Articoli di riviste: "Graphical languages"

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CITRIN, WAYNE, MICHAEL DOHERTY e BENJAMIN ZORN. "A Graphical Semantics for Graphical Transformation Languages". Journal of Visual Languages & Computing 8, n. 2 (aprile 1997): 147–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jvlc.1996.0046.

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Stanova, Ekaterina. "Linguistic Diversity and Features of Language Policy in Moldova". Rhetoric and Communications, n. 50 (22 gennaio 2022): 128–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.55206/eksc1266.

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Abstract: The article is an attempts to present the linguistic diversity and features of language policy in Moldova. At the same time, it does not aim at comprehensiveness and completeness in the study, but it approbates a methodology for future research in a dissertation. The focus is on identifying differences in graphic systems and in the use of languages as a state policy in several regions: Moldova, Gagauzia, Taraclia and Predestrovia. The first hypothesis is that linguistic diversity is the result of political, social and cultural factors and that linguistic diversity is presented in Moldova. The second hypothesis is that language policy reflects on the use of different languages in different areas. The aim is to analyse the representativeness of official languages and the status of minority languages in the Republic of Moldova after 1990. The objectives are to identify common and different language policies and diversity and to derive some factors and legal parameters and to present the specificity of language policy in Moldova before the last few decades. The methods used are secondary data analysis, content analysis of state documents, chronological and comparative approach. Otherness is analysed at several levels: languages, graphical systems and language policies. The results show the use of different graphical systems for the same language in different regions in Moldova. The representational function of official languages and the specificities of languages used in education and informal communication are also manifestations of otherness. Keywords: language policy, language situation, language contact, language planning, language construction.

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Costagliola, Gennaro, Mattia De Rosa, Vittorio Fuccella e Stefano Perna. "Visual languages: A graphical review". Information Visualization 17, n. 4 (9 luglio 2017): 335–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473871617714520.

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We present a graphical review of the research on visual languages in the last 20 years. In particular, we gathered and analyzed the data about a set of publications in the field from 1995 to 2014. Visual techniques employed include graph-based visualization such as collaboration, co-citation, and co-word networks. We also adopted geographical views, alluvial diagrams, and timelined charts. The produced charts allowed us to have a deeper knowledge on the field of visual languages and on the scientific community working on it.

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Sediqi, Mohammad Hashem, Naqibullah Safi, Shugofa Paiwastoon e Sayed Naqibullah Hashimi. "Exploring Challenges Faced by Engineering Students in Graphic Preparations of Perspective Geometry". Journal of Mechanical, Civil and Industrial Engineering 5, n. 1 (15 febbraio 2024): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jmcie.2024.5.1.5.

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Perspective geometry is a fundamental, challenging, and captivating subject within the engineering bachelor's degree program. It holds significant importance in developing graphic skills, analytical abilities, sketching proficiency, and comprehension of drawings. Moreover, it plays a crucial role in organizing the architectural components of a bachelor's thesis. However, the teaching and learning of perspective geometry often reveal various difficulties and shortcomings. Moreover, one of the various systems of symbols and languages created by global cultures is the graphical language, which is an exceptional and unparalleled language for understanding scientific and technical information. This language is considered the oldest international language. Every visual piece of information in various processes of human life has been formed through the graphical language, which is composed of various geometric shapes. In this research, data has been gathered from the perspectives of first-year students from the 2013 batch regarding the difficulties encountered in perspective geometry. A questionnaire was distributed to collect their opinions, and three graphical tasks with different levels of complexity were given to the students. The results obtained from this study indicate that employing suitable teaching methods and providing adequate resources can alleviate most of the learning difficulties associated with graphic skills. Instructors also play a pivotal role in resolving learning obstacles. Therefore, efforts should be made to enhance the quality of teaching graphic subjects by updating the content and curriculum of educational programs and improving teaching methods through the use of technology. In higher education institutions, conditions for fostering students' professional knowledge, enhancing their ability to draw maps and create technical documents can be facilitated through computer graphics education. Updating the teaching methods plays a crucial role in improving the quality of graphic education. The mentioned factors provide a suitable environment for the growth of graphic knowledge and the implementation of projects related to professional subjects.

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Ayer, Vidya M., Sheila Miguez e Brian H. Toby. "Why scientists should learn to program in Python". Powder Diffraction 29, S2 (dicembre 2014): S48—S64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715614000931.

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The importance of software continues to grow for all areas of scientific research, no less for powder diffraction. Knowing how to program a computer is a basic and useful skill for scientists. This paper explains the three approaches for programming languages and why scripting languages are preferred for non-expert programmers. The Python-scripting language is extremely efficient for science and its use by scientists is growing. Python is also one of the easiest languages to learn. The language is introduced, as well as a few of the many add-on packages available that extend its capabilities, for example, for numerical computations, scientific graphics, and graphical user interface programming. Resources for learning Python are also provided.

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STEIN, DOMINIK, STEFAN HANENBERG e RAINER UNLAND. "JOIN POINT DESIGNATION DIAGRAMS: A GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF JOIN POINT SELECTIONS". International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 16, n. 03 (giugno 2006): 317–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194006002811.

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The specification of join point selections (also known as "pointcuts") is a major design issue in Aspect-Oriented Software Development. Aspect-oriented systems generally provide specific language constructs (subsumed by the term "pointcut language") for specifying such a join point selection. Pointcut languages differ widely with respect to their syntax and semantics. Consequently, developers familiar with one specific language can hardly benefit from this knowledge when designing and implementing pointcuts in another language. This implies that developers working with different aspect-oriented languages can hardly communicate their design to each other, and knowledge about aspect-oriented design can hardly be transferred among developers developing in different languages. In order to overcome this problem, we present novel specification means based on the UML to represent diverse ways of join point selections — without relying on language-specific syntax and semantics. Instead, the proposed language constructs are able to express join point selections in a variety of different aspect-oriented programming languages.

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Agarwal, Rakesh, e Giorgio Bruno. "Implementing inheritance in operational graphical languages". ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes 22, n. 4 (luglio 1997): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/263244.263256.

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Sharov, O. G., e A. N. Afanasiev. "Syntax error recovery in graphical languages". Programming and Computer Software 34, n. 1 (gennaio 2008): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0361768808010052.

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Engelen, Luc, e Mark van den Brand. "Integrating Textual and Graphical Modelling Languages". Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 253, n. 7 (settembre 2010): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.entcs.2010.08.035.

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Christensen, J. H. "Graphical Programming Languages for Programmable Controllers". IFAC Proceedings Volumes 18, n. 13 (ottobre 1985): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-033450-9.50016-6.

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Christensen, J. H. "Graphical programming languages for programmable controllers". Annual Review in Automatic Programming 13 (gennaio 1985): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0066-4138(85)90446-x.

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Ozsoyoglu, G., e H. Wang. "Example-based graphical database query languages". Computer 26, n. 5 (maggio 1993): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/2.211893.

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Labrenz, Annika, Heike Wiese, Tatiana Pashkova e Shanley Allen. "The three-dot sign in language contact". Pragmatics and Cognition 29, n. 2 (31 dicembre 2022): 246–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.21021.lab.

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Abstract In this study, we investigate the three-dot sign as a discourse marker (DM) with textual, subjective and intersubjective discourse functions. As a graphical marker that is used across languages, the three-dot sign is especially suitable for comparative studies and dynamics in language contact. Our corpus study targeting instant messages of different languages (English, German, Greek, Russian, Turkish) and speaker groups (monolinguals and bilingual heritage speakers) suggests that graphical DMs are prone to cross-linguistic influence. This depends on the specific contact situation and does not seem to be a general effect of bilingualism. The societal status of a language might further influence the use of such markers in digital informal writing. Language-specific developments that relate to emerging functions indicate that functional versatility promotes frequent use of (graphical) DMs.

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Koppler, Rainer, Siegfried Grabner e Jens Volkert. "Visualization of Distributed Data Structures for High Performance Fortran-Like Languages". Scientific Programming 6, n. 1 (1997): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1997/504101.

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This article motivates the usage of graphics and visualization for efficient utilization of High Performance Fortran's (HPF's) data distribution facilities. It proposes a graphical toolkit consisting of exploratory and estimation tools which allow the programmer to navigate through complex distributions and to obtain graphical ratings with respect to load distribution and communication. The toolkit has been implemented in a mapping design and visualization tool which is coupled with a compilation system for the HPF predecessor Vienna Fortran. Since this language covers a superset of HPF's facilities, the tool may also be used for visualization of HPF data structures.

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Rougny, Adrien. "sbgntikz—a TikZ library to draw SBGN maps". Bioinformatics 35, n. 21 (9 maggio 2019): 4499–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btz287.

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Abstract Summary The systems biology graphical notation (SBGN) has emerged as the main standard to represent biological maps graphically. It comprises three complementary languages: Process Description, for detailed biomolecular processes; Activity Flow, for influences of biological activities and Entity Relationship, for independent relations shared among biological entities. On the other hand, TikZ is one of the most commonly used package to ‘program’ graphics within TEX/LATEX. Here, we present sbgntikz, a TikZ library that allows drawing and customizing SBGN maps directly into TEX/LATEX documents, using the TikZ language. sbgntikz supports all glyphs of the three SBGN languages, and offers options that facilitate the drawing of complex glyph assembly within TikZ. Furthermore, sbgntikz is provided together with a converter that allows transforming any SBGN map stored under the SBGN Markup Language into a TikZ picture, or rendering it directly into a PDF file. Availability and implementation sbgntikz, the SBGN-ML to sbgntikz converter, as well as a complete documentation can be freely downloaded from https://github.com/Adrienrougny/sbgntikz/. The library and the converter are compatible with all recent operating systems, including Windows, MacOS, and all common Linux distributions. Supplementary information Supplementary material is available at Bioinformatics online.

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Angulo, Camilo. "Enhancing Sketching Practices with Non-Graphical Languages". International Journal of Design Education 14, n. 1 (2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2325-128x/cgp/v14i01/1-8.

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Catarci, Tiziana, Giuseppe Santucci e Michele Angelaccio. "Fundamental graphical primitives for visual query languages". Information Systems 18, n. 2 (marzo 1993): 75–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4379(93)90006-m.

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Achten, Peter, e Rinus Plasmeijer. "The ins and outs of Clean I/O". Journal of Functional Programming 5, n. 1 (gennaio 1995): 81–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796800001258.

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AbstractFunctional programming languages have banned assignment because of its undesirable properties. The reward of this rigorous decision is that functional programming languages are side-effect free. There is another side to the coin: because assignment plays a crucial role in Input/Output (I/O), functional languages have a hard time dealing with I/O. Functional programming languages have therefore often been stigmatised as inferior to imperative programming languages because they cannot deal with I/O very well. In this paper, we show that I/O can be incorporated in a functional programming language without loss of any of the generally accepted advantages of functional programming languages. This discussion is supported by an extensive account of the I/O system offered by the lazy, purely functional programming language Clean. Two aspects that are paramount in its I/O system make the approach novel with respect to other approaches. These aspects are the technique of explicit multiple environment passing, and the Event I/O framework to program Graphical User I/O in a highly structured and high-level way. Clean file I/O is as powerful and flexible as it is in common imperative languages (one can read, write, and seek directly in a file). Clean Event I/O provides programmers with a high-level framework to specify complex Graphical User I/O. It has been used to write applications such as a window-based text editor, an object based drawing program, a relational database, and a spreadsheet program. These graphical interactive programs are completely machine independent, but still obey the look-and-feel of the concrete window environment being used. The specifications are completely functional and make extensive use of uniqueness typing, higher-order functions, and algebraic data types. Efficient implementations are present on the Macintosh, Sun (X Windows under Open Look) and PC (OS/2).

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Du, Tian Yan, De An Zhao e Li Huang. "An Implementation of Petri Net Based on Graphical Programming Language". Key Engineering Materials 464 (gennaio 2011): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.464.327.

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This paper deals with an implementation method of component-based Petri nets system based on a graphical programming language (LabVIEW). LabVIEW is not only a graphical programming language, but also a virtual instrument platform which is widely used in virtual measurement and control system. The Places (token number) of Petri nets are represented by Numeric Controls of LabVIEW. The Transitions of Petri nets are represented by subVIs of LabVIEW. Transition subVI will change the tokens of Places by the Numeric Controls' Reference when it is fired. This method will make it ease to implement a Petri net by simply combining Place and Transition components (subVI). The example implementing a special Petri net shows that the Front Panel of the controller reflects the system operating state directly; the Block Diagram is similar to the topology of original Petri net. The combination of two graphic languages makes the modeling, analysis and formal verification of measurement and control system based on Petri nets easier.

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Ahmed, Ahmed A., Ayman E. Khedr e Sherif A. Kholeif. "Adaptive Concept Map Approach for Software Requirements Validation". Future Computing and Informatics Journal 4, n. 1 (24 giugno 2019): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54623/fue.fcij.4.1.4.

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Requirements validation is one of the most significant and critical parts of the requirements engineering. This activity ensures that the set of requirements is accurate, right, complete, and consistent. Requirements validation is considered as the key activity because mistakes found in a software requirements document can lead to extensive rework costs when they are discovered either during development or after the system is in service. There are some commonly used bases to validate user requirements such as: Natural language, Design description languages, Graphical notations and Mathematical specification languages. Whereas the graphical notations are the most suitable means to be used in software requirements validation because it is easy to understand, and it can be easily created by analyst and time took. Therefore, this paper adopts the map concept which is a graphical technique for discovering the hidden flaws in software requirements in the early phases of software development lifecycle.

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Schalles, Christian, John Creagh e Michael Rebstock. "A Causal Model for Analyzing the Impact of Graphical Modeling Languages on Usability". International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 24, n. 09 (novembre 2014): 1337–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194014500417.

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Today, developing the conceptual design of information systems has become inconceivable without the support of graphical models. Models are developed using graph-based modeling languages such as UML. This study focuses on the impact of metamodel properties on different usability attributes in the domain of graphical modeling languages. The study is based on a model of hypotheses including a structural causal model developed under consideration of cognitive theories and usability theory. Survey data is collected and the causal hypotheses are assessed using a structure equation modeling approach. The study shows important findings for practical and theoretical issues of how differing modeling languages are influencing usability attributes on causal stages in the modeling domain. The main focus of this article is to define differences and similarities of how language metaproperties impact usability attributes in model interpretation scenarios.

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Johnsson, Charlotta. "Graphical Languages for Business Processes and Manufacturing Operations". IFAC Proceedings Volumes 41, n. 2 (2008): 13863–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20080706-5-kr-1001.02347.

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Ferrucci, F., G. Pacini, G. Satta, M. I. Sessa, G. Tortora, M. Tucci e G. Vitiello. "Symbol–Relation Grammars: A Formalism for Graphical Languages". Information and Computation 131, n. 1 (novembre 1996): 1–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/inco.1996.0090.

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Chen, Wenjie, Qiliang Yang, Shuo Zhao, Jianchun Xing e Qizhen Zhou. "A Graphical Programming Language and Its Supporting Tool for Insect Intelligent Building". Scientific Programming 2020 (12 novembre 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9634389.

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The emerging Insect Intelligent Building (I2B) platform is pioneering a new realm in intelligent buildings. I2B has a distributed and decentralized network structure with intelligent nodes, and the key enabler is an application (APP) that functions to process information from intelligent nodes and accomplish complex control tasks in a decentralized network. To develop APPs for I2B, a proper programming language is the foremost goal; however, existing programming languages cannot be applied directly due to I2B's unique structure and distinction of application domains. This paper aims to provide language support for a direct and friendly development of I2B APPs. We propose a graphical programming language that adapts to the operating characteristics of I2B and users' habits of buildings. Specifically, we first analyze the domain characteristics of the proposed language and present a general programming language model illustrated with a motivating example. Then, we investigate the detailed design, definition, and usage of graphic elements. Additionally, we implement a prototype support tool for the graphical programming language to develop I2B APPs. Moreover, we use the application example of a building's constant pressure control for evaluating the effectiveness of our work.

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Lim, Shin Huei, e Terry Halpin. "Automated Verbalization of ORM Models in Malay and Mandarin". International Journal of Information System Modeling and Design 7, n. 4 (ottobre 2016): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijismd.2016100101.

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Fact-oriented modeling approaches such as Object-Role Modeling (ORM) include a rich graphical notation for capturing business constraints, allowing modelers to visualize fine details of their data models. These data models should be validated with domain experts who best understand the business requirements, even if unfamiliar with the graphical notation. Hence, the data models are best validated by verbalizing the models in a controlled natural language, and by populating the relevant fact types with examples. Comparatively little support exists for verbalizing fact-based models in non-English languages, especially Asian languages. This paper describes the authors' work on verbalizing ORM models in Bahasa Melayu (Malay) and Mandarin. The authors specify some typical transformation patterns, discuss features of these languages requiring special treatment (e.g. noun classifiers, repositioning of modal operators, and different uses for terms equivalent to “who” and “that” in English), and describe their current implementation efforts.

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Sermeno, Jason. "Graphical Block Structured Programming: A Visual Programming Paradigm". Journal of Innovative Technology Convergence 1, n. 1 (30 giugno 2019): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.69478/jitc2019v1n1a06.

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This paper discusses the concept and design of a graphical block-structured programming paradigm that presents a model for constructing computer programs using a set of graphical objects that resembles the existing lexical instructions in a C language. The design of the paradigm was motivated by the results from studies investigating the previous designs and the acquisition of existing visual programming languages. Studies showed that most people are having trouble expressing the structures that they cannot write or verbally describe due to their limited grasp of natural language. The aim of this proposed programming paradigm is to improve the user’s ability to create programs by making programming more accessible to some particular audience and improving the correctness and speed with which people perform programming tasks.

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Wolter, Jan, e Uwe Kastens. "Generating 3D Visual Language Editors: Encapsulating Interaction Techniques in Visual Patterns". International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 25, n. 02 (marzo 2015): 333–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194015400124.

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The implementation of three-dimensional visual languages requires a wide range of conceptual and technical knowledge on issues for 3D graphics and textual language processing. Our generator framework DEViL3D incorporates such knowledge and supports the design of visual 3D languages and their implementation from high-level specifications. Such 3D languages arise from different modeling domains that make use of three-dimensional representations, e.g. the "ball-and-stick" models of molecules. The front-end of a 3D language implementation is a dedicated 3D graphical structure editor, which offers interaction and navigation techniques to construct programs in their domain. These techniques allow to manipulate the 3D program directly using operations to insert, move, and restructure objects. We have developed canned solutions for all such techniques that are encapsulated in visual patterns, which are provided by our generator. The designer of a particular 3D language only has to apply visual patterns to constructs of the abstract syntax, which defines the basic structure of the language. We have complemented our development with a usability study. Participants had to solve several tasks with different interaction or navigation techniques. Furthermore, we equipped the 3D editors with the opportunity to let users gain an immersive 3D perception by using stereoscopic hardware.

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Carette, Titouan, Emmanuel Jeandel, Simon Perdrix e Renaud Vilmart. "Completeness of Graphical Languages for Mixed State Quantum Mechanics". ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing 2, n. 4 (31 dicembre 2021): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3464693.

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There exist several graphical languages for quantum information processing, like quantum circuits, ZX-calculus, ZW-calculus, and so on. Each of these languages forms a †-symmetric monoidal category (†-SMC) and comes with an interpretation functor to the †-SMC of finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces. In recent years, one of the main achievements of the categorical approach to quantum mechanics has been to provide several equational theories for most of these graphical languages, making them complete for various fragments of pure quantum mechanics. We address the question of how to extend these languages beyond pure quantum mechanics to reason about mixed states and general quantum operations, i.e., completely positive maps. Intuitively, such an extension relies on the axiomatisation of a discard map that allows one to get rid of a quantum system, an operation that is not allowed in pure quantum mechanics. We introduce a new construction, the discard construction , which transforms any †-symmetric monoidal category into a symmetric monoidal category equipped with a discard map. Roughly speaking this construction consists in making any isometry causal. Using this construction, we provide an extension for several graphical languages that we prove to be complete for general quantum operations. However, this construction fails for some fringe cases like Clifford+T quantum mechanics, as the category does not have enough isometries.

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HE, Xiao. "A Metamodel for the Notation of Graphical Modeling Languages". Journal of Software 19, n. 8 (21 ottobre 2008): 1867–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1001.2008.01867.

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Ykhlef, Mourad, e Sarra Alqahtani. "A survey of graphical query languages for XML data". Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences 23, n. 2 (luglio 2011): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2011.05.002.

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Wittenburg, Kent, Louis Weitzman e Jim Talley. "Unification-based grammars and tabular parsing for graphical languages". Journal of Visual Languages & Computing 2, n. 4 (dicembre 1991): 347–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1045-926x(05)80004-7.

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Ranjan, Shashi, G. Anand, Manju Nanda e S. Jyothi Lakshmi. "Design and Development of Flight Data Visualization Tool for Post Flight Analysis". ITM Web of Conferences 50 (2022): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20225002003.

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Abstract (sommario):

Data Analysis and Visualization play a significant role today. The data represented graphically are more attractive and easily understandable. The paper aims to describe the design and development cycle of a flight data visualization tool. This tool facilitates a graphical analysis of critical flight parameters, which aids in deciding the upcoming operation during the testing stage. Data has always been a constant element in every field of work. Data analysis has evolved from manual to computational methods in recent years and is widely used for pre and post-research purposes. To achieve high accuracy and fast computation, high-level programming languages produce graphical data within a smaller framework of time, enabling quick analysis.

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CHRISTOFFELS, INGRID K., ANNETTE M. B. DE GROOT e LOURENS J. WALDORP. "Basic skills in a complex task: A graphical model relating memory and lexical retrieval to simultaneous interpreting". Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 6, n. 3 (dicembre 2003): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728903001135.

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Simultaneous interpreting (SI) is a complex skill, where language comprehension and production take place at the same time in two different languages. In this study we identified some of the basic cognitive skills involved in SI, focusing on the roles of memory and lexical retrieval. We administered a reading span task in two languages and a verbal digit span task in the native language to assess memory capacity, and a picture naming and a word translation task to tap the retrieval time of lexical items in two languages, and we related performance on these four tasks to interpreting skill in untrained bilinguals. The results showed that word translation and picture naming latencies correlate with interpreting performance. Also digit span and reading span were associated with SI performance, only less strongly so. A graphical models analysis indicated that specifically word translation efficiency and working memory form independent subskills of SI performance in untrained bilinguals.

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Segerer, Guillaume. "The presentation of noun class systems of Niger-Congo languages". Language in Africa 3, n. 2 (23 luglio 2022): 8–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37892/2686-8946-2022-3-2-8-36.

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The graphical presentation of Niger-Congo noun class systems shows considerable variation, which deserves a careful examination. The choices of presentation seem to depend on the mere fancy of authors: close languages may be presented in very different ways while different systems may be given very similar graphical choices. After consulting hundreds of descriptions of noun class languages of the Niger-Congo phylum, I could determine four major presentation types. This huge amount of information also allowed me to present new statistical data on the typology of the noun class systems of the phylum.

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Sorokin, Anatoly, Nicolas Le Novère, Augustin Luna, Tobias Czauderna, Emek Demir, Robin Haw, Huaiyu Mi, Stuart Moodie, Falk Schreiber e Alice Villéger. "Systems Biology Graphical Notation: Entity Relationship language Level 1 Version 2". Journal of Integrative Bioinformatics 12, n. 2 (1 giugno 2015): 281–339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jib-2015-264.

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Summary The Systems Biological Graphical Notation (SBGN) is an international community effort for standardized graphical representations of biological pathways and networks. The goal of SBGN is to provide unambiguous pathway and network maps for readers with different scientific backgrounds as well as to support efficient and accurate exchange of biological knowledge between different research communities, industry, and other players in systems biology. Three SBGN languages, Process Description (PD), Entity Relationship (ER) and Activity Flow (AF), allow for the representation of different aspects of biological and biochemical systems at different levels of detail.The SBGN Entity Relationship language (ER) represents biological entities and their interactions and relationships within a network. SBGN ER focuses on all potential relationships between entities without considering temporal aspects. The nodes (elements) describe biological entities, such as proteins and complexes. The edges (connections) provide descriptions of interactions and relationships (or influences), e.g., complex formation, stimulation and inhibition. Among all three languages of SBGN, ER is the closest to protein interaction networks in biological literature and textbooks, but its well-defined semantics offer a superior precision in expressing biological knowledge.

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Moodie, Stuart, Nicolas Le Novère, Emek Demir, Huaiyu Mi e Alice Villéger. "Systems Biology Graphical Notation: Process Description language Level 1 Version 1.3". Journal of Integrative Bioinformatics 12, n. 2 (1 giugno 2015): 213–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jib-2015-263.

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Summary The Systems Biological Graphical Notation (SBGN) is an international community effort for standardized graphical representations of biological pathways and networks. The goal of SBGN is to provide unambiguous pathway and network maps for readers with different scientific backgrounds as well as to support efficient and accurate exchange of biological knowledge between different research communities, industry, and other players in systems biology. Three SBGN languages, Process Description (PD), Entity Relationship (ER) and Activity Flow (AF), allow for the representation of different aspects of biological and biochemical systems at different levels of detail.The SBGN Process Description language represents biological entities and processes between these entities within a network. SBGN PD focuses on the mechanistic description and temporal dependencies of biological interactions and transformations. The nodes (elements) are split into entity nodes describing, e.g., metabolites, proteins, genes and complexes, and process nodes describing, e.g., reactions and associations. The edges (connections) provide descriptions of relationships (or influences) between the nodes, such as consumption, production, stimulation and inhibition. Among all three languages of SBGN, PD is the closest to metabolic and regulatory pathways in biological literature and textbooks, but its well-defined semantics offer a superior precision in expressing biological knowledge.

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Claudio, Brian Meneses, Luis Nuñez Tapia e Witman Alvarado Díaz. "Graphical Interface to Improve Python Language Teaching and Image Processing". International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering 12, n. 3 (11 marzo 2022): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.46338/ijetae0322_10.

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The increase in knowledge of programming languages is increasingly high due to current business and educational demands, in many cases it has been reflected that advanced knowledge of a programming language for careers in natural sciences and engineering have improved the possibility of getting a decent job with a good working environment. Many universities propose programming courses on a large scale and in a general way so that the student can investigate and deepen the topics, but when the course is carried out without any structure or interface with which the students present a great interest in it, they tend to fail or regularly make basic schedules to only pass the course. That is why a graphical interface system is proposed to improve the teaching of the Python language due to its various functionalities and improve the interest of image processing. Obtaining as results that, of the 100 students and teachers within the branch of natural sciences and engineering, using 9 indicators of satisfaction an average of 6 thus indicating that the graphic interface does help in the process of learning and interaction of the person did the programming and processing of images. It is concluded that the use of graphical interfaces for any type of teaching is quite useful due to the simulation mode that all these have, thus improving the level of interaction of the student and the possibilities of tests that can be carried out before the implementation or design in real. Keywords— GUI, Python, graphical interface, PyQt, artificial intelligence.

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Dymchenko, Oleksii, Oleh Smysh e Oleksandr Zhezherun. "Graphical Interface for the Recommendation System". NaUKMA Research Papers. Computer Science 4 (10 dicembre 2021): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/2617-3808.2021.4.93-97.

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Today, mathematics plays a huge part of our everyday life. But due to the poor school education and lack of open access resources, many students find it difficult to be fully prepared for the independent external evaluation in mathematics, especially geometry. Although much has already been done to conduct higher knowledge results, lots of students still have gaps in understanding simple problem solving. Clearly, geometry requires a more fundamental and visual implementation to the studying process than algebra in order to increase the overall knowledge level of Ukrainian applicants for higher education. Students often do not have access to innovative studying instruments in their schools necessary for successful completion of geometry classes, which is why they receive weak results in tests.In the research, we are concentrating on the planimetry problems, because they can be easily produced in a written form. After analyzing all types of describing a problem, the best option for the system is the open-type problems with the short answer.The article concentrates on creating a graphical interface module, implementing it to the existing language processing module, and introducing a recommendation system that demonstrates a new fundamental instrument that can change the learning technique and give a comprehensive way of explaining geometry problems.The created system receives an open-type planimetry problem in Ukrainian language, processes it using the NLP module, and transfers the data directly to the interface module, which creates an image of the problem. Then the student can try to draw all the required figures, while the system continuously checks the progress. Recommendations (hints) can be applied during the process by the system.Interface and the NLP modules were created separately, independently, and using different programming languages. For that purpose, we use an intermediate stage – JSON file, which is used to transfer the processed information.

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Mi, Huaiyu, Falk Schreiber, Stuart Moodie, Tobias Czauderna, Emek Demir, Robin Haw, Augustin Luna, Nicolas Le Novère, Anatoly Sorokin e Alice Villéger. "Systems Biology Graphical Notation: Activity Flow language Level 1 Version 1.2". Journal of Integrative Bioinformatics 12, n. 2 (1 giugno 2015): 340–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jib-2015-265.

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Summary The Systems Biological Graphical Notation (SBGN) is an international community effort for standardized graphical representations of biological pathways and networks. The goal of SBGN is to provide unambiguous pathway and network maps for readers with different scientific backgrounds as well as to support efficient and accurate exchange of biological knowledge between different research communities, industry, and other players in systems biology. Three SBGN languages, Process Description (PD), Entity Relationship (ER) and Activity Flow (AF), allow for the representation of different aspects of biological and biochemical systems at different levels of detail.The SBGN Activity Flow language represents the influences of activities among various entities within a network. Unlike SBGN PD and ER that focus on the entities and their relationships with others, SBGN AF puts the emphasis on the functions (or activities) performed by the entities, and their effects to the functions of the same or other entities. The nodes (elements) describe the biological activities of the entities, such as protein kinase activity, binding activity or receptor activity, which can be easily mapped to Gene Ontology molecular function terms. The edges (connections) provide descriptions of relationships (or influences) between the activities, e.g., positive influence and negative influence. Among all three languages of SBGN, AF is the closest to signaling pathways in biological literature and textbooks, but its well-defined semantics offer a superior precision in expressing biological knowledge.

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Zivkovic, Dragica, e Jasmina Jovanovic. "Comparison of morphemic word structure and a cartographic sign". Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 91, n. 1 (2011): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd1101159z.

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Language is a system of gestures, sounds, characters, symbols and words that are used to display concepts and communication. Map language is derived from natural language, rather than parallel to it, as its graphical equivalent. Natural and mapping language is based on a system of signs. In the natural language, the letters are the smallest units, and arranged meaningfully they constitute a sign - a word i.e. a concept. In a cartographic language one sign is one term. But common to both languages is the basis of character - morphemes and its accessories - affixes, which in the cartographic language have greater possibilities of expression.

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Sharov, O. G., e A. N. Afanas'ev. "Syntax-Directed Implementation of Visual Languages Based on Automaton Graphical Grammars". Programming and Computer Software 31, n. 6 (novembre 2005): 332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11086-005-0042-4.

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Alotaibi, Youseef. "Graphical business process modelling standards, techniques and languages: a literature review". International Journal of Business Information Systems 25, n. 1 (2017): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbis.2017.083275.

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Alotaibi, Youseef. "Graphical business process modelling standards, techniques and languages: a literature review". International Journal of Business Information Systems 25, n. 1 (2017): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbis.2017.10003904.

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Pineda, Luis, e Gabriela Garza. "A Model for Multimodal Reference Resolution". Computational Linguistics 26, n. 2 (giugno 2000): 139–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089120100561665.

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An important aspect of the interpretation of multimodal messages is the ability to identify when the same object in the world is the referent of symbols in different modalities. To understand the caption of a picture, for instance, one needs to identify the graphical symbols that are referred to by names and pronouns in the natural language text. One way to think of this problem is in terms of the notion of anaphora; however, unlike linguistic anaphoric inference, in which antecedents for pronouns are selected from a linguistic context, in the interpretation of the textual part of multimodal messages the antecedents are selected from a graphical context. Under this view, resolving multimodal references is like resolving anaphora across modalities. Another way to see the same problem is to look at pronouns in texts about drawings as deictic. In this second view, the context of interpretation of a natural language term is defined as a set of expressions of a graphical language with well-defined syntax and semantics. Natural language and graphical terms are thought of as standing in a relation of translation similar to the translation relation that holds between natural languages. In this paper a theory based on this second view is presented. In this theory, the relations between multimodal representation and spatial deixis, on the one hand, and multimodal reasoning and deictic inference, on the other, are discussed. An integrated model of anaphoric and deictic resolution in the context of the interpretation of multimodal discourse is also advanced.

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Kosar, Tomaz, Nuno Oliveira, Marjan Mernik, Varanda Pereira, Matej Crepinsek, Cruz Da e Rangel Henriques. "Comparing general-purpose and domain-specific languages: An empirical study". Computer Science and Information Systems 7, n. 2 (2010): 247–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis1002247k.

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Many domain-specific languages, that try to bring feasible alternatives for existing solutions while simplifying programming work, have come up in recent years. Although, these little languages seem to be easy to use, there is an open issue whether they bring advantages in comparison to the application libraries, which are the most commonly used implementation approach. In this work, we present an experiment, which was carried out to compare such a domain-specific language with a comparable application library. The experiment was conducted with 36 programmers, who have answered a questionnaire on both implementation approaches. The questionnaire is more than 100 pages long. For a domain-specific language and the application library, the same problem domain has been used - construction of graphical user interfaces. In terms of a domain-specific language, XAML has been used and C# Forms for the application library. A cognitive dimension framework has been used for a comparison between XAML and C# Forms.

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Wei, Ran, Athanasios Zolotas, Horacio Hoyos Rodriguez, Simos Gerasimou, Dimitrios S. Kolovos e Richard F. Paige. "Automatic generation of UML profile graphical editors for Papyrus". Software and Systems Modeling 19, n. 5 (11 agosto 2020): 1083–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10270-020-00813-6.

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Abstract UML profiles offer an intuitive way for developers to build domain-specific modelling languages by reusing and extending UML concepts. Eclipse Papyrus is a powerful open-source UML modelling tool which supports UML profiling. However, with power comes complexity, implementing non-trivial UML profiles and their supporting editors in Papyrus typically requires the developers to handcraft and maintain a number of interconnected models through a loosely guided, labour-intensive and error-prone process. We demonstrate how metamodel annotations and model transformation techniques can help manage the complexity of Papyrus in the creation of UML profiles and their supporting editors. We present Jorvik, an open-source tool that implements the proposed approach. We illustrate its functionality with examples, and we evaluate our approach by comparing it against manual UML profile specification and editor implementation using a non-trivial enterprise modelling language (Archimate) as a case study. We also perform a user study in which developers are asked to produce identical editors using both Papyrus and Jorvik demonstrating the substantial productivity and maintainability benefits that Jorvik delivers.

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Fuchs, Norbert E., e David Robertson. "Declarative specifications". Knowledge Engineering Review 11, n. 4 (dicembre 1996): 317–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269888900008018.

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AbstractDeriving formal specifications from informal requirements is extremely difficult since one has to overcome the conceptual gap between an application domain and the domain of formal specification methods. To reduce this gap we introduce application-specific specification languages, i.e., graphical and textual notations that can be unambiguously mapped to formal specifications in a logic language. We describe a number of realised approaches based on this idea, and evaluate them with respect to their domain specificity vs. generality.

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Pavlicko, Peter, e Michael P. Peterson. "Large-scale Topographic Web Maps Using Scalable Vector Graphics". Cartographic Perspectives, n. 50 (1 marzo 2005): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14714/cp50.416.

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With the advent of the Internet, particularly the World Wide Web, the use and demand for online maps has grown very rapidly. Large scale topographic maps from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) at a scale of 1:24,000 have been traditionally distributed in paper form. To make these maps available to a larger number of people, rasterized versions are now available from various sources. Instead of the common raster format presentation, the solution presented here is based on a vector approach using Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), a relatively new vector format describing vector graphics for the Web. SVG provides many advantages compared to the use of a raster-based presentation, such as the quality of the graphical representation, maintenance, actualization, interactivity, and extensibility through other Web programming languages. The purpose of this research is to propose an optimal and logical structure for a SVG document with a minimal file size that would be universally applicable to all USGS large scale topographic maps while maintaining the graphic quality at a comparable level with maps presented on paper. The study shows that SVG is a promising technology for delivering high quality, fully-vector topographic maps via the Internet, both in terms of graphic quality and interactivity.

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Ismail, Nurul Izzaty, Wan Heng Fong e Nor Haniza Sarmin. "Computation of splicing languages from DNA splicing system with one palindromic restriction enzyme". Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 14, n. 2 (3 giugno 2018): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v14n2.879.

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In DNA splicing system, the potential effects of sets of restriction enzymes and a ligase that allow DNA molecules to be cleaved and reassociated to produce further molecules are studied. A splicing language depicts the molecules resulting from a splicing system. In this research, a C++ programming code for DNA splicing system with one palindromic restriction enzyme for one and two (non-overlapping) cutting sites is developed. A graphical user interface, GUI is then designed to allow the user to insert the initial DNA string and restriction enzymes to generate the splicing languages which are the result of the computation of the C++ programming. This interface displays the resulting splicing languages, which depict the results from in vitro experiments of the respective splicing system. The results from this research simplify the lenghty manual computation of the resulting splicing languages of DNA splicing systems with one palindromic restriction enzyme.

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Han, Yao Jun, e Xue Mei Luo. "Modeling and Analysis of Multilingual Information Parallel Downloads in Data Grid". Applied Mechanics and Materials 263-266 (dicembre 2012): 1424–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.263-266.1424.

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The need arises in parallel downloads of multilingual information for powerful graphical and analytical tools, as information with a variety of different languages distributed in different Web pages and the databases are heterogeneous and uneven in data grid. Petri net is a powerful graphical and mathematics tool for describing the concurrent, asynchronous and dynamic events. The parallel downloading of multilingual information was modeled and analyzed using extended timed colored Petri net (ETSdCPN). In ETSdCPN model, the color represents different languages information, and the time duration associated with place instead of transition is a function of tokens instead of constant. The reachable parallel download graph (RPDG) of ETSdCPN is defined. Finally, some important results such as rate of satisfaction and makespan of multilingual information parallel downloads are gotten by analyzing reachability of Petri net.

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