fokuserar på tre olika former av säljfrämjande åtgärder som är relativt vanliga idag. Det som studeras i denna rapport är huruvida kupongerbjudanden, SMS erbjudanden och erbjudandet ’tag 2 betala för 1’ påverkar olika konsumenters beteenden och om de blir mer benägna till köp när de utsätts för dessa. Erbjudandet ’tag 2 betala för 1’ kan användas på flertal lika sätt men författarna har endast sett på erbjudandet som en kommunikationskanal i butiksmiljö, såsom skyltning och förpackningar. Forskningsfrågan som kommer att belysa hela arbetet är: hur påverkas konsumenters beteenden av rabatterbjudanden? Vi belyser i arbetet de skillnader och likheter som framkommit mellan olika generationer och ur ett genusperspektiv. Vi ser även över vilka eventuella risker respektive möjligheter som kan finnas genom att använda sig av dessa tre olika sorters besparingserbjudanden. Författarna har valt att genomföra en kvantitativ ansats och inspirationen till vår enkätundersökning grundar sig på tidigare forskning. Enkätundersökningen har utförts på 100 respondenter som tillfrågats via e-post och slumpvis utvalda personer i Katrineholms centrum. Deltagarna som tillfrågats är uppdelade i fyra kategorier, utifrån ålder och kön.Enkätundersökningen gav författarna belägg för att påvisa att konsumenter reagerar olika beroende på vilken typ av säljfrämjande åtgärder dessa utsattes för. Författarna kan se tydliga skillnader mellan dessa typer av erbjudanden. ’Tag 2 betala för 1’ som avser en kommunikationskanal i butiksmiljö var det erbjudande som samtliga deltagare föredrog. Kategorin som behandlar äldre män var de deltagare som överlag inte föredrog olika typer av rabatterbjudanden.
There are many trading companies today, which bring fierce competition over the customers. Stores use a lot of different kinds of marketing to reach respective target groups, marketing is a very wide term and involves many different measures that the stores can use. Our study focuses on three different kinds of sales promotion who are relative common today. We have studied whether the coupon offers, SMS offers and offer ‘buy one get one for free’ affects different consumer behavior and if consumers become more inclined to buy when they are exposed to them. The offer ‘buy one get one for free’ can be used in several similar ways, but the authors have only seen the offer as a communication channel in the retail environment, such as signage and packaging. The research question that will illuminate the entire work is how consumer behavior is influenced by the discount offers? The things that are investigated are if coupons, text message offers and ‘buy one get one for free’ have an effect on consumers behavior and if they become more liable to purchase when they are exposed of these promotions. In our study we will express the highlights of the differences and similarities that emerged between different generations and through a gender perspective. We have also checked the possible risks respective opportunities that may be found using these three different kinds of saving offers. The authors have chosen to implement a quantitative approach and the inspiration for our survey is based on previous research. The survey has been conducted on 100 respondents questioned by e-mail and randomly selected in Katrineholm city. The participants surveyed are divided into four categories according to age and gender.The survey gave the authors evidence to demonstrate that consumers react differently depending on the type of promotion they were subjected. The authors can see a clear difference between these types of offers. 'Buy one get one for free' which refers to a communication channel in the retail environment was the offer that all participants preferred. The category with older men was the participants who generally did not prefer different types of discount offers.

Introduction of Goods & Service Tax has made large scale changes in the working pattern of all the sectors of Indian Economy. The Construction Sector, often known as an “unorganized sector” has been hit by it the most as in construction sector, there are large number of activities involved, a big budget is put up initially, knowledge regarding the document management as well as the management of financial aspects is not done as per the required terms. Often there are shortcuts taken to deal with the tax enhancing activities, which is making the construction industry prone to the bad effects of GST on its working and is regularizing the unorganized sector. There are myths that construction sector is facing a slow down due to GST, there is a rise in the cost of materials, machinery as well as man power due to GST, but the actual scenario is being studied by taking an existing building if construction as per the old system of taxation and if the same is constructed as per the GST regime. The difference in the cost is calculated on unit basis to check the effects of GST on Construction Sector. . Goods and Service Tax GST is all set to be a game changer for the Indian economy. The tax is expected to reduce the concept of ‘tax on tax’, increase the gross domestic product of the economy and reduce prices. In India, there are different indirect taxes applied on goods and services by central and state government. GST is intended to include all these taxes into one tax with seamless ITC and charged on both goods and services. For the introduction of GST, the Government needs to get the Constitution Amendment Bill passed so that the proposed objective of subsuming all taxes and allowing states to tax subjects in Union list and vice versa is achieved. Without these powers, it is not legally possible to move towards GST. Conceptually GST is expected to have numerous benefits like reduction in compliances in the long run since multiple taxes will be replaced with one tax. It is expected to bring down prices and hence the inflation since it will remove the impact of tax on tax and enable seamless credit. It is expected to generate revenue for the country as the tax base will increase as the GST rate will be somewhere around 27% with both goods and services covered. It is also expected to make exports from India competitive and India a preferred destination for foreign investment since GST is a globally accepted tax. Unless the issues relating to GST has been overcome, the GST would become a bare wall without any scripts to describe in future.

by Lee Wing-cheung.
"November 2001."
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 152-169).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Several cell culture and animal studies demonstrated that citrus limonoids have protective effects against certain types of cancer. These chemopreventive properties of citrus limonoids are attributed to the induction of phase II enzyme, glutathione Stransferase (GST). In the current study, six citrus limonoids and two modified limonoids were utilized for the evaluation of NAD(P)H: quinone reductase (QR) activity and glutathione S-tranferase (GST) activity against 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) in A/J female mice. In liver, limonoids that induced phase II enzyme activity were limonin-7- methoxime (32% CBNB), (270% 4NQO), (65% QR); and deacetylnomilin (180% QR). In stomach, limonin-7-methoxime (51% 4NQO); deacetyl nomilinic acid glucoside (55% 4NQO), nomilin (58% CDNB), (75% 4NQO); isoobacunoic acid (25% CDNB); deacetylnomilin (19% CDNB); limonoid mixture (45% 4NQO), (200% QR). Furthermore, in intestine, nomilin (280% 4NQO); deacetylnomilin (73% 4NQO), (22% QR); and the limonoid mixture (93% 4NQO) increase enzymatic activity. Finally in lung, deacetyl nomilinic acid glucoside (67% CDNB); limonin-7-methoxime (32% QR); and defuran limonin (45% QR) diplayed induction properties. Furthermore, D-glucaric acid (GA), a chemoprotective compound found in fruits and vegetables, was quantified using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) grapefruit. Nine widely used grapefruit varieties were analyzed for the levels of D-glucaric acid. Seasonal levels of GA in each of the grapefruit varieties tested were found to be Thompson (58.36-126.8 mg/100ml), Henderson (29.6-49.7 mg/100ml), Rio Red (40.0-58.8mg/100ml), Star Ruby (25.5-46.7 mg/100ml), I-48 (26.6-58.3 mg/100ml), Ruby Red (49.3-63.0 mg/100ml), Ray’s Ruby (58.2-72.1 mg/100ml), Marsh (53.7-65.8 mg/100ml) and Duncan (50.17 mg/100ml). The HPLC method developed for the quantification of D-glucaric acid was found to be simple, fast, and reproducible. Additionally, the labor intensity and cost of sample preparation were greatly reduced.

Alzheimer s disease is characterized by synaptic alterations and neurodegeneration. Histopathological hallmarks represent amyloidplaques composed of amyloid-beta (Abeta) and neurofibrillary tangles containing hyperphosphorylated tau. To determine whether synaptic changes and neurodegeneration share common pathways we established an ex vivo model using organotypic hippocampal slicecultures from amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice combined with virus-mediated expression of EGFP-tagged tau constructs. Confocal high-resolution imaging, algorithm-based evaluation of spines and live imaging was employed to determine spine changes and neurodegeneration. We report that Abeta but not tau induces spine loss and shifts spine shape from mushroom to stubby through a mechanism involving NMDA receptor (NMDAR), calcineurin and GSK-3beta activation. In contrast, Abeta alone does not cause neurodegeneration but induces toxicity by phosphorylation of wt tau in a NMDAR-dependent pathway. We show thatGSK-3beta levels are elevated in APP transgenic cultures and that inhibiting GSK-3beta activity or use of phosphorylation-blocking tau mutations prevent Abeta-induced toxicity of tau. FTDP-17 tau mutants are differentially affected by Abeta. While R406W tau shows increased toxicity in the presence of Abeta, no change is observed with P301L tau. While blocking NMDAR activity abolishes toxicity of both wt and R406W tau, the inhibition of GSK-3beta only protects against toxicity of wt tau but not of R406W tau induced by Abeta. Tau aggregation does not correlate with toxicity. We propose that Abeta-induced spine pathology and tau-dependent neurodegeneration are mediated by divergent pathways downstream of NMDA receptor activation and suggest that Abeta affects wt and R406W tau toxicity by different pathways downstream of NMDAR activity.

This study investigated the relationship between seniors' travel behaviors and living environments and the ways they successfully adapt to the environments, using a sequential mixed method in which qualitative methods follow quantitative analyses. The data were collected from the members of social clubs who regularly visit a community center for the elderly in a mid-size city in Osaka prefecture, Japan. One hundred ninety three seniors participated in the questionnaire survey asking about their daily travel patterns, personal backgrounds, social relations, and environmental information. Twenty-one seniors shared their perceptions of the city and the ways in which they get around through face-to-face interviews, sketch mapping, and one-week travel diary. The findings highlighted cultural and gender influences on seniors' mobility and the proactive nature of their travel behaviors. The participants were relatively healthy and active seniors who travel primarily by bicycle. The statistical analyses indicated that gender did not determine overall or average travel frequency but did identify factors related to high travel frequency. Living near a bus stop and the perception of going out more often than in the past predicted men's high travel frequency (going out every day), while women's high travel frequency was predicted by travel modes (bicycling and walking), sidewalk safety, chores (grocery shopping), and social network (seeing friends and having fewer relatives). Furthermore, the results of qualitative analyses revealed that seniors invented, modified, and applied various adaptive strategies to maintain or enhance their mobility. The positive perceptions of their communities such as favorable memories and beautiful scenery fostered seniors' familiarity and sense of belonging. Seniors used and modified social and environment resources to ensure travel safety. In addition, changes in senior's life stages and travel means manifested gender differences in their adaptive strategies. Men tended to focus on maintaining good health to keep their driver's license, representing their social role as a provider, while women's adaptations related to adjustment to widowhood and travel safety.