Articoli di riviste: "Grammatical genus"

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Lunkova, Larisa N., e Julia I. Frolova. "Lexical-Grammatical Means of Expressing Oppositivity in an English Literary Text". RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 12, n. 3 (3 ottobre 2021): 758–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2021-12-3-758-773.

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The article considers the notional nature and peculiarities of genus-species relations between the phenomena of opposition and oppositivity ; it also deals with the lexical-and-grammatica ways of expressing the latter in an English literary text. The study establishes that, besides the logical component, an opposition also expresses a subjective one, manifesting a communicants unique view on the communicative situation and thus displaying semantics of oppositivity. Unlike spatial, logical and grammatical oppositions, generally characterized by a symmetrical structure, the subjective (oppositive) opposition is asymmetrical. It is revealed that due to the structural asymmetry this kind of opposition is marked by greater semantic potential compared to logical and grammatical oppositions. It is proved that the complication of subjective oppositions with antonymous pairs, lexical and syntactical repetitions, antithetic units, oxymorons etc. extends the scope of meanings implied by them; and the use of subjective (oppositive) oppositions in a literary text themselves becomes an effective tool of contrast-building both on the lexical-grammatical and textual levels.

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Hübner, Julia. "Genus und Sexus im Konflikt." Linguistik Online 107, n. 2 (31 marzo 2021): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.107.7682.

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The specialty of hybrid nouns is their different agreement according to certain features of the agreement target. They result from a conflict within in the gender assignment system. For example, the German noun Mädchen (semi-transparent diminutive for denoting a girl) is grammatical neuter but it refers to a female person. In German, nouns denoting females are feminine but diminutives are neuter. Since both rules apply, you can refer to Mädchen with a neuter (es) but also with a feminine pronoun (sie). There are different factors which influence the agreement pattern: the linear distance between noun and pronoun and the type of agreement target. So far there are only few studies on the influence of possible non-grammatical factors such as the age of the referent. In this paper, I elaborate on those factors and present the results of a discourse completion task focusing on the influence of a sexualized context.

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Dolińska, Justyna. "Numerus und Genus des Prädikatsnomens – Kongruenzkategorien?" Germanica Wratislaviensia 144 (20 novembre 2019): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0435-5865.144.11.

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Im Deutschen kann das Prädikatsnomen in Numerus und Genus mit dem Subjekt übereinstimmen, muss es aber nicht. Numerus und Genus sind in den Prädikativkonstruktionen eigenständige Kategorien. Das Prädikatsnomen übernimmt vom Subjekt weder Numerus noch Genus. Das Genus des Prädikatsnomens wird durch den Zusammenhang zwischen dem Genus und Sexus des Substantivs bestimmt, der Numerus durch die Semantik.Number and gender of predicative nominal – agreement categories?In the German language, the nominal predicate may but does not have to convene in number and gender with the subject. The number and gender are independent categories in predicate structures. The predicative expression does not receive the number or the gender from the subject. The type of the predicative expression determines the dependency between the grammatical gender and the semantic gender, whereas the number is determined by the noun’s semantics.

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Dmitriev, Dmitry. "Etymology and grammatical gender of generic names in Auchenorrhyncha (Hemiptera)". Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 43 (10 maggio 2022): 2022001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21900/j.inhs.v43.837.

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The World Auchenorrhyncha Database comprises nomenclatural information for all known taxa in this suborder of Hemipteran insects (leafhoppers, planthoppers, treehoppers, cicadas, and spittle bugs). Of more than 110,000 included scientific names, 8,921 represent unique genus–group names (valid genera and subgenera as well as their synonyms). An attempt is being made to resolve the etymology of those names to clarify nomenclatural issues in this group of insects.

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Bekasova, Elena N., Lukas Gajarsky e Andrea Grominova. "SLOVAK STUDENTS’ CHALLENGES IN MASTERING THE GRAMMATICAL GENDER CATEGORY IN THE PROCESS OF LEARNING THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE". Proceedings of Southern Federal University. Philology 28, n. 1 (28 marzo 2024): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1995-0640-2024-1-174-181.

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The category of genus is one of the most intricate and contentious grammatical categories, permeating the entire language system. This underscores the significance of its study not only within one's native language but also in the context of learning it as a foreign language. Simultaneously, conducting typological comparisons aids in the construction of an effective pedagogical framework. In situations of linguistic proximity, such as when studying Russian as a foreign language within the Slovak-speaking audience, it becomes crucial to discern the differences amidst the substantial overlap of classifications and forms of expressing the genus category. These differences necessitate specific attention during students' acquisition of genus paradigms and pragmatics, in addition to recognizing the distinct characteristics of genus asymmetry within languages. Key words: genus category, common nouns, feminitives, Russian, Slovak, intercultural communication Acknowledgments: The article is published with the support of the international grant project Erasmus+ KA220-HED № 2021-1-SK01-KA220-HED-000022917 “The innovation of the concept and curriculum of doctoral study programs and increasing their effectiveness”.

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Anthony Corbeill. "Genus quid est?: Roman Scholars on Grammatical Gender and Biological Sex". Transactions of the American Philological Association 138, n. 1 (2008): 75–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/apa.0.0007.

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JAŁOSZYŃSKI, PAWEŁ. "Four new species and new records of Veraphis Casey in Japan (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae)". Zootaxa 4701, n. 1 (26 novembre 2019): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4701.1.4.

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Four new species of the eutheiine genus Veraphis Casey are described, all based on specimens collected in Japan: V. loebli sp. n., V. mutsuensis sp. n., V. aomoriensis sp. n., and V. sakaii sp. n. New findings increase the number of Japanese Veraphis species to fourteen, and Japan becomes a country that houses the greatest known diversity of this rarely collected genus. The grammatical gender of Veraphis is identified as feminine, and species names previously treated as masculine are corrected accordingly. The distribution of all Veraphis species in Japan is summarized.

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JAŁOSZYŃSKI, PAWEŁ. "Notes on the Western Palaearctic genus Leptocharis Reitter (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae)". Zootaxa 5353, n. 5 (12 ottobre 2023): 430–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5353.5.2.

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A morphological study of the Western Palaearctic genus Leptocharis Reitter revealed remarkable differences between L. microphthalmus Meybohm and all remaining congeners. This species is the only Eurasian member of Stenichnini with the mesocoxae not separated by the mesoventral process. A new genus, Turkocharis gen. n., is proposed to accommodate L. microphthalmus. Morphological details of both Leptocharis and Turkocharis are illustrated and discussed, and the Nearctic genus Neladius Casey is indicated as morphologically most similar to the presumably closely related Leptocharis and Turkocharis. As the genus name Leptocharis is of a feminine grammatical gender, specific adjectives previously with masculine endings are corrected to Leptocharis algerica Besuchet, L. cretica (Pic), and Turkocharis microphthalma (Meybohm) comb. n. An updated key for identification of the Eurasian and New Guinean genera of Stenichnini is given.

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DAVID, PATRICK, CUONG THE PHAM, TRUONG QUANG NGUYEN e THOMAS ZIEGLER. "A new species of the genus Opisthotropis Günther, 1872 (Squamata: Natricidae) from the highlands of Kon Tum Province, Vietnam". Zootaxa 2758, n. 1 (7 febbraio 2011): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2758.1.3.

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A new species of the snake genus Opisthotropis Günther, 1872, Opisthotropis cucae sp. nov., is described from Kon Tum Plateau in central Vietnam. It is distinguished from any other Opisthotropis species by the combination of the following characters: (1) dorsal scales entirely smooth, in 23–19–19 rows; (2) 191 ventrals; (3) 1 loreal, in contact with internasal; (4) 7 supralabials, 5 th entering orbit; (4) dorsum uniformly greyish-brown without bands or crossbars, with an irregular separation between dark dorsum and venter, greyish-yellow speckled with dark grey. An extended comparison with other species of the genus Opisthotropis species is provided together with a key to the known species of the genus. Opisthotropis cucae sp. nov. is the third new mountain stream snake described from Vietnam in the past decade. The grammatical gender of the genus Opisthotropis is discussed; this genus is feminine.

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Stocker, Christa. "Genus-Sexus-Inkongruenz in der Bezeichnungspraxis." Linguistik Online 107, n. 2 (31 marzo 2021): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.107.7685.

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Nouns referring to persons are “vehicles of our thoughts” (Hermanns 2012b: 62). As labels, they refer to social categories, thereby both reflecting social realities and preserving them at the same time. If social realities change, language usage changes as well. With the abandonment of a historical concept, the designation associated with it also loses its rich semantic filling. The semantic filling, however, can be reconstructed from a historical perspective using a context-sensitive text and discourse analysis. This article aims to reconstruct Backfisch – the designation and social category for teenage girls in the second half of the 19th century – with surprising findings: German designations for teenage girls display a habitual mismatch between grammatical gender and sex. While this incongruency is common, it is not accidental. Instead, it continuously transports semantic features, both in the neuter, with the reification of adolescent girls that conform to their female gender role, and in the masculine, with male category-bound features of Backfische, whose behaviour conflicts with the expectancies that a female gender role evokes. Masculine gender is thus a manifestation of behaviour deviant from a gender role but nevertheless positively evaluated. A possible reason for this are the category-bound male features – assessed positively – that are transferred to the female Backfisch category and that have the effect of a temporary status enhancement.

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KURY, ADRIANO B., e AMANDA C. MENDES. "Grammatical gender and corrections of the nomina of the species of Larifuga Loman, 1898 (Opiliones, Triaenonychidae)". Bionomina 19, n. 1 (10 settembre 2020): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/bionomina.19.1.4.

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The genus nomen Larifuga Loman, 1898 was originally published without stated grammatical gender. No possible indications of gender are provided by the specific epithets, as all of them are nouns in the genitive. This genus nomen has consistently been treated as feminine in the literature. However, as shown here, it is a masculine classical Latin word. Accordingly, several matches are herein made to comply with Latin grammar and the Code. The nomen Larifuga mantoni Lawrence, 1934 was subject to an unjustified emendation by Staręga as mantonae, and the original form is re-established here. This correction raised another issue concerning previous unjustified emendations of some nomina in Opiliones formed from personal names in the genitive case.

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Batyushkina, M. V. "Genus – Species and Whole – Part Relations in Legal Terms". Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 22, n. 4 (5 gennaio 2021): 1050–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2020-22-4-1050-1060.

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The research featured the way legal terms express the genus – species relationship (hyperonyms vs. hyponyms) and whole – part relationship (holonyms vs. meronyms / partonyms). The article introduces the basic differences in the relations of these types, as well as terminological variants. The author specified the related research terminology, the specific use of hyponyms / hyperonyms and holonyms / meronyms in the formation of a legislative definition, and the intra-text semantic correlation of concepts expressed by these relations. The author also defined the means and ways of expressing hyper-hyponymy and holonymy-meronymy: syntactic, grammatical, punctuation, numbering, graphic, speech markers, etc. The paper describes the main functions of legal hyponyms / hyperonyms and holonyms / meronyms: structuring the terminological system of law and the textual space of the law, official legal interpretation, the formation of an interpretation strategy, synonymous correlation, etc. It also mentions nominal (subject-conceptual, attributive) and verbal (procedural, effective) semantics. The research was based on the methods of conceptual, contextual, and comparative analysis of Russian legal texts, their classification and generalization. The research was based on Russian laws, as well as the Dictionary of Legislative Terms and Concepts, compiled by the author from federal laws.

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Batyushkina, M. V. "Genus – Species and Whole – Part Relations in Legal Terms". Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 22, n. 4 (5 gennaio 2021): 1050–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2020-22-4-1050-1060.

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Abstract (sommario):

The research featured the way legal terms express the genus – species relationship (hyperonyms vs. hyponyms) and whole – part relationship (holonyms vs. meronyms / partonyms). The article introduces the basic differences in the relations of these types, as well as terminological variants. The author specified the related research terminology, the specific use of hyponyms / hyperonyms and holonyms / meronyms in the formation of a legislative definition, and the intra-text semantic correlation of concepts expressed by these relations. The author also defined the means and ways of expressing hyper-hyponymy and holonymy-meronymy: syntactic, grammatical, punctuation, numbering, graphic, speech markers, etc. The paper describes the main functions of legal hyponyms / hyperonyms and holonyms / meronyms: structuring the terminological system of law and the textual space of the law, official legal interpretation, the formation of an interpretation strategy, synonymous correlation, etc. It also mentions nominal (subject-conceptual, attributive) and verbal (procedural, effective) semantics. The research was based on the methods of conceptual, contextual, and comparative analysis of Russian legal texts, their classification and generalization. The research was based on Russian laws, as well as the Dictionary of Legislative Terms and Concepts, compiled by the author from federal laws.

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Kutsa, Alina, e Larisa Kolodina. "Gender differentiated anthroponyms in english language and their structural features". Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Fìlologìâ 12, n. 21 (2019): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3055-2019-12-21-135-140.

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At the present stage of the development of linguistics, there is no single definition of the status of the genus category in English. The revision of the status of the category of the genus in English took place after the introduction of the concept of «gender» into linguistics, which contributed to the emergence of linguistic science – genderology. Thus, the grammatical category of the genus has been transformed into the linguistic and sociocultural category of gender. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the tendency of the development of anthroponymic systems, it is necessary to analyze the gender differences of personal names, considering separately and comparing the male and female anthroponymicon of language. Determining the status of the genus category is still problematic at the present stage of the development of linguistics in English language, as the grammatical category of the genus in English remains not accepted by many scholars. The article identifies and examines the gender indicators that were characteristic at different stages of the development of the anthroponymicon in English language. The research findings show that gender differentiation of personal names in English language was formed from the very beginning of the development of this system; therefore, it reflects the different ways of marking the gender affiliation of names that were characteristic at different stages of development of the anthroponymicon. In addition to the common anthroponymic suffixes, gender-particular indicators specific to English language only were identified. The results of the analysis revealed that the female anthroponymicon is more diverse than the male. Besides, in the article with the help analysis of gender differences in personal names was revealed the factors that have an impact on neutralization in the anthroponymic sphere in today's society. The analysis showed that in the anthroponymic system of English, the number of gender-indifferent personal names is 12 % of the total number of names analyzed. This result is quite natural and understandable from the point of view of the morphological structure of the language units and the absence of the category of the genus in English. The above material indicates that the genus of a personal name can be determined by correlating that name with its carrier and his or her biological article, although there are also a number of features by which its genus can be established. At the present stage of development of language and culture, there is a tendency to neutralize the gender differences of personal names. This is a testament to the exacerbation of gender equality importance and the erasure of gender frameworks and differences.

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Chernysheva, Vlada A. "The Concept of Inchoativity in Works of Latin Grammarians". Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, n. 466 (2021): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/466/5.

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This article touches upon the idea of inchoativity in the works of Roman grammarians. It aims to observe the development of the usage of the term inchoativus in the Roman grammatical tradition. The study is based on Latin grammatical treatises dating back to the 3rd-7th centuries A.D., the most part of which was published by Heinrich Keil in the second half of the 19th century. Besides Keil's edition, the article refers to recent editions of grammatical treatises. The study was conducted using three digital textual databases including Corpora Corporum, Digital Library of Latin Texts, and PHI Latin Texts. The Latin adjective inchoativus (or inco-hativus, а less common spelling), which literally means ‘inceptive, initial', is attested in three meanings and is used in collocations concerning verbal tense, verbal inflection, and conjunctions respectively. The first two usages were widespread and refer to verbal categories, while the last one is attested only once. The article is divided into two parts. The first one discusses collocations with types of verbal tense such as gradus ‘grade, degree', distantia ‘distance', differentia ‘difference', discertio ‘difference', species ‘aspect' and tempus ‘tense' itself. The second part deals with Roman grammatical categories including forma ‘form', qualitas ‘quality', species ‘aspect', genus ‘voice', figura ‘figure'. The study draws a conclusion that the adjective inchoativus/incohativus is used with categories of tense and aspect only in the works of early grammarians including Probus, Sacerdos, Diomedes, Charisius, and PseudoProbus. However, these grammarians also mention this term with regard to verb forms ending in -sco. Mostly, inchoativity is bound with the Roman verbal category of forma, which can be observed in the works by Dositheus, Phocas, Eutyches, Audax, Pseudo-Victorinus, Donatus and his commentators Sergius, Servius, Pompeius, Cledonius, and Julian of Toledo, and species (Macrobius, Priscian), which is not to be confused with the species of tense mentioned above. Pseudo-Asper is the only Roman grammarian who exceptionally puts inchoativity into the category of figura and spells inchoativus as incohativus. If the category of forma is absent, inchoativity is reckoned to be a verbal quality (Diomedes). Inchoativity is included into the category of voice in case voice is regarded as a subcategory of quality (Sacerdos, Pseudo-Probus, and Cledonius). In respect to forms ending in -sco, inchoativity is a manifestation of the so-called grammatical category of quality.

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Cherkasova, Nelly A. "On the issue of formal assimilation of anglicism nouns in the genus category of the german language system and its national variants". Vestnik of Kostroma State University 29, n. 4 (29 marzo 2024): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2023-29-4-145-152.

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In the conditions of general globalisation, there is a massive consolidation of Anglicisms in all languages, including the German language with its national variants. The study of this process is topical and corresponds to modern priority scientific directions. Formal assimilation is an aspect of loaning foreign language material by a receptor language. It is this that allows foreign language material to gain a foothold in the system of the borrowing language. However, the German language we consider to be a receptor language, is not a monosystem formation due to its including of national variants. The German literary language is a potential abstract archsystem realised in three directions, sovereign systems of the German language (the German language of Germany, the Austrian and the Swiss varieties of the German literary language). The nature of the German language greatly influences the results of formal assimilation of borrowed material, since they will vary depending on the usage. Fluctuations in national variants arise both at the phonetic, lexical, grammatical, word-formation level, and can manifest themselves in relation to the processes of borrowing and Germanisation of foreign language material. This article studies and describes deviations and variations in the results of the formal assimilation of Anglicisms-nouns in the genus category, functioning in the national varieties of the German language of Austria and Switzerland in comparison with the German language of Germany. The acquisition of generic categorical meaning by borrowed units plays an important role in the German language system, since belonging to a certain grammatical gender is a mandatory and constant indicator of the part of speech “noun” and predetermines the further assimilation of the borrowed unit in the receptor language.

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BERNAL, RODRIGO, e ALAIN DUBOIS. "Chironius scurrula, the correct nomen for Chironius scurrulus (Squamata, Serpentes, Colubridae), with a list of the correct spellings of specific epithets currently in use in this genus". Bionomina 34, n. 1 (17 novembre 2023): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/bionomina.34.1.3.

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The correct epithet of the snake species so far known as Chironius scurrulus Wagler in Spix, 1824 is shown to be scurrula, as it is not an adjective but a noun in apposition to the generic substantive, therefore invariable. This case prompted us to review the grammatical status of the epithets of the 23 species currently considered valid in the genus Chironius Fitzinger, 1826. Only about 56.5 % of these epithets turned out to be adjectives agreeing in gender with the generic nomina with which they are combined. Although this proportion will be very variable from one zoological genus to another, it is likely that in genera with a high number of species (10‒20 or more), some epithets will not agree in gender with the genus nomina. In order to avoid subsequent corrections in the spellings of epithets (and therefore ‘nomenclatural instability’), taxonomists are therefore encouraged to pay attention to this question. As a consequence of this survey, we also provide new information on a few miscellaneous questions: the author of the type species designation for Chironius; the author, date, type specimen and type locality of the nominal taxon Chironius flavolineatus; and the etymology and status of the epithets of the bionomina Chironius foveatus and Chironius leucometapus.

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Pohl, Heinz-Dieter. "Zum feministischen Sprachgebrauch „Gendern“ im Deutschen insbesondere in Österreich". Germanica Wratislaviensia 141 (15 febbraio 2017): 285–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0435-5865.141.19.

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Ausgehend von der Frage, ob das sogenannte „Gendern“ mit Schrägstrich Lehrer/in, Binnen-I LehrerIn, Gender Gap Lehrer_in, Sternchen Lehrer* usw. mit der deutschen Rechtschreibung vereinbar ist, werden einige amtliche Leitfäden dazu vorgestellt. Anhand ausgewählter Beispiele wird gezeigt, dass die grammatikalische Kategorie Genus und die biologische Kategorie Sexus zwei grundverschiedene Dinge sind. Ein konsequentes „Gendern“ wäre ein schwerwiegender Eingriff in die natürliche Sprache.Gendering in German language particularly in AustriaWith regard to the question to what extent the so-called “Gendern” is compatible with German orthography, the usage of gendering in the Austrian German language is shown by official guides. The different possibilities of gendering in German are indicated, e.g. slash Lehrer/in ʻteacherʼ, “I within” LehrerIn, gender gap Lehrer_in, asterisk Lehrer* etc. On the basis of well-chosen examples the problems are also explained. It is clearly indicated that the grammatical category of genus and the biological category of sexus are two different things and that the grammaticalization of the biological gender is not possible. A consistent gendering is a serious intervention into the natural language.

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Dmitriev, Dmitry. "TaxonWorks: a Use Case in Documenting of Etymology of Generic Names in Auchenorrhyncha (Hemiptera)". Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (22 maggio 2018): e25724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.25724.

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The 3i World Auchenorrhyncha database (http://dmitriev.speciesfile.org) is being migrated into TaxonWorks (http://taxonworks.org) and comprises nomenclatural data for all known Auchenorrhyncha taxa (leafhoppers, planthoppers, treehoppers, cicadas, spittle bugs). Of all those scientific names, 8,700 are unique genus-group names (which include valid genera and subgenera as well as their synonyms). According to the Rules of Zoological Nomenclature, a properly formed species-group name when combined with a genus-group name must agree with the latter in gender if the species-group name is or ends with a Latin or Latinized adjective or participle. This provides a double challenge for researchers describing new or citing existing taxa. For each species, the knowledge about the part of speech is essential information (nouns do not change their form when associated with different generic names). For the genus, the knowledge of the gender is essential information. Every time the species is transferred from one genus to another, its ending may need to be transformed to make a proper new scientific name (a binominal name). In modern day practice, it is important, when establishing a new name, to provide information about etymology of this name and the ways it should be used in the future publications: the grammatical gender for a genus, and the part of speech for a species. The older names often do not provide enough information about their etymology to make proper construction of scientific names. That is why in the literature, we can find numerous cases where a scientific name is not formed in conformity to the Rules of Nomenclature. An attempt was made to resolve the etymology of the generic names in Auchenorrhyncha to unify and clarify nomenclatural issues in this group of insects. In TaxonWorks, the rules of nomenclature are defined using the NOMEN onthology (https://github.com/SpeciesFileGroup/nomen).

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Langlands, Rebecca. "Latin Literature". Greece and Rome 63, n. 1 (29 marzo 2016): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383515000297.

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Among a wealth of excellent studies and translations of individual Latin authors (Plautus, Catullus, Lucretius, Cicero, Ovid, Pliny the Elder, Pliny the Younger, Martial, Juvenal, and Statius), I was delighted also to find packed into my crate of review books the latest work by Anthony Corbeill, Sexing the World. With the innovative sociological-cum-philological approach familiar from his previous works, which belongs to cultural history as much as to literary and linguistic studies, Corbeill here tackles the question of how grammatical gender in ancient Latin language maps on to, and influences, a Roman cultural worldview that is binary and ‘heterosexual’, where grammatical gender is identified with biological gender. His study argues for the material implications of apparently ‘innocent’ grammatical categories. As a case study focusing on the Latin language and its relation to Roman culture and thought, it also makes a contribution to wider debates about how language shapes human perception of the world. Corbeill's main focus is on the Romans’ own narratives about the origins of their binary gender categories in a time of primordial fluidity, a ‘mystical lost time’ (134), that is reflected in the story told in each chapter, where transgressing gender boundaries is a source of power for gods and poets alike. In Chapter 1 the narrative in question is formed by the etymologizing accounts of the very grammatical term genus as fundamentally associated with procreation, and in Chapter 2 by Latin explanations for non-standard gender of nouns, with Chapter 3 being a demonstration of how Latin poets tap into the supposedly fluid origins of grammatical gender, to access their mystical power. In Chapter 4 the story is of how the androgynous gods of old became more rigidly assigned to one gender or another over time, while in Chapter 5 the shift is from the numinous duality of intersex people to the more mundane concern that they should be categorized in legal terms as either male or female. Each chapter, as Corbeill says, represents a self-contained treatment of a particular aspect of Latin gender categories; in sequence each can also be seen to trace a similar trajectory, from flux to binary certainty. In every case, it seems, early gender fluidity is represented by the Romans as gradually hardening into a clear binary differentiation between male and female. Corbeill is less interested in the reality of these narratives than in what they themselves tells us about Roman attitudes towards sex and gender, with their essentializing message about a heterosexual gender framework. With its wide-ranging erudition, clear and compelling prose, and fascinating insights of broad relevance, this is a thought-provoking study, even though it leaves many questions unanswered, especially in relation to the role of the neuter (‘neither’) gender and its interplay with the compound ‘both-ness’ of hermaphrodites.

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Skejo, Josip, Sheyla Yong, Domagoj Bogić e Niko Kasalo. "Caribbean pygmy jumping leaves (Tetrigidae, Cladonotinae, Choriphyllini)". Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 70, n. 1 (24 marzo 2023): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.70.98982.

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The tribe Choriphyllini Cadena-Castañeda & Silva, 2019 consists of only two genera, Choriphyllum Serville, 1838 and Phyllotettix Hancock, 1902b, combining leaf-like Caribbean wide-nosed pygmy grasshoppers (Tetrigidae, Cladonotinae). The genus Choriphyllum has four species, C. bahamense Perez-Gelabert & Otte, 1999 from the Bahamas (Hummingbird Cay Island), and C. sagrai Serville, 1838, C. saussurei Bolívar, 1887 and C. wallaceum Skejo, Kasalo & Yong, sp. nov. from Cuba. The gender of C. bahamensis is changed to C. bahamense in order to match the grammatical gender of the genus, which is neuter. Silva’s designation of C. sagrai, the type species of Choriphyllum, as nomen dubium in 2019 was incorrect as Serville’s drawing clearly points to this species, endemic to Cuba, so nothing about its identity is doubtful. The genus Phyllotettix is endemic to Jamaica, where four species live: P. rhombeus (Felton, 1765), P. foliatus (Hancock, 1902a), P. compressus (Thunberg, 1815) and P. plagiatus (Walker, 1871), comb. nov. of Choriphyllum plagiatum. Choriphyllum westwoodi Hancock, 1902a, syn. nov. is synonymous with Phyllotettix rhombeus and not with P. compressus. A new subgenus is established, Phyllotettix (Rhombotettix)subgen. nov. for P. (R.) plagiatuscomb. nov. and P. (R.) rhombeus. A new species complex, Phyllotettix (compressus)sp. complex nov. is established for two morphologically close species, P. compressus, and P. foliatus; while another new species complex, Choriphyllum (sagrai)sp. complex nov. includes C. sagrai and C. wallaceumsp. nov. An annotated key to genera, subgenera, species groups and species is provided.

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Derik, Ilona, e Daria Hutsal. "FEATURES OF REPRODUCTION OF FEMINITIVES IN THE TRANSLATION OF UKRAINIAN JOURNALISM INTO ENGLISH". Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 2021, n. 33 (dicembre 2021): 311–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2021-33-23.

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The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of feminitives in the translation of modern Ukrainian journalism into English. The urgency of the work is due to the urgent need for a comprehensive study of feminitives in the Ukrainian language and their translation into English. The aim of the research is to analyze the peculiarities of the translation of feminitives in modern Ukrainian publicist literature into English. As a result of the research, the authors come to the conclusion that the translation of Ukrainian feminitives should adhere to the linguistic tradition and organization of the lexical and grammatical systems of the language in which the translation is performed. Reproduction of feminitives translated from Ukrainian into English requires the involvement of various transformations: lexical, grammatical, stylistic. The subject of research is feminitives — such groups of feminine words that denote a certain state, status, profession and are mostly formed from masculinitives in a suffixal way. However, each language has its own ways of creating feminitives. First of all, it depends on the grammatical, lexical and morphological systems that exist in a language. For example, in Ukrainian, French and German, the suffix method of creating feminitives is used. In Spanish, the most productive way is to add the ending -a to the masculine noun. However, often the genus is determined by a particular article. In English, gender-colored nouns are gradually being replaced by gender-neutral ones, such as “police officer”, “firefighter”. Alternatively, words with a clear indication of male gender are replaced by words denoting female gender. For example, we replace “landlord” with “landlady” if we are talking about a woman. From this we can conclude that the translator needs to carefully study all levels of organization of the language he translates in order to orientate in what ways of feminization of the language are inherent in them. During the analysis, we found that when reproducing Ukrainian feminitives in English, the most commonly used tactics are the transfer of relevant information and the tactics of pragmatic adaptation of the text, which are implemented through such translation operations as interlanguage and translation matching, omission, addition and approximate translation.

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Haletska, Yuliya, e Vadim Levitsky. "The use of pictograms in speech therapy work with preschoolers with general underdevelopment of speech II-III level." Actual problems of the correctional education (pedagogical sciences) 21 (3 luglio 2023): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2413-2578.2023-21.28-39.

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The article describes the results of the examination of the lexical side of the speech of children of the senior preschool age with general underdevelopment of speech. In particular, the understanding of questionnaires, instructions, antonyms, abilities to generalize concepts, knowledge of cubs of animals, names of professions and others. The children of this group revealed a violation of the general legibility of speech, numerous expressed distortions in many phonetic groups, the lack of voice modulation; violated all components of speech, both verbal, and lexical, grammatical and phonemic development. The pronounced restriction of vocabulary is noted, children often use words in an inaccurate sense, substituting them for similarity, by situation, by sound composition. Violated the mastery of grammatical forms of speech, overlooked prepositions, incorrectly used endings, categories of numbers, genus. The use of symbols does not lose its relevance at all stages of speech therapy. At each lesson, children encounter symbols. The icons are used in logopedic classes with children with general underdevelopment of speech, mainly for the purpose of developing the lexical side of speech and phrasing. This makes it possible to activate all kinds of analyzers, develops processes of thinking, memory, attention, improves autonomy, perseverance, and it accelerates the learning process much more. It is much easier for the child to learn the concept, when it is not only shown speech therapist on itself, but also marked by understandable to the child. The results of the survey conducted in the form of the game, in general, confirmed that the use of pictogram games is an effective method for the development of speech of preschool children with general underdevelopment of speech.

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Majeed Hadi, Afrah. "The passive of verbs constructed with prepositions (Das Passiv der mit Präpositionen konstruierten Verben )". Journal of the College of languages, n. 44 (1 giugno 2021): 317–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36586/jcl.2.2021.0.44.0317.

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Verbs in German and Arabic are of two types: active and passive. Passive voice is a grammatical voice construction that is found in many languages. Out of grammatical perspective, each main verb has a form in the active and one in the passive known as a "genus verbi" (type of verb). In passive voice, both in German and in Arabic, the focus is on the action itself or on the result of the action; often the perpetrator is not mentioned. In German, to conjugate verbs in the passive voice, you must know the forms of werden (to become). German uses werden + the past participle and states it at the end of a sentence. In Arabic, the passive is formed by changing the vowels on the verb; the vowel series u-i-a occurs instead of the a-vowels. Transitive prepositional verbs originally are intransitive verb with a preposition added to the action of the sentence. In German, the prepositional group can be combined with the prepositions von or durch, while in Arabic, such a prepositional group occurs only in certain cases. In contrast to Arabic, the passive in German is impossible with reflexive verbs. In some cases, an impersonal passive in German corresponds with a personal passive in Arabic. The present paper discusses some of these verbs traced in a chart that shows the most important results when compared with their Arabic equivalents. In grammatischen Darstellung findet man für jedes Vollverb eine Form im Aktiv und eine im Passiv, es wird von „genus verbi“ (Art des Verbs) gesprochen. Im Passiv steht sowohl im Deutschen als auch im Arabischen das Geschehen selbst oder das Ergebnis der Handlung im Vordergrund; aus der Sicht der betroffenen Person oder Sache; oft wird der Täter nicht gennant. Im Deutschen wird die passivische Verbform mit dem Hilfsverb werden und dem Partizip II gebildet, während die Vokalreihe u-i-a anstelle der a- Vokale im Arabischen eintritt. Die im Aktiv mit Präpositionen verbundenen Verben bilden in beiden Sprachen ein unpersönliches Passiv. Im Deutschen kann die Präpositionalgruppe mit den Präpositionen von oder durch verbunden werden. Im Unterschied dazu tritt solche Präpositionalgruppe im Arabischen nur in bestimmten Fällen mit من قبل auf. Im Unterschied zum Arabischen ist das Passiv im Deutschen bei reflexiv Verben unmöglich. In einigen Fällen entspricht ein unpersönliches Passiv im Deutschen einem persönlichen Passiv im Arabischen.

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HORODENSKA, Kateryna. "SЕMANTIC-SYNTACTICAND LEXICAL SPECIFICITY OF THE VOCATIVE IN THE IDIOLECT OF LESYA UKRAINKA". Culture of the Word, n. 94 (2021): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/0201-419x-2021.94.13.

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The article is devoted to elucidating the semantic and syntactic functions of the vocative, which is quite common in the poetic idiolect of Lesya Ukrainka. Its grammatical specificity is substantiated – the predominant use in lyrical poetry with two secondary semantic-syntactic functions: identification and semantic accentuation of the addressee to whom something is reported, and more limited use of the exclamatory with the primary semantic-syntactic function of the addressee – the subject of potential action). The function of the vocative identifier is traced mainly by the names of non-beings, and the function of semantic accentuation of the addressee – mostly by the names of persons who are informed about something but do not motivate them to action, and occasionally – by the names of non-beings. The parameters of the use of personalized names of masculine and feminine objects and nouns of the middle gender and nouns in the plural form in the positions of treatment with these semantic-syntactic functions of the vocative are noted. The well-known address in the form of the middle genus is a word that constitutes the lexical and grammatical specificity of Lesya Ukrainka’s poetic idiolect. Peculiarities of lexical filling of the accusative case are traced, the predominant and organic use of words from the vernacular in its function is stated. The poetess widely used the well-known in folk etiquette indefinite noun with the collective meaning of brothers and more limitedly – the indefinite noun gentlemen. A notable feature of the lexical range of the vocative is the predominant use of such etiquette words as sir, kind sir, noble lord, friend, heaven (as a tender address to a man younger than age), brother (as a friendly address to a man or a loved one, friend), good people and others that are inherent in the communication of ordinary people.

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Prokopowicz, Mariusz Izydor. "The Ancient Egyptian Second Infinitive? ‘iw + subject + r + infinitive’ Interpreted Through the Biblical Infinitive Absolute and the Polish Second Infinitive". Studies in Ancient Art and Civilisation 18 (30 dicembre 2014): 259–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/saac.18.2014.18.16.

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Infinitives and infinitival constructions seem to be a kind of conceptualization embedded in a language with a ‘genus’ different to that of other grammatical forms. But why did human cognition invent infinitives and their associated constructions? On an ontological level, infinitives indicate intentionality that is pro-modal and timeless future-situationoriented (Prokopowicz 2012). Timeless future orientation expresses accomplishment or achievement, which are different states of perfectivity. If verbal finished forms direct our attention to the complexity of events, which we can for instance classify and express in ‘eventive’ sentences, infinitival forms draw our attention to situations (for a different context, see Borghouts 2010: ‘situative clauses’; Prokopowicz 2012: ‘quality, state, activity, event vs situation’). Situations are more complex than events as they involve a speaker with varying intentions, as well as the cotext of this speaker’s expression. Infinitival forms are less sentence-projected and more discourse-projected.All of this research has an obvious hermeneutical background. If something is expressed syntactically in one language, it may as well be expressed morphologically or semantically in other languages.

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Kment, Petr, Petr Baňař, Svatopluk Bílý, Dominique Pluot-Sigwalt, Dan A. Polhemus e Randall T. Schuh. "In memoriam of Professor Pavel Štys (1933–2018): biography, memories, bibliography and list of described taxa". Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 59, n. 2 (1 dicembre 2019): 351–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aemnp-2019-0028.

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Abstract Professor Pavel Štys (1933–2018) was an eminent specialist in morphology, taxonomy, systematics, biology and behaviour of Heteroptera, and the Commissioner of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. All his career was connected with the Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic, where he educated several generations of Czech biologists and teachers. Here we provide his short biography, personal memories of his colleagues, bibliography currently comprising 386 papers, and annotated list of the taxa he described, which includes two families (Stemmocryptidae and Medocostidae), 11 subfamilies, 4 tribes, 54 genus-group and 129 species-group names, all of them in Heteroptera, except one species and one subspecies of Syrphidae (Diptera). Within the list the grammatical gender of the genera Chauliops Scott, 1874 and Neochauliops Štys, 1963 is corrected to masculine in accordance with ICZN (1999: Article 30.1.4.3) affecting the gender agreement in the following species: Chauliops conicus Gao & Bu, 2009, Ch. lobatulus Breddin, 1907, Ch. petiolatus (Germar, 1837), Ch. quaternarius Gao & Bu, 2009, and Neochauliops laciniatus (Bergroth, 1916).

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SHEIKO, BORIS A. "Comments on the nomenclature of genus- and family-series taxa of notothenioid fishes (Perciformes, Notothenioidei)". Bionomina 16, n. 1 (2 dicembre 2019): 46–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/bionomina.16.1.3.

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The nomenclatural status of the nomina proposed for genus-series and family-series taxa of the fish suborder Notothenioidei (Perciformes) is established. Three types of nomenclatural problems are revealed, where the current edition of the Code does not allow to make a definite choice, namely: [1] the nomenclatural status of a family-series nomen based on an incorrectly formed stem of a type genus nomen (Eleginopsinae/Eleginopsidae and Pleuragramminae); [2] the determination of the grammatical gender of a genus-series nomen, derived from a Greek or Latin word, having no originally stated gender (Gobionotothen, Lepidonotothen, Macronotothen and Patagonotothen); and [3] the determination of the gender of a Latinized Greek genus-series nomen having a different gender in different Greek dialects (Aethotaxis and Pleuragramma). Some options to solve these problems in a forthcoming edition of the Code are proposed. The nomenclatural status of the names «Cryonotothenioidea», «Eleginopsioidea» and «Pseudaphritioidea» as being outside the frame of the Code is established. The validity of the nomina Gelidinae, Pagetodes and Pagetodini as opposite of Pleuragrammatinae, Cryodraco and Cryodraconini, respectively, is demonstrated. The availability, validity or correctness of the nomina and/or parographs Aethotaxinae, Bovichtus, Bovichtidae, Bovichtoidea, Champsocephalinae, Channichthys, Channichthyidae, Dacodraconini, Elegininae, Eleginopinae, Pagetopsinae, Pagotheniini, Patagonotothenini and Pseudaphritidae are justified. The formation of family-series nomina from genus-series nomina ending in -ops is stabilized. The unavailability of the nomina Cygnodraconinae, Dissostichinae and Gobionototheninae is established. The spelling of protographs, authorships, publication dates and nomenclatural status of homonymous Aphritis are specified. The Romanization of the surnames of O. S. Voskoboinikova and A. V. Neelov, and the spelling of surname of F. R. LaMonte are stabilized. The authorship and/or publication date of the nomina Akarotaxis, Artedidraconinae, Bathydraconidae, Bovichtus, Bovichtidae, Champsocephalus, Channichthyinae, Cottoperca, Dolloidraco, Eleginops, Eleginopinae, Gymnodraconinae, Macronotothen, Nototheniidae, Pseudaphritidae, Trematominae and Vomeridens are specified. The feminine gender of Racovitzia is justified. The type species and their attributes for the genera Artedidraco, Chionodraco, Harpagifer and Pseudotrematomus are specified. A valid way of fixation and/or the possible auctor of a subsequent fixation of type species for the genera Aethotaxis, Chaenodraco, Cryothenia, Eleginops, Eleginus, Notothenia, Pagothenia and Trematomus is ascertained. The correctness of the binomen Pagetopsis maculata Barsukov & Permitin, 1958 is justified. The authorships of M.E. Blochii Systema Ichthyologiae, of Histoire naturelle des poissons and of a chapter on reptiles and fishes in the Historia fisica y politica de Chile are specified.

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ČIRGIĆ, Adnan. "ON A REVIEW OF THE GRAMMAR OF THE MONTENEGRIN LANGUAGE (2010)". Lingua Montenegrina 23, n. 1 (1 giugno 2019): 15–26. https://doi.org/10.46584/lm.v23i1.669.

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In this paper, a review is given of the paper of Sanja Šubarić „Gender in the grammatical description of nouns (Contribution to stability of the category of the nominal genus)“, published in Folia linguistica et litteraria, No. 20, Fa-culty of Philosophy Nikšić, 2018, pp. 21–44. Although titled as a paper with a general morphological topic, the article is basically a review of the Grammar of the Montenegrin Language authored by A. Čirgić, J. Silić and I. Pranjković (Podgorica, 2010). The present review is motivated not only by what is said in Šubarić’s paper, but also by the way in which it is said. As we will illustrate, in her review the author treats the methodological approach taken in the preparation of the Grammar of the Montenegrin Language as a mistake of its authors just because she would have preferred a different approach. We would, of course, love to see her own grammar of the Montenegrin language (not grammar of the language of the territory of Montenegro or the language used in Montenegro, as she calls it, but grammar of the Montenegrin language – as it is called by contemporary Slavic studies).

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Э.Б., САТЦАЕВ,, e АБДОЛЛАХИ, М. "FORMATION AND FEATURES OF THE GENDER CATEGORY IN IRANIAN LANGUAGES". Известия СОИГСИ, n. 46(85) (19 dicembre 2022): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.46698/vnc.2022.85.46.013.

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Род – грамматическая категория, она свойственна разным частям речи и состоит из распределений слов или форм по двум или трем классом, которые называются: мужской, женский и средний. Семантика родовой классификации размыта и неясна, лишь в части существительных можно наблюдать отражение реальных половых различий. Наличие рода – характерная особенбьность грамматики многих языков, в том числе индоевропейских. Однако степень сохранности рода в разных европейских языках различна. Это связано во многом с устойчивостью синтетизма в системе словообразования. Древние индоевропейские языки (санскрит, авестийский, древнегреческий, латинский и др.) показывают трехродовую систему. Однако в более древнем по сравнению с ними хеттском языке наблюдаем лишь два рода – общий (одушевленный) и средний. Хеттский же язык является первым в истории индоевропейским языком с письменной фиксацией. Среди современных индоевропейских языков встречаются как трехродовые, так и двухродовые, в число которых входят и некоторые иранские языки. Система рода свойственна и семитским языкам. Род отсутствует в тюркских, финно-угорском, монгольском, нахско-дагестанском, картвельском и других языках. Кавказские языки вместо рода используют именные классы, которые, как правило, более богаты, чем родовые различия. Род при это может существовать как автономная подсистема в пределах одного из именных классов. Количество классов доходит до сорока. Происхождение классов, как и рода, неясно. В большинстве современных иранских языков род как грамматическая категория утрачен. В древнеиранских языках существовало три рода – мужской, женский и средний. В среднеиранскую языковую эпоху в части иранских языков категория рода исчезла. В среднеперсидском и парфянском языках система рода не прослеживается. Что касается восточноиранских языков, то здесь категория рода сохранилась хорошо. Это согдийский, хотаносакский и хорезмийский языки. Письменный материал аланского и бактрийского языков не может однозначно ответить, существовал в них род или нет. В новоиранских языках также система рода сохранилась неодинаково. Во многих из них категория рода исчезла. Лучше всего система рода сохранилась в курдском (курманджи), шугнанском и особенно афганском (пушту) языках. В осетинском языке категории рода нет, однако наблюдаются некоторые реликты в плане ономастики, что говорит о наличии рода в скифском языке. Gender is a grammatical category; it is characteristic of different parts of speech and consists of the distribution of words or forms into two or three classes, which are called male, female and middle. The semantics of the generic classification is vague and unclear, only a part of nouns reflects real gender differences. The presence of gender is a characteristic feature of the grammar of many languages, including Indo-European. However, the degree of preservation of the gender in different European languages is different. This is largely due to the stability of synthetism in the system of word formation. The ancient Indo-European languages (Sanskrit, Avestan, Ancient Greek, Latin etc.) show a three-tier system. However, in the more ancient Hittite language compared to them, we observe only two genders – common (animate) and middle. The Hittite language is the first in the history of Indo-European languages with written fixation. In modern Indo-European languages there are both three-gender and two-gender, which include some Iranian languages. The gender system is also characteristic of Semitic languages. The genus is absent in Turkic, Finno-Ugric, Mongolian, Nakh-Dagestan, Kartvelian and other languages. Caucasian languages use noun classes instead of gender, which tend to be richer than gender distinctions. In this case, the genus can exist as an autonomous subsystem within one of the named classes. The number of classes reaches forty. Origin of the classes, as well as of the genus, is unclear. In most modern Iranian languages gender as a grammatical category has been lost. In ancient Iranian languages, there were three genders – masculine, feminine and neutral. In the Middle Iranian language epoch in part of the Iranian languages the gender category disappeared. In Middle Persian and Parthian languages the gender system is not traced. As for the Eastern Iranian languages, the gender category is well preserved there. These are Sogdian, Khotanosak and Khorezmian. The written material of the Alanian and Bactrian languages cannot unequivocally answer, whether a genus existed in them or not. In new Iranian languages the gender system also was not preserved in the same way. In many of them the gender category has disappeared. The gender system is best preserved in Kurdish (Kurmanji), Shughni and especially in Afghan (Pashto) languages. There is no category of gender in Ossetian language. However, there are some relics in terms of onomastics, which indicates the presence of a gender in Scythian language.

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OLIVIER, RENAN DA SILVA, ANTONIO SANTOS-SILVA, MARCELA LAURA MONNÉ e PAULA JÉSSICA COSTA-PINTO. "Notes, new records, and transference in South American Cerambycidae (Insecta, Coleoptera)". Zootaxa 5496, n. 4 (21 agosto 2024): 451–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5496.4.1.

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In this work we report for the first time the presence of 59 species of Cerambycidae (4 species of Prioninae, 25 species of Cerambycinae, and 30 species of Lamiinae) in Mato Grosso do Sul. One of these species, Ozodes infuscatus Bates, 1870, is also recorded from the Brazilian states of São Paulo. Nealcidion bruchi (Melzer, 1934) and Glypthaga arena Galileo, Martins & Santos-Silva, 2015 are recorded from Brazil for the first time. Lissonotus biguttatus Dalman, 1817 is newly recorded from Mato Grosso State. The type locality of Nesozineus lineolatus Galileo & Martins, 1996 is corrected, as well as state of the type locality of Oncideres malleri Fragoso, 1970, Aegomorphus lanei (Marinoni & Martins, 1978), and Carphina melanura Monné & Monné, 2007. Hovorodon Santos-Silva, Swift & Nearns, 2010 is confirmed as being masculine gender. The grammatical gender of Diploschema Thomson, 1858 is reported as neuter gender, and the names of D. maculata Martins & Monné, 1980 and D. brunnea Martins & Monné, 1980 are corrected. Canarana brachialis (Guérin-Méneville, 1855) is indicated as recorded from the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul and not Mato Grosso. Urgleptes melzeri (Gilmour, 1959) is reinstated to its original genus: Lepturges (Lepturges). Notes on nearly all species are provided, including number of specimens in the original description, type locality, dates, etc.

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Abbasi, M. M., e A. P. Beltyukov. "Emostemmer: An Effective Program for Determining Emotions in Russian Using N-grams (Emotiograms)". Intellekt. Sist. Proizv. 19, n. 4 (2021): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22213/2410-9304-2021-4-148-157.

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Emotions and the analysis of their expression in texts is a topic of growing interest in recent years. Researchers are trying to create an intelligent machine that can not only read the text, but also determine its emotional state. The results obtained can be used to prepare the machine for future predictions of the emotional orientation of texts, their authors and readers. This text analysis can also be used to get feedback from people about a product or service, reaction to an event or government policy, etc. It includes syntactic as well as semantic text analysis. Parsing consists of identifying words that represent emotions in a text. For its identification, the stemmer plays an important role - the stem or root of the word. In many languages of the Romano-Germanic group, the identification of words representing emotions is much easier than in Russian, since one word represents emotion regardless of grammatical forms and genders. While for a language such as Russian, where the ending of an emotionally charged word changes depending on the genus, species, etc., the analysis becomes more complex. There are different methods of defining emotions in a text. This work focuses on identifying emotions from the text while limiting the complexity of the algorithm by requiring a minimum amount of memory and time. We have created the Emostemmer program, which is an N-gram stemmer (in which letters from words are grouped in a sequence of 2 letters, 3 letters… ..N letters called N-grams) to identify words that represent emotions in the text. The performance of Emostemmer versus RuSentiLex was determined by training and testing a support vector machine classifier with both algorithms. The results of the work are described in detail below in the “Methodology” and “Discussion” sections.

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Pribytkova, Maria Dmitrievna, e Vladimir Petrovich Antonov. "The place of morphological terms in 1960-2010 lexicographic editions on the terminology of the Russian language". Philology. Issues of Theory and Practice 16, n. 10 (4 ottobre 2023): 3357–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/phil20230520.

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Abstract (sommario):

The aim of the study is to determine the features of the presentation of linguistic terminology in 1960-2010 dictionaries and reference literature on the Russian language, identifying common and distinctive features in the inclusion of the metalanguage of linguistics in these publications, as well as morphological terms. In the course of the study, a range of such publications was established and the named terms, which had been interpreted in one or another way in the dictionaries and reference books in question, were identified. Statistical data on the volume of vocabulary in the publications under consideration were given in comparison with the number of morphological terms included in them. The ratio of independent and reference dictionary entries was determined, allowing the addressees of the dictionaries to establish the systemic, genus-species, relations between the morphological terms included in dictionaries and reference editions. Attention is drawn to the content and features of the construction of independent dictionary entries. The study is novel in that it is the first to analyse the morphological component of the main lexicographic publications on the terminology of the Russian language reflecting the classical and modern achievements of Russian grammatical thought. The obtained results showed that the terms of morphological science are not equally represented in the thesauruses of the main dictionaries on the terminology of the Russian language. This fact is explained by the total volume of terminological vocabulary of the publications examined, their genre features (encyclopaedia, reference book, educational dictionary, etc.), the purpose of creation, the nature of the addressee. One of the significant factors accounting for the difference between morphological terms in the main terminological dictionaries of the Russian language is the formation of new linguistic disciplines, new scientific schools and directions that develop their own metalanguage.

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Литневская, Е. И., e Н. Ян. "MEANS OF DESIGNATING WOMEN'S PROFESSIONS IN RUSSIAN". Russkii iazyk za rubezhom, n. 5(294) (7 novembre 2022): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.37632/pi.2022.294.5.012.

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В статье проанализированы главные средства обозначения профессий женщин в русском языке – феминитивы и существительные переходного к общему рода, сравнены формы, семантика, синтаксис, частотность употребления слов этих двух типов. Отмечается, что феминитивы всегда соотнесены с женским полом, их грамматический род совпадает с биологическим полом женщины, однако их употребление часто имеет стилистические ограничения. Семантика и стиль существительных переходного к общему рода, обозначающих женщину, могут быть нейтральными или сниженными, а их род выражен особым образом. При анализе словообразования, семантики, синтаксиса и особенностей слов двух этих способов обобщены различия в употреблении слов этих типов. Статья будет полезна иностранным учащимся (особенно тем, в чьих родных языках отсутствует морфологический род – китайский, японский и др. языки) как для понимания названий женских профессий, так и особенно для их употребления, поскольку многие из них являются стилистически окрашенными. The paper analyzes the main ways of expressing women's professions in the Russian language – feminitives and nouns of transitive-to-the general gender, compares the forms, semantics, syntax, and particularity of the use of two types of words. It is noted that the genus of feminitives describes only the female gender, their grammatical gender coincides with the biological sex of a woman. The semantics and style of nouns transitive-to-the general gender, denoting a woman, can be neutral or reduced, and their gender is expressed in special ways. When analyzing the word formation, semantics, syntax and features of words in two ways, the differences in the use of words of these two types are generalized. The article will be useful for foreign students (especially those whose native languages lack morphological gender – Chinese, Japanese, etc. languages) both for understanding the names of women's professions, and especially for their use, since many of them are stylistically colored.

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35

Tyuntesheva, E. V., e O. Yu Shagdurova. "Analytical Verbs and Verb Idioms in Altai and Khakas (Compared to Other Languages)". Critique and Semiotics 37, n. 2 (2019): 345–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2307-1737-2019-2-345-360.

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In the following article, we analyze the verb-based analytical formations in Turkic languages, as well as the possible principles of distinction between analytical verbs and phraseological combinations. Both of these have fairly well-defined core elements that fully correspond to all typical markers of such constructions, as well as peripheral elements, where the components may be more or less loose. For example, in certain peripheral units, one may observe one or two, and sometimes even three, markers of word-groups (syntactic independence, permeability, and separateness); they are close to idioms, namely phraseological combinations. However, in many Turkic combinations which do not correspond to some principles of complex word distinction, the inner connection between their elements appears to be tighter than that in Russian phraseological combinations. This is particularly true for the formations including auxiliary verbs эт= / ит= and бол= / пол=, possibly due to their highly generalized semantics. In some cases, these constructions may be hard to distinguish. The main criterion of their distinction is the absence of several markers of complex words or phraseological combinations, as well as analytical type of meaning. In our article, we analyze the transitional cases between analytical verbs, phraseological combinations, and idioms. We also analyze an important trait of phraseological combinations, namely their ability to carry lexical-grammatical, word-formative and paradigmatic meanings (as noted by V. G. Gak) which are not expressed by individual words that serve as their synthetic parallels (denoting phases of action and genus relations). This function is performed by the partially desemantisized verb component, while the nominal component serves as the semantic key, the basic word. As our study shows, in various Turkic languages, the models of formation of analytical verbs and phraseological combinations are largely the same. In some cases, one may observe corresponding constructions with similar semantics and differing in mutual or similar components, meaning that these models are generally quite stable in Turkic languages.

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36

WELTER-SCHULTES, F. W., e R. KLUG. "Comments on new names and nomenclatural acts of amphibians and non-avian sauropsids established by Garsault 1764 and Laurenti 1768 (response to Dubois & Bour 2010)". Zootaxa 2814, n. 1 (11 aprile 2011): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2814.1.4.

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This is a response to a recent work published by Dubois & Bour (2010, Zootaxa 2447: 1-52) on the nomenclatural status of some taxa established by Garsault (1764) and Laurenti (1768). We have a substantially deviating interpretation of the ICZN Code concerning the involved names and nomenclatural acts. We see no major problem in regarding most of Laurenti's (1768) species-group names that were published as separate words ("technically trinominal names") as consistent with the Principle of Binominal Nomenclature. Presence or absence of a hyphen in a compound specific name is not a criterion for binominality, instead the grammatical relationships of the separate words have to be analysed for eventually forming a "single entity" as demanded by Art. 11.9.5. Dubois & Bour (2010) proposed a new procedure for the treatment of early genus-group names which were originally established without species included. We do not think this proposal is in accordance with the ICZN Code, and recommend to use the names Bufo, Salamandra, Scincus and Vipera in the widely accepted sense and simply shift authority and date of these four names from Laurenti (1768) to Garsault (1764). In two cases we regard nomenclautural acts published by Dubois & Bour (2010) as risky. The widely used names Hyla Laurenti, 1768 (Amphibia) and Natrix Laurenti, 1768 (Squamata) are threatened because Dubois & Bour (2010) validly and unnecessarily fixed type species for the senior synonyms Ranetta Garsault, 1764 and Serpens Garsault, 1764, and at the same occasion missed to protect Hyla and Natrix effectively under Art. 23.9.2. They intended to protect the names under Art. 23.9.1.2, but instead of meeting the requirement to "give evidence" that the conditions were met, they gave only indirect references to general bibliographical lists. We regard this as ineffective as would be a general reference to the Zoological Record or any other bibiographical work. These two important generic names should be protected effectively under Art. 23.9.2, by citing 25 publications and not only one, before someone uses the names Ranetta and Serpens at one occasion deliberately or undeliberately in a current classification, and suppressing them validly under Art. 23.9.2 would not be possible any more. The same applies to Triturus cristatus (Laurenti, 1768) (Amphibia: Salamandridae) and Podarcis muralis (Laurenti, 1768) (Squamata: Lacertidae).

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37

Kakava, Christina. "Glossa—Genos—Fylo [in Greek: ‘Language—(grammatical) Gender—(social) Gender]". Journal of Pragmatics 38, n. 3 (marzo 2006): 438–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2005.03.002.

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38

Tornabene, Luke, D. Ross Robertson e Carole C. Baldwin. "A new species of Lipogramma from deep reefs of Roatan, Honduras (Teleostei, Grammatidae)". ZooKeys 809 (19 dicembre 2018): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.809.29280.

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A new species of Lipogramma is described from submersible collections at 122–165 m depth off the coast of Roatan, Honduras, in the western Caribbean. The new species is distinguished from all other species in the genus by its bright blue coloration on the head, nape, and dorsal portion of the trunk beneath the spinous dorsal fin, a prominent round black blotch below the origin of the spinous dorsal fin, and a high number of gill rakers. A molecular phylogeny based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes shows that the new species belongs to a clade containing L.levinsoni, L.regia, and L.anabantoides. At Roatan, submersible observations of this and other Lipogramma species indicate clear, interspecific habitat partitioning by depth and substrate.

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39

Miller, D. Gary. "Gerund and gerundive in Latin". Diachronica 17, n. 2 (31 dicembre 2000): 293–349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.17.2.03mil.

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SUMMARY The Latin gerundive has three distinctive properties: (i) agreement with thematic object; (ii) ungrammaticality of lexical thematic subject; and (iii) inability to take both a specifier (determiner) and a complement while infinitives can have both. A case- theoretic account within the Minimalist framework of Chomsky (1995) explains all three of these properties at once. The oldest documents in Italic and Latin support the hypothesis that the gerundive is older than the gerund + acc object. The most frequent exception to obligatory agreement into the Classical Period involves a gerundial with multiple objects, where the gender/number mismatch blocked standard agreement. Furthermore, agreement (motivated by gender conflict) with the nearest masculine or neuter D/NP was perceptually equivalent to a gerund + acc object. These two cues, in conjunction with the increase in impersonals in -um and possible word order changes, were deterministic triggers for the Latin change that introduced gerund + acc object. As a parameter setting in Italic, as in West Greenlandic, non-structural case assigned to a clause blocked checking of structural case within. In Italic, this forced the thematic object to raise for case, prompting the erroneous notion that the gerundive is passive, but there is never a change in valence. The (Proto-)Latin change was for PRO to accommodate non- structural case (from a non-overt assigner) to license structural object case checking, whence the gerund with acc object. RÉSUMÉ Le gérondif latin se distingue par trois caractéristiques: (i) son accord avec son objet thématique (ii) le statut non-grammatical de son sujet thématique (iii) l’incapacité de permettre un déterminant ainsi qu’un complément, alor les constructions infinitives peuvent accepter les deux. Un explication tiré de la “cas-théorie” selon le programme minimalist de Chomsky regroupe d’un coup ces trois caractéristiques. Les documents les plus anciens de l’italique et du latin soutiennent l’hypotèse que le gérondif prédate la construction gérond + complément accusatif. Dans l’exception la plus fréquente à concord obligatoire, un gérondial a plusieurs objets et il n’y a pas de concord ordinaire parce que le gendre et le nombre ne s’accordent pas. En ce cas, on trouve le concord avec le NP le plus proche. Une telle situation, avec un accroissement des constructions impersonelles, permet et détermine le changement en latin de la construction avec le gérondif à la construction gérond + complément accusatif. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Das lateinische Gerundiv hat drei charakteristische Eigenschaften: (1) Kongruenz mit dem logischen Objekt; (2) Ungrammatikalität eines lexikalischen Agens-Arguments; und (3) Beschränkung auf entweder einen Specifier oder ein Komplement, im Gegensatz zu den Infinitiven, bei denen die Beiden auftreten können. Eine kasustheoretische Analyse im Rahmen von Chomskys (1995) Minimalistischen Programm erklärt alle drei Eigenschaften. Die ältesten literarischen Quellen zum Italischen und Lateinischen unterstützen die Hypothese, dass das Gerundiv älter ist als das Gerundium mit Akkusativobjekt. Die häufigste Ausnahme von der obligatorischen Kongruenz bis in die klassische Zeit ist die Gerundialkonstruktion mit mehreren Objekten, bei der ein Genus/Numerus-Konflikt die übliche Kongruenz verhinderte. Zudem war die Kongruenz (von widersprüchlichem Genus motiviert) mit der nächstliegenden maskulinen oder neutralen D/NP nicht von einem Gerundium mit Akkusativobjekt zu unterscheiden. Diese beiden Hinweise, zusammen mit der gestiegenen Zahl von unpersönlichen Konstruktionen auf -um und möglichen Änderungen der Wortstellung, waren die entscheidenden Anlässe für die Änderung, die das Gerundium mit Akkusativobjekt hervorbrachte.

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DALE, PHILIP S., GINETTE DIONNE, THALIA C. ELEY e ROBERT PLOMIN. "Lexical and grammatical development: a behavioural genetic perspective". Journal of Child Language 27, n. 3 (ottobre 2000): 619–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900004281.

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Abstract (sommario):

The relation of lexical and grammatical knowledge is at the core of many controversies in linguistics and psycholinguistics. Recent empirical findings that the two are highly correlated in early language development have further energized the theoretical debate. Behavioural genetics provides an illuminating new tool to explore this question, by addressing the question of whether the empirical correlation simply reflects the fact that environments which facilitate one aspect of language growth also facilitate the other, or whether the same underlying acquisition mechanisms, influenced by the same genes, are responsible for the correlation. We explored this issue in a study of 2898 pairs of two-year-old twins born in England and Wales. Language development was assessed by their parents using an adapted version of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory which assesses vocabulary and grammar. Moderate heritabilities were found for both. As in previous studies, measures of vocabulary and sentence complexity were substantially correlated (r = 0·66). Behaviour-genetic modelling of the relation of vocabulary and grammar produced an estimated value of 0·61 for the genetic correlation, a measure of the overlap of the genetic effects that contribute to the two aspects of language development. In contrast, a measure of nonverbal cognitive development, the PARCA, was only weakly correlated at both the phenotypic level and at the level of genetic correlations with the language measures. Thus, although the distinction between verbal and nonverbal skills has a genetic basis underlying the phenotypic dissociation, there is little evidence either genetically or phenotypically for a dissociation between vocabulary and grammar within language.

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41

Blanco Lanza, Saúl, e DAVID M. WILLIAMS. "Corrections to the nomenclature of genus Diatoma (Bacillariophyta: Fragilariaceae)". Phytotaxa 202, n. 3 (13 marzo 2015): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.202.3.7.

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Within plants, algae and fungi, the rules of nomenclature (ICN, McNeill et al. 2012) require that adjectival specific—and infraspecific—epithets agree grammatically (gender concordance) with the generic name. Epithets not conforming to this rule, although validly published, are to be corrected (ICN art. 23.5) without change of the author citation or date. Despite that the original spelling of these epithets is generally to be retained (art. 60.1), improper Latin terminations are always to be changed to accord with, among others, the mentioned art. 23.5 (art. 32.2).

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42

Mobarakeh, Mamon. "The Synache Implicature and Rhetoric in the poetry of Abu Mutanabi". Al-Balqa Journal for Research and Studies 23, n. 1 (2020): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35875/1105-023-001-014.

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The study examines the phenomenon of grammatical inclusion, which means that the verb implies the meaning of another act; it takes its judgment on Intransitivity and transitivity , a phenomenon seen by a group of grammarians, linguists and commentators, The research seeks to prove the occurrence of the phenomenon of grammatical inclusion in the poetry of Abu al-Tayyib al-Mutanabi, based on the origin of the linguistic use of Arabic works. The research also presents an empirical study of a set of signs of grammatical inclusion in al-Mutanabbi poetry. It shows the rhetorical rhetoric of inclusion in the poetic context. To conclude the research to prove the genius of al-Mutanabi in the use of this phenomenon, and improve that the poetry of Abu al- Tayyib is deserve to study through the phenomena of language and contextual unconventional reveal new macaroni on the linguistic and monetary studies

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43

Schlaps, Christiane. "The ‘Genius of language’". Historiographia Linguistica 31, n. 2-3 (31 dicembre 2004): 367–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.31.2.08sch.

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Summary The so-called ‘genius of language’ may be regarded as one of the most influential, and versatile, metalinguistic metaphors used to describe vernacular languages from the 17th century onwards. Over the centuries, philosophers, grammarians, translators and language critics etc. wrote of the ‘genius of language’ in a wide range of text types and with reference to various linguistic positions so that a set of rather diverse types of the concept was created. This paper traces three prominent stages in the development of the ‘genius of language’ argument and, by identifying some of the most frequent types as they evolved in the context of the various linguistic discourses, endeavours to show the major transformations of the concept. While early on, discussion of the stylistic and grammatical type of the ‘genius of language’ concentrates on surface features in the languages considered, during the middle of the 18th century, the ‘genius of language’ is relocated to the semantic, interior part of language. With the 19th-century notion of an organological ‘genius of language’, the former static concept is personified and recast in a dynamic form until, taken to its nationalistic extremes, the ‘genius of language’ argument finally ceases to be of any epistemological and scientific value.

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44

Woodbury, Anthony C. "Seeing linguistic systems as intellectual, aesthetic, and expressive achievements". Language 100, n. 4 (dicembre 2024): 732–75. https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2024.a948426.

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Abstract: Linguists in the last century have asked how lexico-grammatical systems may or may not vary, due perhaps to their origins in human biology or sociality; as well as how they may reflect their genetic relationships or geographic distributions. But alongside seeing linguistic systems as instances of principles we may posit, it is also important to leave room for local contingency, and that includes seeing linguistic systems, to the fullest extent possible, as people's intellectual, aesthetic, and expressive achievements. Four steps are proposed in that direction: (i) striving for perspicuous descriptions of linguistic systems on their own terms in order to identify pervasive design or 'genius' across suites of features; (ii) exploring cases where unusual suites of features persist over time, where consistent choice and continuing intellectual, aesthetic, or expressive engagement with those features stand among possible explanations for their persistence; (iii) investigating speakers' creative engagement with lexico-grammatical features in verbal art and elsewhere, emphasizing dialectical relationships that tend to form as creative practices and suites of features affect each other, and then gauging how these relationships might shape linguistic systems over time; (iv) examining degrees of awareness, attention, and purpose when considering people's creative engagement with lexico-grammatical systems and their implications for how we understand linguistic systems as creative achievements. Two extended examples are considered: the multimillennial persistence, across all of its branches, of an unusual lexico-grammatical design or genius in the Unangan-Yupik-Inuit language family, suggesting the ongoing renewal of a particular set of aesthetic or expressive sensibilities; and the work of Eastern Chatino speakers to gain and teach awareness of the extraordinary systems of tonal lexico-grammar across Eastern Chatino varieties and how that awareness, helped in part by their work as linguists, has led to intellectual and aesthetic engagement with tone in the context of an ongoing social and political struggle for Indigenous language recognition and maintenance.

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KURY, ADRIANO B., e MIGUEL A. ALONSO-ZARAZAGA. "Addenda and corrigenda to the "Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones)"". Zootaxa 3034, n. 1 (20 settembre 2011): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3034.1.3.

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Amendments are made to inconsistencies, mistakes and omissions in the catalogue of American Laniatores by Kury (2003). Discrepancies between dates given in Kury (2003) and Neave’s Nomenclator and the Zoological Record are discussed. Accurate issue dates for relevant publications are used to define priorities. Etymologies are surveyed for generic names, establishing their grammatical gender, so specific names are inflected according to the provisions of the Code. Unavailable generic names are: Messa Sørensen, 1932, Zarax Sørensen, 1932, Prasia Sørensen, 1932, Angistrisoma Roewer, 1932, Angistrisoma Mello-Leitão, 1935, Bunoweyhia Mello-Leitão, 1935, Batomites Mello-Leitão, 1931, Euminua Sørensen, 1932, Minua Sørensen, 1932, Ilhastygnus Roewer, 1943, Fonteboatus Roewer, 1931, Malea Sørensen, 1932, Chersobleptes Sørensen, 1932 and Jimeneziella Avram, 1970. Hernandria Banks, 1909 is unavailable and must be placed as an “incorrect subsequent spelling” of Hernandaria Sørensen, 1884. The valid genus name is Parahernandria Goodnight & Goodnight, 1947 (stat. res.). Zaraxolia Strand, 1942 (stat. res.) is revalidated from the synonymy of Neocynorta Roewer, 1915 with Zarax devians Sørensen, 1932 as type species. Friburgoia Mello-Leitão, 1932 [December] is deemed a junior subjective synonym of Schenkelibunus Strand, 1932 [September] (stat. res.) (inverted precedence between synonyms). Liops Mello-Leitão, 1940 (non Fieber, 1870, nec Gidley, 1906) is a junior homonym and is replaced by its first available synonym, Corcovadesia Soares & Soares, 1954 (stat. res.). The following unavailable generic names are formally described as new: (1) Jimeneziella Kury & Alonso-Zarazaga, gen. nov. (type species: Jimeneziella decui Avram, 1973); (2) Euminua Kury & Alonso-Zarazaga, gen. nov. (type species: Euminua brevitarsa Sørensen, 1932). The following homonym generic names are replaced: (1) Cranellus Roewer 1932, with Narcellus Kury & Alonso-Zarazaga, nom. nov., (2) Metapachylus Pickard-Cambridge, 1905, with Pyropharynx Kury & Alonso-Zarazaga, nom. nov.; (3) Ovalia González-Sponga, 1987, with Oo Kury & Alonso-Zarazaga, nom. nov.; (4) Tiara González-Sponga, 1987 with Mitraia Kury & Alonso-Zarazaga, nom. nov.; (5) Limonia González-Sponga, 1998, with Manuelangelia Kury & Alonso-Zarazaga, nom. nov. Gonyleptes melloleitaoi Kury & Alonso-Zarazaga, nom. nov. is a replacement name for Gonyleptes curvicornis Mello-Leitão, 1932. Discocyrtus confusus Kury, 2003 is unavailable, so this species is here re-described as Discocyrtus confusus Kury n. sp. New combinations are: Parahernandria spinosa (Banks, 1909) (from Hernandaria), Schenkelibunus impar (Mello-Leitão, 1932) (from Friburgoia), Schenkelibunus perditus (Mello-Leitão, 1927) (from Friburgoia), Narcellus balthazar (Roewer, 1932) (from Cranellus), Narcellus montgomeryi (Goodnight & Goodnight, 1947) (from Cranellus), Pyropharynx gracilis (Pickard-Cambridge, 1905) (from Metapachylus), Oo spinosum (GonzálezSponga, 1999) (from Ovalia), Mitraia unispina (González-Sponga, 1987) (from Tiara), Manuelangelia tuberosa (González-Sponga, 1998) (from Limonia), Zaraxolia devians (Sørensen, 1932) (from Zarax), Corcovadesia hexabunus (Mello-Leitão, 1940) (from Liops) and Corcovadesia venefica (H. Soares, 1966) (from Liops). The following genera of Pachylinae, which appeared in conflicting subfamilies in Kury 2003, are formally transferred to the Ampycinae: Ampycella Roewer, 1929, Glysterus Roewer, 1931, Hernandarioides Pickard-Cambridge, 1905, Parahernandria Goodnight & Goodnight, 1947 and Hutamaia Soares & Soares, 1977. A list of taxa described in 2003 is interpolated. A complementary list of the 2004–2009 systematic literature on the subject is given.

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46

Baldwin, Carole C., D. Ross Robertson, Ai Nonaka e Luke Tornabene. "Two new deep-reef basslets (Teleostei, Grammatidae, Lipogramma), with comments on the eco-evolutionary relationships of the genus". ZooKeys 638 (7 dicembre 2016): 45–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.638.10455.

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47

Baldwin, Carole, Luke Tornabene, Ross Robertson, Ai Nonaka e Grant Gilmore. "More new deep-reef basslets (Teleostei, Grammatidae, Lipogramma), with updates on the eco-evolutionary relationships within the genus". ZooKeys 729 (16 gennaio 2018): 129–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.729.21842.

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48

Hanscomb, Stuart. "Truth and Autobiography in Stand-up Comedy and the Genius of Doug Stanhope". Philosophy of Humor Yearbook 3, n. 1 (1 ottobre 2022): 63–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phhumyb-2022-003.

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Abstract It is common for stand-up comedians to tell stories as well as, or instead of, jokes. Stories bring something extra to the performance, and when presented as true add a further layer of appeal. However, most stories told as if true by comedians are not true. A categorizing of forms of comedic story is presented involving the dimensions of grammatical person and truthfulness. Some advantages of comedians’ employing true first-person stories are discussed, and these considerations are then explored through the role of autobiography in the work of Doug Stanhope. Many aspects of Stanhope’s (highly unusual) life find their way into his shows, and true stories and his personality more broadly are folded into other elements of his act (such as his political views). Links are made with Søren Kierkegaard’s notion of “inwardness,” and it’s argued that authenticity is a prerequisite for the quality of self-disclosure that is basic to Stanhope’s excellence.

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49

McManus, Damian. "The genius of the Classical Irish grammarian: The case of the unique finite verbal form beith 'may be' and the history of the conjunction cía 'though, if, that' from Old to Early Modern Irish". Ériu 74, n. 1 (2024): 127–47. https://doi.org/10.1353/eri.2024.a949112.

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Abstract: This paper shows that the finite verbal form beith is unique for a variety of different reasons in Early and Early Modern Irish. It also argues that the history of the conjunction cía 'although' from Old to Modern Irish has been misunderstood, and that a correct understanding of it is at the core of statements in the grammatical and syntactical tracts.

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50

Schlaps, Christiane. "The ‘Genius of Language’: Transformations of a Concept in the History of Linguistics". Historiographia Linguistica International Journal for the History of the Language Sciences 31, n. 2-3 (2004): 367–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.31.2-3.08sch.

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Abstract (sommario):

The so-called ‘genius of language’ may be regarded as one of the most influential, and versatile, metalinguistic metaphors used to describe vernacular languages from the 17th century onwards. Over the centuries, philosophers, grammarians, translators and language critics etc. wrote of the ‘genius of language’ in a wide range of text types and with reference to various linguistic positions so that a set of rather diverse types of the concept was created. This paper traces three prominent stages in the development of the ‘genius of language’ argument and, by identifying some of the most frequent types as they evolved in the context of the various linguistic discourses, endeavours to show the major transformations of the concept. While early on, discussion of the stylistic and grammatical type of the ‘genius of language’ concentrates on surface features in the languages considered, during the middle of the 18th century, the ‘genius of language’ is relocated to the semantic, interior part of language. With the 19th-century notion of an organological ‘genius of language’, the former static concept is personified and recast in a dynamic form until, taken to its nationalistic extremes, the ‘genius of language’ argument finally ceases to be of any epistemological and scientific value.

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