Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Grignon (France)"

Abstract. The stability of soil carbon is a major source of uncertainty for the prediction of atmospheric CO2 concentration during the 21st century. Isolating experimentally the stable soil carbon from other, more vulnerable, pools is of prime importance for calibrating soil C models, and gaining insights on the mechanisms leading to soil organic carbon (SOC) stability. Long-term bare fallow experiments, in which the decay of SOC is monitored for decades after inputs from plant material have stopped, represent a unique opportunity to assess the stable organic carbon. We synthesized data from 6 bare fallow experiments of long-duration, covering a range of soil types and climate conditions, at Askov (Denmark), Grignon and Versailles (France), Kursk (Russia), Rothamsted (UK), and Ultuna (Sweden). The conceptual model of SOC being divided into three pools with increasing turnover times, a labile pool (~ years), an intermediate pool (~ decades) and a stable pool (~ several centuries or more) fits well with the long term SOC decays observed in bare fallow soils. The modeled stable pool estimates ranged from 2.7 gC kg−1 at Rothamsted to 6.8 gC kg−1 at Grignon. The uncertainty over the identification of the stable pool is large due to the short length of the fallow records relative to the time scales involved in the decay of soil C. At Versailles, where there is least uncertainty associated with the determination of a stable pool, the soil contains predominantly stable C after 80 years of continuous bare fallow. Such a site represents a unique research platform for future experimentation addressing the characteristics of stable SOC and its vulnerability to global change.

L’influence des droites radicales françaises sur le Canada français a fait l’objet de nombreux travaux avec, en toile de fond, la question controversée de la réception et des usages du maurrassisme dans les milieux canadiens-français. Cependant, les historiens se sont surtout intéressés aux membres des réseaux intellectuels et des cercles littéraires, le plus souvent issus de la bourgeoisie urbaine, de la presse à grand tirage ou des professions libérales. Par conséquent, cet article se penche sur les liens privilégiés qu’entretenait Claude-Henri Grignon (1894-1976), décrocheur scolaire, ex-détenu de la Prison de Bordeaux et pamphlétaire autodidacte du nord des Laurentides, avec René Benjamin (1885-1948), écrivain prolifique, militant de l’Action française et proche collaborateur de Charles Maurras. Cette recherche nous apportera un éclairage inédit sur un cas particulier d’influences littéraires et idéologiques entre la France et le Canada français hormis les cercles montréalais près de l’abbé Lionel Groulx ou de L’Action française de Montréal.

Abstract. The stability of soil organic matter (SOM) is a major source of uncertainty in predicting atmospheric CO2 concentration during the 21st century. Isolating the stable soil carbon (C) from other, more labile, C fractions in soil is of prime importance for calibrating soil C simulation models, and gaining insights into the mechanisms that lead to soil C stability. Long-term experiments with continuous bare fallow (vegetation-free) treatments in which the decay of soil C is monitored for decades after all inputs of C have stopped, provide a unique opportunity to assess the quantity of stable soil C. We analyzed data from six bare fallow experiments of long-duration (>30 yrs), covering a range of soil types and climate conditions, and sited at Askov (Denmark), Grignon and Versailles (France), Kursk (Russia), Rothamsted (UK), and Ultuna (Sweden). A conceptual three pool model dividing soil C into a labile pool (turnover time of a several years), an intermediate pool (turnover time of a several decades) and a stable pool (turnover time of a several centuries or more) fits well with the long term C decline observed in the bare fallow soils. The estimate of stable C ranged from 2.7 g C kg−1 at Rothamsted to 6.8 g C kg−1 at Grignon. The uncertainty associated with estimates of the stable pool was large due to the short duration of the fallow treatments relative to the turnover time of stable soil C. At Versailles, where there is least uncertainty associated with the determination of a stable pool, the soil contains predominantly stable C after 80 years of continuous bare fallow. Such a site represents a unique research platform for characterization of the nature of stable SOM and its vulnerability to global change.

Croplands remain poorly studied ecosystems in terms of total hydroxyl radical (OH) reactivity, especially when compared to forests. As part of the COV3ER project, total OH reactivity (ROH), defined as the total loss rate of OH due to its reaction with reactive species in the atmosphere, was characterized in a rapeseed field (Grignon, France) during the blooming season in April 2017. Measurements were performed in a dynamic chamber as well as in ambient air using the Comparative Reactivity Method (CRM). Complementary measurements of organic (including a proton transfer reaction quadrupole ion–time of flight mass spectrometry, PTRQi-ToFMS) and inorganic compounds were also performed in order to calculate the expected OH reactivity and evaluate the missing fraction. Measured ROH varied diurnally in the dynamic chamber (mROHchamber) with maxima around 20 to 30 s−1 at midday and minima during dark hours, following the variability of the enclosed branch VOCsrapeseed, which is light- and temperature-dependent. Oxygenated VOCs were the major compounds emitted by the rapeseed crop. However, in terms of contribution to OH reactivity, isoprene accounted for 40% during the daytime, followed by acetaldehyde (21%) and monoterpenes (18%). The comparison between mROHchamber and calculated ROH (cROHchamber) exhibited little or no difference during dark hours, whereas a maximum difference appeared around midday, highlighting a significant missing fraction (46% on average during daytime) mainly related to biogenic temperature- and/or light-dependent emissions.

AbstractThis work explores the uncertainty of the inferred maize pollen emission rate using measurements and simulations of pollen dispersion at Grignon in France. Measurements were obtained via deposition of pollen on the ground in a canopy gap; simulations were conducted using the two-dimensional Lagrangian Stochastic Mechanistic mOdel for Pollen dispersion and deposition (SMOP). First, a quantitative evaluation of the model's performance was conducted using a global sensitivity analysis to analyse the convergence behaviour of the results and scatter diagrams. Then, a qualitative study was conducted to infer the pollen emission rate and calibrate the methodology against experimental data for several sets of variable values. The analysis showed that predicted and observed values were in good agreement and the calculated statistical indices were mostly within the range of acceptable model performance. Furthermore, it was revealed that the mean settling velocity and vertical leaf area index are the main variables affecting pollen deposition in the canopy gap. Finally, an estimated pollen emission rate was obtained according to a restricted setting, where the model studied includes no deposition on leaves, no resuspension and with horizontal pollen fluctuations either taken into account or not. The estimated pollen emission rate obtained was nearly identical to the measured quantity. In conclusion, the findings of the current study show that the described methodology could be an interesting approach for accurate prediction of maize pollen deposition and emission rates and may be appropriate for other pollen types.

In France, the conservation of geological heritage has a complex history that dates back to the middle of the 19th century. Two regulatory tools, “Site Classé”, established in 1906, and Natural Reserves, created in 1976, have served to protect geological sites in the past. Nonetheless, these tools are long to implement vis-à-vis to the rapid destruction of geological objects in the French territory. Due to this juridical void, the state created in 2015 two prefectural decrees for the protection of geological sites of interest. These tools allow the Prefect to: (i) determine a departmental list of geological sites of importance; (ii) define appropriate regulations for their conservation through the Prefectural Decree of the Protection of the Geotope (APPG). Their decentralised legal proceedings appear to be easy to administer, as they only require the advice of regional and departmental commissions as well as some local stakeholders. Our article reports the first enactment of the APPG in France, in a peri-urban to urban area, the Yvelines department. By relying on the programmes of Strategy of Creation of Protected metropolitan Areas (SCAP) and the National Inventory of the Geological Heritage (INPG), two geological sites of international value threatened by anthropic activities were selected for the APPG: the Lutetian fossil sites of Grignon and the Ferme de l’Orme. If successfully enacted, the APPG could prove advantageous because it is a tool adapted to the protection of geological objects and to its socio-economic and environmental context. However, after almost two years, the proceedings of the APPG have not been finalised. Optional yet beneficial steps, as well as unforeseen requests, delayed the process considerably. Given that the APPG do not confer protection to the geological sites during this period, their efficacy must be questioned in a fast-evolving region where land pressure is high and geological sites disappear quickly. However, the French juridical system has improved in the recent years in that it encourages Earth Sciences specialists to form part of local consultative instances (CSRPN, CDNPS) and thereby influence the decisions concerning the protection of these highly threatened sites.

Changing agricultural practices from conventional to conservation tillage generally leads to increased weed populations and herbicide use. To gain information about the possible use of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) cover crop as an alternative and sustainable weed-control strategy for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), an experiment was performed at Thiverval-Grignon, France, from 2008 to 2010. We compared conventional and reduced tillage as well as the presence and absence of living mulch (i.e. lucerne) on weeds and wheat production. Percentage soil coverage and aboveground biomass of wheat, lucerne and weeds were measured at the end of grain filling. Weed communities were analysed in terms of composition and diversity. During both seasons, wheat biomass did not significantly decrease in reduced-till trials compared with conventional ones (7.0 and 7.2 t ha–1, respectively, in 2008–09; 6.9 and 7.1 t ha–1 in 2009–10). Regardless of soil management, the percentage soil coverage by wheat significantly decreased when it was intercropped, although wheat biomass was not significantly reduced compared with the sole crop. To minimise cash-crop losses, we studied the competition between wheat, lucerne and weeds, testing various herbicide strategies. Early control of lucerne allowed better balance between weed control and wheat development. In addition, weed communities varied among treatments in terms of abundance and composition, being reduced but more varied in plots associated with lucerne. A functional group analysis showed that grasses benefited from reduced-till conditions, whereas problematic weeds such as annuals with creeping and climbing morphologies were substantially reduced. In addition, annual and perennial broad-leaf species with rosette morphology were also significantly decreased when lucerne was used as living mulch. Wheat production in reduced-till conditions intercropped with lucerne living mulch may be useful for integrated weed management, reducing the need for herbicides.

Abstract. Ammonia concentration and fluxes were measured above a growing triticale field for two months during May and June 2010 at the NitroEurope crop site in Grignon (Fr-Gri) near Paris, France. The measurement campaign started 15 days following a 40 kg N ha−1 application of an ammonium nitrate solution. A new mini-WEDD (Wet Effluent Denuder) flow injection analyser with three channels (ROSAA, RObust and Sensitive Ammonia Analyser) was used to measure NH3 fluxes using the aerodynamic gradient method. The measured ammonia concentrations varied from 0.01 to 39 μg NH3 m−3 and were largely influenced by advection from the nearby farm. The ammonia fluxes ranged from −560 to 220 ng NH3 m−2 s−1 and averaged −29 ng NH3 m−2 s−1. During some periods the large deposition fluxes could only be explained by a very small surface resistance, which may be due to the high concentrations in certain acid gases (HNO3 and SO2) observed in this suburban area. Ammonia emissions were also measured occasionally. The canopy compensation point Cc was around 1.5 μg NH3 m−3 on average. The canopy emission potential Γc (Cc normalised for the temperature response of the Henry equilibrium) decreased over the course of the measurement campaign from Γc = 2200 to Γc = 450, the latter value being close to the median stomatal emission potential (Γs) for managed ecosystems reported in the literature. The temporal dynamics of the measured NH3 flux compared well with the Surfatm- NH3 model using fitted parameters. The subjectivity of the model fitting is discussed based on a sensitivity analysis.

Cette monographie exemplaire traite du mode d’évolution architecturale et des fonctions sociales d’un château sur la très longue durée. Elle se fonde sur des sources variées : fouilles et archéologie du bâti, textes, documents figurés et photographies, analyse des bâtiments. Elle montre que le castellum de Grignan apparaît vers l’an 1000 au sein d’un terroir d’organisation ancienne –partiellement fossilisé jusqu’au XVIIIe s. Dans le domaine de Cordy– et que son castrum, formé avant 1119, est doté d’enceintes, articulées avec les défenses du château, qui jalonnent son extension progressive jusqu’au XVIe s. Contraint par la plate-forme primitive, le château connaît plusieurs phases de transformation, chacune respectant pour l’essentiel les aspects symboliques de l’édifice antérieur. Les formes de ses défenses se fixent aux XIIIe et XIVe s. Autour d’un ensemble résidentiel aula-camera-capella. Précédée en 1495-1516 par l’apparition d’une galerie et d’un escalier droit voûté d’ogives où l’on voit les premières formes d’ornement à l’antique, la principale mutation est issue de la commande de Louis Adhémar au picard Antoine Soysson qui érige la collégiale Saint-Sauveur (1535-1542) puis rénove pour partie le château (1540-1558). Sa mise en œuvre particulière des ordres est ensuite adoptée aux châteaux de Suze-la-Rousse (1544-1556) et de La Garde-Adhémar (1545-1547). La question des modèles, entre France septentrionale et monuments antiques du Midi, est au cœur de cette dynamique. Il est aussi proposé d’identifier Grignan avec le Rosmarino de Serlio. Enfin, de 1684 à 1689 une façade classique unifie l’aile orientale. Démantelé en 1793 le château est restauré à partir de 1913
This monographic study is an example of the architectural evolution and of the social function of a castle over a very long time lapse. It is based on various sources such as archaeology, texts, drawings, photographs, architectural analysis. It shows that the castellum of Grignan appears around 1000 in a formerly organized soil -partly fossilised up to the XVIIIth century in the domain of Cordy- and that the castrum, formed before 1119, was equipped with enclosures, joined to the defences of the castle, which mark out its extension up to the XVIth century. Limited by the original platform, the castle went through several transformations, each of them respecting the main symbolic aspects of the former building. In the XIIIth and XIVth centuries the form of its defences is organised around an aula-camera-capella residential unit. Preceded in 1495-1516 by a gallery and a straight stairway ribbed vault, that presents the first italianizing ornaments, the main transformation is due to Louis Adhemar that orders to Antoine Soysson, from Picardy, the works of collegial St-Sauveur (1539-1542) then partly those of the castle (1540-1558). The same unusual implementation of orders is also used in the castles of Suze-la-Rousse (1544-1556) and La Garde-Adhémar (1545-1547). The question of the models, between northern France and Roman monument of the Midi, is the heart or this movement. It is also possible to suggest the identification of Grignan with the Rosmarino project of Serlio. At last from 1684 to 1689 a classical frontage unify the Eastern wing. Dismantled in 1793 the castle is restored from 1913

Les justices seigneuriales ont fait l’objet de nombreuses critiques, pourtant le constat de leur maintien jusqu’à la Révolution pose nécessairement la question des raisons de cette survivance. Situé dans le Bas-Dauphiné, le bailliage de Grignan représente le parfait exemple d’une haute justice seigneuriale qui fonctionne avec force et régularité. Au travers de son étude nous mesurons combien le rôle de la terre et des hommes est essentiel à son existence et à sa pérennité. Le statut très particulier de terres adjacentes de Provence, ainsi que l’organisation politico-administrative complexe d’une communauté d’habitants dominée par une élite au service de nobles et puissants seigneurs, contribuent à assurer à la justice locale une grande vitalité qui se vérifie par la qualité de son organisation, son personnel et la vigueur de son fonctionnement. Au final la justice seigneuriale de Grignan apparaît dynamique, utile et très proche des populations qu’elle régule ce qui explique son maintien
Manorial justice made the object of numerous criticisms, however the official report of their assertion up to Revolution asks necessarily the question of the reasons of this survival. Having located Dauphiné in Low-, the bailliage of Grignan represents the perfect example of a high justice manorial who works with force and regularity. Through her study we measure how much the role of the earth and the men is essential in its existence and in its permanence. The very particular status of adjacent lands of Provence, as well as the politico administrative organization complex of a community of inhabitants dominated by an elite in the service of noblemen and powerful lords, contribute to assure local justice a high activity which is borne out by the quality of its organization, its personnel and the vigour of its functioning. In finale justice manorial of Grignan appears dynamic, useful and very close to populations where she regulates what explains its assertion

Segurança pública, entendendo-as como respostas do Estado à expansão e à generalização de um sentimento de insegurança e medo na sociedade contemporânea. Para isso, discuto práticas de governamentalidade que atingem as periferias urbanas e, de modo particular, os/as jovens que lá habitam, considerando-as como resultados de uma alteração e uma intensificação dos modos como o Estado exerce o governo das condutas. A abordagem teórico-metodológica situa-se na interface dos estudos de gênero, dos estudos culturais e da antropologia política, principalmente as perspectivas que propõem uma aproximação crítica com a teorização foucaultiana; o trabalho posiciona-se no campo de uma etnografia pós-moderna, a partir de uma combinação de metodologias e de modos de escrita. Para efetivar minha análise elegi dois lócus de pesquisa. Um deles foi o bairro Guajuviras, em Canoas, cidade da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O bairro recebe ações do Programa Nacional de Segurança Pública e Cidadania (Pronasci), ali implementadas com o nome de Território de Paz. O segundo lócus foi a cidade de Grigny Centre, na região metropolitana de Paris, na França, considerada uma das cidades mais “explosivas” entre as periferias parisienses; analisei um conjunto de ações de prevenção e repressão à criminalidade situadas nas politiques de la ville. Constituíram fontes de pesquisa: (i) documentos oficiais, de órgãos de imprensa e panfletos de divulgação; (ii) narrativas literárias, musicais e fílmicas; (iii) anotações das recordações de campo, transcrições de grupos de discussão e entrevistas; (iv) imagens fotográficas. Os materiais foram analisados na perspectiva da análise cultural, ancorada na teorização foucaultiana. Foi possível evidenciar que as políticas de segurança tornaram-se elementos centrais da agenda política dos dois países, com propostas de soluções dirigidas aos jovens homens, principalmente de grupos considerados em situação de risco e vulnerabilidade social. O Território de Paz, no Brasil, se caracteriza como uma tecnologia de governamento. Organiza atividades de modo a (tentar) regular a diversidade da vida juvenil. As ações do Estado francês operam de modo a criminalizar e a culpabilizar a juventude pobre, árabe e negra por situações consideradas anteriormente como simples incivilidades. Com relação às elaborações dos/das jovens e de suas formações identitárias, fortemente atravessadas por marcadores de classe raça e gênero no Brasil, e de gênero e raça/etnia na França, foi possível trazer à tona uma força vital que pouco tem sido valorizada como potência de mudança: trata-se da capacidade dos/das jovens de elaborarem teorias sobre suas próprias condições e trajetórias. Com efeito, os/as jovens reconhecem a disjunção entre o que seria importante nas suas vidas e o que as ações de Estado lhes propõem ou oferecem
Cette thèse analyse certaines formes de gouvernance de la jeunesse en matière de politiques de sécurité publique, celles-ci étant perçues comme des réponses de l’Etat à l’accroissement et à la généralisation d’un sentiment d’insécurité et de peur dans la société contemporaine. Pour ce faire, j’interroge des pratiques de gouvernementalité qui se manifestent dans les périphéries urbaines - et, en particulier, chez les jeunes qui y habitent - en les considérant comme le résultat d’un changement et d’une intensification de la façon dont l’Etat pratique la gouvernance des conduites. L’approche théorico-méthodologique utilisée ici se situe à l’interface des études de genre, des études culturelles et de l’anthropologie politique, s’appuyant notamment sur des perspectives qui proposent un rapprochement critique avec la théorisation foucaldienne. Le travail s’inscrit donc dans le champ d’une ethnographie post-moderne, à partir d’une combinaison de méthodologies et de modèles d’écriture divers. Pour procéder à mon analyse, j’ai choisi deux terrains de recherche. Le premier a été le quartier Guajuviras, à Canoas, ville de la région métropolitaine de Porto Alegre, dans l’Etat du Rio Grande do Sul, Brésil. Ce quartier accueille des actions du Programa Nacional de Segurança Pública e Cidadania (Pronasci), (Programme National de Sécurité Publique et de Citoyenneté), développées là-bas sous le nom Território de Paz (Territoire de Paix). Le deuxième terrain a été la ville de Grigny Centre, située dans la région métropolitaine de Paris et considérée comme l’une des plus « explosives » de la périphérie parisienne. J’y ai analysé un ensemble d’actions de prévention et de répression de la criminalité dans le cadre des politiques de la ville. Les sources de recherche ont été ainsi constituées : 1) documents officiels de la presse et tracts de diffusion ; 2) récits littéraires, musicaux et filmiques ; 3) annotations des souvenirs de terrain, transcriptions de groupes de discussion et entretiens ; 4) images photographiques. Les différents matériaux ont été analysés dans la perspective d’une analyse culturelle, ancrée dans la théorisation foucaldienne. Il a été possible de mettre en évidence le fait que les politiques de sécurité soient devenues des éléments capitaux dans l’agenda politique des deux pays, avec des propositions de solutions adressées aux jeunes hommes issus, surtout, des groupes considérés en situation de risque et de vulnérabilité sociale. Le Território de Paz au Brésil, se caractérise par une certaine technique de gouvernement. Il organise des activités de manière à (essayer) de réguler la diversité de la vie juvénile. En France, l’Etat procède de manière à criminaliser et à culpabiliser la jeunesse pauvre, arabe et noire, pour des situations considérées auparavant comme de simples incivilités. En ce qui concerne les jeunes et l’élaboration de leurs formes identitaires, fortement traversées par des marqueurs de classe, race et genre au Brésil, et de genre et race / ethnie en France, il a été possible de mettre en exergue une force vitale encore peu valorisée comme puissance de changement : il s’agit de la capacité des jeunes à élaborer des théories sur leurs propres conditions et trajectoires personnelles. En effet, les jeunes perçoivent l’écart entre ce qui leur parait important pour leurs vies et ce que leur proposent ou leur offrent les politiques de l’Etat
This paper analyses certain forms of “governamentality” of the youth, as far as public security policies are concerned. Such policies are understood as reactions from the State to the expansion and generalization of a feeling of insecurity and fear in contemporary society. To that end, I discuss “governmentality” practices directed to suburban areas and in particular to the youngsters that live there. Such practices result from the intensification of State control over youngster behaviors. The theoretical-methodological approach results from the interaction of gender studies, cultural studies and political anthropology, in particular, the perspectives that maintain a critical proximity with Foucault’s thinking. Hence, this paper is situated in the field of post-modern ethnography resulting from a combination of methodologies and distinct narratives. To carry out my analysis, I have chosen two distinct research locations. One of such locations was the Guajuviras borough in Canoas, in the suburban area of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The National Program of Public Security and Citizenship (PRONASCI, from the acronym in Portuguese) carries out actions in Guajuviras borough. Those actions are implemented under the title of Território de Paz (Land of Peace). The second location was the town of Grigny Centre in the suburban area of Paris, France. Grigny Centre is considered one of the “hottest spots” among Paris suburban areas. I carried out the analysis of preventive and repressive measures to combat criminality in the context of politiques de la ville. The research sources employed were the following: (i) official documents, press reports and leaflets; (ii) literature, music and film; (iii) notes from field visits, transcripts of group discussions and interviews; (iv) photos. Such materials were assessed on the basis of the cultural analysis taking into account Foucault theoretical elements. Evidence confirmed that public security policies have become central elements in the political agenda of both countries. Based on that, solutions were proposed aiming at young men in situations of social risk and vulnerability. The Brazilian government initiative Território da Paz constitutes a “governamentality” technology. It organizes its activities (in an attempt) to regulate the diversity of situations in the life of juveniles. The actions by the French State, on the other hand, are carried out in a way that result in criminalizing and generating a sense of guilty in the poor youths of Arab or African origin for actions and situations that in the past were considered only as misdemeanors. As to the rationalizations from young men and women and to their identity construction, they were characterized by markers of class, race and gender in Brazil and, in France, by markers of race/ethnicity. It was possible to bring to the surface a vital energy linked to those rationalizations that has not been properly evaluated as an enabler for change. It represents the potential of young men and women to formulate their own theories regarding their own condition and life trajectories. It is my perception that young men and women acknowledge the existence o what is relevant to their lives and what is proposed or provided by the actions from the State

Cookery writing is “almost a form of autobiography,” Jane Grigson remarked on a BBC radio programme in 1987. “It’s been my way of finding out why I’m on this earth, and adding something to the sum of human happiness.” However, when Jane left university in 1949, her food writing career lay almost twenty years ahead of her. She first worked in art galleries and publishers’ offices. In 1953 she joined George Rainbird as a picture researcher and met the author and poet Geoffrey Grigson. A decade working as a translator led to the award of the John Florio Prize with Father Kenelm Foster for the translation of Beccaria’s Of Crimes and Punishment. Jane’s interest in food developed when she and Geoffrey with their daughter, Sophie, began to divide their time between a farmhouse in Broad Town in Wiltshire and a cave house in Trôo in the Loir-et-Cher region of France. Here, in the early sixties, Jane began to research a book on French charcuterie for an English friend, Adey Horton, who later suggested that she also take over the writing. By trawling through French textbooks on the subject in a scholarly exploration of the field and also compiling a comprehensive collection of recipes, Jane demonstrated her skill for research and her talent as a food writer. Charcuterie and French Pork Cookery was published in 1967, to wide- spread acclaim. The book is a well organised survey of a specialised field: highly informative yet with accessible recipes, an educational volume which retains its distinction more than four decades later, and described by Elizabeth David as a kitchen classic.

When, in 1978, the poet, critic, and editor Geoffrey Grigson (1905–85) was asked by the Times Literary Supplement which journals had influenced him when young, he answered that one magazine, Antiquity, founded and edited then by O. G. S. Crawford, still seems to me to have been the flower of all periodicals familiar to me in my day. In that treasury, so decently laid out (and so well printed . . . ), prehistory, and history, rather as it was understood by Marc Bloch in France, and later by W. G. Hoskins, and imagination, received a stimulus such as no periodical administered to literature. Antiquity was begun in 1927 by the field archaeologist O. G. S. Crawford (1886–1957) as a quarterly review aiming to disseminate the findings of a new generation of archaeologists in an accessible style and a visually attractive format. For Grigson, this journal most fitted the bill, in the late 1920s and 1930s, of what he calls the ‘periodical of Utopia’ that Tolstoy had called for in 1858. Tolstoy wanted a journal proclaiming the ‘independence and eternity of art’, where art would be saved from the politics that was engulfing nineteenth-century Russia, threatening to destroy or defile art. Such a journal was Grigson’s ideal, too. Drawing an implicit parallel between Tolstoy’s Moscow of 1858 and politicized interwar Britain, he decried the endemic admixture of politics with art in the periodical press at this time, when every ‘shrewd editor’ had an ‘axe to grind’. One of his favourites, the New Republic, while excellent, ‘came under the curse . . . which ordains that most literary journalism in our language must be for ever mixed with politics’. T. S. Eliot’s journal The Criterion was tainted by the same ‘curse’: ‘covert politics’, claimed Grigson, ‘slightly defiled its superiority’. Only in Antiquity, it seems, could Grigson discern art—‘independent and eternal’—without the defiling politics or the dullness that accompanied it in other journals and weeklies. Only in a publication that did not claim to deal with art could he find what he was looking for, as he viewed this archaeological journal through the lens of poetry. Antiquity, he wrote, made ‘all the past with firework colours burn’—a line he borrowed from Wyndham Lewis’s poem about Sir Thomas Browne’s antiquarian tract Urne Buriall.

The accurate autopsic study of marbles and stones in the Church of San Giacomo di Rialto (Venice) reveals the identification of around twenty lithotypes, most of which are from the Triveneto area, but some imported from outside this area, including three marbles (Proconnesian marble, Verde Antico, Pavonazzetto) taken from ancient monuments, albeit most probably recovered on the Venetian market. Among the first, 'local' ones, in addition to the typically Venetian stones (Istrian stone, nodular limestones from Verona, Euganean trachyte) some other types were added during the important restorations the church underwent in the 16th-17th centuries, notably in Grigio Carnico marble and Breccia di Brentonico, while Carrara marble, Medicean Breccia and Rosso di Francia marble were brought to Venice in the Baroque age via the thriving stone trade of the Italian peninsula.