Tesi sul tema "Grape quality"

Mestrado em Engenharia de Viticultura e Enologia - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
Grape-Wine quality is a very complex concept that depends on the interaction of different factors such as the maturity of the grape and the management of the operations in the vineyard and in the cellar. Grape composition is critical to achieving a quality wine. A hundred and sexteen grape samples from Cabernet Sauvignon vineyards were collected in Chile. Chemical grape composition through traditional analyses such as °Brix, pH and nitrogen, GC-MSMS aroma anlyses and spectrophotometric and HPLC polyphenolic compounds analyses were measured. A sensorial evaluation of wines produced in standard conditions from the grapes in analysis was carried out by a panel-taste of experts selected by Concha y Toro company. The data were compared and correlation analyses of Pearson and Spearman and regression analyses were carried out using statistical instruments such as Excel, Rstudio and Statgraphics. Several chemical parameters (assimilable nitrogen, tannins, anthocyanins, isobutil-methoxypirazines) were relevant for the overall quality assessment and the influence of external factors (valley of provenance, trellis system, vines age) and productivity on the concentration of these parameters was significant. The chemical composition of the grape (focused on the significant parameters) was revealed as an objective tool able to predict the correct harvest time and the quality of the grapes
N/A

Orientador: Antonio Carlos de Oliveira Ferraz
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola
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Resumo: A cultivar de uva Niagara Rosada é a principal uva de mesa brasileira e o Estado de São Paulo é seu maior produtor com cerca de 2000 propriedades vitícolas (OLIVEIRA et al. 2008). O seu cultivo está se expandindo, dentre os fatores responsáveis destacam-se: o menor custo de produção em relação ao cultivo de uvas finas; maior rusticidade e menor necessidade de defensivos agrícolas. Apesar dos 79 anos de existência desde sua identificação e das inúmeras vantagens no cultivo, a uva 'Niagara Rosada' possui pouquíssimos estudos sobre sua pós-colheita, maturação ideal na vindima e suas consequências na vida útil dos frutos, e de sua aceitação pelo consumidor. A uva é comercializada freqüentemente abaixo do índice de maturação de 14o Brix indo contra a legislação brasileira. É comercializada imatura, ou seja, pouco doce, ácida e verde, causando malefícios a toda cadeia. Os produtores costumam comercializá-la mesmo fora da legislação vigente argumentando que não suportariam o manuseio, acondicionamento e transporte caso fossem colhidas no estádio recomendado. Diante do exposto o objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar a variação da qualidade e da vida útil da uva 'Niagara Rosada' quando colhida em diferentes estádios de maturação. Estabelecer faixas de maturação que proporcionem maior vida útil e aceitação dos consumidores e questionar a validade do parâmetro de colheita 14o Brix da legislação brasileira com outro parâmetro a razão sólidos solúveis / acidez titulável, que leva em conta a palatabilidade humana. Para tais avaliações a principio foi realizada uma coleta de cachos de uva cobrindo amplo espectro de estádios de maturações, observando a data da poda, os estádios fenológicos de 33 a 38 (EICHORN e LORENZ, 1984) e classificando-os cachos em faixas de maturação de sólidos solúveis de 1%, resultando em nove faixas de maturação de 8 a 17o Brix. Dentro deste amplo espectro de maturações os cachos foram analisadas utilizando-se a razão sólidos solúveis / acidez titulável, o que resultou na escolha três faixas de maturações 12, 14 e 16o Brix que posteriormente foram utilizadas para investigar a variação nos principais atributos qualitativos da uva 'Niagara Rosada' e em sua aceitação pelo consumidor. Para avaliação da qualidade e vida útil foi utilizado a, incidência de doenças, perda de massa, aparência do engaço, degrana, avaliação manual da rigidez dos cachos, vitamina C, taxa respiratória, firmeza e força de destacamento das bagas. Nas avaliações de aceitação e intenção de compra pelos consumidores incluíram-se também cachos na faixa de 10o Brix considerados imaturos neste trabalho, mas presentes na comercio, com intenção de avaliar a percepção do consumidor sobre esta faixa de maturação. A análise sensorial incluiu a faixa etária dos consumidores, aceitabilidade quanto à aparência, sabor, intensidade ideal do gosto doce e ácido e intenção de compra dos frutos nos diversos estádios de maturação. Não houve diferença nas faixas de maturação consideradas quanto aos indicadores temporais de qualidade, perda de massa, aparência do engaço, degrana, teor vitamina C e a taxa respiratória, porem influenciaram na incidência de doença e rigidez dos cachos, firmeza e força de destacamento das bagas. Durante o armazenamento todos os indicadores temporais de qualidade apresentaram variações, mas nem todos foram capazes de oferecer limites que pudessem ser utilizados como parâmetro de vida útil dos frutos. A vida útil foi avaliada sendo utilizada a perda de massa, aparência do engaço, degrana e rigidez do cacho; parâmetros que possibilitaram estabelecer limites claros de qualidade admissível a um cacho de uva e sua vida útil avaliada em 6,5, 6,75 e 8,5 dias para cachos com 16, 14 e 12o Brix. A cor da fruta foi seu principal atrativo aos consumidores, seguido de preço e tamanho do cacho. Em relação à aparência e a coloração dos cachos, os mais maduros foram os preferidos, porém, os consumidores não conseguiram discriminar ou simplesmente aceitaram a aparência e cor de cachos verdes com 10º Brix da mesma forma que os de 12º Brix, verificaram-se que a degrana de 5% é admitida pelos provados corroborando com determinações da Lei de padronização vigente, já a presença de bagas rompidas não foi admitida. Em relação ao sabor, cachos com 10º Brix (verdes) foram rejeitados quanto mais madura a uva, maior sua aceitação. A uva Niagara Rosada foi considerada pouco doce pelo consumidor e bem aceitas relação à acidez Quanto à avaliação de intenção de compra todas as maturações menos a de 10º Brix foram bem aceitas. Conclui-se que a uva 'Niagara Rosada' é adequada ao consumo nas faixas de 12, 14 e 16o Brix, contemplando a faixa de 12o Brix banida pela legislação brasileira. Conclui-se que acima de 16 Brix encontram-se em sobrematuração e impróprias para consumo 'in natura'. Conclui-se também que o parâmetro sólidos solúveis é inadequado para determinação da maturação. Uvas com 12o Brix obtiveram vida útil 22% maior que as faixas de 14 e 16o Brix que foram estatisticamente semelhantes. Conclui-se nas avaliações sensoriais que cachos na faixa dos 12 o Brix possuem poça rejeição pelo consumidor corroborando com as praticas comerciais correntes e que cachos com 14 e 16o Brix foram muito bem aceitos
Abstract: 'Niagara Rosada' is the main Brazilian table grape. The state of Sao Paulo is its largest producer with about 2000 vineyards (Oliveira et al. 2008). The cultivation of 'Niagara Rosada' is expanding because the low cost of production as compared to fine grapes, rusticity and less demands for agrochemicals. Despite 79 years of existence and those many cultivating advantages, 'Niagara Rosada' has very few post-harvest investigations in topics such as harvest time and its effect on shelf life, and consumer acceptance. The grape is often traded below the rate of maturation of the 14o Brix established by Brazilian legislation, and often, also sold immature, with little sugar content, high acidity, causing harm to all elements of the productivity chain. Producers are used to commercialize them even against legislation arguing the produce would not resist handling, packaging and transport if harvested in the recommended harvested stage. Given the above and to respond to qualitative variation of the main attributes of 'Niagara Rosada' in different degrees of maturation, this study aimed to investigate the variation in quality and service life of 'Niagara Rosada' when harvested in different stages f maturity. From these considerations the objectives of this work was to investigate the quality variation of 'Niagara Rosada' grapes harvested in different maturity, to establish the maturity stage with longer shelf life and consumer acceptance, and to contrast the current legislation that uses soluble solids to define a harvest stage against sugar acid rate, wich includes human perception. Initially, for those evaluations, clusters were harvested covering a wide maturity range, taking into consideration pruning date, phenological stage between 33 and 38, and classifying them according to soluble solids values ,within 1% variation, resulting in 9 maturity classes ranging from 8 to 17o Brix. Within this wide range, clusters were analyzed using sugar acid rate resulting in 3 maturation classes, 12, 14 and 16o Brix that further were used for quality and sensorial evaluation. Disease occurrence, mass loss, stem appearance, berry drop, cluster stiffness, vitamin C content, respiration rate, berry firmness and detachment force. For acceptance and consumer perception evaluation clusters having soluble solids values as low as 10o Brix were used. These analyses also included age group, appearance, flavor, acceptance, acidity and sugar taste intensity and buying intention of the 'Niagara Rosada' grape at different maturity stages. No difference was observed in the quality parameters such as mass loss, stem appearance, berry drop, vitamin C content and respiration rate among the considered maturity stages. However, maturity stages did influence disease occurrence, cluster stiffness, berry firmness and detachment force. During storage all temporal quality indicators showed variation, but not all of them could be used to determine shelf life. The ones used, then, were mass loss, stem appearance, berry drop and cluster stiffness that showed clear limits for admissible quality. Shelf life was identified as 6.5, 6.75, and 8.5 days corresponding to soluble solids values of 16, 14 and 12o Brix, respectively. Fruit color was the main acceptance criteria for consumers, followed by price and cluster size. As far as cluster appearance and color are concerned, the ripest ones were preferred. The sensorial panel was not able to differentiate maturity at 10 and 12o Brix maturity stages; berry drop up to 5% was accepted, supporting current legislation, but busted berries were not. Riper clusters were preferred. 'Niagara Rosada' was considered of little sugar content by the consumer and ideal concerning acidity. Buying intention included all maturity stages except the 10o Brix one. It was concluded that 'Niagara Rosada' grape is adequate for consumption when in the 12, 14 and 16o Brix maturity stages, which includes the 12o Brix stage, not accepted by current Brazilian legislation. It was concluded that above 16o Brix clusters are overripe and , therefore, not suitable for consumption. It was also concluded that soluble solids values are not suitable for maturity stage determination. Grapes with 12o B showed a 22 % greater shelf live than the other two considered maturity stages. Finally, it was concluded that 12o Brix cluster showed little rejection, supporting usual commercial practices. Clusters with 14 and 16o Brix were the most accepted
Doutorado
Tecnologia Pós-Colheita
Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The two white seedless table grape cultivars, Regal Seedless and Thompson Seedless fulfil a very important role in securing foreign income not only for the South African table grape industry, but the South African economy as a whole. These two cultivars, however, are like so many other white table grape cultivars, also prone to browning, especially netlike browning on Regal Seedless and internal browning on Thompson Seedless grapes. This leads to huge financial losses every year, since there is no established way to assess at harvest, during storage or during packaging, whether the grapes will eventually turn brown. In other words, there is no well-known protocol of assessing the browning risk of a particular batch of grapes prior to export. Numerous studies have been undertaken to determine the exact cause of browning and how it should be managed, but to date, no chemical or physical parameter has been firmly associated with the phenomenon. The overall aim of this study was thus to find an alternative way to deal with the problem by investigating the potential of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy as a fast, non-destructive measurement technique to determine the browning potential of whole white seedless table grapes. A secondary aim was the determination of optimal ripeness of table grapes. In this way harvest maturity and quality indicative parameters namely total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), pH, glucose and fructose, also associated with the browning phenomenon, was quantified using models based on infrared spectra. Three different techniques (a) Fourier transform Near Infrared (FT-NIR), (b) Fourier transform – Mid Infrared (FT-MIR) and (c) Fourier transform – Mid Infrared Attenuated Total Reflectance (FT-MIR ATR) spectroscopy were investigated to determine these parameters. This was done so that a platform of different technologies would be available to the table grape industry. The grapes used in this study were harvested over two years (2008 and 2009) and were sourced from two different commercial vineyards in the Hex River valley, Western Cape, South Africa. Different crop loads (the total amount of bunches on the vines per hectare) were left for Regal Seedless (75 000, 50 000 and 35 000) and for Thompson Seedless (75 000 and 50 000). Three rows were used for Regal Seedless and two rows for Thompson Seedless. Each row had six sections which each represented a repetition for each crop load. In 2008 these cultivars were harvested early at 16°Brix, at optimum ripeness (18°Brix) and late at 20°Brix. In 2009 they were harvested twice at the optimum ripeness level. Berries from harvested bunches were crushed and the juice was used to determine the reference values for the different parameters in the laboratory according to their specific methods. The obtained juice was also scanned on the three different instruments. Different software (OPUS 6.5 for the FT-NIR and FT-MIR ATR instruments and Unscrambler version 9.2 for the FT-MIR instrument) as well as different spectral pre-processing techniques were also evaluated before construction of the models for all the instruments. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used for the construction of the different calibration models. Different regression statistics, that included the root mean square error for prediction (RMSEP); the coefficient of determination (R2); the residual prediction deviation (RPD) and the bias were used to evaluate the performance of the developed calibration models. Calibration models which are fit for screening purposes were obtained on the FT-NIR and FTMIR ATR instruments for TSS (11.40 - 21.80°Brix) (R2 = 85.92%, RMSEP = 0.71 °Brix RPD = 2.67 and bias = 0.03°Brix), pH (2.94 - 3.9) (R2 = 85.00%, RMSEP = 0.08 RPD = 2.59 and bias = -0.01) and TA (4.3 - 13.1 g/L), (R2 = 90.77%, RMSEP = 0.48 g/L RPD = 3.30 and bias = -0.03 g/L). Models for fructose (46.70 – 176.82 g/L) (R2 = 74.66%, RMSEP = 9.28 g/L RPD = 2.00 and bias = 1.10 g/L) and glucose (20.36 – 386.67 g/L) (R2 = 70.71%, RMSEP = 11.10 g/L RPD = 1.87 and bias = 1.64 g/L) were obtained with the FT-NIR and FT-MIR ATR instruments that were in some instances fit for screening purposes and in some instances unsuitable for quantification purposes. The FT-MIR instrument gave models for all the parameters that were not yet suitable for quantification purposes. Combined spectral ranges used for calibration were often similar for some parameters, namely 12 493 - 5 446.2 for TSS and pH, 6 101.9 - 5 446.2 for TSS, TA and fructose and 4 601.5 - 4 246.7 for pH and fructose on the FT-NIR instrument, 2 993.2 - 2 322.3 for pH, TA and glucose and 1 654.3 - 649.4 for pH and glucose on the FT-MIR ATR instrument and sometimes they were adjacent (3 996.6 - 3 661.2, 3 663.5 - 3 327.7 and 3 327.2 - 2 322.3 for TSS and glucose, 1 988.3 - 1 652.8 and 1 654.3 - 649.4 for TSS, pH and TA. Other times they were overlapping (1 654.3 - 649.4 and 1 318.8 - 649.4) for pH, TA and fructose on the FT-MIR ATR instrument. This is a very good sign for transfer of this technology to a handheld device, where adjacent and/ or overlapping wavenumbers are crucial. Instruments which have to determine different parameters over large spectral ranges are not only impractical, because the instrument has to be big, but because it is also very expensive. Another advantage of implementing especially FT-NIR spectroscopy as a fast, accurate and inexpensive technique for determining harvest maturity and quality parameters is because no sample preparation is necessary and very little waste (few single berries tested) is produced. This is a pre-requisite which is highly recommended in the green era that we are currently living in and will do so for aeons to come. A platform of technologies has now been made available through this study for the determination of the respective parameters in future table grape samples by just taking their spectra on one of the instruments. Indeed something that has not been possible or available for the South African table grape industry before. Berries for the browning experiments were scanned on a FT-NIR instrument immediately after harvest (before cold storage) and again after cold storage. Before cold storage they were scanned on each side of the berry and after cold storage they were scanned twice on a brown spot if browning was present and twice on a clear spot, irrespective of whether browning was present or not. Inspection of the berries for the incidence of browning after cold storage revealed that Regal Seedless had a higher incidence of browning (68% in 2008 and 66% in 2009) than Thompson Seedless (21% in 2008 and 25% in 2009). Regal Seedless was also more prone to external browning, specifically netlike browning, whereas Thompson Seedless was more prone to internal browning, despite the different phenotypes of browning that were present on both. Principal component analysis (PCA) done on the spectra obtained before and after cold storage revealed that NIR can capture the changes related to cold storage with the first principal components explaining almost 100% of the variation in the spectra. Classification models also build using PCA was based on spectra of berries that remained clear before and after cold storage and those that turned brown after cold storage. Classification models of berries based on spectra obtained after cold storage (browning present) had a better total accuracy (94% for training- and 87% for test datasets), than the classification models based on spectra obtained before cold storage (79% for training- and 64% for test datasets). The implication of this is that the current models will be able to classify berries in terms of those which have turned brown already and those that remained clear better after cold storage than before cold storage, which is the critical stage where we want to actually know whether the berries will turn brown or not. The potential, however, to use NIR spectroscopy to detect browning before harvest already on white seedless grapes is still present, since all these models were built using the whole NIR spectrum. No variable selection was thus done and all the different browning phenotypes were also used together. Further analysis of the data will thus be based on using variable selection techniques like particle swarm optimization (PSO) to select certain wavelengths strongly associated with the browning phenomenon and only on the main types of browning (netlike on Regal Seedless and internal browning on Thompson Seedless). This study has major implications for the table grape industry, since it is the first time that the possibility to predict browning with other methods than visual inspection, especially before cold storage, is shown.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die twee wit pitlose tafeldruif kultivars, Regal Seedless en Thompson Seedless onderskeidelik, speel 'n baie belangrike rol in die verkryging van buitelandse inkomste, nie net vir die Suid- Afrikaanse tafeldruif industrie nie, maar ook vir die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie as 'n geheel. Hierdie twee kultivars is egter, soos baie ander wit kultivars, ook geneig tot verbruining. Dit is veral netagtige verbruining op Regal Seedless en interne verbruining op Thompson Seedless wat pertinent is. Hierdie belangrike kwaliteitsprobleme lei jaarliks tot groot finansiële verliese, aangesien daar huidiglik geen gevestigde prosedure is om voor oes, tydens opberging of tydens verpakking te bepaal of die druiwe uiteindelik gaan verbruin nie. Met ander woorde, daar is geen gevestigde protokol vir die beoordeling van die verbruinings risiko van 'n bepaalde groep druiwe voor dit uitgevoer word nie. Talle studies is alreeds onderneem om vas te stel wat die presiese oorsaak van hierdie verskynsel is en hoe dit bestuur moet word, maar geen enkele aspek wat bestudeer is kon tot op hede, herhaaldelik ge-assosieer word met die presiese oorsaak van verbruining nie. Die oorkoepelende doel van hierdie studie was dus om 'n alternatiewe manier te kry om hierdie probleem aan te spreek. ‘n Ondersoek na die potensiaal van naby infrarooi (NIR) spektroskopie as 'n vinnige en nie-vernietigende metings tegniek om die verbruinings potensiaal van ‘n wit pitlose tafeldruifkorrel wat nog heel is te bepaal, is onderneem. 'n Sekondêre doel was om die bepaling van optimale rypheid van tafeldruiwe te onderosek. Op hierdie manier is oesrypheid, en die kwaliteitsfaktore, naamlik totale oplosbare vastestowwe (TOVS), titreerbare suur (TS), pH, glukose en fruktose, wat ook gekoppel word aan die voorkoms van verbruining, deur middel van infrarooi (IR) spektroskopie modelle gekwantifiseer. Drie verskillende infrarooi metodes naamlik (a) die Fourier transform naby infrarooi (FT-NIR), (b) Fourier transform - Mid Infrarooi (FT-MIR) en (c) Fourier transform - Mid Infrarooi Verswakte Totale Refleksie (FT-MIR VTR) spektroskopie is gebruik om die aspekte te bepaal. Dis gedoen sodat 'n platform van tegnologie beskikbaar sou wees vir die tafeldruif industrie. Die druiwe wat in hierdie studie gebruik is, is oor twee jaar (2008 en 2009) en van twee verskillende kommersiële wingerde in die Hexriviervallei, Wes-Kaap, Suid-Afrika ge-oes. Verskillende oesladings (die totale aantal trosse op die wingerdstokke per hektaar) is vir Regal Seedless (75 000, 50 000 en 35 000) en Thompson Seedless (75 000 en 50 000) gelaat. Daar is drie rye gebruik Regal Seedless en twee vir Thompson Seedless. Elke ry het ses vakkies gehad wat dan verteenwoordigend was van ‘n herhaling vir elke oeslading. In 2008 is hierdie kultivars by vroeë rypwording (16°Brix), by optimale rypheid (18°Brix) en by laat rypheid (20°Brix) geoes. In 2009 is dit twee keer by die optimale rypheidsgraad geoes. Vir die bepaling van oesrypheid, en die kwaliteitsapekte is verskillende sagteware (OPUS 6.5 op die FT-NIR en FT-MIR VTR instrumente en Unscrambler weergawe 9.2 vir die FT-MIR instrument) sowel as verskillende spektrale voor-verwerking tegnieke ëvalueer voor die konstruksie van die kalibrasie modelle op die verskillende instrumente. Parsiële kleinste kwadraat (PKK) regressie is gebruik vir die opstel van kalibrasiemodelle vir die bepaling van laasgenoemde aspekte. Verskillende statistieke gegewens is gebruik om die kalibrasie modelle te evalueer, naamlik die bepalingskoëffisiënt (R2), die vierkantswortelgemiddelde- kwadraat fout vir voorspelling (VGKV), relatiewe voorspellingsafwyking (RVA) en sydigheid. Kalibrasie modelle wat geskik is vir keuring is verkry op die FT-NIR en FT-MIR VTR instrumente vir TOVS (11.40 – 21.80°Brix) (R2 = 85.92%, VGKV = 0.71°Brix, RVA = 2.67 en sydigheid = 0.03°Brix), pH (2.94 – 3.9) (R2 = 85.00%, VGKV = 0.08 g/L, RVA = 2.59 en sydigheid = -0.01 g/L), en TS (4.3 – 13.1 g/L), (R2 = 90.77%, VGKV = 0.48 g/L RVA = 3.30 en sydigheid = -0.03 g/L). Modelle vir fruktose (46.70-176.82 g/L) (R2 = 74.66%, VGKV = 9.28 g/L RVA = 2.00 en sydigheid = 1.10 g/L) en glukose (20.36 – 386.67 g/L) (R2 = 70.71%, VGKV = 11.10 g/L RVA = 1.87 en sydigheid = 1.64 g/L) is verkry met die FT-NIR en FT-MIR VTR instrumente wat in sommige gevalle gepas was vir keuringsdoeleindes en in sommige gevalle nie geskik was vir kwantifiserings doeleindes nie. Die FT-MIR-instrument het modelle vir al die aspekte gegee wat nog nie vir kwantifiserings doeleindes of vir keuringsdoeleindes geskik was nie. Gekombineerde spektrale reekse is gebruik vir die kalibrasies wat dikwels soortgelyk was vir sommige aspekte naamlik 12 493 - 5 446.2 vir TOVS en pH, 6 101.9 - 5 446,2 vir TOVS, TS en fruktose en 4 601.5 - 4 246.7 vir pH en fruktose op die FT-NIR instrument, 2 993.2 - 2 322.3 vir pH, TA en glukose en 1 654.3 – 649.4 vir pH en glukose op die FT-MIR VTR instrument. Andersyds, was dit aangrensend (3 996.6 - 3 661.2, 3 663.5 - 3 327.7 en 3 327.2 - 2 322.3) vir TOVS en glukose, 1 988.3 - 1 652.8, 1 654.3 – 649.4 vir TOVS, pH en TS en ander tye was dit weer oorvleuelend 1 654.3 – 649.4 en 1 318.8 – 649.4 vir pH, TS en fruktose op die FT-MIR VTR instrument. Dit is 'n baie goeie teken vir die oordrag van hierdie tegnologie na ‘n handgedraagde instrument, waar aanliggende en/of oorvleuelende golfnommers noodsaaklik is. Instrumente wat verskillende aspekte oor groot spektrale reekse moet bepaal is nie net onprakties, omdat die instrument groot moet wees nie, maar dit is ook baie duur. Nog 'n voordeel van die implementering van veral FT-NIR spektroskopie as 'n vinnige, akkurate en goedkoop tegniek vir die bepaling van oesrypheid, en die kwaliteit aspekte van druiwe is omdat daar geen monster voorbereiding nodig is nie en baie min afval (paar enkele korrels word gemonster) geproduseer word. 'n Voorvereiste wat sterk aanbeveel kom in die groen era waarin ons tans leef en nog vir eeue van nou af gaan doen. ‘n Platform van tegnologie is nou beskikbaar gestel deur middel van hierdie studie vir die bepaling van die onderskeie aspekte in toekomstige tafeldruif monsters deur net op een van die instrumente hulle spektra te neem. Inderdaad iets wat nie voorheen moontlik of beskikbaar was vir die Suid- Afrikaanse tafeldruif industrie nie. Korrels vir die verbruiningseksperimente is geskandeer direk na oes (voor koelopberging) en weer na koelopberging. Dit was voor koelopberging op elke kant van die korrel skandeer en na koelopberging was dit twee maal skandeer op 'n bruin vlek indien verbruining teenwoordig was en twee keer op 'n helder plek, ongeag of verbruining teenwoordig was of nie. Inspeksie van die korrels vir die voorkoms van verbruining na koelopberging het aan die lig gebring dat Regal Seedless 'n hoër voorkoms van verbruining (68% in 2008 en 66% in 2009) as Thompson Seedless (21% in 2008 en 25% in 2009) gehad het. Regal Seedless was ook meer geneig om eksterne verbruining, spesifiek netagtige verbruining te vertoon, terwyl Thompson Seedless meer geneig was om interne verbruining te vertoon, ten spyte van die verskillende fenotipes van verbruining wat teenwoordig was op beide kultivars. Hoofkomponente analise (HKA) is op die spektra gedoen voor en na koelopberging en naby infrarooi spektroskopie het aan die lig gebring dat die veranderinge wat verband hou met koelopberging met die eerste hoofkomponent (HK) verduidelik kan word met byna 100% van die variasie in die spektra wat daarin vasgevang is. Klassifikasiemodelle is ook deur die gebruik van HKA gebou en was gebaseer op die spektra van korrels wat vekry is voor en na koelopberging asook die wat verkry is nadat korrels verbruin het na koelopberging. Klassifikasiemodelle van korrels wat gebaseer was op spektra na koelopberging (verbruining teenwoordig) het 'n beter algehele akkuraatheid (94% vir opleidingsdata en 87% vir toetsdata), getoon as die klassifikasiemodelle wat gebaseer was op spektra van korrels voor koelopberging (79% vir opleidings data en 64% vir toetsdata). Die implikasie hiervan is dat die huidige modelle in staat sal wees om korrels beter te klassifiseer in terme van diegene wat alreeds verbruin het en die wat nie verbruin het na koelopberging as daardie voor koelopberging, wat juis die kritieke stadium is waar ons wil weet of die korrels wel gaan verbruin of nie. Daar is wel potensiaal wat verder ontgin kan word, aangesien al hierdie modelle gebou is deur gebruik te maak van die hele NIR spektrum. Geen veranderlike seleksie is dus gedoen nie en al die verskillende verbruiningsfenotipes is ook saam gebruik in die opstel van die modelle. Verdere analise van die data sal dus gebaseer word op die gebruik van veranderlike seleksie tegnieke soos deeltjie swerm optimisasie (DSO) wat sekere golflengtes kies wat sterk verband hou met die verbruining verskynsel en slegs die belangrikste tipes van verbruining (netagtig op Regal Seedless en interne verbruining op Thompson Seedless) sal gebruik word. Hierdie studie het 'n baie belangrike implikasie vir die tafeldruifbedryf, want dit is die eerste keer dat die moontlikheid om verbruining te voorspel met ander metodes as visuele inspeksie, veral voor koelopberging, getoon word.
The Postharvest and Innovation Programme, for financing this study

A trial established in 2003 at Upper Moutere in Nelson, New Zealand, was used to evaluate the effect of mussel shells as reflective mulch on Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot noir vine performance and fruit and wine quality. Shell mulch had several effects on the environment and vine growth as well as grape and wine composition in the 2006/2007 season. Soil under mulch was cooler compared to un-mulched control, but buffered the extremes in temperatures. Fruiting zone temperature over shells was slightly higher during the day and cooler at night, showing no effect on mean hourly temperature. Shell mulch reflected greater amounts of UV-A, UV-B and PAR radiation into the fruiting zone. Shell reduced weed growth compared to control. Leaf petiole and blade samples showed higher amounts of calcium compared to control. Leaf SPAD values were higher in the shell treatment during veraison, previous and postharvest, but lower post budburst. While date of budburst was not affected by treatments, dates of flowering and veraison appeared to be slightly advanced over shells. Fruit set was similar between treatments and was considered poorer in shell bunches due to a larger population of seedless berries. Vine growth was not affected in terms of the number of nodes laid at pruning, flower cluster and shoot number pre shoot thinning, early shoot growth and lateral shoots development. Vigour was not increased by shells as demonstrated by pruning weights, canopy density and trunk circumferences being similar, though internode lengths in shell shoots were greater in 2007 and lower in 2006. Berry weights, bunch weights and vine yields were lower in shell than control, though greater berry numbers were recorded. There were slight differences between treatments in fruit and wine composition. Grape pH only varied in the middle of the sampling time, being higher the 2nd week and lower the 3rd week in shell grapes and TA was greater at harvest time. However, °Brix was only higher in shell grapes in the middle of the sampling period, being similar to control at veraison and harvest. Peduncle lignification was delayed at veraison as well as at harvest time. Shell must after crushing was greater in Brix but similar to control in pH and TA. Similarly, shell wines pre bottling showed higher alcohol and no differences for pH and TA. HPLC-DAD analyses of commercial-scale and microvin wines showed consistent differences of the individual flavonoid composition. Shell microvin wines were greater than control in quercetin and resveratrol. However, commercial shell wines were lower in epicatechin, gallic acid, resveratrol, and catechin than control. Leaf phenolic composition was also different between treatments. However, further analyses by HPLC-MS in wines as well as in leaves are necessary to identify individual compounds. Total anthocyanins and total phenolics were no different between treatments. Sensory analyses of microvin and commercial shell wines exhibited consistently lower levels of green and unripe tannins, and greater smoothness and complexity as well. Further analysis by GC-MS and HPLC-MS is warranted. Shell mulch improved sensory characteristics of the resulting wines.

Il recupero e valorizzazione delle risorse genetiche tipiche di una specifica area è importante non solo per salvaguardare la biodiversità vegetale, ma anche per promuovere l’immagine territoriale e la diversificazione dell’offerta dei prodotti alimentari. La Puglia è un’antica regione viticola, con un ricco patrimonio di varietà di vite. L'area della Daunia, in provincia di Foggia (Nord della Puglia), è la principale area viticola pugliese in termini di superficie e di produzione. Un totale di 35 genotipi di vite reperiti in tre diverse aree delle provincia dauna sono stati caratterizzati utilizzando quattordici marcatori microsatelliti (VVS2, VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VrZAG62, VrZAG79, VVMD25, VVMD28, VVMD32, VVMD6, VVMD17, VVMD21, VVMD24, VMC1b11) per valutare la loro diversità genetica e analizzando le principali caratteristiche qualitative delle uve dal punto di vista tecnologico e fenolico, al fine di valutare il potenziale enologico di questi genotipi. Dalle analisi genetiche, sono stati trovati 30 diversi profili genetici e 3 sovrapposizioni. Confrontando i 30 profili genetici con quelli inclusi nei database internazionali e con quelli individuati da altre Istituzioni scientifiche, sono stati identificati 23 genotipi. La maggior parte di loro (87%) corrispondono a cultivar iscritte al Catalogo Nazionale delle Varietà di Vite (RNVV); i restanti genotipi (13%) non sono iscritti nel RNVV. Il profilo genetico degli altri 7 genotipi non è stato trovato in nessun database; pertanto, ciascuna di queste accessioni può essere considerata “genotipo unico”. Per quanto riguarda il potenziale enologico di queste accessioni, la maggior parte di esse ha mostrato caratteristiche qualitative interessanti. In particolare, tra i genotipi considerati “unici”, quattro accessioni, due a bacca bianca e due a bacca nera, hanno mostrato una buona attitudine per la produzione di vini monovarietali dotati di un buon grado alcolico, una buona stabilità, struttura, colore e sapore, ma, anche, per la produzione di uvaggi con altri vitigni. In conclusione, questo studio ha evidenziato la ricchezza di vecchi genotipi di vite coltivate nella provincia di Foggia e le capacità enologiche dell'uva prodotta da questi genotipi, analizzando gli aspetti tecnologici e le caratteristiche fenoliche utili per sostenere la realizzazione di vini monovarietali o di vini ottenuti dalla miscelazione di diverse varietà locali.
The recovery and valorization of genetic resources typical of a specific growing area is fundamental to preserve the specie genetic pool, and presently it is thought as a strategy to promote the territorial identity and the diversification of the local food products. Apulia is an ancient grapevine-growing region, having a rich heritage of grapevine varieties. The Daunia area, in the Foggia province (Northern Apulia), is the main Apulian viticultural area in terms of surface and production. A total of 35 grapevine genotypes found in three different areas of the province dauna were characterized using fourteen microsatellite markers (VVS2, VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VrZAG62, VrZAG79, VVMD25, VVMD28, VVMD32, VVMD6, VVMD17, VVMD21, VVMD24, VMC1b11) to evaluate genetic diversity and assessing the main qualitative characteristics of their grapes from a technological and phenolic point of view, in order to evaluate the potential interest of these genotypes for the oenological use. According to their genetic profiles at SSR loci, 30 different genetic profiles and 3 overlays were found. Comparing the 30 genetic profiles with those included in international databases or with those detected by other scientific Institutions, 23 genotypes have been identified. Most of them (87%) were found to match cultivars enrolled in National Catalogue of Grapevine Varieties (RNVV); the remaining genotypes (13%) are not enrolled in RNVV. The genetic profile of the other 7 genotypes was not found in any database; thus, by now, each of these accessions can be considered as being a “unique genotype”. As concerns the oenological potential of the accessions, all of them showed interesting traits. In particular, among the genotypes considered “unique”, four accessions, two white-berry accession and two black berry-accessions, showed a good attitude for the production of mono-varietal wines with a good level of alcohol, stability, structure, color and flavor, but, also for the production of blended wines. In conclusion, this study has highlighted the richness of old grapevine genotypes grown in the Foggia province and the oenological skills of the grape produced by these genotypes, analyzing the technological and the phenolic traits that may be useful to support the making of mono-varietal wines or that of wines obtained by blending more local varieties

Doutoramento em Engenharia Alimentar - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
The grape berry microbiota is deeply influenced by the sanitary status of grapes. In sound grapes the most frequent yeast species were basidiomycetes, Aureobasidium pullulans, Candida zemplinina and Hanseniaspora uvarum. Sour rotten grapes were mostly colonised by C. zemplinina, H. uvarum, Issatchenkia spp. and Zygoascus hellenicus. The presence of minoritary populations of Zygosaccharomyces bailii was only found in damaged grapes. The acetic acid bacteria Gluconobacter spp. and Gluconoacetobacter spp. were isolated from healthy and injured grapes, while Acetobacter spp. was only associated with sour rot. Sour rot induced an increase of the sugar content, volatile acidity, colour and total phenols of grape juices. Wines with sour rot up to 30% showed equal overall quality after one year of bottle storage. However, wines made with sour rotten grapes showed a distinctive chemical and honey-like aroma. Phenylacetic acid and ethyl phenylacetate, both exhibiting honey-sweet like aromas, emerged as key-aroma compounds of sour rotten wines. The causal agents of sour rot were acetic acid bacteria disseminated by the insect Drosophila spp.. In the absence of these flies, putative plant defense mechanisms, probably mediated by the accumulation of phenylacetic acid, led to skin healing, preventing sour rot spreading

The effects of two SAR inducers (benzothiadiazole and chitosan) were investigated on volatile isoprenoid (mono- and sesquiterpene) and phytosterol (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol) content in a grapevine cultivar (Groppello, autochthonous of Lombardy) and in its respective experimental wines. The efficacy of plant activators has been also assayed on the control of the potentially toxigenic grape mycoflora, by measuring the mycotoxin levels in wines.

Mestrado Vinifera EuroMaster - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
The experiment with an aim to study the effect of pruning types and effect of different types of organic amendments on soil quality, vine growth, grape production and wine quality was conducted in two sites located in Vilar and Sardoal region of Portugal. The pruning treatments included manual spur (MAN) and mechanical hedge (MEC) type of pruning and types of organic amendments applied were biochar (BIOC), municipal solid waste compost (RSUC), cattle manure (ESTR), sewage sludge (ETAR) and control treatment (TEST). The treatment effects were analyzed for chemical composition, mineral content and heavy metals content and sensorial analysis of wine samples. The analysis results show that there was no significant effect of type of pruning on wine composition except pH, total acidity, alcohol content, calcium and total nitrogen content of wine sample. Similar trend was also followed with the application of organic amendments; the composition of wine remained unchanged by the use of organic amendments except some effect on pH, total acidity, volatile acidity, total anthocyanins and potassium content of wine samples. There was no significant increase in the heavy metals content of wine samples after the treatment of organic amendment. The manual pruning generally showed higher content compared to mechanical pruning due to less number of bunches retained per shoots. Wine composition was more influenced by the site specific characters and climatic conditions than the effect of treatment applied. Sensory analysis along with chemical analysis shows that mechanical pruning can be used without having much significant effect on grape composition when sufficient yield compensation is achieved. Treatment which supplied higher amount of nitrogen (ETAR and ESTR) was generally marked by more negative sensory perception such as vegetal characters in wine. On the face of climate change and increased competitive pressure use of mechanical pruning can be good strategy to reduce the cost of grape production and organic amendment can be applied to soil with an aim of increasing organic matter contents of soil. But the care should be taken to avoid excessive supply of nitrogen in order to avoid negative effect on wine composition over longer period of time. So the supply of amendment should be managed according to vine and soil nutritional status

Effect of high hydrostatic pressure (150-200-250 MPa) on the microbial load and quality parameters (pH, color, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural-HMF) of white (Sultaniye) and red (Alicante Bouschet) grape juices with combination of temperature (20-30-40°
C) and holding time (5-10-15 min) was studied. Increased pressure and temperature showed significant effect on microbial reduction in white and red grape juices (p<
0.05). The effect of pressure and time on pH drop was found to be insignificant (p>
0.05). HHP resulted in E<
1 for white grape and E<
7 for red grape juice samples. Shelf life analysis for HHP treated white grape juice (200 MPa-40°
C-10min) and red grape juice (250 MPa-40°
C-10min) revealed no microbial growth up to 90 days when stored at 25°
C. Although HMF formation was observed in industrially manufactured, pasteurized samples (65°
C for 30 min), no HMF was detected in HHP treated white and red grape juices. HHP at the suggested conditions can be recommended as a better production alternative to heat treatment for white and red grape juice with respect to microbial load and studied quality parameters even at temperatures lower than required for pasteurization.

Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Horticulture, Viticulture and Oenology, 1991

Thesis (MScEng)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa is ranked as one of the largest table grape exporting countries in the world. The biggest markets for table grape exports have always been the EU and the UK, with emerging markets in Eastern Europe and Asia. The growing demand for pre-packaged fruit and vegetables in these markets are driven by factors like consumer comfort, hygiene and quality. These consumer needs have given rise to stringent quality control standards, putting more pressure on the producers to produce higher quality products. This thesis investigates the use of check weighing as a tool to enhance the operational effectiveness of table grape punnet packing. It looks at the current state of table grape punnet packing in South Africa, then determines the operational effectiveness of current packing practices and finally evaluates the merits of using automated check weighing as an operational management tool to improve current systems. Producers primarily make use of unskilled labour for the pre-packaging of table grapes, making it difficult to consistently produce good quality products. Some packing systems guide the operators towards filling punnets to the specified mass; some packing systems also feature internal check weighing in some form. Although these features improve mass accuracy and hence product quality, the packing processes are still prone to human and machine errors. Producers employ internal quality controllers who try to identify and rectify any human or machine errors as soon as possible. The PPECB, a local statutory body, enforces the minimum quality standards for South African exports by means of inspectors checking random product samples during production. If products of sub-standard quality are found (including under mass), the whole batch needs to be checked and repackaged where necessary, at great cost to the producer. Pre-packaged products may be produced according to the minimum mass system or the average mass system. The average mass system reduces the amount of raw product giveaway and increases revenue, but it requires that all products are check weighed and the masses recorded with a specified level of accuracy. The addition of automated final product check weighing saw a significant reduction in the occurrence of under as well as over mass punnets. It also managed to improve the productivity of some packing systems. Subsequent experiments with the check weigher using different setup parameters yielded much better measurement accuracy and would reduce under and over mass punnets even more. Considering the potential costs of having to repack batches due to the discovery of under mass products, it would be viable to implement automated final product check weighing even for small producers, with a payback period of less than 5 packing seasons depending on the producer’s specific pack house layout. The implementation of check weighing could not only reduce the risk of sub-quality products being produced, but also open up entirely new market opportunities in a very competitive market for products produced to the average mass system.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika is een van die grootste tafeldruiwe-uitvoerders ter wêreld. Die hoofmarkte vir tafeldruiwe-uitvoere was nog altyd die Europese Unie en Verenigde Koninkryk, met opkomende markte in Oos-Europa en Asië. Die groeiende behoefte vir voorafverpakte vrugte en groente in hierdie markte word gedryf deur verbruikersfaktore soos gemaksugtigheid, higiëne en kwaliteit. Hierdie behoeftes het tot gevolg gehad dat strenger reëls en regulasies vir kwaliteitsbeheer ontstaan het. Dit plaas ekstra druk op produsente om hoër gehalte produkte te produseer. Hierdie tesis ondersoek die gebruik van weging van die finale produk as ʼn hulpmiddel om die operasionele effektiwiteit van die verpakking van tafeldruiwe te verbeter. Daar word gekyk na die huidige toestand van die verpakking van tafeldruiwe in Suid-Afrika. Die operasionele effektiwiteit van bestaande verpakkingstelsels word bepaal. Die meriete van ʼn “weging van die finale produk stelsel” as bestuurshulpmiddel is nagevors. Daar word ook bespreek of die stelsel as bestuurshulpmiddel aangewend kan word om die effektiwiteit van huidige verpakkingstelsels te verbeter. Produsente maak primêr gebruik van ongeskoolde arbeid om tafeldruiwe te verpak. Dit maak dit moeilik om konstante goeie kwaliteit te lewer. Sommige verpakkingstelsels begelei die operateur om bakkies van ʼn spesifieke massa te produseer. Sommige verpakkingstelsels bevat ʼn interne toetsweeg funksie van een of ander aard. Alhoewel die funksies die akkuraatheid, produkmassa en dus produkkwaliteit verbeter, kan menslike- en masjienfoute steeds ʼn impak hê op die verpakkingsprosesse. Produsente maak gebruik van interne kwaliteitsbeheerstelsels wat poog om menslike- en masjienfoute so gou moontlik op te spoor en te herstel. Die PPECB, ʼn staatsliggaam, dwing die minimum Suid-Afrikaanse uitvoerstandaarde af deur middel van inspekteurs wat lukraak produkte tydens produksie ondersoek. Indien die produkte nie aan die kwaliteitstandaarde (insluitend massa) voldoen nie, moet die hele pallet nagegaan word en die bakkies moet reggemaak word waar nodig, teen ʼn groot onkoste vir die produsent. Voorafverpakte produkte kan volgens die minimum- of gemiddelde-massa sisteme geproduseer word. Die gemiddelde-massa sisteem verminder die hoeveelheid druiwe wat weggegee word en verhoog dus inkomste, maar dit vereis dat elke bakkie met ʼn bepaalde akkuraatheid geweeg moet word. Daar moet ook rekord gehou word van die massas. Die byvoeging van geoutomatiseerde finale produk toetsweging het ʼn aansienlike verbetering in die hoeveelheid oor- en ondermassa bakkies tot gevolg gehad. Dit het ook die produktiwiteit van party verpakkingsstelsels verbeter. Daaropvolgende weër eksperimente met ander opstellingsparameters het baie beter akkuraatheid getoon en dus kon die hoeveelheid oor- en ondermassa bakkies selfs verder beperk word. Met inagneming van die kostes daaraan verbonde om ʼn pallet oor te pak as gevolg van ondergewig bakkies, sou dit selfs vir klein produsente die moeite werd wees om finale produk toetsweging te implementeer. Dit het ʼn terugbetalingsperiode van minder as vyf pakseisoene, afhangend van die produsent se spesifieke pakstooruitleg. Nie alleen kan die implementering van finale produk toetsweging die risiko van ondergewig produkte verlaag nie, maar dit kan ook nuwe markgeleenthede oopmaak vir gemiddeldemassa produkte in ʼn baie kompeterende mark.

Thesis (MScAgric (Soil Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.
High potassium content in grape juice and wine are associated with low quality red wine in warm wine producing countries. In an attempt to reduce the potassium content of juice, must and wine, a field experiment was laid out on the farms Meerlus and Kersfontein in the Paardeberg area near Wellington in 1998 on granite derived soils to investigate the effect of canopy management and fertiliser applications on berry K accumulation and wine quality. Four fertiliser applications, three canopy treatments and a MgSO4 foliar spray were studied. The three fertiliser treatments being: none (control), CaSO4, Ca(OH)2, and MgSO4 applications. The canopy treatments were: thin to two shoots per bearer, tip, vertical shoot positioning (VSP) and the removal of yellow leaves and lateral shoots (canopy 1), thin to three shoots per bearer, top after véraison and VSP (canopy 2) and VSP with top after véraison (canopy 3/control). Magnesium sulfate sprays were applied at véraison for two seasons (1999/00 and 2000/01). Seasonal effects produced the most significant differences in this experiment. Canopy treatments did not affect juice K concentration at harvest. Canopy 1 and 2 produced significantly lower wine pH values at Kersfontein. Fertiliser treatments had no effect on juice K concentration nor did it affect wine quality. Magnesium sulphate foliar sprays did not affect juice K concentration at harvest but significantly lowered juice and wine pH, improved wine colour density and total phenolic content. It appears for this experiment that soil K content before véraison, shoot growth at and after véraison and water stress after véraison were the main factors determining juice K concentration at harvest.

Mestrado em Viticultura e Enologia - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL
With the goal to improve the characteristics of the grapes, a Cabernet sauvignon vineyard in Maule valley (Chile) was subjected to 5 different typologies of defoliation compared with a control not defoliated. Different timing and quality of defoliation were analysed. It was also compared a kaolin based product to reduce the warming effect of the direct light on the clusters. The study of the canopy, through the point quadrat and the leaf area analyses, gave objective parameters and enabled to have a repeatibility on the years. The amount of light in the canopy and the temperature of the clusters were registered for each treatment in three different occasions. At the harvest the berries were counted and divided according the dehydration to understand the damage done by the sun. The influence of the light and the temperature was studied on the chemical composition of the musts of the vintage 2016 and on the wines of the vintage 2015 to find the best correlation between the solar exposition and the quality parameters of the grapes as the flavonoids. The 2015 wine resulted from the same trial was also sensory analysed by a panel to find additional differences between the treatments. If on one hand, the solar light allows to diminish the quantity of green aromas and to improve the chemical characteristics, an over-exposition could be dangerous for the grape. The aim of this study was to find the right compromise to have the benefit of the light without the damage of the heat. According to this research a total defoliation of the cluster zone during the veraison could be a damage for the yield and the sensory characteristics of the wine. On the other hand the “no act” philosophy of the control doesn’t seem a valid solution because it has the worst sensory results. Seems that in this South American context, the best solution could be a treatment that allow the exposition to the light of the cluster avoiding the hottest hours of the day and limiting the warming of the berries
N/A

Thesis (PhD(Agric))--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A lack of defects is required for successful table grape marketing, which pre-suppose optimal vine performance, berry development and post-harvest quality. The supply of mineral nutrients affects vine development, physiology and berry quality. Despite a vast amount of research conducted over decades, there remain many unresolved issues regarding table grape vine nutrition to ensure optimal table grape quality and shelve-life. Unjustified fertilisation practices often include excessive applications of nitrogen (N), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca). A four-year field trial was therefore conducted on a sandy soil in the Paarl district of South Africa, using grafted on Ramsey, and trained to a gable trellis system. Nitrogen, potassium and calcium were applied, singular or in combination, at rates up to 300% the calculated annual nutritional requirement. The effect of these excessive applications on table grape performance under typical South African cultivation conditions was investigated for Vitis vinifera L. cv. Prime Seedless, a very early seedless table cultivar that is produced with minimum berry diameter of 18mm, with special reference to 1) vegetative growth, 2) expression of grapevine nutrient availability through foliar analyses, 3) berry nutrient accumulation patterns of this early cultivar, 4) manipulation of berry nutrient content through soil and bunch directed applications and 5) the effect of berry nutrient content on its quality. No definite vegetative growth responses (expressed as shoot length, leaf surface area and shoot mass) and leaf chlorophyll content differences were obtained for all the treatments. These results were obtained in a vineyard on a sandy soil where excessive N fertilisation caused a reduction of soil pH to detrimentally low levels and where the excessive N, K and Ca applications reduced mutual concentrations and that of Mg, in the soil. A lack of stimulation in vegetative growth may therefore be ascribed to the combined negative effect of these excessive applications on soil pH and vine nutrition. Although the N content of petioles was higher for treatments where N was applied, consistent significant increases in petiole N with N fertilisation were not observed. Petiole N concentration showed a decreasing trend throughout the season. Petiole K concentrations were significantly increased by the K fertilisation at all phenological stages. None of the K fertilisation treatments, however, succeeded to raise petiole K concentrations above the accepted maximum norms and petiole K concentration at a specific sampling stage varied significantly between the four seasons. A general decrease in petiole K concentration was found for all seasons. Calcium fertilisation did not increase soil Ca content, resulting in a lack of differences in petiole Ca concentrations between treatments. An increase in petiole Ca concentration towards harvest was obtained. Correlations between petiole nutrient concentration and berry mineral content at harvest were poor. The only way of knowing the mineral content of berries would seem to be by measuring it directly instead of deducing it from the results of leaf or petiole analyses. The dynamics of berry growth impacted on berry nutrient concentration. Early rapid berry growth, predominantly due to cell division and cell growth, was associated with the most rapid decreases in N, P and Ca concentration. Due to mobility of K and Mg in the plant, that exceeds other nutrients, the decrease in concentration of these two mineral elements was not as pronounced as that of the others. Nutrient accumulation was most rapid during the pre-véraison period, but only Ca showed a definite termination during the early ripening period. The continued inflow of N, P, K and Mg, albeit at slower rates immediately after véraison, should be taken into consideration when fertilisation is applied. As a table grape, total accumulation of each nutrient in Prime Seedless berries also far exceeded that of other cultivars studied thus far. A particular difference is that the berry flesh:skin ratio is much higher than that of previously studied cultivars, leading to higher levels of nutrient accumulation in the flesh. Slightly larger berry size was obtained for N applications and is ascribed to slight increases in early vegetative growth, allowing a better response to GA3 treatments. The use of GA3 for berry enlargement is also considered the reason why K fertilisation, resulting in increased berry K levels, did not affect berry size, as is often found for wine grapes. Higher available NO3 - in the soil on account of excessive N applications resulted in higher levels of berry N, despite sub-optimal soil pH regimes that were created by these treatments. Berry K concentration and content were increased by K fertilisation. Rapid vine K uptake and translocation to the berries seem to negate the reduced vine nutritional status as observed in petioles for situations of over-fertilisation with N. Berry Ca levels were not increased by Ca fertilisation or by bunch applied Ca. The rapid rates of berry growth, together with low rates of berry Ca uptake and Ca uptake that terminates at the onset of ripening, are assumed to be the main reasons for this result. Low levels of decay as well as a lack of consistently increased decay were obtained for N containing treatments. Nitrogen levels in the berries above which their susceptibility to fungal infection is increased, should be established. Information on specific N compounds that may lead to more susceptibility is required. Potentially increased berry browning on account of high rates of K fertilisation needs to be further investigated; indications that this may occur were observed. Neither soil applied Ca nor bunch applied Ca improved berry quality, although Ca treatments seemed to reduce decay during the only season that significant differences were obtained. The negative effect of excessive fertilisation on soil chemistry of sandy soils has again been highlighted by this study. This annuls the fertilisation, leading to inefficient fertilisation and a lack of the desired responses. As indicator of vine nutrient availability, petiole analysis, was proven unreliable and should be evaluated in parallel with soil analyses, taking seasonal variation into consideration. The danger of being only guided by published norms for leaf nutrient concentrations when establishing fertilisation practices has again been highlighted by this study. This research indicated that for a very early cultivar like Prime Seedless, nutrient accumulation dynamics can already start to change during the pre-véraison period in some seasons. This is due to different edaphic and climatic conditions as well as berry size, which leads to much higher flesh:skin ratios. Future research on table grapes would need to develop an understanding of the various factors and dynamics that determine berry nutrient concentration and accumulation of early ripening, large berry sized, seedless table grape cultivars.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suksesvolle bemarking van tafeldruiwe is ten nouste afhanklik van die beskikbaarheid van druiwe sonder defekte, wat ‘n direkte verband met optimale wingerdprestasie, korrelontwikkeling en na-oes kwaliteit inhou. Voorsiening van minerale voedingstowwe beïnvloed die stok se groei, fisiologie en korrelgehalte. Ten spyte van ‘n oorweldigende hoeveelheid navorsing wat oor dekades reeds gedoen is, is daar steeds onopgeloste kwessies aangaande bemesting van tafeldruiwe vir optimale druifgehalte en houvermoë. Die gevolg is onoordeelkundige bemestingspraktyke wat o.a. aanleiding gee tot oorbemesting met stikstof (N), kalium (K) en kalsium (Ca). ‘n Vier-jaar-lange veldproef is gevolglik op ‘n sandgrond in die Paarl distrik (Suid-Afrika) onderneem deur gebruik te maak van Vitis vinifera L. cv. Prime Seedless geënt op Ramsey en op ‘n dubbel-gewel prieelstelsel opgelei is. Stikstof, K en Ca is alleen, of in kombinasie, toegedien teen hoeveelhede gelykstaande aan 300% van die wingerd se jaarlikse behoefte. Die effek van hierdie oormatige toedienings op tafeldruif prestasie onder Suid-Afrikaanse verbouingstoestande is ondersoek, met spesiale verwysing na 1) vegetatiewe groei, 2) uitdrukking van voedingstofbeskikbaarheid deur blaarontledings, 3) die voedingstof akkumulasie patrone van korrels van hierdie vroeë kultivar, 4) manipulasie van korrel voedingstofinhoud deur grond en trosgerigte toedienings en 5) die effek van korrel voedingstofinhoud op kwaliteit. Die doel van die proef was om bemestinspraktyke van Prime Seedless, ‘n baie vroeë pitlose tafeldruifkultivar met ‘n minimum korrelgrootte van 18 mm, te verfyn. Deur die akkumulasie patrone van die druiwe uit te klaar is daar ook ondersoek ingestel of oestyd en na-oes gehalte deur oormatige toediening van voedingstowwe affekteer word. Geen duidelike verskille betreffende vegetatiewe groeireaksies (uitgedruk as lootlengte, blaaroppervlaktes en lootmassas) asook verskille in blaar chlorofilinhoud is vir die behandelings verkry nie. Hierdie resultate is verkry in ‘n wingerd op ‘n sandgrond, waar oormatige N-bemesting aanleiding gegee het tot grond pH verlagings tot die peil van nadelige vlakke. Verder het die oormatige N, K en Ca toedienings wederkerige verlagings in konsentrasies, asook op dié van Mg, in die grond teweeggebring. Die tekort aan vegetatiewe groeiresponse op die behandelings kon dus toegeskryf word aan ‘n gekombineerde effek van die oormatige toedienings op grond pH en voedingstofbalanse. Hoewel die N-inhoud van bladstele hoër was vir behandelings wat N toediening ingesluit het, was daar nie konstante toenames in die vlakke verkry nie. Bladskyf N-konsentrasie het afgeneem deur die loop van die groeiseisoen. Vir alle fenologiese stadiums was bladskyf Kkonsentrasies betekenisvol verhoog deur K-bemesting. Nie een van die Kbemestingsbehandelings het egter daarin geslaag om bladskyf K inhoud vir enige monstertyd bo die algemeen aanvaarde maksimum norms te lig nie. Verder het bladskyf K inhoud by ‘n spesifieke fenologiese stadium ook betekenisvol tussen seisoene verskil. Die K-inhoud van bladskywe het afgeneem met verloop van die seisoen. Kalsiumbemesting het nie die grond se Ca inhoud deurgans verhoog nie, wat dus die tekort aan verskille in Ca konsentrasies tussen die behandelings verklaar. ‘n Toename in Ca konsentrasie en korrel Ca inhoud is vanaf set tot oes waargeneem. Swak korrelasies tussen bladskywe se voedingstofinhoude en korrels se voedingstofinhoude is verkry. Die enigste manier waarop korrels se voedingstofinhoude dus afgelei kan word, blyk te wees deur direkte bepaling daarvan. Voedingstofinhoude van korrels is deur groeipatrone daarvan beïnvloed. Vroeë korrelgroei, hoofsaaklik a.g.v. seldeling en selgroei, het met die vinnigste afnametempo van N, P en Ca gepaard gegaan. As gevolg van die hoër beweeglikheid van K en Mg in die plant in vergelyking met ander voedingstowwe, was die afname in konsentrasie van hierdie twee elemente nie so groot soos vir die ander nie. Voedingstofakkumulasie was die vinnigste in die periode voor deurslaan. Slegs Ca het ‘n beeïndiging van opname aan die einde van hierdie periode getoon. Die voortgesette opname van N, P, K en Mg, alhoewel stadiger kort na deurslaan, moet in ag geneem word wanneer bemesting toegedien word. Vir hierdie kultivar het die totale opname van elke bemestingstof dié van die ander kultivars wat tot hede bestudeer is, ver oorskry. ‘n Spesifieke verskil is ‘n baie hoër vleis:dop verhouding as wat vir ander kultivars verkry is. Dit gee aanleiding tot baie hoër vlakke van voedingstofakkumulasie in die vleis. Effens groter korrelgroottes is verkry waar N toedienings gemaak is. Dit word toegeskryf aan klein toenames in vroeë vegetatiewe groei, wat dus beter reaksie op GA3 behandelings tot gevolg gehad het. Die gebruik van GA3 vir korrelvergroting word ook beskou as die rede waarom K-bemesting, wat tot hoër vlakke van K in die korrels aanleiding gegee het, nie korrelgrootte, soos by wyndruiwe, bevorder het nie. Hoër NO3 - in die grond (water), na aanleiding van N toedienings, het aanleiding gegee tot hoer vlakke van N in die korrels. Dit het plaasgevind ten spyte van sub-optimale grond pH wat deur die oormatige N toedienings veroorsaak is. Korrel K konsentrasie en -inhoud is deur K-bemesting verhoog. Vinnige opname en translokasie van K na die korrels het ook geblyk die rede te wees waarom die verlaagde voedingstatus van die stokke a.g.v. oorbemesting met N nie die korrels se K inhoud geaffekteer het nie. Die vinnige groeitempo van die korrels, tesame met lae vlakke van Ca opname, asook korrels se Ca opname wat tydens rypwording ophou, word as die redes vir die tekorte aan behandelingseffekte beskou. Lae vlakke van bederf, asook ‘n tekort aan betroubare tendense dat bederf deur Nbemesting verhoog word, is verkry. Daar moet vasgestel word of daar N vlakke in die korrels is waarbo hul vatbaarheid vir swaminfeksies verhoog word, en of daar spesifieke N verbindings is wat die korrels meer vatbaar maak vir bederf. Indikasies dat K-bemesting interne verbruiningsvlakke verhoog het, regverdig verdere ondersoek. Korrelkwaliteit is nie deur grond- of trosgerigte toedienings bevoordeel nie. Die negatiewe effek van oormatige bemesting op die chemiese samestelling van sandgronde is weer deur hierdie navorsing uitgelig. Dit lei tot oneffektiewe bemesting en ‘n tekort aan die verlangde effekte. Blaarontledings blyk onbetroubaar te wees as aanduiding van voedingstof beskikbaarheid. Dit moet evalueer word saam met grondontledings en ook seisoenale variasie in ag neem. Die gevaar om slegs deur gepubliseerde norme gelei te word wanneer bemestingspraktyke bepaal word, is weer deur hierdie navorsing uitgelig. Voorst is daar in hierdie navorsing gevind dat voedingstof akkumulasiepatrone van ‘n baie vroeë kultivar soos Prime Seedless alreeds voor deurslaan begin verander a.g.v. omgewingstoestande en korrelgroei wat tot ‘n veel hoër vleis:dop verhouding aanleiding gee. Toekomstige navorsing op tafeldruiwe behoort die faktore en dinamika wat voedingstofkonsentrasie en -akkumulasie in korrels van vroeë, groot korrel, pitlose tafeldruifkultivars beïnvloed verder te ondersoek.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Grapevine performance and wine quality are influenced by various factors, two of the most important being the availability and quality of irrigation water. In relatively dry countries such as South Africa the conservation and effective use of water is of utmost importance. Expected increases in temperature and decreases in rainfall in the future due to climate change impacts highlights the importance of water conservation. This inspired investigations into possible alternative irrigation water sources and therefore the possibility of vineyard irrigation using winery wastewater is of utmost importance for the sustainability of the wine industry. Winery wastewater contains higher concentrations of certain elements other than water generally used for vineyard irrigation, the most important differences being Na and K levels. Furthermore, winery wastewater contains larger populations of microorganisms such as yeasts, lactic acid bacteria and acetic acid bacteria, typical associated with wine production. If irrigation using winery wastewater affects the uptake of certain elements or alters grapevine water status, it may affect grapevine growth, juice and wine composition. Furthermore, if juice and wine composition is affected wine composition and sensorial quality may be affected. Cabernet Sauvignon/99R grapevines, growing in a sandy soil in the Breede River Valley, were subjected to eight irrigation treatments using augmented winery wastewater in addition to irrigation using raw river water as control. The study was carried out during the 2010/11 and 2011/12 seasons. The various wastewater irrigation treatments were made up by augmenting winery wastewater with raw river water to obtain a target chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration. In this study, the level of COD in the irrigation water is a direct indication of water quality, the two being indirectly proportional. The eight wastewater irrigation treatments ranged from 100 mg/L COD up to 3000 mg/L COD. The first objective of the study was to determine the effect of irrigation using augmented winery wastewater on grapevine response, with regards to vegetative growth, berry development and berry composition. The various wastewater irrigation treatments did not affect grapevine vegetative growth or reproductive growth, including yield, throughout berry development up to harvest. Berry sugar accumulation and evolution in acid concentrations were also not affected. An increase in berry juice pH was observed with an increase in the level of COD in the augmented winery wastewater only in the second season. The amount of elements, ions and heavy metals in juice was not affected by wastewater irrigation, indicating that there was no absorption by the grapevines. Berry skin thickness, colour and phenolic content as well as yield and its associated components were not affected by irrigation using augmented winery wastewater. The second objective of the study was to determine the effect of irrigation using augmented winery wastewater on wine microbial and chemical composition, fermentation performance and wine sensorial characteristics. The natural yeast and bacteria flora of juice was not affected by the various wastewater irrigation treatments. In addition, the ability of the inoculated yeast and lactic acid bacteria strains to conduct their respective fermentation processes were not affected. With the exception of total titratable acidity (TTA) and pH, irrigation using augmented winery wastewater did not affect wine chemical composition with regards to basic wine parameters as well as colour, phenolic and tannin composition. Similar to juice, phosphorus and selected ions were not affected. None of the measured wine sensorial characteristics were affected by irrigation using augmented winery wastewater. The third objective of the study was to investigate the effect of direct contact between berries and winery wastewater on wine sensorial characteristics. The study focussed on the transference of off-flavours from the wastewater into the wine and the occurrence of off-flavours as a response to contact with winery wastewater. Wine colour and general sensory wine descriptives were not affected by direct contact with winery wastewater. The presence of a winery wastewater-like off-odour and volatile acidity was, however, more detectable in wines made from berries that were in contact with the most concentrated wastewater. Therefore, it may be possible for off-odours to be transferred from the winery wastewater into the wines, or that off-odours are formed as a direct or indirect result of contact with winery wastewater. Under the given conditions, results obtained in this two seasons of the study suggest that irrigation using augmented winery wastewater does not affect grapevine performance or wine quality substantially. The major impact that was observed was an increase in wine pH and a decreasing trend in TTA. Both these parameters could be rectified by simply adding acid to the wines. Therefore, irrigation using augmented winery wastewater may be considered as a possible future alternative source for vineyard irrigation. It is, however, important to remember that some of the effects of wastewater irrigation may be cumulative and could possibly arise only after several years. Furthermore, different field conditions and cultivars may respond differently.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wingerd prestasie en wyngehalte word deur verskeie faktore beïnvloed waarvan twee van die belangrikste die beskikbaarheid en gehalte van besproeiingswater is. In relatiewe droë lande soos Suid Afrika is waterbesparing en die effektiewe benutting van water hulpbronne van uiterste belang. Die verwagte toename in temperatuur en afname in reënval in die toekoms as gevolg van klimaatsveranderinge plaasdieklem op op die belangrikheid van waterbesparing. Dit het navorsing om moontlike alternatiewe vorme van besproeiingswater te ontdek geïnspireer. Na aanleiding van hierdie faktore word daar toenemend gefokus op navorsing oor die moontlikheid om kelder afvalwater as alternatiewe bron van besproeiings water vir wingerde te benut. Kelder afvalwater bevat hoër konsentrasie van sekere elemente as water wat onder normale omstandighede gebruik word vir die besproeiing van wingerde, die belangrikste verskille was die vlakke van Na en K. Benewens die hoër konsentrasie van sekere elemente bevat kelder afvalwater ook groot populasies van mikroörganismes soos giste, melksuurbakterieë en asynsuurbakterieë, tipies geassosieerd met wynbereiding. Indien besproeiing met kelder afvalwater die opname van sekere elemente of die plant water status beϊnvloed, mag wingerd groei, sap en wyn samestelling beϊnvloed word. Daar benewens, indien die mikrobiese samestelling van die sap en wyn beϊnvloed word sal die samestelling en sensoriese gehalte van die wyn moontlik beϊnvloed word. Cabernet Sauvignon/99R wingerde, geleë in sanderige grond in die Breede Rivier Vallei, is onderwerp aan besproeiing met agt verskillende konsentrasies van verdunde kelder afvalwater, bykomend tot besproeiing met onbehandelde rivier water wat as kontrole gedien het. Hierdie studie is uitgevoer gedurende die 2010/11 en 2011/12 seisoene. Die teiken besproeiings konsentrasies is verkry deur kelder afvalwater met onbehandelde rivier water te verdun tot ‘n sekere chemiese suurstofbehoefte (CSB) konsentrasie bereik is. Die CSB is in hierdie studie ‘n direkte aanduiding van watergehalte, die twee was indirek eweredig tot mekaar. Die agt CSB konsentrasies waarteen die afvalwater besproei is wissel tussen 100 mg/L CSB en 3000 mg/L CSB. Die eerste doelwit van die studie was om te bepaal wat die effek van besproeiing met verdunde kelder afvalwater op wingerdprestasie, met spesifieke verwysing na vegetatiewe groei, korrelontwikkeling en korrelsamestelling is. Wingerd vegetatiewe en reproduktiewe groei, insluitende opbrengs, is op geen stadium tydens korrelontwikkeling tot en met oes beïnvloed nie. Die laai van suikers gedurende rypwording, sowel as verskuiwings in suurkonsentrasie, is nie deur besproeiing met kelder afvalwater beïnvloed nie. In die tweede seisoen is ‘n toename in sap pH waargeneem soos die CSB konsentrasie van die besproeiings water toegeneem het. Die element, ioon en swaar metaal samestelling van sap was nie beïnvloed deur besproeiing met afvalwater nie wat aandui dat daar geen opname was deur die wingerd nie. Die dikte, kleur en fenoliese samestelling van druifdoppe is ook nie beïnvloed nie. Die tweede doelwit van die studie was om te bepaal wat die effek van besproeiing met verdunde kelder afvalwater op wyn mikrobiese en chemiese samestelling, fermentasie effektiwiteit en wyn sensoriese eienskappe is. Die verskeie afvalwater besproeiings behandelings het geen effek op die natuurlike gis of bakterieë flora van die sap gehad nie. Die vermoë van die geïnokuleerde gis en melksuurbakterieë om hul afsonderlike fermentasie prosesse te voltooi is ook nie beïnvloed nie. Met die uitsondering van totale titreerbare suur (TTS) en pH, is die chemiese samestelling van wyne met betrekking tot basiese wyn parameters, kleur, fenole en tanniene nie beïnvloed nie. Soortgelyk aan sap is wyn fosfor en geselekteerde ioon samestelling nie geaffekteer nie. Die sensoriese karakteristieke was eenders vir wyne van alle behandelings. Die derde doelwit van die studie was om te bepaal wat die effek wat direkte kontak van kelder afvalwater met druiwekorrels op wyn sensoriese eienskappe het. Hierdie studie het gefokus op die oordrag van afgeure vanaf kelder afvalwater na die wyne sowel as die voorkoms van afgeure as ‘n reaksie op kontak met kelder afvalwater. Wyn kleur en algemene sensoriese eienskappe is nie geaffekteer deur kontak tussen druiwe en kelder afvalwater nie. Kelder afvalwater-geassosieerde afgeure en vlugtige suur was meer duidelik waarneembaar in wyne wat gemaak is van druiwe wat in kontak was met die meer gekonsentreerde afvalwater. Dit mag dus moontlik wees dat afgeure vanaf kelder afvalwater oorgedra word na wyne, of dat sekere afgeure gevorm word as ‘n direkte of indirekte reaksie op kontak met kelder afvalwater. Onder die gegewe toestande oor die twee jaar studie periode het resultate getoon dat besproeiing met verdunde kelder afvalwater nie wingerdprestasie en wyn gehalte aansienlik beïnvloed nie. Die grootste impak wat afvalwater besproeiing gehad het, was om ‘n toename in wyn pH en ‘n tendens tot afname in TTS te veroorsaak. Deur eenvoudig suur by die wyn te voeg kan albei hierdie probleme reg gestel word. Op grond van hierdie bevindings kan besproeiing met verdunde kelder afvalwater moontlik as toekomstige bron vir addisionele wingerdbesproeiing dien. Dit is egter belangrik om te onthou dat die effekte van besproeiing met kelder afvalwater mootlik kumulatief kan wees en dat probleme moontlik eers na etlike jare na vore kan kom. Ander kultivars en veldkondisies mag ook lei tot ander resultate.

Омельченко, В. В. Товарознавча оцінка асортименту, якості виноградних вин та особливості ритейлу на прикладі ФОП «Носко Р.М.» : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 076 «Підприємництво, торгівля та біржова діяльність» / В. В. Омельченко ; керівник роботи Т. М. Денисенко ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра підприємництва і торгівлі. – Чернігів, 2021. – 91 с.
Об’єкт дослідження виноградні вина та ритейл на ФОП «Носко Р.М.» магазин- кафетерій. Предмет дослідження – асортимент і якість вина та особливості ритейлу. Метою роботи є розробка рекомендацій стосовно удосконалення асортименту виноградних вин та перспективних заходів поліпшення ритейлу ФОП «Носко Р.М.» магазину- кафетерію Методи дослідження – стандартні та загальноприйнятні: органолептичні, фізико-хімічні, планування експерименту, анкетного опитування та математико-статистичної обробки експериментальних даних з використанням сучасних комп’ютерних технологій. У першому розділі було розглянуто сучасний стан та перспективні тенденції розвитку ринку виноградних вин, класифікацію асортименту вина та винних напоїв також проаналізовано методи ідентифікації та виявлення фальсифікації виноградних вин У другому розділі було розглянуто діяльність магазину-кафетерію, проаналізовано товарний асортимент виноградних вин, та проведено оцінку якості вин та винних напоїв, що реалізує підприємство. У третьому розділі кваліфікаційної роботи для ФОП «Носко Р.М.» магазину-кафетерію запропоновано план перспективних заходів поліпшення ритейлу. Розроблено та впроваджено в діяльність підприємства комплекс заходів щодо оптимізації асортименту виноградних вин.
The object of research grape wines and retail at an individual entrepreneur "Nosko R.M." shop-cafeteria. The subject of research is the range and quality of wine and features of retail. The aim of the work is to develop recommendations for improving the range of grape wines and promising measures to improve the retail of an individual entrepreneur "Nosko R.M." shop-cafeteria Research methods are standard and generally accepted: organoleptic, physicochemical, experimental planning, questionnaires and mathematical and statistical processing of experimental data using modern computer technology. The first section examines the current state and prospects of the grape wine market, the classification of the range of wine and wine drinks and analyzes the methods of identification and detection of falsification of grape wines. The second section considered the activities of the cafeteria, analyzed the range of grape wines, and assessed the quality of wines and wine drinks sold by the company. In the third section of the qualification work for a natural person- entrepreneur "Nosko RM" a shop-cafeteria was offered a plan of promising measures to improve retail trade. A set of measures to optimize the range of grape wines has been developed and implemented in the company's activities.

Os compostos fenólicos presentes em uvas e vinhos apresentam atividades antioxidantes benéficas à saúde humana, além de indicarem a qualidade desses produtos. Assim, esta tese teve como objetivo desenvolver, validar e aplicar métodos para a análise dos compostos fenólicos e avaliar a atividade antioxidante de uvas e vinhos tintos finos provenientes de uma nova região vitivinícola brasileira (Campanha Gaúcha - RS, Brasil). Ao total, foram utilizadas 103 amostras de vinhos finos tintos obtidos a partir de diferentes processos de vinificação (experimentais e comerciais), variedades (10), safras (2004 a 2015) e regiões (97 das microrregiões Ocidental, Central e Meridional da Campanha Gaúcha e seis de outras regiões do RS). Além disso, foram utilizadas oito amostras de uvas finas tintas da Campanha Gaúcha, das safras 2014 e 2015. O primeiro método, por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector de arranjo de diodos (HPLC-DAD), com propósito de dosar dois marcadores de compostos fenólicos, trans-resveratrol e quercetina, mostrou-se adequado para diferenciar 12 vinhos tintos do RS. O segundo método, por HPLC-DAD e espectrometria de massas de alta resolução, possibilitou o doseamento de seis fenóis bioativos (trans-resveratrol, quercetina, miricetina, quempferol, trans-Ɛ-viniferina e ácido trans-cinâmico) em 87 amostras da Campanha Gaúcha. Os teores mais elevados de compostos fenólicos foram encontrados em: variedades Arinarnoa, Marselan, Rebo, Syrah, Tempranillo e Teroldego; microrregião da Campanha Central; safra de 2013. Os vinhos foram classificados mediante análises de agrupamento hierárquico (HCA) e de componentes principais (PCA), conforme seus respectivos processos de vinificação, variedades e microrregiões. O terceiro e último método abordado foi com o intuito de analisar um maior número de compostos fenólicos, o que foi possível através da técnica de extração em fase sólida por troca catiônica forte. Esse método foi utilizado para análises de uvas e seus vinhos experimentais correspondentes da Campanha Gaúcha, por HPLC-DAD e por cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência acoplado a espectrômetro de massas (UPLC-MS). Uvas com alto teor de galato de (-)-epicatequina originaram vinhos com elevada concentração de fenóis biativos. Tais amostras também foram analisadas quanto ao índice de fenóis totais e quanto à atividade antioxidante in vitro, demonstrando uma correlação positiva entre uvas e vinhos das mesmas variedades. Nesse mesmo estudo, foi possível atribuir atividades antioxidantes in vivo (modelo Caenorhabditis elegans) superiores nas amostras com teores mais elevados de astilbina e flavanóis, como a (+)-catequina, a (-)-epicatequina e a (-)-epigalocatequina. Assim, esses compostos, principalmente a astilbina, poderão ser utilizados como modelos para modificações moleculares na área de química medicinal. Além disso, o estudo dos compostos fenólicos pode contribuir para a melhoria da qualidade de vinhos da Campanha Gaúcha, trazendo benefícios diretos à vitivinicultura nacional e indiretos a toda a sociedade.
Phenolic compounds found in grapes and wines show antioxidant activities with health benefits for humans, and also indicate the quality of these products. Therefore, this thesis aimed to develop, validate and investigate methods for phenolic compound analysis, and evaluate the antioxidant activity of grapes and wines from a new Brazilian viticulture region (Campanha Gaúcha, Southern Brazil). In total, 103 red wine samples were used. These samples were obtained from different winemaking processes (experimental and commercial), varieties (10), vintages (2004 to 2015), and regions (97 from occidental, central e meridional from Campanha Gaúcha and six from other Southern Brazilian regions). Eight grape samples, 2014 and 2015 vintages, from Campanha Gaúcha were also used. The first method, using high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was used to quantify two phenolic compound markers, trans-resveratrol, and quercetin, and was adequate for differentiating 12 red wines from Southern Brazil. The second method, using HPLC-DAD and high-resolution mass spectrometry, enabled the quantification of six bioactive phenols (trans-resveratrol, quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol, trans-Ɛ-viniferin, and trans-cinnamic acid) in 87 samples from Campanha Gaúcha. The highest levels of phenolic compounds were found in the Arinarnoa, Marselan, Rebo, Syrah, Tempranillo, and Teroldego varieties; central Campanha Gaúcha micro-region varieties; and the 2013 vintage. The wines were classified according to their winemaking processes, varieties, and micro-regions using hierarchical cluster and principal component analyses. The third and final method aimed to analyze a large number of phenolic compounds using a solid phase extraction technique employing strong cation exchange. This method was used to analyze grapes and their corresponding wines from Campanha Gaúcha using HPLC-DAD and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Grapes with high levels of (-)-epicatechin galate corresponded to wines more concentrated in bioactive phenols. The samples were also analyzed using the total phenol content index and in vitro antioxidant activity, showing a positive correlation between grapes and wines of the same varieties. In the same study, it was possible to attribute the in vivo antioxidant activities (Caenorhabditis elegans model) to samples with higher levels of astilbin and flavanols such as (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, and (-)-epigalocatechin. Therefore, such compounds, mainly astilbin, may be used for a molecular modification model in medicinal chemistry. Moreover, the study of phenolic compounds may contribute to the improvement of the quality of wines from Campanha Gaúcha, and can bring several direct benefits for national viticulture and indirect benefits to all society.

Mestrado Vinifera Euromaster - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL
The trial wants to study the characteristics of c.v. Nero d’Avola in the Eastern part of Sicily after early leaf removal. Axiom to create high quality wine is to have high quality grapes. This can be possible only with right management of vineyard. The objective is to understand how the early leaf removal can change the productive and vegetative balance of vine and micro-climate of the cluster region. Specifically this research wants to highlight the process that some variables can cause during the leaf out process of the cv Nero d’Avola in the area of Hyblaean Mountains (Monti Iblei). This study show like early leaf removal at fruit set stimulates the increase of the length of lateral shoots. The early defoliation influenced the fruit-set processes, in terms of lower berry number and a higher percentage of chicken berries. The sugar content was positively influenced by early defoliation .Probably related to the greater leaf area per gram of grapes at harvest , younger canopy in the last stage of ripening and also for greater exposure of luster to light. The percentage of light interception is higher in the defoliated treatments ,especially, in the south-east side of canopy. About anthocyanin accumulation we can confirm that early defoliation lead to a more rapid build-up, thanks to the exposure to light, which stimulates the metabolites synthesis. Defoliation remains a very effective way to diversify agronomic management and the types of grapes obtainable from a same variety in the same environment. In conclusion we can say ,the defoliation at different times and different intensity, depending on the climate and the environment, can control the yield, especially in high-yielding varieties, and can improve the sugar accumulation, and increase the concentration of polyphenols in the short term. The early defoliation in hot climate is a agronomic practice in developing ,but is important to understand which are the most limits and advantages

Vineyard management practices have an impact on grape berry development in ways that influence the quality of wine made from those grapes. The goal of this study was to determine whether exogenous applications of marine extracts on Syrah grapes can influence yield components, harvest juice quality parameters, and nutrient uptake. From 2009 to 2011, Syrah grape vines at the Trestle Vineyard on the California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo campus received individual doses of marine extract via fertigation at berry set and veraison proportional to the amount they would receive on an annual per-acre basis based on the extract manufacturer’s recommended rate of application. In a separate experiment conducted in 2011, marine extracts were applied as foliar treatments. Treatments were analyzed for their effects on berry juice TSS, pH, TA, anthocyanins, tannins, and fruit yield per vine, clusters per vine, average berry weight, cluster weight, berries per cluster, vegetative yield, and foliar nutrient concentration. The marine extracts did not have any significant effects on yield components, harvest juice quality, or foliar nutrient concentration at any point in this experiment, except for a marginally significant increase in copper uptake with seaweed extract application as compared to the untreated control. Seaweed extract fertigation did result in a significant decline in net photosynthesis shortly after application as compared to control, while fish/seaweed extract blend fertigation resulted in a significant increase in net photosynthesis after application as compared to control. Though some minor effects of marine extracts were detected, there appears to be no benefit or drawback to applying these products in Syrah grapes growing in heavy clay soil in cool-climate conditions.

Five studies were designed to investigate the potential use grape pomace (GP), grape seeds (GS) and grape skins (SS), the major residues from wine-making industry and a good sources of polyphenols, as a cheaper but functionally equivalent product, with antioxidant activity, that could partially replace vitamin E in broiler chickens diet and be able to improve poultry performance and welfare, besides to warrant high-quality, safe and functional meat products. The studies were carried out at the Department of Metabolism and Nutrition and Department of Products of the Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC) of Madrid. The first studies assessed the effect of dietary GS (15 and 30 g/kg), SS (110 g/kg) and GP (37.5 g/kg) and α-tocopheryl acetate (200 mg/kg) inclusion on performance, ileal and excreta content of total polyphenols and tannins, ileal digestibility of protein and ileal and excreta polyphenols digestibility in one hundred and eighty 21-day-old broiler chickens. In addition, plasma and meat α-tocopherol concentration and meat lipid oxidation during refrigerated storage (at 1d and 7d) were evaluated. SS diet reduced daily weight gain (P<0.01) and feed conversion ratio (P<0.001). α-T diet had no effect on ileal and excreta polyphenols content while significantly higher values were observed in GS, SS and GP groups, compared to the control birds. GS, SS and GP diets increased ileal tannins content, with no effect on excreta content. Protein digestibility significantly decreased in birds fed SS diets. Ileal polyphenols digestibility statistically increased in GS, SS and GP groups, while no differences were observed for excreta digestibility. Plasma α-tocopherol increased significantly in birds fed α-T, SS and GP diets, while γ- tocopherol only in birds fed GP diets. Meat α and γ- tocopherol levels were statistically higher in birds fed α-T diet at 1 and 7 days of storage, compared to the other groups. GP and α-T improved the stability of meat to lipid oxidation by reducing MDA values after 1 day and 7 days of storage. The second study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary fermented (FS) and unfermented (UFS) grape skin at different doses (30 g/Kg, FS30 and UFS30, and 60 g/kg, FS60 and UFS60) and of α-tocopheryl acetate (200 mg/kg) in one hundred and fifty 21-day-old broilers. The same parameters of the previous experiment and intestinal microflora were assessed, except for plasma and meat vitamin E concentrations. FS60 and UFS60 negatively affected growth performance and UFS60 significantly decreased protein digestibility. UFS increased ileal and excreta polyphenols content; whereas ileal and excreta tannins content increased in all experimental groups. UFS30 diet statistically increased ileal polyphenols digestibility, while both FS and UFS diets significantly increased the excreta digestibility with higher values in birds fed UFS in comparison to those fed FS. Intestinal microflora was not affected by dietary treatment. Dietary FS and UFS grape skin were not effective as vitamin E in delaying meat lipid oxidation. The third study investigated the effect of dietary GS (40 g/kg), SS (40 g/kg) and GP (40 g/kg), different combination of GS and SS (20 g/kg GS and 20 g/kg SS; 30 g/kg GS and 10 g/kg SS; 10 g/kg GS and 30 g/kg SS) and α-tocopheryl acetate (200 mg/kg) on the same parameters evaluated in the first experiment, in addition to plasma reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs). Performance parameters were not affected by dietary treatments. GS, SS and GP diets increased intestinal polyphenols and tannins content. GS and SS combinations decreased ileal proteins digestibility and had no effect on polyphenols digestibility, unlike the other groups. Excreta polyphenols digestibility was statistically higher in all treated groups, compared to the control and vitamin E groups. Plasma α-tocopherol was higher in birds fed α-T, SS and GP, compared to the control ones. GS, SS and GP diets increased plasma ROMs values and meat oxidative stability was improved only in the α-T group. The fourth study was a continuation of the previous one (third study) and investigated the effect of dietary GS (40 g/kg), SS (40 g/kg) GP (40 g/ kg) and α-tocopheryl acetate (200 mg/kg) on lipid peroxidation levels (TBARS), antimicrobial capacity and physico-chemical characteristic of chicken breast meat patties during refrigerate storage (4°C) during 0, 3, 6 and 9 days. In general, the compositions of the raw meat was similar among groups. The lowest levels of polyphenols were observed in the PE (Control+vitamin E), PSS (Control+Grape skin 4%) and PGP (Control+Grape pomace 4%) patties. Polyphenols levels statistically increased during chilled storage in all samples until day 6. Increased polyphenols content was also observed in cooked patties. PE and PSS patties showed the lowest levels of LAB (lactic acid bacteria). Lower significant TBARS values were detected in PE, PSS and PGP patties. No clear effect was observed for the color and textural characteristics and the products were acceptable for the panelists. The last experiment investigated the effect of GS (2%) and SS (2%) direct addition on physico-chemical and sensorial properties of chicken thigh patties during refrigerated storage (4°C). GS and SS addition decreased pH values and reduced lightness, yellowness and redness values, compared with the control sample. Moreover, reduced TBARS levels were observed in relation with the higher total phenolic content also found in cooked patties. The GS and SS patties acceptability was not negatively affected. The use of grape by-products in the development of meat products could have positive effects in the human body and open interesting possibilities in the development of more healthy foods.
Sono stati disegnati cinque studi per investigare il potenziale utilizzo di vinacce (GP), semi (GS) e buccie (SS) di uva, i principali residui derivanti dall’industira di vinificazione e ottima fonte di polifenoli, come un prodotto più economico ed equivalente, con attività antiossidante, che possa sostituire parzialmente la vitamina E come integratore del mangime di polli broiler e che sia capace, allo stesso tempo, di migliorarne le performace ed il benessere, oltre a garantire prodotti salubri e salutari. Gli esperimenti sono stati condotti presso il Dipartimento di Metabolismo e Nutrizione ed il Dipartimento di Prodotti dell’Istituto di Scienze Alimentari, Tecnologia e Nutrizione (ICTAN-CSIC) di Madrid. Il primo esperimento ha come obiettivo quello di valutare l’effetto dell’integrazione alimentare di GS (15 and 30 g/kg), SS (110 g/kg) e GP (37.5 g/kg) e α-tocoferil acetato (200 mg/kg) sulle performance, il contenuto ileale e fecale di polifenoli e tannini, sulla digeribilità delle proteine, sulla digeribilità ileale e fecale dei polifenoli in cento ottanta polli broiler allevati fino a 21 giorni di età. Inoltre, sono stati valutati il contenuto di vitamina E in plasma e carne e l’ossidazione lipidica della carne conservata in refrigerazione (1d e 7d). La dieta SS ha ridotto l’incremento di peso giornaliero (P<0.01) e l’indice di conversione alimentare. La dieta integrata con vitamina E non ha avuto effetto sul contenuto ileale e fecale di polifenoli, mentre nei gruppo GS, SS e GP si sono osservati valori più alti, rispetto al gruppo controllo. Le diete integrate con GS, SS e GP hanno aumentato il contenuto ileale di tannini, senza alcun effetto, invece, su quello fecale. La digeribilità delle proteine è diminuita significativamente nei polli del gruppo SS. La digeribilità ileale dei polifenoli è statisticamente aumentata nei gruppi GS, SS e GP, mentre non si sono osservate differenze nella digeribilità fecale. L’ α-tocoferolo plasmatico è stato significativamente maggiore nei polli alimentati con le diete α-T, SS e GP, mentre il γ- tocoferolo nei polli del gruppo GP. Nella carne i livelli di α- e γ- tocoferolo sono aumentati statisticamente nei polli alimentati con vitamina E, sia ad 1d che a 7d di conservazione, rispetto al gruppo controllo. Le diete integrate con GP e vitamina E hanno miglioramento la stabilità ossidativa della carne riducendo i valori di MDA dopo 1d e 7d di conservazione. Il secondo esperimento ha avuto come obiettivo quello di studiare l’effetto dell’integrazione alimentare con bucce di uva da vinificazione in rosso (FS) e da vinificazione in bianco (UFS) a diverse concentrazioni (30 g/Kg, FS30 and UFS30, and 60 g/kg, FS60 and UFS60) e della vitamina E (200 mg/kg) in centocinquanta polli broiler allevati fini a 21 giorni di età. Sono stati valutati gli effetti sugli stessi parametri del precedente esperimento, in aggiunta alla microflora intestinale e fatta eccezione per la concentrazione della vitamina E plasmatica e della carne. Le diete FS60 e UFS60 hanno influenzato negativamente le prestazioni dei polli e UFS60 ha provocato una diminuzione della digeribilità delle proteine. La dieta integrata con UFS ha aumentato il contenuto ileale e fecale di polifenoli, mentre il contenuto di tannini ileale e fecale è aumentato in tutti i gruppi sperimentali. La dieta UFS30 ha aumentato statisticamente la digeribilità ileale dei polifenoli, mentre sia la dieta integrata con FS che con UFS ha aumentato significativamente la digeribilità fecale dei polifenoli, con valori più alti nei polli alimentati con UFS rispetto a quelli alimentati con FS. La microflora intestinale non è stata influenzata dal trattamento alimentare. L’integrazione alimentare dei polli broiler con FS e UFS non è stata efficace come la vitamina E nel ridurre l’ossidazione lipidica della carne. Il terzo studio ha valutato l’effetto dell’integrazione alimentare con GS (40 g/kg), SS (40 g/kg) e GP (40 g/kg), diverse combinazioni di GS e SS (20 g/kg GS e 20 g/kg SS; 30 g/kg GS e 10 g/kg SS; 10 g/kg GS e 30 g/kg SS) e α-tocoferil acetato (200 mg/kg) sugli stessi parametri valutati anche nel primo esperimento, oltre i metaboliti reattivi dell’ossigeno (ROMs). Le prestazioni produttive dei polli non sono state influenzate negativamente dal trattamento alimentare. Le diete integrate con GS, SS e GP hanno aumentato il contenuto ileale e fecale di polifenoli e tannini. Le diverse combinazioni di GS e SS hanno diminuito la digeribilità ileale delle proteine e non hanno avuto effetto sulla digeribilità dei polifenoli, diversamente dagli altri gruppi sperimentali. La digeribilità fecale dei polifenoli è stata statisticamente più alta in tutti i gruppi sperimentali, rispetto si gruppi controllo e alimentato con vitamina E. L’ α-tocoferolo plasmatico è stato più alto nei gruppi alimentati con α-T, SS e GP, rispetto a quello controllo. Le diete GS, SS e GP hanno aumentato i ROMs del plasma, mentre la stabilità ossidativa della carne è aumentato solo nel gruppo α-T. Il quarto esperimento è stata una continuazione del precedente (III esperimento) ed ha valutato l’effetto dell’integrazione alimentare con GS (40 g/kg), SS (40 g/kg) e GP (40 g/kg), e α-tocoferil acetato (200 mg/kg) sulla perossidazione lipidica, la capacità antimicrobica e sulle caratteristiche fisico-chimiche di polpette formulate con la carne del petto di tali polli a 0, 3, 6 e 9 giorni di conservazione a 4°C. in generale, la composizione della carne non ha mostrato differenze tra i gruppi. I più bassi livelli di polifenoli sono stati osservati nei campioni PE (Controllo+vitamin E), PSS (Controllo+GS 4%) and PGP (Controllo+GP 4%). Il contenuto di polifenoli è aumentato durante la conservazione fino al giorno 6. Alti valori di polifenoli sono stati rilevati anche nelle polpette dopo cottura. Le polpette PE e PSS hanno mostrato il più bassi valori di batteri acido-lattici (LAB). Valori più bassi di TBARS sono stati osservati nelle polpette PE, PSS e PGP. Non si è evidenziato un chiaro effetto per il colore e la tessitura, ed i prodotti sono risultati accettabili per panellisti durante la prova sensoriale. L’ultimo esperimento ha valutato l’effetto dell’aggiunta diretta del 2% di GS e 2% di SS sulle caratteristiche fisico-chimiche e sulle caratteristiche sensoriali di polpette di carne di coscie di pollo, durante conservazione a 4°C. Si è osservata una diminuzione dei valori di pH, lucentezza, giallo e rosso nei campioni GS e SS, rispetto al controllo. Sono stati registrati valori più bassi di TBARS nei campioni trattati, rispetto al controllo, legati al più alto contenuto di polifenoli, mantenutosi anche dopo la cottura delle polpette. L’accettabilità delle polpette GS e SS non è stata influenzata negativamente. L’utilizzo dei sottoprodotti dell’uva in prodotti carnei potrebbe avere effetti positivi nell’uomo ed aprire interessanti possibilità nello sviluppo di cibi più salutari.

This study, carried out in vineyards of high quality wine production in Catalonia (Spain), aims to determine the suitability of very detailed soil surveys, based on Soil Taxonomy, for viticultural zoning purposes, and quantifies the effects of soil and climate on grape and wine quality in some representative soil map units. After an introductory chapter, this objective is developed in different chapters. Chapter 2 analyses the suitability of soil map units, determined at a 1:5,000 scale according to Soil Taxonomy classification, to determine important edaphic properties for vineyard growing. Chapter 3 discusses the implications of soil forming processes on very detailed soil surveys. Chapter 4 analyses the suitability of Soil Taxonomy to characterize the soil moisture regime for viticultural zoning purposes. Chapter 5 focuses on the influence of soil and climate on vintage variability. Chapter 6 determines the effects of climate and soil on grape ripening and wine quality of Cabernet Sauvignon. As a final conclusion, very detailed soil surveys based on Soil Taxonomy are valuable sources of information for viticultural zoning studies. Moreover, although climate explains most of the vintage variability, soil type is decisive in determining the vineyard potential for wine quality.
L’objectiu d’aquest estudi, dut a terme en vinyes destinades a la producció de vi de qualitat a Catalunya (Espanya), és determinar si un mapa de sòls molt detallat, basat en la Soil Taxonomy, és apte per estudis de zonificació vitícola i quantificar els efectes del sòl i el clima sobre la qualitat del raïm i del vi, en unitats cartogràfiques representatives. Després d’un capítol introductori, aquest objectiu es desenvolupa en diferents capítols. El capítol 2 analitza l’aptitud d’unitats cartogràfiques de sòls, classificades segons la Soil Taxonomy, per reflectir la variabilitat de propietats edàfiques importants per al cultiu de la vinya. En el capítol 3 es discuteixen les implicacions dels processos formadors del sòl en la cartografia de sòls molt detallada. El capítol 4 analitza l’aptitud de la Soil Taxonomy per caracteritzar el règim d'humitat del sòl en estudis de zonificació vitícola. El capítol 5 se centra en la influència del sòl i del clima sobre la variabilitat de la verema. El capítol 6 determina els efectes del clima i el sòl en la maduració del raïm i la qualitat del vi de Cabernet sauvignon. Com a conclusió final, els mapes de sòls molt detallats basats en la Soil Taxonomy són una font valuosa d’informació per a estudis de zonificació vitícola. D'altra banda, encara que el clima explica la major part de la variabilitat de la verema, el tipus de sòl és decisiu en la determinació del potencial d’una vinya per a la producció de vi de qualitat.
El objetivo de este estudio, llevado a cabo en viñas destinadas a vino de calidad en Cataluña (España), es determinar si un mapa de suelos muy detallado, basado en la Soil Taxonomy, es apto para estudios de zonificación vitícola y cuantificar los efectos del suelo y el clima sobre la calidad de la uva y del vino, en unidades cartográficas representativas. Tras un capítulo introductorio, este objetivo se desarrolla en diferentes capítulos. El capítulo 2 analiza la aptitud de unidades cartográficas determinadas según la Soil Taxonomy, para reflejar la variabilidad de propiedades edáficas importantes para la vid. En el capítulo 3 se discuten las implicaciones de los procesos formadores del suelo en la cartografía de suelos. El capítulo 4 analiza la aptitud de la Soil Taxonomy para caracterizar el régimen de humedad del suelo en estudios de zonificación vitícola. El capítulo 5 se centra en la influencia del suelo y del clima sobre la variabilidad de la vendimia. El capítulo 6 determina los efectos del clima y el suelo en la maduración de la uva y la calidad del vino de Cabernet Sauvignon. Como conclusión final, los mapas de suelos muy detallados basados en la Soil Taxonomy son una fuente valiosa de información para estudios de zonificación vitícola. Por otra parte, aunque el clima explica la mayor parte de la variabilidad de la vendimia, el tipo de suelo es decisivo en la determinación del potencial de un viñedo para la producción de vino de calidad.

Organic mulches and cover crops mulched in situ were assessed for their effects on B. cinerea primary inoculum and disease levels in inflorescences at flowering and/or bunches at harvest. Organic mulches were used to enhance biological degradation of vine debris to reduce levels of B. cinerea primary inoculum the following season. Four mulch types (anaerobically and aerobically fermented marc (grape pressings), inter-row grass clippings and shredded office paper) were applied under ten-year-old Riesling vines in a ten-replicate randomized block design in New Zealand over two consecutive years. Plastic mesh bags, each containing naturally infected vine debris, were placed under vines on bare ground (control) and at the soil-mulch interface, in winter (July) 2003 and 2004. In each year, half the bags were recovered at flowering (December) and the remainder at leaf plucking (February), for assessment of B. cinerea sporulation from the vine debris and debris degradation rate. Bait lamina probes, which measure soil biological activity, were placed in the soil-mulch interface three weeks before each of the two bag-recovery dates in both years and were then removed and assessed at the same times as were the bags. All mulches led to a reduction in B. cinerea sporulation. This reduction was significantly correlated with elevated rates of vine debris decomposition and increased soil biological activity. Over both years, compared with the controls, all treatments gave a 3-20-fold reduction in B. cinerea sporulation, a 1.6-2.6-fold increase in vine debris degradation and in the two marc and the paper treatments, a 1.8-4-fold increase in activity of soil organisms. The mulches also altered vine characteristics and elevated their resistance to B. cinerea through changes to the soil environment. Functional soil biological activity, as measured by Biolog Ecoplates and bait lamina probes, was increased 2-4 times in the two marc and paper treatments, compared with the control, an effect relating to the elevated soil moisture and reduced temperature fluctuations under these mulches. Soil nutrient levels and the C:N ratios were also affected in these treatments. The mulched paper lowered vine canopy density by up to 1.4 times that of the other treatments, an effect which probably led to elevated light penetration into the canopy and consequent increased canopy temperature, photosynthesis and lowered canopy humidity. These changes to soil and vine characteristics increased grape skin strength by up to 10% in the paper treatment and sugar concentrations by 1.2-1.4 °Brix in the two marc and paper treatments. The severity of B. cinerea infections in the anaerobic marc, aerobic marc and paper treatments were reduced to 12%, 3% and 2.2% of the control, respectively, in field assessments averaged over two consecutive harvests. Cover crops mulched in situ had similar effects to those of the organic mulches, increasing soil biological activity and reducing B. cinerea primary inoculum and the severity of B. cinerea infection in grapes at harvest (2006). Inter-row phacelia and ryegrass were mulched in winter 2005 and compared with a bare ground control, under 10-year-old Chardonnay vines in a ten-replicate randomized block design. Functional soil biological activity increased by 1.5-4.5 times in the two cover crop treatments compared with the control, an effect possibly related to elevated soil moisture in these treatments. This increase in soil moisture and soil biological activity increased vine debris degradation, reduced B. cinerea primary inoculum on the debris and decreased B. cinerea severity at flowering (December 2005) and harvest (April 2006). These results show the potential of organic mulches and cover crops mulched in situ to enhance soil ecosystem services and improve the sustainability of viticultural practices.

La composition phénolique du vin rouge détermine fortement sa qualité: couleur, goût, texture et la plupart des bienfaits pour la santé. Les conditions ambiantes de la vigne modulent l'équilibre hormonal endogène et l'expression de gènes qui contrôlent la voie de synthèse des composés flavonoïdes, en déterminant la composition phénolique finale du raisin. Même s'ils ont été étudiés, les effets des applications des régulateurs de croissance végétale sur l'équilibre hormonal endogène et la qualité du raisin, les effets de ces substances sur la composition et la qualité du vin sont pauvrement documentés. Le traitement des raisins destinés à la vinification avec des régulateurs de croissance végétale est un outil potentiel pour modifier la qualité des raisins et du vin rouge. Ce projet de thèse a pour objectif d’étudier l’impact d'applications de régulateur de croissance végétale sur la composition phénolique des raisins de Vitis vinifera L. cépages Cabernet Sauvignon et Carménère. L’acide abscissique, l’acide indole-3-acétique et l'acide 2-chloroethilphosphonique ont été appliqués à divers stades phénologiques du raisin, doses et conditions environnementales: Les essais ont été menés à Maipo et Cachapoal au Chili et à Bordeaux en France, dans des vignobles commerciaux et expérimentaux ainsi que sur des plantes cultivées en pots. Il a été examiné l'effet de ces traitements sur le contenu interne d'hormones, sur l'expression de gènes structuraux et régulateurs de la synthèse de composés flavonoides et sur la qualité des raisins, en particulier la composition phénolique de sa pellicule. De plus, des vinifications ont été réalisées à partir de raisins traités pour déterminer l'effet des traitements sur la composition chimique et phénolique du vin, ainsi que sur des attributs qualitatifs tels que les arômes et la texture des vins, jugés par un panel d'évaluation sensorielle
Phenolic composition strongly determines red wine quality: color, taste, texture and most health benefits. Vineyard environmental conditions modulate endogenous hormonal balance and gene expression which control the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway leading to final grape phenolic composition. Even when the effects of plant growth regulator applications on grape endogenous hormonal balance and quality have been studied, the effect of these substances on wine composition and quality is poorly documented. The treatment of wine grapes with plant growth regulators is a potential tool in order to modify red wine phenolic composition and quality. This thesis project describes six experiments on plant growth regulator applications on developing grapes of Vitis vinifera L., cvs Cabernet Sauvignon and Carménère. Abscisic acid, Indole-3-acetic acid and 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid were applied in different phenological stages, doses and environmental conditions: Maipo and Cachapoal regions in Chile and Bordeaux region in France, commercial and experimental vineyards and plants in containers. The effect on changes in the internal hormonal content, expression of flavonoid biosynthetic and regulatory genes and grape quality, in particular grape skin phenolic composition were examined. In addition, winemaking was performed in order to assess the effect of treatments on wine chemical and phenolic composition and on wine aroma and texture attributes judged by a sensory panel

A jabuticaba é uma fruta tropical, tipicamente brasileira, sendo originária da região centro-sul. Popularmente apreciada por suas características sensoriais in natura, é também utilizada em produtos como geleias, licores e bebidas fermentadas. Qualquer fruta que contenha níveis razoáveis de açúcar é possível de se produzir um bom vinho, com sabores característicos de cada fruta. Fermentado de fruta é a bebida com graduação alcoólica de quatro a quatorze por cento em volume, a vinte graus Celsius, obtida pela fermentação alcoólica do mosto de fruta sã, fresca e madura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de fabricar e irradiar vinhos de jabuticaba com radiação gama (Co60) para possível envelhecimento precoce. Para a fabricação do vinho as jabuticabas foram higienizadas com ácido Peracético PAC 200 e 24kg das frutas selecionadas foram prensadas ate o rompimento das bagas. O mosto obtido juntamente com as cascas e sementes foram colocados em balde fermentador devidamente higienizados. O mosto foi tratado com 2,4g de metabissulfito de sódio e após alguns minutos foi adicionado 250g de leveduras Saccharomyces cerevisiae do tipo Fleishmann e 2kg de açúcar para a correção dos sólidos solúveis. A fermentação ocorreu por 7 dias até que os sólidos solúveis estivessem próximos de zero. Depois o vinho foi filtrado e centrifugado para a retirada das leveduras e envasado em recipientes de vidro escuro sendo divididas em quatro tratamentos (controle e irradiados nas doses de 5; 10 e 15kGy) por período de armazenamento de 0, 60 e 120 dias após a irradiação, em triplicata. Realizou-se análises físico-químicas de sólidos solúveis totais (SST), pH, acidez total, acidez volátil, acidez fixa, teor alcóolico, teor de antocianinas, taninos e idade química e cinzas. Foi realizada análise para determinar o tipo de leveduras após a fermentação através da análise de PCR. Através dos resultados obtidos observa-se que para o teor alcoólico as três doses utilizadas diminuíram o teor alcoólico, mas que ao longo dos dias analisados todas as amostras se elevaram. A maioria dos padrões apresentaram-se dentro da legislação vigente, para quantificação de antocianina averiguou-se que quanto maior a dose aplicada maior a degradação das mesmas e também o mesmo se observa para o tempo analisado; para quantificação de taninos observou-se que o aumento da dose causa decaimento dos mesmos, e que ao longo do tempo a tendência dos mesmos é aumentar, seja irradiado ou não; para análise de idade química observou-se que aparentemente houve envelhecimento das amostras irradiadas, mas que o fator tempo é um grande interferente nos efeitos iniciais causados pela radiação e para análise de PCR nas leveduras chegou-se ao resultado que a levedura inicial utilizada possuía a mesma sequencia de DNA da levedura colhida após o processo fermentativo. Portanto conclui-se que pelo comportamento observado através das moléculas de pigmentação que polimerizam com a irradiação características de envelhecimento o \"vinho\" tinto de jabuticaba sofreu envelhecimento, que as melhores doses foram a de 5 e 10kGy considerando todas as análises realizadas e as características adquiridas e que o tempo de 120 dias garantem a estabilidade necessária para esta bebida e que os padrões físico-químicos estão dentro da legislação.
Brazilian grape tree is a tropical fruit, typically Brazilian, originating in the south-central region. Popularly appreciated for its sensory characteristics in natura, it is also used in products such as jellies, liqueurs and fermented beverages. Any fruit that contains reasonable levels of sugar is possible to produce a good wine, with flavors characteristic of each fruit. Fermented fruit is a beverage with alcohol content of four to fourteen percent by volume, at twenty degrees Celsius, obtained by the alcoholic fermentation of healthy, fresh and ripe fruit must. The aim of this work was to brew and irradiate Brazilian grape tree wine with gamma radiation (Co60) for possible precocious aging. For the manufacture of the wine were, the Brazilian grape tree were sanitized with Peracetic acid PAC 200 and 24kg of the selected fruits were pressed until the breakage of the berries. The must obtained together with the peels and seeds were placed in fermenter bucket. The must was treated with 2.4 g of sodium metabisulfite and after a few minutes 250g of yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae, type Fleishmann, and 2kg of sugar were added to correct soluble solids. The fermentation occurred for 7 days until the soluble solids were close to zero. Then the wine was filtered and centrifuged to remove yeast and bottled in dark glass containers. The containers were divided into four treatment groups (control and irradiated at doses of 5, 10 and 15kGy) for a storage period of 0, 60 and 120 days after irradiation, in triplicate. Physicochemical analyzes were performed: total soluble solids (TSS), pH, total acidity, volatile acidity, fixed acidity, alcohol content, anthocyanin content, tannins, chemical age and ash. Analysis was performed to determine yeast type after fermentation by PCR analysis. From the results obtained, it can be observed that, for the alcoholic content, the three doses used decreased the alcohol content, but during the analyzed days all the samples increased. Most of the standards have been presented within the current legislation. For quantification of anthocyanin, it was found that the higher the dose applied the greater the degradation of the same and also the same is observed for the analyzed time. For anthocyanin quantification, it was found that the higher the dose applied the greater the degradation of the same and also the same is observed for the analyzed time. For tannins quantification, it was observed that the increase of the dose causes them to decay, and that over time the tendency of them is to increase, whether irradiated or not. For chemical age analysis, it was observed that there was aging of the irradiated samples, but that the time factor is a great interferent in the initial effects caused by the radiation. For PCR analysis in the yeasts it was found that the initial yeast used had the same yeast DNA sequence harvested after the fermentation process. Therefore, it was concluded that the behavior of the pigmentation molecules that polymerized with irradiation, characteristic of aged wines, the \"red wine\" of Brazilian grape tree was aged and considering all the analyzes performed and the characteristics acquired, that the best doses were 5 and 10kGy and that the time of 120 days guarantees the stability required for this drink and that physico-chemical standards are within the legislation.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
O tomateiro é cultivado em praticamente todas as regiões brasileiras. Dentre os diversos tipos de tomates existentes, o minitomate vem se destacando, devido às suas características produtivas, pois além de ser bastante atrativo e saboroso, possui alto valor agregado estimulando os produtores a investirem no cultivo dessa hortaliça. O cultivo de minitomate vem sendo realizado, principalmente, em ambiente protegido, como uma forma de minimizar as perdas em produção e qualidade de frutos, além de proporcionar a produção antecipada ou fora de safra e assim proporcionar maior retorno ao produtor do que o obtido com o cultivo convencional a céu aberto. Assim, os objetivos do trabalho foram: avaliar o efeito da variação da densidade de plantio e do raleio de inflorescências sobre a produção e partição de massa seca da planta e as características produtivas de minitomateiros dos tipos cereja e grape em duas épocas de cultivo, em sistema hidropônico; e estudar os componentes de rendimento, e as características físico-químicas relacionadas à qualidade organoléptica de duas cultivares de minitomates, observando a influência da adoção de uma alta densidade de plantio em dois ciclos de cultivo em sistema hidropônico. Para isso, dois experimentos foram realizados em condições de estufa plástica, no Campus da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, RS. A semeadura foi efetuada no dia 24 de novembro de 2012 para o ciclo de verão-outono (2012/2013), e para o cultivo de primavera-inverno (2013/2014) foi realizada em 26 de agosto de 2013. O ciclo da cultura foi de 183 dias no cultivo de verão-outono e 298 dias no cultivo de primavera-inverno, contados a partir do transplante. As plantas foram tutoradas por fita de ráfia presa na linha de arame disposta 3,0 m acima da linha de cultivo e sustentada pela estrutura da estufa. A condução foi com haste única, fazendo-se a desbrota das hastes laterais periodicamente. Objetivando-se prolongar o período de colheita, quando as plantas atingiram a altura do arame, a base dos caules foi sistematicamente desfolhada e rebaixada, seguindo a condução do tipo “carrossel holandês”. As plantas foram avaliadas em cinco densidades de plantio: 2,6; 2,9; 3,4; 3,9; e 4,7 plantas m-2 no experimento de verão-outono; para o experimento de primavera-inverno as densidades estudadas foram 2,9; 3,9; 4,7; 5,9 e 7,8 plantas m-2 . Após a emissão das inflorescências, foi feito o raleio das mesmas nas subparcelas determinadas, deixando-se 20 flores por racemo. O crescimento foi 7 quantificado por meio da determinação da biomassa aérea (massa fresca e seca) das plantas durante o ciclo produtivo e a acumulada ao final de cada experimento, sendo incluídos os frutos colhidos durante o processo produtivo, bem como as folhas provenientes de desfolhas antecipadas e as frações de desbrota. Para as avaliações das características físico-químicas, adicionalmente, aos experimentos foram escolhidas duas densidades de plantio: 3,4; e 4,7 plantas m-2 no experimento de verão-outono; e 2,9; e 7,8 plantas m-2 no experimento de primavera-inverno. Foram realizadas avaliações físico-químicas dos frutos, como o teor de sólidos solúveis (ºBrix), acidez titulável, relação ºBrix/acidez (‘ratio’), açúcares redutores, ácido ascórbico, pH, compostos fenólicos, luminosidade (l*), vermelho (+a*), amarelo (+b*), Hue, licopeno, β-caroteno, ácido clorogênico, e a atividade antioxidante. Em relação ao aumento da densidade de plantio observou-se que houve uma redução no crescimento de todos os órgãos, no tamanho de frutos e na produção de frutos por planta, sem afetar a proporção de massa seca alocada nos frutos. Porém, aumenta linearmente o número de frutos colhidos e a produtividade por unidade de área. Já, o raleio de flores não afeta o crescimento dos frutos e a partição de massa seca para estes órgãos em ambas as cultivares e ciclos. Porém, em ciclo longo, de primaverainverno, aumenta o tamanho e a produção dos frutos; e em ciclo curto, de verãooutono, não afeta as características produtivas de ambas as cultivares. Recomendase a adoção da densidade de plantio de 2,9 plantas m-2 para ambas as cultivares em ciclo mais curto, de verão-outono; e as densidades de 2,9 e de 3,9 plantas m-2 , respectivamente, para ‘Cereja Coco’ e ‘Grape Dolcetto’ em ciclo longo de primaverainverno. A prática do raleio, do ponto de vista fitotécnico, é recomendável para ambas as cultivares em ciclo de primavera-inverno. Em relação às características físicas e químicas relacionadas à qualidade organoléptica de frutos de minitomates com adoção de uma maior densidade de plantio, indicam que os componentes do rendimento são, de forma geral, semelhantes para os diferentes ciclos estudados e dependem, principalmente, do híbrido avaliado. O aumento da densidade de plantio reduz o tamanho dos frutos e aumenta o número e a produtividade de frutos por unidade de área em ambos os híbridos. O híbrido ‘Grape Dolcetto’ apresenta-se, com melhor qualidade, e é mais afetado pela adoção de uma maior densidade de plantio do que o híbrido ‘Cereja Coco’. O emprego de uma alta densidade de plantio não afeta as características de coloração dos frutos das duas cultivares.
The tomato is grown in almost all regions of Brazil. Among the different types of tomatoes, mini tomato has stood out due to their productive characteristics, as well as being very attractive and tasty, has high added value by encouraging producers to invest in the cultivation of this vegetable. The mini tomato cultivation is being carried out mainly in a protected environment, as a way to minimize losses in production and fruit quality, and provide the anticipated production or out of season and thus provide greater returns to producers than that obtained with conventional cultivation in the open. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effect of variation of planting density and thinning of inflorescences on the production and dry matter partition of the plant and the production characteristics of mini tomato types cherry and grape in two growing seasons in hydroponic; and study the yield components, and the physical and chemical characteristics related to the organoleptic quality of two cultivars of mini tomato, noting the influence of adopting a high density planting in two crop cycles hydroponically. For this, two experiments were conducted in greenhouse conditions, on the campus of the Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil. Sowing was performed on November 24, 2012 to the summer-autumn cycle (2012/2013), and the spring-winter crop (2013/2014) was held on 26 August 2013. The crop cycle it was 183 days in the summer-autumn crop and 298 days in the spring-winter crop, counted from the transplant. The plants were stood by raffia tape, fixed in the line willing 3.0 m above the cultivation line and sustained by the greenhouse structure. Driving was single stem, becoming the thinning of the side rods periodically. Aiming to prolong the harvest period, when the plants reached the height of the wire, the base of the stems was systematically leafless and lowered, following the driving of the "Dutch Carousel". The plants were evaluated in five planting densities: 2.6; 2.9; 3.4; 3.9; and 4.7 m-2 plants in the summer-autumn experiment; for spring-winter experiment densities studied were 2.9; 3.9; 4.7; 5.9 and 7.8 plants m-2 . After the issuance of inflorescences was done thinning the same in certain subplots, leaving 20 flowers per raceme. Growth was quantified by 9 determining the biomass (fresh and dry weight) of the plants during the production cycle and accumulated at the end of each experiment, and included the fruits harvested during the production process as well as the leaves from early defoliation and the fractions of thinning. For evaluations of physical-chemical characteristics, in addition, the experiments were chosen two planting densities: 3.4; and 4.7 m-2 plants in the summer-autumn experiment; and 2.9; and 7.8 plants m-2 in spring-winter experiment. Physical and chemical evaluations of the fruits were carried out, such as soluble solids (° Brix), titratable acidity, ratio Brix / acidity (TA ratio), reducing sugars, ascorbic acid, pH, phenolics, lightness (L *), red (+ a *), yellow (+ b *), Hue, lycopene, β-carotene, chlorogenic acid, and antioxidant activity. Regarding the increase in planting density was observed that a reduction in growth of all organs in fruit size and fruit yield per plant, without affecting the dry mass proportion allocated in fruits. However, linearly increases the number of harvested fruit and the productivity per unit area. Already, the thinning of flowers does not affect the growth of fruit and dry matter partition for these organs in both cultivars and cycles. However, in long cycle, spring and winter, increases the size and production of fruits; and short cycle of summer-autumn, does not affect the traits of both cultivars. It is recommended the adoption of the 2.9 plants planting density m-2 for both varieties in shorter cycle of summer-autumn; and densities of 2.9 and 3.9 plants m-2 , respectively, to 'Cherry Coco "and" Grape Dolcetto' in long cycle of spring-winter. The practice of thinning the fitotécnico point of view, it is recommended for both cultivars in spring-winter cycle. In relation to physical and chemical characteristics related to the organoleptic quality of fruit mini tomato with the adoption of a higher plant density, indicate that yield components are, in general, similar to the different cycles studied and depend mainly on the rated hybrid . Increased planting density reduces fruit size and increase the number and fruit yield per unit area in both hybrids. The hybrid 'Grape Dolcetto' presents itself with better quality and is more affected by the adoption of a higher plant density than the hybrid 'Cherry Coco'. The use of a high planting density does not affect the fruits of staining characteristics of both cultivars.

The soil carbon improves the physical and chemical properties of soil and it widely accepted that the carbon content in the soil is an important factor in the overall health of the soil and crops. In Italy and especially in Veneto region the loss of soil organic matter is a major problem for all sectors of agriculture and certainly also for the wine business. In order to restore soil organic matter has been proposed in this work a model of sustainable management for the re-use of plants and animals biomass (cattle manure, vine branches and grape marc) derived from agricultural practices. In particular, the research has focused on the study of the effects caused by the distribution of composted soil on the major aspects of production and quality of two vineyards, both located in the Conegliano-Valdobbiadene D.O.C.G. zone. The characterization of composted soil improver has been obtained by the study of the evolution of some microbial groups active in fermentation processes and monitoring the changes in temperature, moisture, pH, carbon content, nitrogen, sulfur and heavy metals. The introduction of some innovative indices such as the capacity of the biodegradable organic substance evaluated by the degradation of cotton and silk wires inserted in the soil has allowed the diagnosis of the nutritional status of vine. The variables studied were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the statistical software "STATISTICA 12" identifying in some cases large and significant differences (p <0.05). The treated vines showed an improvement in productivity and quality aspects of the grapes due to the contribution both of compost manure both of prunings residues and grape marc, with some variability related to the amount distributed and the method of distribution in the field. This improvement is certainly consequent on an increased biological fertility soil shown by a greater degradation of cotton and silk wires relating to the treated thesis compared to untreated control. ARISA analysis performed on samples of mature compost also showed unexpected and important processes of selection of useful microflora (bacteria and fungi). In conclusion, the compost has proved an excellent soil improver capable of restoring the soil fertility of the vineyards and improve the nutritional status of the vines.
Il carbonio del suolo migliora le proprietà fisiche e chimiche del terreno ed è ampiamente accettato che il contenuto di carbonio è un fattore importante nella salute generale del terreno e delle colture. In Italia e soprattutto in Veneto la perdita di materia organica del suolo è un problema importante per tutti i settori dell'agricoltura e sicuramente anche in viticoltura. Al fine di ripristinare la materia organica del suolo è stato proposto in questo lavoro un modello di gestione sostenibile per il riutilizzo di biomasse di origine animale e vegetale (letame bovino, tralci di vite e vinacce) derivate dalle pratiche agricole. In particolare, l’attività di ricerca si è concentrata sullo studio degli effetti determinati dalla distribuzione di ammendante compostato sui principali aspetti della produzione e della qualità di due vigneti, entrambi situati nella zona D.O.C.G. di Conegliano-Valdobbiadene. La caratterizzazione del materiale compostato è stata ottenuta mediante lo studio dell’evoluzione di alcuni gruppi microbici attivi nei processi di fermentazione e il monitoraggio delle variazioni di temperatura, umidità, pH, contenuto di carbonio, azoto, zolfo e metalli pesanti. L'introduzione di alcuni indici innovativi come la capacità biodegradativa della sostanza organica valutata tramite la degradazione di fili di cotone e seta inseriti nel terreno ha permesso la diagnosi dello stato nutrizionale della vite. Le variabili studiate sono state sottoposte ad analisi della varianza ad una via (one-way ANOVA) utilizzando il software statistico "STATISTICA 12” ottenendo in alcuni casi ampie e significative differenze (p <0.05). Le viti trattate hanno mostrato un miglioramento della produttività e degli aspetti qualitativi delle uve grazie al contributo sia di compost da letame sia di compost da sarmenti e vinaccia, con una certa variabilità correlata alla quantità distribuita e al metodo di distribuzione in campo. Questo miglioramento è certamente conseguente ad un aumento della fertilità biologica del terreno mostrato da una maggiore degradazione dei fili di cotone e seta relativi alle tesi trattate rispetto al controllo non trattato. L’Analisi ARISA effettuata su campioni di compost maturo ha anche mostrato inaspettati e importanti processi di selezione della microflora utile (batteri e funghi). In conclusione, il compost si è rivelato un eccellente ammendante in grado di ripristinare la fertilità dei suoli vitati e di migliorare lo stato nutrizionale della vite.

Orientadores: Marcelo Alexandre Prado, Marta Cristina Teixeira Duarte
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: A uva Máximo IAC 138-22 apresenta boas características para a produção de vinho com elevado grau Brix. Durante a vinificação, os compostos fenólicos presentes nas uvas são extraídos para o mosto e são de fundamental importância para as características organolépticas do vinho, além de propriedades antioxidantes, antimicrobianas, anticarcinogênicas, anti-inflamatórias, diuréticas, tranquilizantes, antidiabéticas. Dentre estas propriedades, destacam-se a antioxidante e a antimicrobiana, visto que há um interesse emergente no uso de antioxidantes naturais em substituição aos sintéticos visando à preservação de alimentos, além de o seu consumo ser associado à proteção contra doenças severas, que envolvem danos por radicais livres. Além de prevenir a oxidação dos alimentos, os fenólicos poderiam reduzir a deterioração por micro-organismos, visto que apresentam atividade contra bactérias Gram (+), Gram (-) e leveduras. Neste trabalho foram avaliados extratos obtidos em etanol e em acetona de uva Máximo IAC 138-22, casca, polpa e semente, três estágios da vinificação, dois resíduos do processamento do vinho e o vinho artesanal obtido neste processo. Foram avaliados o conteúdo de fenólicos totais, a atividade antioxidante e a concentração mínima inibitória (MIC) dos extratos. Não foi verificada diferença significativa entre as extrações em relação à atividade antioxidante, exceto para a semente e o primeiro resíduo da vinificação. As amostras que apresentaram os maiores teores de fenólicos e também fortes a moderadas atividades antioxidantes definidas pelo AAI foram as sementes (semente em etanol: 136,40 mg de EAG/g de extrato e AAI de 1,717), os resíduos (2º resíduo em acetona: 78,47 mg de EAG/g de extrato e AAI de 0,912) e as cascas (casca em acetona: 58,79 mg de EAG/g de extrato e AAI de 0,546), sugerindo o potencial de reaproveitamento dos resíduos como antioxidantes em substituição aos sintéticos. Em relação à atividade antimicrobiana, os Gram (+) foram mais sensíveis que os Gram (-). Destaque para a bactéria B. cereus, que foi o micro-organismo mais sensível, e para a levedura C. albicans, que foi inibida pelos extratos de sementes a baixas concentrações (valores de MIC de 0,001 mg/mL e 0,002 mg/mL). P. aeruginosa foi inibida apenas por alguns extratos do processamento do vinho, o que pode estar relacionado à formação de fenólicos durante a vinificação. O vinho apresentou atividade antimicrobiana contra todas as bactérias Gram (+) e Gram (-) avaliadas e os resíduos da vinificação apresentaram elevados teor de fenólicos e atividade antimicrobiana, com valores de MIC de 1,5 mg/mL a >10 mg/mL), o que sugere a possibilidade de seu reaproveitamento
Abstract: Máximo IAC 138-22 grape has good characteristics for production of wine with a high Brix degree. During winemaking, phenolics compounds in grapes are extracted into the must and they are of fundamental importance for organoleptic characteristics of wine, as well as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, diuretics, tranquilizers, anti-diabetic properties. Among these properties, antioxidant and antimicrobial are featured, since there is an emerging interest in the use of natural antioxidants to replace synthetic materials in order to preserve food, besides their use is associated with protection against severe disease involving damage by free radicals. In addition to preventing the oxidation of food, phenolics could prevent deterioration by microrganisms, due to their activity against Gram (+), Gram (-) and yeast. In this work, it was evaluated extracts in ethanol and acetone of Máximo IAC 138-22 grape, skin, pulp and seed, three stages of winemaking, two wastes and wine obtained from this process. It was evaluated the total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of extracts. There was no significant difference between two extractions for most of the samples, except seed and the first waste of winemaking. Samples that showed the highest levels of phenolics and also strong to moderate antioxidant activities, defined by AAI, were seeds (seed in ethanol: 136,40 mg of EAG/g of extract and AAI of 1,717), wastes (2º waste in acetone: 78,47 mg of EAG/g of extract and AAI of 0,912) and skin (skin in acetone: 58,79 mg of EAG/g of extract and AAI of 0,546), suggesting a potential for recycling waste to replace synthetic antioxidants. About antimicrobial activity, Gram (+) were more sensitive than Gram (-). Featured to B. cereus, that was the most sensitive microrganism, and yeast C. albicans, that was inhibited by seed extracts at low concentrations (MIC values of 0.001 mg/mL and 0.002 mg/mL). P. aeruginosa was inhibited only by some extracts from winemaking, which may be related to phenolics compounds produced during this process. Wine showed antimicrobial activity against all Gram (+) and Gram (-) and wastes showed a high phenolic content and antimicrobial activity, with MIC values of 1.5 mg/mL to >10 mg/mL), suggesting the possibility of its reuse
Mestrado
Ciência de Alimentos
Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a resposta da videira a dois tipos de poda (poda em vara e talão; e poda em cordão bilateral com talões) e duas dotações de rega (rega deficitária tradicional e rega melhorada) em duas castas: “Touriga Nacional” e “Antão Vaz”. Avaliou-se a resposta das plantas a estes fatores em termos de produtividade e qualidade das uvas (grau Baumé, acidez total, índice de polifenóis totais e antocianas). O ensaio foi realizado em Reguengos de Monsaraz, em cerca de 600 videiras de cada casta, sendo deixada uma carga de gomos idêntica para os dois tipos de poda. Após o tratamento estatístico, concluiu-se que para a casta “Touriga Nacional” a produção foi cerca de 10% superior para a poda em talões, que registou maior número de cachos embora com menor peso médio. A rega aumentou ligeiramente o peso do cacho na poda em vara e não teve efeito neste parâmetro na poda em talões. Em termos de qualidade não se registaram diferenças significativas em relação à poda. A rega melhorada subiu o teor de açúcar e a acidez total, tendo pouco efeito a nível de índice de polifenóis totais (IPT) e antocianas. Na casta “Antão Vaz” a produção foi cerca de 25% superior na poda em vara face à poda em talões. Estas diferenças devem-se a um maior número de cachos na poda em vara, que também registaram maior peso médio. Os diferentes tipos de poda não se traduziram em diferenças significativas na qualidade (registou-se uma subida no teor de açúcar e descida da acidez total devido à menor produção para a poda em talões). A rega melhorada subiu o teor de açúcar e desceu a acidez total para os dois tipos de poda; Study of the pruning system and irrigation management in two grape varieties in Reguengos de Monsaraz region ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to compare the vine response after two pruning systems (cane pruning and spur pruning) and two deficit irrigation treatments (traditional deficit irrigation and improved irrigation) in two grapes varieties: “Touriga Nacional” and “Antão Vaz”. The plants response to these factors in terms of yield componentes and grape quality (sugar content, total acidity, total polyphenol index and anthocyanins) was evaluated. The test was carried out in Reguengos de Monsaraz, in about 600 vines of each variety, leaving an identical load of buds for both pruning systems. After statistical treatment, it was concluded that for “Touriga Nacional” variety the yield was approximately 10% higher for spur pruning, which registered a higher cluster number although having a lower average weight. Irrigation slightly increased the cluster weight in the cane pruning and had no effect on this parameter in spur pruning. In terms of quality there were no significant differences in between pruning systems. The high water availability increased, in grapes, the sugar content values and the total acidity, having a low impact on the total polyphenol index (TPI) and in anthocyanins. In the “Antão Vaz” variety the yield was about 25% higher in the cane pruning compared to spur pruning. These differences are due to the greater clusters number in cane pruning, which also recorded higher average weight. The different pruning systems did not translate into significant differences in quality (there was an increase in the sugar content values and a decrease in the total acidity due to lower yield for spur pruning). Improved irrigation incresed, in grapes, the value of the sugar content and lowered the total acidity for both pruning systems.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The present study aimed to evaluate the performance, carcass characteristics, the fatty acid profile and meat quality of lambs fed increasing levels of grape pomace silage replacing alfalfa. We used 24 not castrated Texel lambs, with an average weight of 24.5 kg and a mean age of 100 days, randomly distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replications. The treatments consisted of increasing levels of grape pomace silage (SBU) of 0%, 15%, 30% and 50% on a full ration. Observed effect of inclusion level of SBU consumption of dry matter, crude protein, total digestible nutrients (P <0.01) decreased as the inclusion level of SBU increased. A quadratic effect of inclusion levels of SBU on consumption of lipids (CEE) (P <0.01) was observed. The use of neutral detergent fiber and feed conversion was not affected by inclusion level of dietary SBU. The inclusion level of SBU in the diets affected (P <0.01) the average daily weight gain, which decreased with increasing dietetic SBU, presenting average values of 268, 251, 235 and 213g for levels: 0 , 15, 30 and 50% of SBU inclusion in the diet, respectively. There was no effect (P> 0.05) in the level of inclusion of SBU carcass characteristics, weights of body components and weights and proportions of commercial cuts of lambs. It was observed (P <0.01) that the level of inclusion of SBU has promoted an increasing of linoleic acid (C18: 2n6c) concentration in Longissimus dorsi muscle. It was also observed increase in the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (P <0.05). Moreover, the ratio between polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated (P: S) was improved to values of 0.179, 0.192, 0.226 and 0.227 (P <0,05), respectively as the SBU was increased. However, the increase of SBU promoted increasing (P <0.01) of the content of omega 6 (n-6) in relation to the content of omega 3 (n6: n3) presenting ratios of 3.16, 4.85, 6.39, 6.82, respectively for levels of 0, 15, 30 and 50% of SBU tested. The softness, cholesterol, pH and chemical composition of muscle tissue were not affected (P> 0.05) by the level of SBU. As a result, it can be concluded that the grape pomace silage is an alternative source of nutrients for lambs and can be used as a substitute for good quality hay, for providing satisfactory performance, without carcass characteristics and body components alteration, producing a healthier meat for human consumption due to the increase of polyunsaturated fatty acids content.
O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho, as características da carcaça, o perfil de ácidos graxos e a qualidade da carne de cordeiros alimentados com níveis crescentes de silagem de bagaço de uva em substituição à alfafa. Foram utilizados 24 cordeiros machos, não castrados, raça Texel, com média de peso vivo de 24,5 kg e idade média de 100 dias, distribuídos aleatoriamente em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por níveis crescentes de silagem de bagaço de uva (SBU) de 0%, 15%, 30% e 50% numa ração completa. Observou-se efeito do nível de inclusão de SBU no consumo de matéria seca, proteína bruta, nutrientes digestíveis totais (P<0,01) que decresceram à medida que se aumentou o nível de inclusão de SBU. Houve efeito quadrático de níveis de inclusão de SBU sobre o consumo de extrato etéreo (CEE) (P<0,01). O consumo de fibra em detergente neutro e a conversão alimentar não foram afetados pelo nível de inclusão de SBU na dieta. O nível de inclusão de SBU nas dietas influenciou (P<0,01) o ganho de peso médio diário, que diminuiu com o aumento de SBU na dieta, apresentado valores médios de 268, 251, 235 e 213g para os níveis de: 0, 15, 30 e 50% de inclusão de SBU na dieta, respectivamente. Não foi observado efeito (P>0,05) do nível de inclusão de SBU nas características de carcaça, pesos dos componentes corporais e pesos e proporções dos cortes comerciais da carcaça dos cordeiros. Foi observado efeito (P<0,01) do nível de inclusão de SBU no percentual do ácido linoleico (C18:2n6c) depositado no músculo Longissimus dorsi, havendo incremento deste ácido com o aumento do nível de inclusão de SBU. Também se observou aumento no teor de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (P<0,05) e relações entre ácidos graxos poli-insaturados e saturados (P:S) mais favoráveis, de 0,179; 0,192; 0,226 e 0,227 (P<0,05), respectivamente, na medida em que se aumentou a inclusão de SBU. No entanto, o aumento de SBU promoveu incremento (P<0,01) no teor de ácidos graxos ômega 6 (n-6) em relação ao teor de ômega 3 (n6:n3) apresentando razões de 3,16; 4,85; 6,39; 6,82, respectivamente para os níveis de 0 a 50% de SBU testados. A maciez, o colesterol, o pH e a composição centesimal do tecido muscular não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelo nível de SBU. A silagem de bagaço de uva é uma fonte alternativa de nutrientes para cordeiros, podendo ser utilizada em substituição a forragens de boa qualidade, pois proporcionou desempenho satisfatório, não alterou as características da carcaça e componentes corporais e produziu uma carne mais saudável ao consumo humano por aumentar o teor de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados.

La ricerca analizza l’evoluzione della vitivinicoltura nell’Oltrepò Pavese quale elemento caratterizzante il paesaggio di questo territorio. Tale settore produttivo risulta essere una delle principali attività svolte nell’area in esame e ne caratterizza l’economia, il paesaggio collinare, le tradizioni e le forme identitarie, specialmente nellla zona centro-orientale, ossia nei territori che gravitano sui centri urbani di Casteggio, Broni e Stradella. Il lavoro si propone di approfondire anzitutto la valorizzazione della tipicità e del locale, riassunti e rappresentati nel termine terroir, che indica l’insieme degli elementi geomorfologici, climatici, antropici e culturali che rendono unico un prodotto (in questo caso il vino), mettendo così il locale al centro di un’analisi che si può estendere poi a riflessioni di ordine generale. L’indagine geografica ha studiato gli aspetti ambientali e quelli antropici, nonché le loro relazioni. Si è fatto riferimento ai fattori geologici, pedologici e climatici, che altresì sono gli elementi imprescindibili degli studi di «zonazione» che si occupano proprio dell’interazione tra viticoltura e ambiente. L’indagine geostorica-territoriale si è rivolta soprattutto ai seguenti temi: il paesaggio vitivinicolo; i tipi di vitigni impiantati e i relativi sistemi di coltivazione; le produzioni e la commercializzazione del prodotto; la rappresentazione delle proprietà e del territorio attraverso i catasti. Inoltre si approfondiscono i temi geoeconomici sia a scala globale sia a scala locale, grazie alla rielaborazione delle informazioni relative al settore produttivo. Il contesto locale pertanto è confrontato con quello regionale, nazionale e globale, al fine di comprenderne i legami, soprattutto in relazione alle attuali sfide geoeconomiche.
In this thesis we analyse the evolution of grape growing and wine making as two of the elements which have contributed to the shaping of the landscape in the Oltrepò Pavese and represent two of the main economic activities of this geographic area, with is often identified with them – particularly in the mid-western part, i.e., the areas around the towns of Casteggio, Broni and Stradella. My main goal is to investigate the ways in which the values of locality and typicity – represented by the term terroir – are promoted. “Terroir” stands for, and comprises, a number of elements such as geo-morphological and climatic features, as well as human and cultural factors, all of which contribute to the uniqueness of a product like wine. My research thus starts from, and gives prominence to, the local level, in order to formulate a set of observations from which more general conclusions may then be drawn. The geographical investigation focusses on the environmental and human factors as well as their interrelationships. In its course, we refer to factors such as geology, pedology and climate, the crucial elements of all studies of «zoning», which describe precisely the complex interaction between grape growing and the environment. The geo-historical analysis concentrates especially on thematic areas such as the landscape; the varieties of grape that are planted and the respective growing techniques; the production and marketing of the produce; the ways in which property boundaries and the territory have been represented in land registries. The geo-economic factors, at both the local and global levels, are investigated through the analysis of the data from the production sector. The local context is thus compared to the regional, national and global ones in order to better understand the nature of their interactions and provide useful insights in relation to the challenges posed by the current geo-economic scenarios.

La ricerca analizza l’evoluzione della vitivinicoltura nell’Oltrepò Pavese quale elemento caratterizzante il paesaggio di questo territorio. Tale settore produttivo risulta essere una delle principali attività svolte nell’area in esame e ne caratterizza l’economia, il paesaggio collinare, le tradizioni e le forme identitarie, specialmente nellla zona centro-orientale, ossia nei territori che gravitano sui centri urbani di Casteggio, Broni e Stradella. Il lavoro si propone di approfondire anzitutto la valorizzazione della tipicità e del locale, riassunti e rappresentati nel termine terroir, che indica l’insieme degli elementi geomorfologici, climatici, antropici e culturali che rendono unico un prodotto (in questo caso il vino), mettendo così il locale al centro di un’analisi che si può estendere poi a riflessioni di ordine generale. L’indagine geografica ha studiato gli aspetti ambientali e quelli antropici, nonché le loro relazioni. Si è fatto riferimento ai fattori geologici, pedologici e climatici, che altresì sono gli elementi imprescindibili degli studi di «zonazione» che si occupano proprio dell’interazione tra viticoltura e ambiente. L’indagine geostorica-territoriale si è rivolta soprattutto ai seguenti temi: il paesaggio vitivinicolo; i tipi di vitigni impiantati e i relativi sistemi di coltivazione; le produzioni e la commercializzazione del prodotto; la rappresentazione delle proprietà e del territorio attraverso i catasti. Inoltre si approfondiscono i temi geoeconomici sia a scala globale sia a scala locale, grazie alla rielaborazione delle informazioni relative al settore produttivo. Il contesto locale pertanto è confrontato con quello regionale, nazionale e globale, al fine di comprenderne i legami, soprattutto in relazione alle attuali sfide geoeconomiche.
In this thesis we analyse the evolution of grape growing and wine making as two of the elements which have contributed to the shaping of the landscape in the Oltrepò Pavese and represent two of the main economic activities of this geographic area, with is often identified with them – particularly in the mid-western part, i.e., the areas around the towns of Casteggio, Broni and Stradella. My main goal is to investigate the ways in which the values of locality and typicity – represented by the term terroir – are promoted. “Terroir” stands for, and comprises, a number of elements such as geo-morphological and climatic features, as well as human and cultural factors, all of which contribute to the uniqueness of a product like wine. My research thus starts from, and gives prominence to, the local level, in order to formulate a set of observations from which more general conclusions may then be drawn. The geographical investigation focusses on the environmental and human factors as well as their interrelationships. In its course, we refer to factors such as geology, pedology and climate, the crucial elements of all studies of «zoning», which describe precisely the complex interaction between grape growing and the environment. The geo-historical analysis concentrates especially on thematic areas such as the landscape; the varieties of grape that are planted and the respective growing techniques; the production and marketing of the produce; the ways in which property boundaries and the territory have been represented in land registries. The geo-economic factors, at both the local and global levels, are investigated through the analysis of the data from the production sector. The local context is thus compared to the regional, national and global ones in order to better understand the nature of their interactions and provide useful insights in relation to the challenges posed by the current geo-economic scenarios.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Viticulture highlands isexpanding in the state of Santa Catarina, but lack of knowledge on the use of cultivars grapes, which need to expand the research to contribute to the development of production systems that improve the quality of grapes for wine production. The aim of this study was to evalate the influence of grapes for wine production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of diferente intensities of thinning, the evolution of physical and chemical characteristics of grape Sangiovese and chemical characteristics of the wine produced from these grapes on Paulsen 1103 rootstock, grown in espalier system. The research was conductedat the company Villa Francioni Ltda., São Joaquim-SDC at na altitude of 1415 meters, in 2007/08 and 2008/09 seasons. The treatment were performed when 50% of the berries had changed color, making the teatments: T1 without ralear T2 15% reduction of the total load of the plant; T3 30% of the total load of the plant, T4 reduction 45% of the total load of the plant. The harvest occurred in April in both seasons, being held on April 16 in 2007/08 and 23 in 2008/09. The practice of thinning influence on the evolution of the chemical characteristics of grapes and wine from the Sangiovese cultivar in the hills of Santa Catarina. For the harvest of 2007/2008, a production with a 30% charge to higher vakues for polyphenols and anthocyanins, the desirable features fine wines. As for the 2008/2009 harvest, showed that treatment without ralear showed the highest results. Given this, it is extremely importante to continue this work to better understand the data, due offer conflicting results compared bibliographies
A viticultura em regiões de altitude está em expansão no estado de Santa Catarina, porém a falta de conhecimento sobre a utilização das cultivares viníferas, necessita que se ampliem as pesquisas para contribuir com o desenvolvimento de sistemas de produção que melhorem a qualidade das uvas destinadas a produção de vinhos. O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em avaliar a influência de diferentes intensidades de raleio, na evolução das características físicas e químicas da uva Sangiovese e das características químicas do vinho produzido a partir destas uvas, sobre porta enxerto Paulsen 1103, cultivada em sistema espaldeira. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na empresa Villa Francioni Ltda, município de São Joaquim-SC a uma altitude de 1.415 metros, nas safras 2007/08 e 2008/09. Os tratamentos foram efetuados quando 50% das bagas haviam mudado de cor, compondo os tratamentos: T1 testemunha sem ralear; T2 redução de 15% da carga total da planta; T3 redução de 30% da carga total da planta; T4 redução de 45% da carga total da planta. As colheitas ocorreram no mês de abril em ambas as safras, sendo realizadas no dia 16, na safra 2007/08 e no dia 23 em 2008/09. A prática do raleio influenciou na evolução das características químicas das uvas e do vinho da cultivar Sangiovese na serra catarinense. Para a safra de 2007/2008, uma produção com uma redução de 30% da carga proporcionou maiores valores para polifenóis e antocianinas, características desejáveis a vinhos finos. Já para a safra 2008/2009, demonstrou que o tratamento sem ralear apresentou os maiores resultados. Diante disto, é de suma importância a continuação deste trabalho para melhor compreensão dos dados, devido apresentarem resultados contraditórios comparados as bibliografias

Afin d’accompagner les acteurs des filières viticoles, notamment d’AOC, dans la nécessaire amélioration de l’éco-efficience de leurs produits, nous avons voulu identifier dans quelles conditions l’Analyse du Cycle de Vie est une méthode appropriée à l'évaluation environnementale des itinéraires techniques viticoles (ITKv) de production de raisins de qualité, à l’échelle parcellaire, afin de pouvoir choisir les plus performants. Pour établir et tester un cadre méthodologique de l’ACV, adapté à cet objectif, des ITKv réels et variés visant un même objectif qualitatif sont nécessaires. Nous proposons ici une chaîne de traitement d’enquête originale, Typ-iti, qui permet le choix de cas réels représentant chaque groupe. Cinq groupes ont ainsi été identifiés parmi les ITKv de production de raisins de Chenin blanc pour vins blancs secs d’AOC en Moyenne Vallée de la Loire, dont trois en viticulture conventionnelle et deux en viticulture biologique. Cinq cas réels ont été choisis pour les représenter. L’ACV est ici déclinée pour la viticulture sur la base de ces cinq cas, par l’établissement d’un cadre méthodologique qui comprend : i) la définition de limites du système incluant les phases non productives et productives, ii) le choix des modèles disponibles les plus pertinents, pour le calcul des émissions directes de polluants à la vigne, iii) l’adaptation fine du modèle d’émissions de pesticides organiques Pest LCI 2.0 aux spécificités viticoles, iv) la proposition et le test d’unités fonctionnelles basées sur un indicateur de qualité du raisin original permettant la prise en compte de la qualité dans les ACV de raisins destinés à la production de vins de qualité. L’ACV a révélé, à l’échelle parcellaire, i) des éco-efficiences contrastées pour les cinq ITKv contrastés, ii) les pratiques responsables de ces contrastes, iii) des solutions d’amélioration et leurs effets quantifiés sur les performances environnementales. La généricité des résultats de ces cas aux groupes qu’ils représentent varie selon l’homogénéité des groupes et avec les catégories d’impacts selon qu’elles sont, ou non, conditionnées par le milieu. L’effet important du millésime sur les résultats, mis en évidence ici sur un cas, mérite d’être pris en compte dans toute ACV viticole. De nombreuses perspectives d’améliorations méthodologiques sont discutées ici pour accroître la pertinence et la complétude des résultats ainsi que la généricité de la méthode et pour son application auprès d’acteurs du développement des filières viticoles
In order to contribute to the effort of eco-efficiency improvement of the wine sctor, especially in the Protected Denomination of Origin (PDO) contaxt, we worked to identify in which conditions Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an appropriate method for environmental assessment, at plot scale, of quality vineyard Technical Management Routes (TMRs), to permit the choice of the most eco-efficient technical operations and TMRs.A methodological framework for LCA suited to this objective was designed and tested on five real and contrasted TMRs, oriented towards a same qualitative objective. These cases were chosen thanks to an original statistical analysis chain, Typ-iti, on the basis of a survey, among the TMRs producing Chenin blanc grapes for PDO dry white wines in the Middle Lore Valley. Five groups were identified and characterized, threee in conventional viticulture, and two in organic viticulture.The methodological framework that was established includes i) the studied system definition including productive and non-productive phases, ii) the choice of the most suitable and available models for calculation of pollutant direct emissions in the vineyard, iii) the customization of the organic pesticide emision calculation model, Pest LCI 2.0, to viticulture specific needs iv) the inclusion of grape quality in the LCA by two functional units including an original grape quality index.LCA proves to be a method complex but powerful, usable at parcel scale for grape production TMRs choice. It revealed i) contrasted eco-efficiencies for the 5 contrasted TMRs, ii) the viticultural practices responsible for these contrasts, iii) solutions for eco-efficiency improvement and quantification of their eco-efficiency effects.The important effect of the production year on the results, highlighted here on one case, must be taken into account in any viticulture LCA. Numerous perspectives of methodological improvement are discussed here in order to increase relevance and completeness of the results as well as genericity of the method and its accessibility for viticulture development stakeholders

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The cultivation of the vine in the State of Goiás is already a reality and has good growth prospects, but there is little information about soil management, particularly regarding the use of cover crops in the vineyards soil. The use of management techniques aimed at improving the production system, accordingly the proper management of soil and vine canopy can influence yield and quality of grape. Therefore the objective of this study was to evaluate the development, the rate of decomposition and accumulation of nutrients in the shoots of ground cover grown intercropped with vine, besides the chemical characteristics of the soil and the nutritional status, growth and production of fruit species as well as the qualitative characteristics of the fruits. The experiment consisted of six treatments established in a randomized block design, in 3 x 2 factorial scheme, with five replicates. The first factor with three levels, was composed of the following plant species cover crops: bean-to-pig (Canavalia ensiformis L. DC), lab-lab (Dolichos lab lab L.) and weeds. The second factor, with two levels of pruning were carried out based on the seeding of cover crops. Ie, the first season pruning was done 25 days after sowing (DAS) of the cover crop and the second season of pruning performed at 55 DAS. Each plot of 9 m2 (2 x 4.5 m) contained two vine plants. Pruning times do not influence the rate of soil cover and biomass production by cover crops. The weeds provide the highest rates of soil cover. The bean-to-pig has higher production of plant biomass (dry and green). Plants have evaluated coverage rate similar decomposition, pruning times do not affect the decomposition of the cover crop. The fabaceae stand on the accumulation and release of nutrients, but it does not differ from wild plants, the change in the soil chemistry. Cover crops did not influence the nutritional status of the vine. The morphologic parameters of vine plants Isabel are not influenced by ground cover plants. Cover crops influence soil not the vine as productivity and related variables. Of pruning influencing productivity and related variables in vineyards. Qualitative characteristics of the grape plants are not affected by ground cover, pruning times can influence the composition of the wort.
O cultivo da videira no Estado de Goiás já é uma realidade e apresenta boas perspectivas de crescimento, porém são escassas as informações sobre o manejo do solo, principalmente quanto ao uso de plantas de cobertura do solo nos parreirais. O uso de técnicas de manejo visa à melhoria do sistema produtivo, nesse sentido o manejo adequado do solo e da copa da videira, podem influenciar a produção e a qualidade da uva. Portanto objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o desenvolvimento, a taxa de decomposição e o acúmulo de nutrientes pela parte aérea das plantas de cobertura do solo cultivadas em consórcio com videira, além das características químicas do solo e o estado nutricional, crescimento e a produção da espécie frutífera, bem como as características qualitativas dos frutos. O experimento consistiu em seis tratamentos estabelecidos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, no esquema fatorial 3 x 2, em cinco repetições. O primeiro fator, com três níveis, foi composto pelas seguintes espécies de plantas cobertura do solo: feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis L. DC), lab-lab (Dolichos lab lab L.) e plantas espontâneas. O segundo fator, com dois níveis, foram épocas de poda, realizadas com base na semeadura das plantas de cobertura. Ou seja, a primeira época poda foi realizada 25 dias após a semeadura (DAS) das plantas de cobertura e a segunda época de poda realizada aos 55 DAS. Cada parcela de 9 m2 (2 x 4,5 m) continham duas plantas de videira. As épocas de poda não influenciam a taxa de cobertura do solo e produção de biomassa, pelas plantas de cobertura. As plantas espontâneas proporcionam as maiores taxas de cobertura do solo. O feijão-de-porco apresenta maiores produções de biomassa vegetal (seca e verde). As plantas de cobertura avaliadas apresentam de taxa decomposição similar, as épocas de poda não afetam a decomposição das plantas de cobertura. As fabaceas se destacam na acumulação e liberação dos nutrientes, porem não difere das plantas espontâneas, na alteração dos atributos químicos do solo. As plantas de cobertura não influenciam o estado nutricional da videira. As variáveis morfológicas das plantas de videira Isabel não são influenciadas pelas plantas de cobertura do solo. As plantas de cobertura do solo não influenciam a videira quanto a produtividade e as variáveis associadas. Diferentes épocas de poda influenciam a produtividade e as variáveis associadas na cultura da videira. As características qualitativas da uva não são influenciadas pelas plantas de cobertura do solo, as épocas de poda podem influenciar a composição do mosto.

This thesis investigates the central issues underlying graph analysis, namely, scalability and quality. We first study the incremental problems for graph queries, which aim to compute the changes to the old query answer, in response to the updates to the input graph. The incremental problem is called bounded if its cost is decided by the sizes of the query and the changes only. No matter how desirable, however, our first results are negative: for common graph queries such as graph traversal, connectivity, keyword search and pattern matching, their incremental problems are unbounded. In light of the negative results, we propose two new characterizations for the effectiveness of incremental computation, and show that the incremental computations above can still be effectively conducted, by either reducing the computations on big graphs to small data, or incrementalizing batch algorithms by minimizing unnecessary recomputation. We next study the problems with regards to improving the quality of the graphs. To uniquely identify entities represented by vertices in a graph, we propose a class of keys that are recursively defined in terms of graph patterns, and are interpreted with subgraph isomorphism. As an application, we study the entity matching problem, which is to find all pairs of entities in a graph that are identified by a given set of keys. Although the problem is proved to be intractable, and cannot be parallelized in logarithmic rounds, we provide two parallel scalable algorithms for it. In addition, to catch numeric inconsistencies in real-life graphs, we extend graph functional dependencies with linear arithmetic expressions and comparison predicates, referred to as NGDs. Indeed, NGDs strike a balance between expressivity and complexity, since if we allow non-linear arithmetic expressions, even of degree at most 2, the satisfiability and implication problems become undecidable. A localizable incremental algorithm is developed to detect errors using NGDs, where the cost is determined by small neighbors of nodes in the updates instead of the entire graph. Finally, a rule-based method to clean graphs is proposed. We extend graph entity dependencies (GEDs) as data quality rules. Given a graph, a set of GEDs and a block of ground truth, we fix violations of GEDs in the graph by combining data repairing and object identification. The method finds certain fixes to errors detected by GEDs, i.e., as long as the GEDs and the ground truth are correct, the fixes are assured correct as their logical consequences. Several fundamental results underlying the method are established, and an algorithm is developed to implement the method. We also parallelize the method and guarantee to reduce its running time with the increase of processors.

Growth, productivity and fruit quality of grapevines are closely linked to soil water availability. Withholding of water for any length of time results in slowed growth. If drought continues yield may be lost. Vines can be manipulated to stimulate early defence mechanisms by decreasing soil water availability. By using an irrigation technique, which allows for separate zones with different soil moisture status, it is possible to stimulate response mechanisms of the root system which are normally related to water stress. The difficulty of separating 'wet' and 'dry' zones was initially overcome by using split-root plants with root systems divided between two containers. Such experiments on split-root model plants resulted in the development of an irrigation technique termed partial rootzone drying (PRD). Results from irrigation experiments using PRD have shown that changes in stomatal conductance and shoot growth are some of the major components affected (Dry et al., 1996). The idea of using irrigation as a tool to manipulate stress responses in this way had its origin in the concept that root- derived abscisic acid (ABA) was important in determining stomatal conductance (Loveys, 1984). Later experiments on split-root plants have demonstrated that many effects of water stress can be explained in terms of transport of chemical signals from roots to shoots without changes in plant water status (Gowing et al., 1990). The necessary chemical signals are provided by the dry roots, and the wet roots prevent the development of deleterious water deficits. The general hypothesis tested during this study was that partial drying of the root system gives rise to a change in the supply of root-derived chemical signals which determine changes in grapevine physiology, thereby affecting fruit quality. Experiments were conducted on split-root vines (Vitis vinifera L. cvs. Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay) grown in pots of different sizes, on field-grown vines which had either their root system divided by a plastic membrane (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon on own roots or grafted on Ramsey rootstocks) or conventional vines with a non-divided root system (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon, Shiraz and Riesling) with a commercial PRD irrigation design. The irrigation treatments were vines receiving water on both sides (control) and PRD-treated vines, which only received water on one side at any time. The frequency of alternation of 'wet' and 'dry' sides was determined according to soil moisture and other influences such as rainfall and temperature. In most of the experiments the irrigation was alternated from one side to the other every 10 to 15 days. Chemical signals from roots: the role of ABA and cytokinins Studies on chemical signals have concentrated on ABA and cytokinins (CK). An improved stable isotope dilution protocol, which enables analysis of ABA and CK from the same tissue sample, was developed. Analysis of cytokinins focused on zeatin (Z), zeatin riboside (ZR), zeatin glucoside (ZG) and iso pentenyl adenine (iP). Roots are relatively inaccessible, particularly in field situations. To enable easier access to roots of field-grown vines, split-root vines were planted in a trench which was refilled with a sandy soil. This created a homogenous soil substrate and did not restrict root growth while still allowing access to roots under field conditions. Analyses of root samples of field-grown vines have shown that cytokinins and ABA may originate in roots and their concentrations can be substantially altered during an irrigation cycle. Alternating soil water conditions showed that [ABA] in roots on the 'dry' side was significantly higher compared with the 'wet' side. Due to a reduction in CK on the 'dry' side of PRD-treated vines, the ratio between ABA and CK was substantially changed during an irrigation cycle. The ABA levels in root tissue and in petiole xylem sap were negatively related to stomatal conductance. This further suggests that ABA, mostly synthesized on the 'dry' side of the root system, might be responsible for a decline in stomatal conductance. Furthermore, a higher pH of petiole xylem sap was observed in PRD-treated vines which may also contribute to the regulation of stomatal conductance. Studies on stomatal patchiness showed that non-uniform stomatal aperture occurred in field-grown vines under natural environmental conditions and was more abundant under PRD conditions. The degree of stomatal opening, determined by using a water infiltration technique, correlated with measurement of stomatal conductance. Exogenous application of a synthetic cytokinin (benzyl adenine) can override the possible ABA-mediated stomatal closure resulting from PRD treatment, providing further evidence for the in vivo role of these growth regulators in the control of stomatal conductance. The effect of benzyl adenine was transient, however, requiring repeated applications to sustain the reversal. In addition, CKs may also be important in influencing grapevine growth. Following several weeks of repeated spray applications with benzyl adenine, it was found that the development of lateral shoots in PRD-treated vines was enhanced compared to PRD-treated vines sprayed with water only. This supports the idea that the reduction in lateral shoot development seen in PRD-treated vines is due to a reduced production of CKs (Dry et al., 2000a). By measuring shoot growth rate it was found that one common feature of PRD-treated vines, which were not sprayed with CK, was a reduction of lateral shoot growth. It can therefore be speculated that the reduction in lateral growth is related to a reduced delivery of cytokinins from the roots. Zeatin and zeatin riboside concentration in shoot tips and prompt buds/young lateral shoots were reduced by the PRD treatment providing further evidence in support of this hypothesis. Water movement from 'wet' to 'dry' roots Roots, being a primary sensor of soil drying, play an important role in long- and short-term responses to PRD. Using stable isotopes of water and heat-pulse sap flow sensors water movement was traced from wet to dry roots in response to PRD. The redistribution of water from roots grown in a soil of high water potential to roots growing in a soil of low water potential may be of significance with regard to the movement of chemical signals and the control of water balance of roots. Measurements of the relative water content (RWC) have shown a slower decline of RWC of the 'dry' roots of PRD vines relative to roots of vines which received no water, despite similar water content in soil surrounding those roots. The redistribution of water may help to sustain the response to PRD for longer periods possibly releasing chemical signals and to support the activity of fine roots in drying soil. Field vines, irrigated with PRD over several growing seasons, altered their root distribution relative to the control vines. PRD caused a greater concentration of fine roots to grow in deeper soil layers and this may contribute to a better water stress avoidance. The effect on root growth may be augmented by the water movement and by the large difference in ABA to cytokinin ratio, which are also known to alter root growth. PRD makes more efficient use of available water In experiments where both control and PRD-treated vines received the same amount of water many differences between the vines were demonstrated. Under conditions where water supply was adequate for both treatments, the stomatal conductance and growth of the PRD-treated vines was restricted as has been observed in many previous experiments. As total water input was reduced, however, the stomatal conductance of PRD-treated vines became greater than control vines, suggesting that the latter were experiencing a degree of water stress, whereas the PRD-treated vines were not. This may have been due to the greater depth of water penetration in the case of the PRD-treated vines, where water was applied to a smaller soil surface area. This distinction between PRD-treated and control vines, at very low water application rates, was also reflected in pruning weights and crop yields which were actually greater in PRD-treated vines. It was concluded that at low water application rates, the PRD-treated vines were more tolerant of water stress and made more efficient use of available water. Reduction in vigor opens the canopy. The initial aim of the research which led to the development of PRD was to achieve better control of undesirable, excessive shoot and foliage growth which, from a viticultural point of view, has many disadvantages. Grapevine shoot growth rate responds very sensitively to drying soil conditions. The irrigation strategy used in the PRD experiments maintained a reduction of both main shoot and lateral shoot growth. In response to PRD a decrease in shoot growth rate and leaf area was observed. Much of the reduction in canopy biomass was due to a reduced leaf area associated with lateral shoots, thus influencing the canopy structure. This was one major factor improving the light penetration inside the canopy. Control of vegetative vigour results in a better exposure of the bunch zone to light and, as a consequence, in improved grape quality. It is likely that changes in canopy density, as a result of PRD, is causing changes in fruit quality components. Anthocyanin pigments such as derivatives of delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin and peonidin were more abundant in berries from PRD vines; by comparison the concentration of the major anthocyanin, malvidin, was reduced. When leaves were deliberately removed from more vigorous control vines, which improved bunch exposure, the differences in fruit composition were much reduced. This further supports the idea that a more open canopy, in response to PRD, improves fruit quality by affecting the canopy structure. Fruit quality consequently determines the quality, style and value of the finished wine. Wines from this study have been produced and data on wine quality from commercial wineries are also available. Sensory evaluations have demonstrated that high wine quality from PRD-treated vineyards can be achieved without any yield-depressing effects. This study has provided evidence to support the original hypothesis. The major findings were: a) Chemical signals, altered under PRD and mostly originating from roots, play an important role in the root to shoot communication in grapevines. b) The movement of water from 'wet' to 'dry' soil layers may help to sustain chemical signals as a response of grapevines to PRD and to support the activity of fine roots in drying soil. c) A reduction in vegetative growth, in particular of lateral shoots, was sustained using PRD and affected the canopy structure which in turn, due to a better light penetration into the canopy, improved the fruit quality. d) The reduction in irrigation water applied did not have a detrimental effect on grape yield and thus the efficiency of water use was improved. e) Application of relatively low irrigation rates showed that PRD-treated vines were more tolerant of water stress and made more efficient use of available water.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Department of Horticulture, Viticulture and Oenology, 2000.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The table grape industry uses rapid cooling and packaging to protect grapes from desiccation and decay. Numerous packaging methods and combinations are used in the industry with each having their own advantages and disadvantages. Inferior postharvest grape quality can usually be ascribed to either deficient or excessive moisture in the carton. Berry split, decay and S02 damage are all disorders that are either caused or aggravated by wet berries in conjunction with elevated temperature. On the other hand, grapes that are exposed to desiccating conditions will develop brown stems and cause ineffective control by S02 gas generators. Moisture management is governed by perforated or non-perforated liners and/or by placing moisture absorbing materials inside the liners. To find the optimum liner perforation or moisture sheet combination, 'Thompson Seedless' and 'Red Globe' (Vitis vinifera Linnaeus) table grape quality was evaluated in various trials. The investigation of non-perforated liners compared to liners with different degrees of perforation concluded the following: Perforated liners benefit grape quality by decreasing S02 damage and berry split due to less moisture in the carton. These benefits, however, also lead to loss in quality due to increased stem desiccation and a lower S02 concentration in the packaging. The lower moisture content in the carton compensates for the lower S02 concentration, creating an environment less favourable for decay development. S02 damage and berry split decreased with an increase in degree of liner perforation, irrespective of the cultivars sensitivity to the disorder. Optimum level of perforation depends on the specific sensitivity of a cultivar to certain quality disorders and the characteristics of the quality disorders associated with a cultivar. Additionally, packing conditions such as product temperature and humidity should be considered. The specific costs associated with the advantages and disadvantages influenced by the degree of liner perforation will be the deciding factor in liner selection. The investigation of a clay-containing, moisture absorbing sheet emphasized the benefits and risks of absorbing large amounts of water within the packaging. Irrespective of using a perforated or non-perforated liner the influence of the desiccant sheet was evident throughout the trials. It benefited grape quality by lowering the incidence of berry split and S02 damage. However, decay control was impaired by the desiccant sheet, and stem desiccation was aggravated. The comparison of non-perforated liners with liners of various degrees of perforation showed the benefit of faster cooling rates of perforated liners. The various perforated liners showed little variation in airflow and cooling times. Morphological studies of various cultivars could not ascribe differences in stem condition to anatomical dissimilarities between various cultivars. It was found that 'Red Globe' had a much larger berry volume to stem weight ratio contributing to a high rate of water loss and stem dehydration. Stem visibility is high in 'Red Globe' due to the straggly, loose nature of the bunches. This heightens the perception of dry, brown stems and overemphasizes the actual severity of the disorder.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die tafeldruifbedryf gebruik versnelde verkoeling en verpakking om druiwe te beskerm teen uitdroging en bederf. Verskeie verpakkingsmetodes word gebruik in die industrie waarvan elkeen sy eie voor- en nadele het. Ondergeskikte na-oes kwaliteit kan gewoonlik toegeskryf word aan óf te min óf te veel vog in die karton. Korrelbars, S02 skade en bederf is almal kwaliteitsdefekte wat óf veroorsaak word, óf vererger word deur nat korrels, saam met 'n verhoging in temperatuur. In teenstelling hiermee sal druiwe wat blootgestel word aan droë toestande, bruin stingels ontwikkel en S02 beheer salook ondoeltreffend wees. Vog in verpakking word beheer deur geperforeerde of nie-geperforeerde binnesakke en/of deur vogabsorberende materiaal binne die binnesak te plaas. Om die optimum binnesak perforasie of vogabsorberende vel kombinasie te vind is 'Thompson Seedless' en 'Red Globe' (Vitis vinifera Linnaeus) tafeldruif kwaliteit ge-evalueer in verskeie proewe. Die bestudering van nie-geperforeerde binnesakke teenoor binnesakke met verskillende grade van perforasies het die volgende resultate gelewer: Geperforeerde binnesakke bevoordeel druif kwaliteit deur die vermindering van S02 skade en korrelbars weens minder vog in die karton. Hierdie voordele sal egter lei tot verlies in kwaliteit weens die vinniger uitdroging van stingels en die verlaging van S02 konsentrasie in die verpakking. Die laer vog inhoud in die karton vergoed vir die vermindering van S02 konsentrasie, omdat minder gunstige toestande vir die ontwikkeling van bederf geskep word. S02 skade en korrelbars het verminder met 'n vermeerdering van perforasies, ongeag die kultivar se sensitiwiteit vir die defekte. Optimum vlakke van perforasie is afhanklik van die spesifieke sensititiwiteit van 'n kultivar tot sekere kwaliteitsdefekte, en eienskappe van die kwaliteitsdefekte wat geassosieer word met die kultivar. Boonop moet verpakkingsomstandighede soos produktemperatuur en humiditeit ook in gedagte gehou word. Die spesifieke koste verbonde aan die voor- en nadele wat beïnvloed word deur die graad van perforasie sal die bepalende faktor wees wanneer 'n binnesak gekies word. Die bestudering van 'n klei-bevattende, vogabsorberende vel het bewys dat dit voordele en risiko's inhou om groot hoeveelhede vog te absorbeer. Ongeag die gebruik van 'n geperforeerde of nie-geperforeerde binnesak, was die invloed van die desikkante vel duidelik in al die proewe. Dit was voordelig vir druif kwaliteit deurdat dit korrelbars en S02 skade verminder het. Bederfbeheer is egter verswak deur die desikkante vel, en stingel uitdroging IS vererger. Die vergelyking van nie-geperforeerde binnesakke met verskillende grade van geperforeerde binnesakke het die voordeel bewys van vinniger verkoelinstempo's van die geperforeerde binnesak. Verskille in die graad van perforasie het 'n klein invloed gehad op die lugvloei en verkoelingstempo 's. Bestudering van verskeie kultivars kon geen morfologiese verskille uitwys wat variasie in stingelkwaliteit tussen kultivars kan verklaar nie. Dit is bevind dat 'Red Globe' 'n baie groter korrelvolume tot stingelgewig verhouding het. Stingels is meer sigbaar by 'Red Globe' weens die yl, los aard van die trosse. Dit verhoog die persepsie van droë, bruin stingels en dit oorbeklemtoon die voorkoms van die defek.

With more and more focus on accountability, algebra achievement has become a major focus of math curriculum developers. In many states, students are expected to pass standardized Algebra achievement tests in order to satisfy graduation requirements.

The purpose of this study was to identify teacher qualities and teaching qualities linked to teacher effectiveness in 7th-grade Algebra I Honors. This study examined two aspects of teachers, teacher quality and teaching quality. Teacher quality refers to the characteristics that teachers possess and teaching quality refers to what teachers do in the classroom to foster student learning. For this study, teacher quality included teacher professional preparation characteristics and teacher knowledge. Also, aspects of teaching quality that promote conceptual understanding in Algebra were examined.

In this mixed methods study, quantitative data were used to determine a relationship between teacher qualifications and student achievement. Qualitative data were used to gain an in-depth understanding of the characteristics of teaching quality.

Based on the findings of this study, in this group of teachers, there is a relationship between teacher quality and teaching effectiveness; however it is very limited and only based on participation in two specific workshops. The difference between more and less effective teachers in this study lies in teaching quality, what teachers do in the classroom, as opposed to teacher quality, what those teachers bring with them to the classroom.

The findings of this study indicate that elements of teaching quality are more indicative of teacher effectiveness than elements of teacher quality among teachers in the study. Although there was some evidence of a relationship between elements of teacher quality and teacher effectiveness, there were clear differences in teaching quality among more effective and less effective teachers in this study.

Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study is an integral part of a multidisciplinary research project concerning the effects of soil and climate on wine quality. The motive, which led to the setting up of this project, was that producers could not determine beforehand whether a specific location would yield wines of high or low quality. If a specific cultivar were to be planted at the wrong location, then it was likely that wine of table quality would result, rather than the export quality wine that was intended. The long term objectives of this multidisciplinary project were the compilation of guidelines by means of which different sites may be classified according to their potential for the production of high quality wines, and the identification of the most important climatic and soil factors responsible for differences in wine quality and character. In this multidisciplinary project, measurements (soil water, leaf water potential, cane mass and yield) were made under dry land conditions in Sauvignon blanc vineyards at six different localities: five in the Stellenbosch district (Simonsberg, Kuils River, Helshoogte, Papegaaiberg and Devon Valley) and one in Durbanville. Each vineyard was owned by a private commercial producer. The vines were approximately 10 years old in all cases, and were trained on a hedge system. Measurements were made in plots, each of which contained 20 vines. Two different soil types were identified at each locality. Vine growth and wine quality differed markedly on these contrasting soils, even though they were located in close physical proximity. The measurements that were made at high and low production plots at each locality during this study were obtained from points which were not more than 60 m metres apart. An automatic weather station was erected halfway between the two, contrasting, experimental plots. Within the overall scope of the multidisciplinary project, the study which forms the subject of this thesis, concentrated on the effects of soil parent material as a soil forming parameter and as a possible predetermining character with regard to vine growth and wine character. From literature it was clear at the outset of this work that the geology of the coastal wine region is very complex and varies over short distances. The geological history indicates different types of rock formation and rock forming process (sedimentary, igneous as well as metamorphic), plate tectonic activity, mountain building, erosion and weathering, over a period of approximately 1 000 million years. The present landscape includes a coastal plane, hills, and eroding mountains. Statistical analyses indicated that the soils from the different localities could mainly be characterised in terms of differences in their sand size fractions. Soils from Durbanville are dominated by fine sand and correlates with the underlying phyllitic shales. Soils from Kuils River contain significantly more coarse sand when compared with the other sites. This appears to be a reflection of the underlying coarse granitic material, and implies that in situ weathering played an important role in soil development. .The data did not, however, prove that the Kuils River soils formed solely from underlying rocks. The gravel and stone fraction for the Kuils River soils were nevertheless correlated with those of the underlying parent material. Soils from Helshoogte and Simonsberg (both of which are underlain by granites), Papegaaiberg and Devon Valley (both underlain by hornfels) were not significantly dominated by any particular sand fraction. Soils from these localities therefore did not only reflect the underlying material as a source of soil parent material. This implied mixing of parent material and/or the incursion of eolian sand at Helshoogte, Simonsberg and Devon Valley. A marine incursion may have affected the soil parent material at Papegaaiberg. In order to obtain more information concerning the origins and possible mixing of parent materials prior to and during soil formation, samples from the different soil horizons in each profile were subjected to a chemical analysis. Particular emphasis was placed on potassium, which is an extremely important nutrient mineral element, from the viewpoints of vine growth and wine quality. Because the soils used in this study were all located in production vineyards, the probability that fertiliser residues would have contaminated the soils was high. The lower soil horizons were considered to be least affected by this contamination and therefore most likely to be indicative of the natural soil chemical composition. However, the lower horizon K content of the soils in this study could not be reliably correlated with any known or predicted characteristic that might link the soil parent material with local rock types. At Durbanville, both soils contained small quantities of K in the lower horizons, reflecting the underlying phyllitic shales, but at Devon Valley and Papegaaiberg, the lower horizons contained more K than expected. The soils at these localities are situated on hornfels, containing low quantities of K. The large quantities of K in the soils may have indicated that these soils are situated close to a granite/Malmesbury contact zone. Soils from Kuils River, Simonsberg and Helshoogte are situated on K-rich porhyritic granites and it was expected that these soils would contain relatively large quantities of K in the lower horizons. This, however, was not the case. It was therefore concluded that dilution with K-poor material had taken place. Such material could have been derived from higher-lying sandstones, or from eolian processes during the Cenozoic. Alternatively, the K content of the soil might have been depleted by long continued leaching. A semi-quantitative analysis of the minerals in the soil clay fractions was also carried out. The objective was to identify the clay minerals that were present in the different soil horizons and to relate the minerals to weathering conditions. Evidence linking the minerals in the clay fractions of the soil samples with the mineralogical composition of the soil parent materials was sought. The clay fraction mineralogy data indicated that all soils in the study area are in an advanced stage of weathering and are dominated by kaolinite, and in certain soils quartz. It was difficult to relate these minerals directly with soil parent material because the primary minerals originating from the soil parent materials have been extensively broken down. The simultaneous presence of quartz and gibbsite in the clay fraction of both soils at Simonsberg, Helshoogte and Durbanville as well as one soil form from bath Kuils River and Simonsberg, indicated non-uniform distribution of clay fraction minerals, indicating that different stages of weathering were present during soil formation. This could have been a result of mixing of parent materials, but may also reflect different periods of weathering of the same material. Both soils at Papegaaiberg, both soils at Devon Valley and other soils at Simonsberg and Kuils River indicated uniform clay fraction mineralogy distribution, mainly because the absence of gibbsite is related to the presence of quartz in the clay fraction. The soil characteristics, as determined in this study, were also compared with vine growth, wine quality and wine character, as obtained in the broader multidisciplinary research project. For most soils in this study, an increase in clay fraction kaolinite was associated with a reduction in vegetative growth, overall wine quality, and fresh vegetative character. An increase in clay fraction quartz was associated with higher overall wine quality. Increased shoot growth also affected fresh vegetative character positively. Better growth occurred on higher altitudes and this resulted, for Sauvignon blanc, in higher wine quality. Wines produced from vines situated on both phyllitic shales and porhyritic granites showed high quality (Durbanville and Helshoogte), but both were related to low clay fraction kaolinite content and high altitude. It was not possible to relate parent material directly with vine growth, wine quality and/or wine character. The lowest quality wines, however, were produced from vines situated on hornfels (Papegaaiberg and Devon Valley), both containing high quantities of clay fraction kaolinite and situated on low altitudes. High levels of K in soils containing high levels of clay fraction kaolinite may have been partly responsible for low wine quality obtained on such soils.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie vorm 'n integrale deel van 'n multi-dissiplinêre navorsingsprojek oor die effek van grond en klimaat op wynkwaliteit. Die motivering wat gelei het tot die beplanning van hierdie projek, was dat produsente nie vooraf kon bepaal of 'n spesifieke lokaliteit wyne kan produseer van hoë of lae kwaliteit nie. Indien 'n spesifieke kultivar op die verkeerde lokaliteit geplant word, sou dit waarskynlik tot In gewone tafelwyn lei, instede van 'n wyn van uitvoergehalte. Die langtermyn doelwitte van die multi-dissiplinêre projek was om riglyne te ontwikkel om verskillende lokaliteite te klassifiseer na aanleiding van·hul potensiaal om hoë kwaliteit wyne te produseer, asook om die belangrikste klimaats- en grondfaktore verantwoordelik vir die produksie van hoê kwalitiet wyne te identifiseer. In hierdie multidissiplinêre projek was metings (plant beskikbare water, blaarwater potensiaal, lootmassa en oes) onder droêland toestande bepaal in Sauvignon blanc wingerde by ses verskillende lokaliteite: vyf in die Stellenbosch distrik (Simonsberg, Kuilsrivier, Helshoogte, Papegaaiberg and Devon Valley) en een in Durbanville. Elke wingerd is besit deur 'n kommersiêle privaatprodusent. Die stokke was ongeveer 10 jaar oud in alle gevalle en opgelei op 'n heining sisteem. Metings was in eksperimentele blokke van 20 stokke elk uitgevoer. Twee verskillende grondtipes is by elke lokaliteit identifiseer. Lootgroei en wynkwaliteit het merkbaar verskilop die kontrasterende gronde, selfs waar gronde nabyaanmekaar was. Die metings is Liitgevoer op hoë- en lae produksie eksperimentele blokke waar gronde by spesifieke lokaliteite nie verder as 60 meter was nie. 'n Outomatiese weerstasie was halfpad tussen die twee kontrasterende grondtipes by elk van die ses lokaliteite opgerig. Binne die algemene omvang van die multi-clissiplinêre projek, het die studie wat die onderwerp van hierdie tesis is, gekonsentreer op die effek van moedermateriaal as grondvormende parameter asook as moontlike voorspeller van wingerdgroei en wynkarakter. Dit was duidelik uit die literatuur dat die geologie van die Wynkusstreek baie kompleks is en oor kort afstande varieer. Die geologiese geskiedenis dui daarop dat verskillende tipes gesteentes en verskillende prosesse van gesteente-vorming (sedimentêr, stollings- en metamorfe), plaattektoniese aktiwiteit, orogenese, erosie en verwering, oor 'n periode van ongeveer 1 000 miljoen jaar plaasgevind het. Die huidige landskap sluit kusvlaktes, heuwels en geêrodeerde berge in. Statistiese analises het aangetoon dat die gronde van die verskillende lokaliteite hoofsaaklik in terme van verskille in sandgrootte fraksies onderskei kon word. Gronde van Durbanville is gedomineer deur fyn sand en korreleer met onderliggende fillietiese skalies. Gronde van Kuilsrivier bevat betekenisvol meer growwe sand wanneer dit vergelyk word met die ander lokaliteite. Dit is waarskynlik afkomstig vanaf die onderliggende growwe granitiese materiaal en impliseer dat in situ verwering 'n belangrike rol gespeel het in grondontwikkeling. Die data het egter nie bewys dat die gronde van Kuilsrivier slegs uit die onderliggende graniete gevorm het nie. Die gruisfraksies in die gronde by Kuilsrivier was tog vergelykbaar met die onderliggende materiaal. Gronde vanaf Helshoogte and Simonsberg (beide onderlê deur graniete), Papegaaiberg and Devon Valley (beide onderlê deur hornfels) was nie betekenisvol gedomineer deur 'n spesifieke sandfraksie nie. Gronde vanaf hierdie lokaliteite het dus nie slegs die onderliggende gesteentes verteenwoordig nie. Dit dui op vermenging van moedermateriaal en/of eoliese prosesse by Helshoogte, Simonsberg and Devon Valley. 'n Styging in seevlak kon die moedermateriaal by Papegaaiberg beïnvloed het. Om meer inligting omtrent die oorsprong en moontlike vermening van moedermateriaal voor grondvorming te verkry, is die verskillende grondmonsters chemies ontleed. Kalium is In uiters belangrike voedingselement wat lootgroei en wynkwaliteit kan beïnvloed. Aangesien die gronde in hierdie studie in bestaande produksieblokke voorkom, was daar 'n goeie kans dat bemestingstowwe die chemiese samestelling kon beïnvloed. Die C horisonte van die verskillende gronde was beskou as dié wat die minste deur bemesting beYnvloedsou word en die naaste aanduiding van natuurlike grondchemiese samestelling. Die C horison K-inhoude van die gronde in die studie het egter nie gekorreleer met enige eienskap wat die moedermateriaal van die gronde met die lokale gesteentetipe kon verbind nie. By Durbanville, het beide gronde klein hoeveelhede K in die C horisonte bevat, wat die onderliggende fillietiese skalies reflekteer, maar by Devon Valley en Papegaaiberg, het die C horisonte meer K bevat as wat verwag is. Die gronde by hierdie lokaliteite word onderlê deur hornfels, wat lae hoeveelhede K bevat. Die groot hoeveelhede K in hierdie gronde dui moontlik op 'n kontaksone tussen graniet en Malmesbury gesteentes in die area. Gronde vanaf Kuilsrivier, Simonsberg en Helshoogte word onderlê deur K-ryke porfiritiese graniete wat groot hoeveelhede K in die ondergronde sou bevat. Dit was egter nie die geval nie en dit was aanvaar dat verdunning van K-arme materiaal plaasgevind het. Die oorsprong van Karme materiaal was waarskynlik vanaf hoêr-liggende sandstene, of vanaf eoliese prosesse gedurende die Cenozoikum. Alternatiewelik is K inhoude van die gronde verlaag deur lang en aanhoudende loging. 'n Semi-kwantitatiewe analise van minerale in die kleifraksie was uitgevoer om te bepaal watter minerale in die kleifraksie van die verskillende gronde teenwoordig is en om die minerale met stadia van verwering te vergelyk. Dan kon die mineralogiese samestelling in verband met moedermateriaal gebring word. Resultate het aangetoon dat al die gronde in die studie in 'n gevorderde stadium van verwering is en gedomineer word deur kaoliniet, en in sekere gronde, klei fraksie kwarts. Aangesien die primêre minerale in 'n groot mate afgebreek is, was dit moeilik om die minerale in die kleifraksie direk in verband met moedermateriaal te bring. Die voorkoms van kwarts en gibbsiet in die kleifraksie in beide gronde van Simonsberg, Helshoogte en Durbanville asook een grondvorm vanaf beide Kuilsrivier en Simonsberg, het aangetoon dat verskillende stadia van verwering gedurende grondvorming in hierdie gronde voorgekom het. Dit kan die gevolg wees van vermenging van verskillende moedermateriaal, maar kan ook verskillende periodes van verwering van dieselfde materiaal aandui. Beide gronde by Papegaaiberg, beide gronde van Devon Valley die ander gronde by Simonsberg en Kuilsrivier het slegs een fase van verwering tydens grondvorming aangedui, hoofsaaklik as gevolg van die afwesigheid van gibbsiet wanneer kwarts voorkom. Grondeienskappe, soos bepaal in hierdie studie, was ook vergelyk met lootgroei, wynkwaliteit en wynkarakter, soos verkry uit die resultate van die multi-dissiplinêre projek. Vir die meeste gronde in die studie was 'n toename in kleifraksie kaoliniet geassosieer met afname in vegetatiewe groei, algemene wynkwaliteit, asook vars vegetatiewe wynkarakter. 'n Toename in kleifraksie kwarts was geassosieer met hoër algehele wynkwaliteit. 'n Toeneme in vegetatiewe groei het ook die vars vegetatiewe karakter van die wyn positief beïnvloed. Beter vegetatiewe groei het op hoër hoogtes voorgekom en dit het gelei tot hoër wynkwaliteit vir Sauvignon blanc. Wyne afkomstig van wingerde op beide fillietiese skalies en porfiritiese graniete, was van hoër kwaliteit (Durbanville and Helshoogte), maar beide was geassosieer met lae kleifraksie kaoliniet en hoë ligging. Dit was nie moontlik om moedermateriaal direk met vegetatiewe groei, wynkwaliteit en/of wynkarakter te vergelyk nie. Wyne met die laagste kwaliteit kom egter voor op hornfels (Papegaaiberg and Devon Valley), wat beide groot hoeveelhede kleifraksie kaoliniet bevat en geleê is op lae hoogtes. Hoê vlakke van K in gronde wat groot hoeveelhede kleifraksie kaoliniet bevat kan gedeeltelik verantwoordelik wees vir lae kwaliteit wyne op sulke gronde.

While No Child Left Behind ushered in the age of the "highly qualified" teacher, accountability focus has been shifted to the "highly effective" teacher, defined as teacher impact on student achievement. The Science Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) is used to judge the adequate yearly progress of students in Texas public schools. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of teacher factors (i.e., ethnicity, gender, teaching experience, university selectivity, certification route, National Center for Education Statistics Locale/Code, number of science content and pedagogical course semester credit hours, grade point average for science content and pedagogical coursework) on student achievement using the eighth grade Science TAKS. The primary dependent variables were students' five objective scores and their overall scores on the eighth grade Science TAKS examination. The sample was 44 eighth grade science teachers and 4,119 students in Texas public schools. Multiple linear regression models enabled examinations of the relationships between teacher quality variables and student achievement. No significant relationships between the variables were found. Small effect sizes for the beta weights and structure coefficients occurred between teachers' science credit hours and TAKS objectives to explain 20% of the variance for TAKS Living Systems and the Environment, 39% of the variance for TAKS Structures and Properties of Matter, and 21% of the variance for TAKS Earth and Space Systems. Teacher experience accounted for 24% of the variance with TAKS Structures and Properties of Matter, and pedagogical credit hours explained 30% of the variance with TAKS Motion, Forces, and Energy. Science GPA explained 31% of the variance for the TAKS Earth and Space Systems objective. Policy makers should examine NCLB assumptions about teacher content knowledge as a significant indicator of teacher effectiveness via student achievement on standardized tests. While measuring content knowledge provides a simple, efficient, and cost effective form of accountability, the small effect size indicated other factors, including teaching practice, need investigation.

With the continuing ability to gather and store increasingly larger amounts of data, so has grown the size of network data being collected. The networks, which can be represented as graphs, are not only big in scale, but also complex, introducing issues of scalability and complexity in visualising and analysing them. With the rate of growth in the size of these graphs, traditional graph drawing algorithms have failed to scale when visualising big, complex graphs. Furthermore, evaluation of graph drawing algorithms is important to ensure that the algorithms are not only efficient, but also effective. Yet, traditional quality metrics have been shown to be not as effective in evaluating drawings of big complex graphs. In this thesis, we first present new sublinear-time graph drawing algorithms to efficiently visualise and analyse big complex graphs. More precisely, we present the following algorithms for drawing big graphs: topological spectral sparsification for fast, good quality graph sampling, as well as sublinear-time force-directed algorithms and sublinear-time stress-based algorithms for graph drawing. Our algorithms run faster than the current state-of-the-art linear-time graph drawing algorithms, while obtaining similar or even better quality drawings. We then present new faithfulness metrics for the evaluation of complex graph drawing,where faithfulness measures how well the drawing depicts the ground truth information of the underlying graph. Specifically, we present the cluster faithfulness metric, symmetry quality metric, and change faithfulness metrics. Our metrics have been validated to effectively evaluate the quality of drawings of complex graphs, based on how well they depict the ground truth information of the graphs.