Tesi sul tema "Griffith (N.S.W.)"

Oszacowanie możliwego do popełnienia błędu, przy wykorzystaniu określonej metody, jest bardzo ważne z uwagi na fakt stosowania współczynnika bezpieczeństwa w trakcie wymiarowania części maszyn. W pracy podjęto próbę takiej analizy w ujęciu jakościowym i ilościowym

ABSTRACT: EARTHWORKS.An Architectural Essay for the Reclamation of the Post-industrial Landscape at S. Domin­ gos, Portugal. 37"40'06.S"N 7"29'28.2''W Anthropocene man has sought to dominate nature by transforming her and by exploiting her finite resources. Pol­ lution, waste and abandoned industrial sites have increased, alongside the exponential rise in population. Man, in the extraction processes of mining in particular,has created new sediments which no one knows what to do with: spoil heaps,rubble and great quantities of toxic matter. The 1960s and 1980s saw the beginnings of a global ecological consciousness and consequential acts of reclamation in the mining industry, which gave land artists not only a platform for their views relating to the post-industrial trial landscape,but a new "medium" to explore in their art. Whether it was an opportunity to acquire space and machinery to produce large-scale earthworks,or an intentional act of reclamation of the post-industrial landscape through art/ architecture,they saw the potential for post-industrial landscapes to become places to be engaged with through sublime contemplation and interaction. The following thesis aims to create an understanding of artists who used post-industrial sites for the creation of earthworks and proposes an architectural project as a gesture of reclamation for the open pit at S. Domingos Mine,Portugal ( 37°40'05.8"N 7°29'28.2"W) and its surrounding post-industrial landscape as a means of reclamation through the discipline of Architecture; RESUMO: 0 homem do antropoceno procurou dominar a natureza através da transformação e exploração dos seus recursos finitos. A poluição, o lixo e os locais industriais abandonados aumentaram devido ao crescimento expo­ nencial da população. Dos processos de extração de minerio, resultaram sedimentos inutilizados, como por exemplo, montes de escórias, entulho e grandes quantidades de matéria tóxica. As décadas de 1960 e 1970 viram o inicio de uma consciência ecológica global e os actos consequentes de reclamation na industria mineira deram a land artists desta época não só uma oportunidade para concretizar as suas ideias e perspectivas, mas também um novo medium para explorar a sua arte. Seja isto uma oportunidade de adquirir espaço e maquinaria para produzir Eatthworlcs em grande escala como puramente obras de arte, ou seja um ato intencional de recuperação da paisagem pós-industrial através da arte/ arquitectura. Estes artistas viram o potencial da paisagem pós-industrial para se tornar num lugar de contemplação e interação com o sublime. A presente dissertação compreende um essaio escrito sobre alguns dos artistas que utilizaram sitios pós-industriais para a realização de Earthworks e uma proposta de projecto arquitectónico para a corta da mina de S. Domingos, Portugal ( 37 • 40'05.8" N 7 • 29'28.2 'W ), que visa arecuperação da paisagem pó-industrial através da disciplina da Arquitectura.

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A composição, abundância e freqüência de ocorrência das espécies de peixes demersais do estuário amazônico foram estudadas em três áreas delimitadas pelos estratos de profundidade de 5 — 10 m, 10 — 20 m e 20 — 50m. Os objetivos principais deste estudo foram de comparar a diversidade, abundância e distribuição das espécies de peixes demersais, nestas três áreas, durante um ciclo hidrológico, e avaliar a influência dos fatores ambientais sobre a estrutura da comunidade. As amostragens foram feitas a bordo de dois navios da frota industrial piramutabeira, com uma rede de arrasto sem porta, em seis cruzeiros com duração de quinze dias cada, divididos entre os períodos seco (entre março e abri1/97) e chuvoso (entre agosto e setembro/97). Foram capturadas 91 espécies em 237 amostragens, sendo que as famílias Sciaenidae e Ariidae foram as mais diversificadas, representando juntas 25% do número de espécies. Todas as espécies de arlideos com ocorrência na região foram muito abundantes. As espécies mais abundantes numericamente no inverno foram Macrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) (56,2%) e Brachyplatystoma vaillantii (Pimelodidae) (13,6%), e no verão Macrodon ancylodon (31%) e Stellifèr rastrifer (15,8) (Sciaenidae). Na área delimitada pelas isóbatas de 5 a 10 m (área 1), Brachyplatystoma vaillantii (Pimelodidae) e Macrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) foram as mais abundantes em ambos os períodos. O mesmo aconteceu para Macrodon ancylodon e Stellifer rastrifer (Sciaenidae) na área definida pelas isóbatas de 10 a 20 m (área 2), e para iviacrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) e Bagre bagre (Ariidae) na área delimitada pelas isóbatas de 20 a 50 m (área 3). As espécies mais freqüentes nas amostragens foram Macrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) (40,9%) e Anchoa spinifer (Engraulididae) (35%) no inverno, e Ivlacrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) (45,6%) e Anus grandicassis (Ariidae) (38,4%) no verão. Na área 1 Brachyplatystoma vaillantii e Brachypialystorna flavicans (Pimelodidae) tiveram maior freqüência de ocorrência nas amostragens, para os dois períodos; o mesmo acontecendo para Macrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) e Bagre bagre (Ariidae), na área 2; e para Macrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) e Anchoa spinifer (Engraulididae), na área 3. As espécies dominantes foram: Macrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae), no inverno (56% dos exemplares coletados); e Macrodon ancylodon, Stellifér rastrifer (Sciaenidae) e Anus quadriscutis (Afiidae) no verão, que representaram 61% das capturas. Na área 1 dominaram Brachyplatystoma vaillantii (Pimelodidae) e Macrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) (73%), no inverno e, no verão, as duas espécies já citadas mais Anus grandicassis (Ariidae) (53%). Na área 2 foram dominantes apenas Macrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) (64%) no inverno, e Macrodon ancylodon e Stellifèr rastrifer (Sciaenidae) (53%) no verão e, na área 3, apenas il/lacrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) (70% no inverno e 49% no verão). Os padrões de distribuição foram principalmente influenciados pela salinidade. A área 1 apresentou a maior diversidade e eqüitabilidade em relação ás outras. Na área 2 a riqueza de espécies foi maior e, na área 3, houve uma maior dominância. Três assembléias de peixes foram identificadas na região: uma composta de espécies de águas continentais que exploram as áreas rasas entre 5 a 20 m; outra é composta de espécies resistentes ao gradiente salino, com ampla distribuição no estuário, principalmente na faixa dos 10 a 20 m; e a terceira é composta de espécies marinhas que se distribuem pelas áreas mais profundas do estuário, desde os 10 até a faixa dos 50 m.
The composition, abundance and frequency of the demersal fish fauna from the Amazon estuary were studied in three areas which ones were defined as circumscribed within the isobath ranges of 5-10 m, 10-20 m and 20-50 m. The main objectives of this work were to compare the diversity, abundance and distribution of demersal fish fauna in these three areas during one hydrological cycle, and evaluate the infiuence of environmental variables on the community structure. Samples were taken on board of two piramutaba fishing vessels, using a bottom trawl net, for a given seasonal survey of six 15-day trips in the dry season (March and Apri1/97) and in the rainy season (August and September/97). A number of 91 species were caught in a total of 237 samples and Sciaenidae and Ariidae were the most diverse families, represented by 25% of total species. The Ariidae' species which ocurred in the area were very abundant. The most abundant species were Macrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) (56,2%) and Brachyplatystoma vaillantii (Pimelodidae) (13,6%) in the rainy season, and Macrodon ancylodon (31%) and Stellifer rastrifer (15,8%) (Sciaenidae) in the dry season. In area 1 Brachyplatystoma vaillantli (Pimelodidae) and Macrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) were the most abundant species in both periods, and the same occurred for Macrodon ancylodon and Stellifèr rastrifer (Sciaenidae) in area 2, and for Macrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) and Bagre bagre (Ariidae) in area 3. The most frequent species sampled were Macrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) (40,9%) and Anchoa spinifer (Engraulididae) (35%) in the rainy season, and Macrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) (45,6%) and Anus grandicassis (Ariidae) (38,4%) in the dry season. In area 1 Brachyplatystoma vaillantii and Brachyplatystoma flavicans (Pimelodidae) were the most frequent species, considering each period; the same was observed for Macrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) and Bagre bagre (Ariidae) in area 2, and Macrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) and Anchoa spinifér (Engraulididae), in area 3. The dominant species were: Macrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) in the rainy season (56% of the specimens collected); and Macrodon ancylodon, Stellifér rastrifer (Sciaenidae) and Anus quadriscutis (Ariidae) in dry season, which represented 61% of fishes caught. In area 1, Brachypiatystoma vaillantii (Pimelodidae) and Macrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae), were dominant (73%) in the rainy season, and both of them together with Anus grandicassis (Ariidae) were dominant (53%) in the dry season. area 2 only Adacrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) was dominant (64%) in the rainy season, and Macrodon ancylodon and Stellifer rastrifèr (Sciaenidae) were dominant (53%) in the dry season. In area 3, just one species Macrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) was considered dominant (70% in the rainy season and 49% in the dry season). Distribution patterns were influenced by salinity. Area 1 presented the greatest diversity and evenness as compared with the others. Area 2 presented the greatest richness, and area 3 presented the highest dominance. Three communities were identified: one characterized by species from continental waters that explore shallow areas at depths of less than 20 m; another one formed by salinity resistant species, distributed through a wide range from the estuary, mostly in the area circumscribed within the isobath range of 10-20 m; and a third one with marine species distributed in areas at depths of 10 m to 50 m.

Ce travail concerne l'etude d'especes organometalliques stables des types >m, >m = y (y = o, s, se, n-sime 3) et (>m) nm (m : metal de transition) a metal 14 a coordinence non usuelle. Le premier chapitre est une mise au point bibliographique concernant les basses coordinences stables des types > m et (> m) nm (m = ge, sn, pb). Le deuxieme chapitre concerne la synthese et l'etude physicochimique des nouvelles especes divalentes l 2m (m = ge, sn, pb ; l 2 = base de schiff). Les donnees spectroscopiques soulignent la coordination intramoleculaire n-m-n. Des reactions de cycloaddition et la structure rx de l'adduit (salen)sn-3,5-di-tert-butyl-1,2-benzoquinone sont presentes. Des insertions d'aldehydes ou de clivage par des acides organiques et des chlorures d'acides conduisent, a partir de (salen)m, a de nouveaux composes divalents heteroleptiques. Le troisieme chapitre concerne les complexes (salen)m nm(co) 6 - n (m = ge, sn, pb ; m = cr, w, n = 1, 2) 2. Les structures rx indiquent le caractere double de la liaison sn = m. Les complexes (salen)m = m(co) 5 (m = ge, sn ; m = cr, w) conduisent, par des reactions de cycloaddition et de substitution de ligands, a de nouvelles especes a enchainement p-w-sn ou a des composes trimetalles sn-m-sn (m = cr, w). Le quatrieme chapitre decrit les complexes (salen)m = mncp(co) 2 (m = ge, sn, pb), (salen)sn = fe(co) 4 et leurs structures rx. Le caractere double de la liaison (salen)m-ml n, du au caractere -donneur et au fort caractere -accepteur de (salen)m, est demontre par l'obtention de la plus courte liaison sn-mn connue dans (salen)sn = mn(cp)(co) 2. La position axiale de (salen)sn dans la structure de (salen)sn = fe(co) 4 demontre que (salen)sn est plus -donneur que -accepteur vis-a-vis du fer. Le cinquieme chapitre traite de la reactivite des especes divalentes (salen)m vis-a-vis d'oxydants conduisant a de nouvelles especes insaturees de type (salen)m = y (m = ge, sn ; y = s, se, n-sime 3) ; certains aspects de leur reactivite sont egalement presentes. La derniere partie concerne des transferts de ligands entre (salen)sn et des composes halogenes (bf 3. Me 2o, cp 2ticl 2, nicl 2. Dppe, pcl 3, tbupcl 2, cl 3p = x (x = o, s)) conduisant a de nouveaux composes lineaires ou cycliques a ligand salen du bore, du titane, du nickel et du phosphore (neutres ou cationiques).

Ce travail concerne l'étude d'espèces organométalliques stables du germanium et de l'étain L2M14(X), L2Ge(X)Y, (L2(X)M14)xM'(CO)n-x stabilisées par le ligand béta-diiminate L2 (X = Cl, I, Me, OMe, OTf; Y = S, Se; M' = W, n = 6, x = 1, 2; M' = Fe, n = 5, x = 1; L2 = PhNC(Me)CHC(Me)NPh). Le premier chapitre est une mise au point bibliographique sur les espèces hétéroleptiques à métal 14 de type (R)(X')M14 (M14 = Ge, Sn, X' = halogène) et les métallanechalcogénones (R)(R')M14=Y (M14 = Ge, Sn, Pb ; Y = O, S, Se, Te). Le deuxième chapitre est consacré à la synthèse et à l'étude physicochimique et structurale des germylènes hétéroleptiques halogénés L2(X)Ge (X = Cl, I). Une étude expérimentale de spectroscopie photoélectronique à rayonnement UV (S. P. E. ) et théorique (D. F. T. ) contribue à une meilleure compréhension de la structure électronique de ces espèces. Le troisième chapitre concerne les synthèses, les analyses structurales et quelques aspects de la réactivité des premiers exemples de chlorures de thio- et sélénoacides germaniés L2(Cl)Ge=Y (Y = S, Se). Le quatrième chapitre décrit les complexes L2(X)M14M'(CO)n-x. Les structures RX montrent de courtes liaisons M14-M'. Une étude théorique de ces complexes permet d'attribuer au ligand L2(Cl)Ge un fort caractère sigma-donneur et un faible caractère pi-accepteur. Le complexe méthylé L2(Me)GeW(CO)5 est également décrit. La dernière partie concerne les tentatives de synthèse des complexes cationiques [L2Ge+W(CO)5] et [(L2Ge+)2W(CO)4]. Par réaction de métathèse, le germylène L2(TfO)Ge et les complexes L2(TfO)GeW(CO)5 et (L2(Cl)Ge)2W(CO)4 ont été obtenus ; les structures des deux complexes germanium(II)-tungstène sont rapportées et analysées. Un équilibre entre une forme covalente et une forme ionique des dérivés à groupement triflate a été observé dans la pyridine. Les réactions réalisées avec AgPF6 ou NaB(Ph)4 conduisent à de nouveaux composés essentiellement issus de réactions d'hydrolyse ou de transfert de phényle
This work concerns the study of stable organometallic germanium(II) and tin(II) species L2M14(X), L2Ge(X)Y, (L2(X)M14)xM'(CO)n-x stabilized by the beta-diketiminate ligand L2 (X = Cl, I, Me, OMe, OTf; Y = S, Se; M' = W, n = 6, x = 1, 2; M' = Fe, n = 5, x = 1; L2 = PhNC(Me)CHC(Me)NPh). The first chapter reviews the group 14 element heteroleptic species (R)(X)M14 (M14 = Ge, Sn, X = halogen) and the metallanechalcogenones (R)(R')M14=Y (M14 = Ge, Sn, Pb ; Y = O, S, Se, Te). The second chapter concerns the syntheses and the physicochemical and structural analyses of heteroleptic halogenated germylenes L2(X)Ge (X = Cl, I). The halogen substitutions lead to new alkyl and methoxy germylenes. Experimental UV-photoelectron spectroscopy (U. P. S. ) and theoretical (D. F. T. ) studies contribue to a better understanding of the electronic structures of these species. .

This practice-led PhD aims to answer the question: how can processual/improvisation, spatial and plurilingual poetics be used to adapt text from other sources in order to create new effective forms? T=Y=W=Y=S=O=G=I=O=N is a discursive long sequence that aims to answer this question through variously translating, transforming, appropriating and adapting text drawn from the Welsh medieval cycle of stories the Mabinogi. In addition, this thesis uses specifically the Oxford Jesus College MS. 111, (The Red Book of Hergest) as its source. The creative work is broken into three sections which deal with these separate motifs. ‘The Red Book of Hergest Ward’ uses spatial and multilingual motifs to explore the word Hergest. ‘Cych’ explores spatial and improvisatory motifs. Finally, ‘Branwen’ deals with improvisation and adaptation. While the creative work seeks to explore the three critical strands of the thesis it also obeys its own aesthetic logic, and in so doing omits and includes different thematic motifs beyond the remit of the three critical chapters. The critical part of the thesis explores the individual thematic strands separately, answering more specific questions that address aspects of the creative work. The foundation of these chapters are close-read examples of authors who use the relevant approaches in their work. Finally, I discuss writers who show hybridity in their work incorporating more than one of these (critical) strands in their writing, David Jones as an example of a writer who uses all three strands. Comparisons with my own work are drawn throughout this thesis. Audio recordings of performed work from the creative portfolio accompanies this thesis, recorded by and with improvised accompaniment from Dario Lozano-Thornton.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study examines the presentation of race relations in two Sesotho novels written after 1994. The purpose of the study is to establish whether or not post-apartheid Sesotho novels present race relations as they were presented during the apartheid era. The novels of focus are, N.S. Zulu's Nonyana ya Tshepo (The bird of hope) (1997) and T.W.D. Mohapi's Lehfaba fa fephako (The pain of hunger) (1999). The manner in which the authors who wrote during the two distinct eras presented the issue of race and presented race relations will be the focal point. At the end of this study it should be clear whether or not authors after 1994, that is, after the apartheid era continue to present race relations in an idealistic manner. During the apartheid era authors such Lesoro (1968) and Mophethe (1966) were very cautious when presenting race relations in their novels. The common factor in these novels is the portrayal of the white Afrikaner characters by the authors. White characters were portrayed as very merciful, good Samaritans and their relationship with their black counterparts were often harmonious and crisis free. Attributes of race such as racial discrimination, racial hatred, racial conflict and racial intolerance were seldom spoken about in those novels. This is reminiscent of the notorious apartheid laws, which prohibit freedom of press. White characters in some novels published during the apartheid era were not characters derived from real life. In N.S. Zulu's novel, Nonyana ya Tshepo we examine the portrayal of the characters from the two distinct races, black Africans and white Afrikaners. The author portrays the two groups of characters to be what Scholes (1981 :11) calls characters representative of a social class, race and a profession. Black characters are portrayed as the exploited, which are always inferior, submissive and subjected to racial discrimination by their white counterparts. White Afrikaners are portrayed as the exploiters, who are superior, oppressors and the ones who further the policy of apartheid. This state of affairs prompted the black Africans to develop hatred towards the Whites. Instead of idolizing their masters, Blacks do the opposite. Our main character, Tshepo who is said to be fathered by the white Afrikaner, is marginalized by his fellow Blacks and declared an outcast. In T.W.D. Mohapi's novel, Lehlaba la lephako, the main character, Seabata who lusts for power and wealth is seen struggling for both at the expense of his fellow black Africans. Seabata is used by his white boss, Sepanapodi, to maintain the legacy of apartheid. The narrator portrays Seabata in such a way that he could carry out his boss' mission. Seabata is power hungry and always likes to please his boss to attain that, even if that means creating enmity with his own black people. Seabata's socio-economic status makes him vulnerable to manipulation by Sepanapodi. Seabata was advised by his father that he should always strive to please his master in order to gain glory and wealth. He followed the advice slavishly and that left him devastated. He found himself at loggerheads with his colleagues, with the pastor, Nkgelwane, with a local teacher, Mohanelwa and with his wife, Mmabatho. Conflict between Seabata and the community is caused by the pain of hunger.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doelstelling van hierdie studie is om ondersoek in te stel of die twee Sesotho novelles wat na 1994 geskrywe is, die verhouding tussen verskillende rasse behandel. Die doel van die studie is om uit te vind of die Sesotho novelles wat gedurende die tydperk van apartheid die aanbieding van rasse-verhouding dek, soos wat dit aangewys was gedurende die tydperk van apartheid. Die ondersoek sal gedoen word met die vergelykking van twee novelles wat na 1994 geskrywe is, d.w.s. N.S. Zulu se Nonyana ya Tshepo en T.W.D. Mohapi se Leh/aba /a /ephako . Die manier waarop die twee skrywers wat gedurende die twee afsonderlike tydperk, die kwessie van rasse behandel, en hoe hulle dit aangebied het, sal die fokuspunt wees. Aan die einde van hierdie studie moet dit duideliker word aan die lesers tot watter mate die skrywers wat na 1994 geskryf het, d.w.s na die apartheid tydperk, nog die rasse-verhouding op 'n idealistiese manier aangebied het. Die skrywers wat gedurende die apartheid tydperk geskrywe het, soos Lesoro (1968) en Mophethe (1966) was baie versigtig toe hulle die rasse-verhouding in hulle novelles aangebied het. Die gewone faktor van hierdie novelles is die uitbeelding van die wit Afrikaners se karakters deur die skrywers. Wit karakters is altyd as baie barmhagtig, en as goeie Samaritane beskrywe, en hul verhouding teenoor hulle swart teenhangers is dikwels eensgesind en vry van krisis uitgebeeld. Die hoedanigheid van rasseonderskeiding wat rassehaat, rasse in stryd met mekaar, en rasse onverdraagsaamheid, is in daardie tyd seide van geskryf in die novelle. Dit herinner die leser aan die ongunstige apartheidswette wat nie vryheid van die pers toegelaat het nie. Wit karakters, in sommige novelle wat gedurende die tydperk van apartheid gepubliseer is, is nie karakters wat van die ware lewe afgelei is nie. In N.S. Zulu se novelle, Nonyana ya Tshepo word 'n uitbeelding gemaak van karakters van die twee afsonderlike rasse, die swart Afrikaners en die wit Afrikaners. Die skrywer beeld die twee groepe van karaktes as die wat Scholes (1981 :11) noem die wat verteenwoordigend van 'n sosiale klas, rasse en beroep is. Swart karakters is beskrywe as diegene wat geeksploiteer word, wat altyd as minderwaardige, onderworpe en mindere rasse beskou word. Hulle word gediskrimineer deur hulle wit landgenote. Wit Afrikaners is beskou as die eksploiteerders, wat die voortreflike onderdrukkers is en wat wat die beleid van apartheid laat voortgaan. Hierdie toestand het die swart Afrikaners gelei om haat te ontwikkel teenoor die Wittes. In plaas van om hulle meesters eer te bewys, het die swart Afrikaners die teenoorgestelde gedrag. Die hoofkarakter, Tshepo, wat geglo is dat hy kind van die wit Afrikaner is, is deur sy mense verban en as verworpeling verklaar. In T.W.D. Mohapi se novelle, Lehlaba la lephako het die hoofkarakter, Seabata, begeertes van mag en rykdom. Hy word opgelei as 'n stryder op koste van sy medemense, swart Afrikaners. Seabata is deur sy wit meester, Sepanapodi misbruik om die nalatenskap van apartheid te handhaaf. Die verteller beeld Seabata af op so 'n manier dat dit duidelik is dat Seabata sy baas se opdrag sou voortdra. Hy, Seabata het 'n wens om mag te he en bo alles om sy baas tevrede te stel op koste van ander swart Afrikaners, al maak dit hom 'n vyand van sy mense. Seabata se sosiale status het hom laat kwesbaar ge stel teenoor Sepanapodi se manipulasie. Sy vader het hom advies gegee dat hy altyd sy meester moes bevredig ter wille van glorie en rykdom. Hy het toe die advies van sy vader slaafs nagevolg, daarom het dit hom in 'n neerdrukkende gevoel laat eef. Aan die einde is hy in 'n konflik met andere soos sy kollegas, die plaaslike predikant, Nkgelwane, die onderwyser, Mohanelwa en sy vrou. Die stryd wat Seabata met al die mense in die gemeenskap het, is die oorsaak van hongersnood.

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Bifunctional catalysts based on zircon oxide modified by tungsten (W = 10, 15 and 20 %) and by molybdenum oxide (Mo= 10, 15 e 20 %) containg platinum (Pt = 1%) were prepared by the polymeric precursor method. For comparison, catalysts the tungsten base was also prepared by the impregnation method. After calcinations at 600, 700 and 800 ?C, the catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, nitrogen adsorption and scanning electron microscopy. The profile of metals reduction was determined by temperature programmed reduction. The synthesized catalysts were tested in n-heptane isomerization. X-ray diffractogram of the Pt/WOx-ZrO2 and Pt/MoOx-ZrO2 catalysts revealed the presence of tetragonal ZrO2 and platinum metallic phases in all calcined samples. Diffraction peaks due WO3 and ZrO2 monoclinic also were observed in some samples of the Pt/WOx-ZrO2 catalysts. In the Pt/MoOx-ZrO2 catalysts also were observed diffraction peaks due ZrO2 monoclinic and Zr(MoO4)2 oxide. These phases contained on Pt/WOx-ZrO2 and Pt/MoOx-ZrO2 catalysts varied in accordance with the W or Mo loading and in accordance with the calcination temperature. The infrared spectra showed absorption bands due O-W-O and W=O bonds in the Pt/WOx-ZrO2 catalysts and due O-Mo-O, Mo=O and Mo-O bonds in the Pt/MoOx-ZrO2 catalysts. Specific surface area for Pt/WOx-ZrO2 catalysts varied from 30-160 m2 g-1 and for the Pt/MoOx-ZrO2 catalysts varied from 10-120 m2 g-1. The metals loading (W or Mo) and the calcination temperature influence directly in the specific surface area of the samples. The reduction profile of Pt/WOx-ZrO2 catalysts showed two peaks at lower temperatures, which are attributed to platinum reduction. The reduction of WOx species was evidenced by two reduction peak at high temperatures. In the case of Pt/MoOx-ZrO2 catalysts, the reduction profile showed three reduction events, which are attributed to reduction of MoOx species deposited on the support and in some samples one of the peak is related to the reduction of Zr(MoO4)2 oxide. Pt/WOx-ZrO2 catalysts were active in the n-heptane isomerization with high selectivity to 3-methyl-hexane, 2,3- dimethyl-pentane, 2-methyl-hexane among other branched hydrocarbons. The Pt/MoOx-ZrO2 catalysts practically didn't present activity for the n-heptane isomerization, generating mainly products originating from the catalytic cracking
Catalisadores bifuncionais a base de ?xido de zirc?nio modificado por ?xidos de tungst?nio (W = 10, 15 e 20 %) ou molibd?nio (Mo= 10, 15 e 20 %) contendo platina (Pt = 1 %) foram preparados pelo m?todo dos precursores polim?ricos. Por compara??o, catalisadores a base de tungst?nio tamb?m foram preparados pelo m?todo de impregna??o. Ap?s calcina??es a 600, 700 e 800 ?C, os catalisadores foram caracterizados por difra??o de raios-X, espectroscopia de absor??o na regi?o do infravermelho, an?lise termogravim?trica, an?lise t?rmica diferencial, adsor??o de nitrog?nio e microscopia eletr?nica de varredura. Os perfis de redu??o dos metais foram determinados por redu??o a temperatura programada. Os catalisadores sintetizados foram testados na isomeriza??o do n-heptano. Os difratogramas de raios-X dos catalisadores Pt/WOx-ZrO2 e Pt/MoOx-ZrO2 revelaram a presen?a do ZrO2 tetragonal e da platina met?lica em todas as amostras calcinadas. Picos de difra??o referentes ao WO3 e ao ZrO2 monocl?nico tamb?m foram observados em algumas das amostras dos catalisadores Pt/WOx-ZrO2. Nos catalisadores do tipo Pt/MoOx-ZrO2 tamb?m foram observados picos de difra??o referente ao ZrO2 monocl?nico e ao ?xido Zr(MoO4)2. O aparecimento destas outras fases contidas nos catalisadores Pt/WOx-ZrO2 e Pt/MoOx-ZrO2 variaram de acordo com o teor de W ou Mo e de acordo com a temperatura de calcina??o. Os espectros de absor??o na regi?o do infravermelho exibiram bandas de absor??o referentes as liga??es O-W-O e W=O nos catalisadores Pt/WOx-ZrO2 e referentes as liga??es O-Mo-O, Mo=O e Mo-O nos catalisadores Pt/MoOx-ZrO2. A ?rea superficial espec?fica dos catalisadores Pt/WOx-ZrO2 variou de 30-160 m2 g-1 e para os catalisadores do tipo Pt/MoOx-ZrO2 variou de 10-120 m2 g-1. O teor de metais (W ou Mo) e a temperatura de calcina??o exercem uma influ?ncia direta no valor da ?rea superficial espec?fica das amostras. Os perfis de redu??o dos catalisadores Pt/WOx-ZrO2 exibiram dois picos a baixas temperaturas, os quais s?o atribu?dos a redu??o da platina. A redu??o das esp?cies WOx foi evidenciada por dois picos de redu??o a altas temperaturas. No caso dos catalisadores Pt/MoOx-ZrO2, os perfis de redu??o mostram tr?s eventos de redu??o, os quais s?o atribu?dos a redu??o das esp?cies MoOx depositadas no suporte e em algumas amostras um dos picos ? relacionado com a redu??o do ?xido Zr(MoO4)2. Os catalisadores Pt/WOx-ZrO2 foram ativos para a isomeriza??o do n-heptano com alta seletividade a 3-metil-hexano, 2,3-dimetil-pentano e 2-metil-hexano entre outros hidrocarbonetos ramificados. Os catalisadores Pt/MoOx- ZrO2 praticamente n?o apresentaram atividade para a isomeriza??o do n-heptano, gerando principalmente produtos oriundos do craqueamento catalitico

Neste trabalho foi estudado o efeito da dopagem dos filmes W-S com azoto ou carbono, com o objectivo de melhorar as propriedades mecânicas e o seu comportamento tribológico. Os filmes foram depositados por pulverização catódica, r.f. magnetrão, modo reactivo, em atmosferas de Ar + N2 e Ar + CH4. Os filmes de W-S exibiam uma morfologia colunar com porosidade elevada e uma estrutura hexagonal do tipo 2H-WS2. A dureza e a carga crítica adesiva apresentavam valores reduzidos, respectivamente, da ordem de 0,6 GPa e 5 N. No sentido de melhorar a adesão, foi optimizada a deposição de uma intercamada de titânio entre os filmes e o substrato. O aumento da concentração de N/C promoveu a eliminação progressiva da porosidade e o desaparecimento das colunas, com a consequente densificação dos filmes com uma morfologia sem detalhes. Os filmes dopados com os teores mais elevados de azoto apresentavam estruturas amorfas, enquanto que o aumento do teor em carbono deu origem à diminuição do tamanho de grão, com a formação de estruturas nanométricas. Esta evolução estrutural foi acompanhada pelo aparecimento de novas fases, tais como carbonetos de tungsténio e grafite. O efeito da dopagem nas propriedades mecânicas dos filmes W-S-N/C foi excelente, com aumentos de dureza em mais de uma ordem de grandeza e o efeito sinergético da presença da intercamada de titânio com o teor crescente de dopante nos filmes conduziu a valores de carga crítica adesiva superiores a 50 N. Os filmes não dopados e com teores reduzidos de dopante apresentam coeficientes de desgaste muito elevados, comportamento que foi atribuído às extensas falhas adesivas. Os filmes de maior teor de dopante, por apresentarem melhor adesão e maior dureza, não mostraram descolamentos e exibiram capacidade para suportar cargas de contacto elevadas. À atmosfera ambiente, os filmes dopados com carbono manifestaram o melhor comportamento tribológico, tendo sido alcançados no filme W18S18C64 coeficientes de atrito e desgaste de 0,05 e 1,2x10-16 m3N-1m-1, respectivamente. Nesta atmosfera, os filmes dopados com azoto não manifestaram carácter auto-lubrificante. Nos ensaios realizados em azoto seco, estes filmes exibem um excelente comportamento tribológico, tendo sido atingidos coeficientes de atrito de 0,03. Em conclusão, a dopagem de filmes auto-lubrificantes, do tipo WS2, com N ou C revela ser um método promissor para melhor a sua capacidade de resistir a cargas de contacto elevadas, sem prejuízo de manter os coeficientes de atrito em valores muito baixos.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
93
This study proposes a measurement and assessment model for the construction productivity of freeway reconstruction project, according to on the previous studies of Thomas and the characteristics of the freeway reconstruction project. The model is used on the cases of the freeway No. 1 reconstruction projects and No. 2 new construction project in Taiwan to realize and compare their respective influence factors of the construction productivity. When the model evaluates the threshold construction productivity of the embankment in the cases, the estimate values for the reconstruction projects and the new construction project are 0.048~0.052 MH/ M 3 and 0.025 MH/ M 3 , respectively. In addition, the influence factors in the reconstruction projects and between the reconstruction projects and the new construction project are introduced, leading to the arrangement of improvement methods. The results based on this study can support the use of the model to various constructions to completely establish the threshold construction productivity in construction engineering for the further use of the cost analysis and construction management. The working content factor in the model, however, should be further studied in a future to obtain a better result.

Dissertação de Mestrado Conjunto Europeu em Tribologia de Superfícies e Interfaces apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra.
TMD coatings are a breakthrough in aerospace and automobile sector where low friction and low wear is required along with the coatings ability to withstand harsh and humid environments. The current study aims to systematically characterize the influence of N additions on structure, morphology, hardness, tribological behavior and thermal stability of WSN coatings deposited by sputtering. By varying the N2 flow into the deposition chamber, 4 coatings with N content ranging from 0 – 21.9 at. % were deposited. Highest S/W ratio of 1.5 was exhibited by reference WSN0 coating. Total film thicknesses along with Cr interlayer and gradient layer was in range of 2.1 – 2.4 µm. Reference WS2 coating had a crystalline structure, whereas with increasing N at. % content coatings exhibited broad XRD diffraction peaks as a result of the contribution of two different phases. Coating with the highest N concentration displayed an amorphous structure. Coatings were characterized tribologically against 100Cr6 steel ball in SRV tribometer at room temperature and 200ᵒC. Wear rate analysis showed that W-S-N coatings tested tribologically at high temperature performed better than the coatings tested at room temperature. Thermal stability was determined by annealing the coatings at 200ᵒC and 400ᵒC. No visible changes in the morphology and structure of the coatings were noticed with heat treatment.Conclusion: W-S-N coatings with progressive increase of N concentration were deposited from a WS2 target along with nitrogen gas flow in the chamber. The influence of N flow (sccm) on the properties of as deposited and heat-treated coatings was explored. • Increasing N flow from 0 to 20 sccm led to increase nitrogen content in coatings from 0 at. % to 22 at. %. The maximum S/W ratio (in case of WSN0) obtained was 1.45 for both as deposited and heat-treated coatings and then it decreased with N addition due to high affinity of W towards N instead of S. • Pure WSN0 coatings performed inadequately in terms of adhesion, hardness, and wear rate because of their loose and porous columnar morphology. Reference WSN0 coatings showed a crystalline structure, whereas with the increasing flow of nitrogen in the chamber coatings with higher concentration of N, such as WSN20 became X-ray amorphous. The presence of W-S-N phase in N rich coatings is not evident but W2N phase could be indexed in the XRD diffractograms. N incorporation in the lattice structure with low S/W ratio have caused the shift in peak for N rich coatings. • The hardness of coatings has evidently increased as the morphology became compact with nitrogen addition in the coatings with WSN12.5 being the highest in value. The coatings that were annealed displayed better hardness results in comparison to the as deposited coatings. This hardness increase of coatings during annealing is due to the increase of their crystallinity. W-S-N sputtered coatings displayed excellent sliding properties in comparison to literature with good coating adhesion and low wear rates. • The tribological results obtained with low S/W ratio along with nitrogen doping were quite impressive and current study appeared to be the successful beginner step in upscaling the industrial applications for systems sliding in high temperature atmospheres.
A aplicação de revestimentos do tipo TMDs no setor aeroespacial e automóvel têm permitido avanços significativos em componentes onde baixo atrito e baixo desgaste são necessários, juntamente com a capacidade dos revestimentos de resistir a ambientes hostis e húmidos. O presente estudo visa caracterizar sistematicamente a influência da adição de N na estrutura, morfologia, dureza, resistência ao desgaste e estabilidade térmica de revestimentos do sistema WSN depositados por pulverização catódica. Variando o fluxo de N2 na câmara de deposição, 4 revestimentos com teor de N (entre 0 e 21,9 at. %) foram depositados. O revestimento de referência A razão S/ W mais alta de WSN0 apresentou a razão mais alta de S/W. A espessura total dos filmes juntamente com a intercamada de Cr e a camada de gradiente encontra-se entre 2.1 – 2.4 µm. O revestimento de referência apresenta uma estrutura cristalina. O aumento do teor de N nos revestimentos resulta num alargamento dos picos de difração devido à contribuição de duas novas fases. O revestimento com maior concentração de N apresenta uma estrutura amorfa. Os revestimentos foram caracterizados tribologicamente num equipamento SRV contra uma bola de aço 100Cr6 à temperatura ambiente e a 200ᵒC. Os revestimentos W-S-N testados tribologicamente aalta temperatura apresentaram um melhor desempenho que os revestimentos testados à temperatura ambiente. A estabilidade térmica dos revestimentos foi avaliada a 2 temperaturas distintas (200 and 400 0C), onde não se observaram alterações estruturais e morfológicas.Conclusion:W-S-N coatings with progressive increase of N concentration were deposited from a WS2 target along with nitrogen gas flow in the chamber. The influence of N flow (sccm) on the properties of as deposited and heat-treated coatings was explored. • Increasing N flow from 0 to 20 sccm led to increase nitrogen content in coatings from 0 at. % to 22 at. %. The maximum S/W ratio (in case of WSN0) obtained was 1.45 for both as deposited and heat-treated coatings and then it decreased with N addition due to high affinity of W towards N instead of S. • Pure WSN0 coatings performed inadequately in terms of adhesion, hardness, and wear rate because of their loose and porous columnar morphology. Reference WSN0 coatings showed a crystalline structure, whereas with the increasing flow of nitrogen in the chamber coatings with higher concentration of N, such as WSN20 became X-ray amorphous. The presence of W-S-N phase in N rich coatings is not evident but W2N phase could be indexed in the XRD diffractograms. N incorporation in the lattice structure with low S/W ratio have caused the shift in peak for N rich coatings. • The hardness of coatings has evidently increased as the morphology became compact with nitrogen addition in the coatings with WSN12.5 being the highest in value. The coatings that were annealed displayed better hardness results in comparison to the as deposited coatings. This hardness increase of coatings during annealing is due to the increase of their crystallinity. W-S-N sputtered coatings displayed excellent sliding properties in comparison to literature with good coating adhesion and low wear rates. • The tribological results obtained with low S/W ratio along with nitrogen doping were quite impressive and current study appeared to be the successful beginner step in upscaling the industrial applications for systems sliding in high temperature atmospheres.

Mesoproterozoic Mt Isa inlier of NW Queensland exhibits complex tectonometamorphic history that is generally considered to result from low-pressure/high-temperature (LP/HT) metamorphism with an anticlockwise pressure-temperature-deformation path. Yet studies regarding the nature of the P-T history and tectonic regime that led to such a LP/HT signature have been quite limited. A detailed FIA (Foliation Intersection/Inflection Axes preserved in the porphyroblasts) analysis combined with textural relationships and P-T pseudosections, using key localities across the Eastern Fold Belt of the Mt Isa Inlier, has resolved the cause of the LP/HT signature. Measurement of FIAs in the Eastern Fold Belt has revealed phases of deformation and metamorphism that could not previously be distinguished from one another. Both the ‘asymmetry switch’ and ‘FitPitch’ FIA measurement techniques have been applied to key localities of polymetamorphosed and multiply deformed Eastern Fold Belt, and they yielded the same result. These independent techniques have revealed (1) W-E trending structures that formed during N-S bulk shortening (O1) and N-S oriented structures that formed during W-E bulk shortening (O2) in the Eastern Fold Belt, (2) the presence of separate periods of metamorphism associated with each direction of bulk shortening, and (3) the crustal scale tectonic processes associated with polymetamorphism. The structural overprinting relationships do not support previously suggested non-coaxial west vergent, nappe-style folding in the region. A progressive succession of overprinted FIA trends reveals a clockwise rotation of the principal direction of bulk shortening with time. This requires a radical shift of relative plate movement from N-S to W-E during development of the north Australian craton in the Mesoproterozoic (ca 1.60 and 1.50Ga). Significantly, O1 porphyroblasts preserving W-E FIAs exhibit mineral textures of Barrovian style, whereas O2 formed porphyroblasts preserving N-S FIAs are Buchan in style. This supports the emplacement of the Williams/Naraku Batholiths after O1 around the onset of O2. Higher-pressure garnet cores, modeled in MnNCKFMASH P-T pseudosections preserved early W-E FIAs and formed during O1. This was followed by decompression and then low pressure – high temperature (LP/HT) metamorphism when N-S FIAs were preserved within porphyroblasts. This is further supported by the presences of at least two distinctive generations of staurolite and kyanite that grew both before and after andalusite/cordierite. Middle to upper amphibolite facies metamorphic conditions occurred during O1 with crustal thickening followed by fast erosion and near-isothermal decompression leading to LP/HT conditions. This was followed by O2 and a second period of middle- to upper- amphibolite facies metamorphism that obliterated and/or obscured the tectonometamorphic signature of primitive O1 in the matrix of most rocks. This history appears to correlate better with that observed in the southwest United States, which may have been located against the NE of the Australia at this period in time.

The thesis entitled “Local structure-property relationship in some selected Solid State Materials” mainly focuses on two fundamental topics: (a) evaluation of some standard global structural concepts in terms of local structure to provide a unique description of the crystal structure, and (b) the role of the crystal structure at different length-scales in controlling the properties in some selected materials.

Text in Afrikaans, with summaries in Afrikaans and English
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 383-403)
Die woordestryd oor goddelike inspirasie van alles wat in die Bybel staan, as gevolg van die uitgesproke stellings van Johannes Du Plessis, het tot ‘n krisis gelei wat as baken in die annale van die Ned. Geref. Kerk beskou word. Die meeste van sy standpunte word vandag as waarheid aanvaar en hy het bygedra tot die intellektuele debat oor die Bybel as Woord van God wat vandag nog aangaan. Du Plessis se herkoms, opleiding en verdienste as predikant en saakgelastigde van die Kerk word kortliks bespreek. Hy was die talentvolle seun en enigste kind van 'n Afrikaanse predikant en 'n Engelse vrou, die dogter van 'n sendeling van die LMS. Hy word professor aan die Kweekskool en met kennis opgedoen tydens verdere studie oorsee, het hy gewys op dele van die Bybel wat nie aan goddelike inspirasie toegeskryf kan word nie. Hy het dit ook duidelik gestel dat hy as teoloog en leermeester nie kon glo sonder om te probeer verstaan nie. Hy het sy bevindinge bekend gemaak in Het Zoeklicht, 'n maandblad wat bedoel was om as soeklig te dien om verskillende vorms van “duisternis” in beide godsdiens en die politiek, betref, aan die lig te bring. Oortuig van die waarde van die Hoër Kritiek, het hy dit as sy plig geag om wat hy deur wye leeswerk en kritiese ondersoek rakende die oorsprong, vorm en inhoud van die Ou Testamentiese boeke bekom het, bekend te maak. Artikels van dié aard, eers in De Kerkbode en daarna in Het Zoeklicht, het gelei tot beroering onder behoudende lesers wat gekant was teen enige veranderinge in die prediking. Hulle was veral ontstoke oor sy siening dat die belydenisskrifte wat spruit uit die dae van die Hervorming 500 jaar tevore, oop was vir herformulering. Klagtes dat Du Plessis op 'n gevaarlike pad was, was die begin van wat gelei het tot 'n krisis in die Kerk, en uiteindelik tot 'n buitengewone sinode in 1930 toe hy van sy pos onthef is. Die behoudende reaksie van die meerderheid was dat die Bybel die onfeilbare Woord van God is. Die gevolg was dat 'n groot aantal van die leiers van die Kerk, aanhangers van die Nasionale Party wat in 1948 aan bewind gekom het, tekste uit die Bybel gebruik het om die beleid van Apartheid Skriftuurlik te begrond. Ná byna veertig jaar van 'n onkritiese benadering tot die Bybel, is die geloof in 'n foutlose Bybel weer bevraagteken. Tussen die eerlike teoloë wat dit gewaag het om te wys op foute en inkonsekwenthede, was Ferdinand Deist en Willem Vorster. Albei het hulle opleiding as predikante voltooi maar het hulle nie beroepbaar gestel nie omdat hulle met verdere studie voortgegaan het en hulle openlik uitgespreek het teen die misbruik van Bybelse gegewens om apartheid te regverdig. Geskool aan die Kweekskool in Stellenbosch, het Deist hom onderskei as geleerde wat sy drang na dieper ondersoek gepaar het met 'n piëtisme waarop hy uiting gegee het in 'n stortvloed van akademiese en populêre geskrifte ― wat nie altyd gestrook het met sy stelling dat die Woord van God nie met 'n gelyk-aan-teken aan mekaar verbind kan word nie. Vorster, wat sy opleiding aan die Universiteit van Pretoria ontvang het, het ewe bekend geraak en het internasionale erkenning geniet vir sy toepassing van die semantiek op studies van die Nuwe Testament. Daarby het hy sy kennis van die Nabye Oosterse tale toepaslik gevind in sy bydrae tot The New Quest om meer te wete te kom oor die historiese Jesus, 'n Jood en Galileër wat vir 'n kort periode opgetree het as leermeester en eskatologiese profeet. In die studie van bydraes van die drie geleerdes tot ons verstaan van die Bybel, is ook aandag geskenk aan 'n ander aspek van die Bybel as problematiese teks: Die nadruk wat skrywers en redaktors van die Bybelse gebeure, geplaas het op mans as vaders en seuns ten koste van vroue, moeders en dogters. Die gevolg was dat meeste van die sogenaamde Kerkvaders genoeg in die Bybel kon vind om hulle te identifiseer met die neerhalende beeld wat in Die Openbaring (14:3-4) geskep word van vroue, opvallend in stryd met die inhoud van Genesis 1:26-31.
The controversy started by Johannes Du Plessis over the question whether everything in the Bible was inspired by God, caused a crisis in the Dutch Reformed Church, which is listed as a beacon in its history. Most of the points he raised are accepted as truth today, and started an intellectual debate that is still going on. Information relating to Du Plessis’ origins, training, and achievements as a minister and church official is briefly noted. He was the talented son, and only child of an Afrikaner father and minister of religion, and an English mother, the daughter of an LMS missionary. He became a professor at the Seminary in Stellenbosch, after his studies overseas had caused him to question parts of the Old Testament text that could not be regarded as divinely inspired. He also made it quite clear that believing without trying to understand was not possible for him as a theologian and teacher. He proclaimed his findings in Het Zoeklicht, a monthly magazine intended to serve as a searchlight and an organ to reveal the “darkness” that was still prevalent in both religion and politics. Aware of the value of Higher Criticism of the Old Testament, he regarded it his duty to make known what he had found in reading widely and in critical research on the origins, form and content of the books of the Bible. Articles to this effect published first in De Kerkbode and then in Het Zoeklicht, caused an outcry from conservative readers who were opposed to any changes in the teaching of the church. They were especially enraged by his view that the confessions drawn up by Reformers 500 years earlier, were open for review. Complaints that Du Plessis was on a dangerous path, marked the beginning of what was regarded as a crisis in the Church, and in the end led to Du Plessis being relieved of his post by a special Synod convened in 1930. The views of the conservative majority, however, prevailed. As a result, a large number of leading ministers and theologians, who openly supported the Nationalist government that came into power in 1948, provided assurance that the concept of separation of racial groups was in accordance with Scripture. After nearly forty years of an uncritical approach to the Bible, the belief in in-errancy was again questioned. Among the few theologians who dared to point out errors and inconsistencies in various texts, were Ferdinand Deist and Willem Vorster. Both trained as ministers, they chose to continue their studies and openly expressed themselves against the abuse of Biblical texts to support the ideology of apartheid. Trained at the Seminary in Stellenbosch, Deist turned out to be a noted scholar who combined his urge for honest critical study with a pietism expressed in a flood of academic and popular publications ― which were not always consistent with his own statement that The Word of God could not be connected to Scripture with an is-equal-to symbol. Vorster, who received his education at the University of Pretoria, became equally well known as a scholar and gained international recognition for his application of semantics in the study of the Gospels. He also applied his knowledge of languages in what came to be known as The New Quest for the historical Jesus who, as a Jew and a Galilean, distinguished himself during a brief period as a teacher and eschatological prophet. In the study of the contributions of these three outstanding men to our understanding of the Bible, another major aspect of the Bible as problematic text is addressed: The emphasis the authors and redactors of the Scriptures placed on the roles of men, fathers and sons, patently to the exclusion of women, mothers and daughters. As a result many of the so-called Church Fathers found in the Bible sufficient material to look down upon women ― the verdict expressed in Revelations 14:3-4 being one of numerous texts pointing to women as objects of derision in glaring contradiction to the contents of Genesis 1:26-31.
Biblical and Ancient Studies
D. Phil. (Biblical Studies)