Tesi sul tema "Gpd"

The Swedish State Road Administration has since 1992 procured operations and maintenance of state roads on the open market. The procurement has been termed “Grundpaket Drift”, GPD, and comprises mostly operational measures for road networks.The clients of GPD, SRA regions, have gradually changed the original documentation in order to adapt it to local conditions. This process has gradually led to that some parts of the documentation are creating problems for contractors interested in procuring jobs.This thesis tries to analyze GPD and clarify the differences that may be essential to the procurement process and to facilitate future joint working projects and processing descriptions.

Les distributions de partons généralisées (GPD) sont des objets décrivant la structure interne du nucléon. Les GPD corrèlent les distributions spatial et d'impulsion des partons à l'intérieur du nucléon. Par conséquent, elles contiennent des informations beaucoup plus riches sur la structure du nucléon que les facteurs de forme ou les distributions de partons ordinaires. Les GPD sont accessibles à travers des réactions exclusives où toutes les particules de l'état final sont identiées. La diffusion Compton profondément virtuelle (DVCS) et l'électroproduction exclusive de pions neutres (DVMP) sont discutées dans ce document. Le texte est divisé en quatre chapitres: une introduction, une présentation de l'analyse des données, une description des développements instrumentaux et une courte discussion d'un nouveau matériau scintillant. Une mesure précise du DVCS et du DVMP a été réalisée dans la région de valence à Jefferson Lab, avec un faisceau d'électrons de 11 GeV et une cible de protons. L'analyse des données et les résultats préliminaires de cette expérience sont présentés dans le deuxième chapitre. Une future expérience donnera encore plus de contraintes pour l'extraction des GPD. Pour cette nouvelle expérience un spectromètre à particules neutres (NPS) est en cours de construction. Dans le troisième chapitre des simulations et des développements instrumentaux pour le calorimètre de NPS sont discutés. Enfin, la caractérisation d'un nouveau verre scintillant est montrée brièvement. Ce matériau, encore en phase de développement, est un des candidats pour les calorimètres d'un futur collisionneur électron-ion (EIC)
Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) are generalized objects describing nucleon structure. GPDs correlate the spatial and the momentum distributions of partons inside the nucleon. Therefore, they provide richer information about the nucleon structure than the well-known form factors and parton distribution functions. GPDs are accessible via exclusive reactions, where all particles in the final state are identifed. Deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) and deeply virtual neutral pion production (DVMP) are discussed. The document is divided into four chapters: physics introduction, data analysis, development of a detector, and a short preview of a new scintillator material. With an 11 GeV electron beam and a proton target at Je_erson Lab, a precise DVCS and DVMP experiment in the valence quark region was performed. The data analysis and preliminary results of this experiment are presented in the second chapter. An upcoming experiment will give more constraints on the extraction of GPDs. For this new experiment, a neutral particle spectrometer (NPS) is under construction. In the third chapter, simulation studies and hardware developments for the NPS calorimeter are presented. Finally, characterizations of a new glass scintillator are shortly discussed. This material, which is in an early stage of development, is one of the candidates for the calorimeters of a future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC)

Fully differentiated muscle fibers can undergo considerable phenotypic changes in order to adjust to changing conditions of the physiological environment. It is generally accepted that the electrical impulses a muscle receives play a role in modulating the quantities of metabolic proteins (glycolytic and oxidative enzymes) and types of contractile proteins (myosin heavy chain, MHC) that are expressed. Research has shown that decreased neuromuscular activation following spinal cord transection (ST) results in adaptations in the physiological characteristics of paralyzed muscles, including atrophy and an accompanying loss of force production, and transformations of contractile and metabolic proteins toward a more fatigable state. However, it remains unclear whether or not a strong interdependence of energy metabolism and MHC isoform composition persists. Therefore, the goal of this study was to identify and quantify relative myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform expression and metabolic enzyme profile adaptations at multiple time points (1, 3 and 6 months) in soleus fibers of rats following spinal cord transection (ST).

To accomplish this, female Sprague-Dawley rats (~150 g, n = 15) were subjected to complete transection of the spinal cord at a mid-thoracic level. Age and weight-matched, non-operated rats served as controls (n = 15). The soleus was processed for quantitative single fiber histochemical analyses for succinate dehydrogenase (SDH, oxidative marker) and a-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GPD, glycolytic marker) activities (~30 fibers/muscle) and immunohistochemical analysis for MHC isoform composition. The total number of soleus fibers analyzed was ~900.

Oxidative capacity was increased in muscle fibers at all time points after ST. Specifically, SDH activity was significantly higher than controls by 142, 127 and 206% at 1, 3 and 6 months post-ST, respectively. ISDH, a measure of total oxidative power, also increased in muscle fibers at all time points after ST. For example, 6 months after ST ISDH activity was 93% higher than controls (91.8-3.8 vs. 47.6-0.9 OD x 10-3, respectively).

Glycolytic capacity peaked one month after ST. Thereafter, glycolytic capacity of all fibers steadily declined. For example, by 6 months, GPD activity had declined by 76% compared to 1 month GPD activities (3.3-0.2 vs. 13.7-1.4 OD x 10-3, respectively). These data suggest that the increases in glycolytic capacity are transient as fibers transition toward a faster MHC phenotype and then return towards control levels as fibers of a given type become phenotypically stable.

The GPD/SDH ratio, an index of metabolic substrate utilization, peaked at one month after ST (394-41) and significantly decreased at 3 months (224-10) and at 6 months (95-7) after ST. Therefore, a shift occurred such that a greater dependence on oxidative metabolism was apparent.

These data suggest that the oxidative capacities of soleus muscle fibers are not compromised after ST. In fact, as the fibers transitioned toward faster MHC isoforms, the GPD/SDH ratio was maintained or decreased, suggesting a reliance on oxidative metabolism regardless of MHC isoform composition. This might imply a dissociation between the contractile and metabolic characteristics of paralyzed soleus muscle fibers. However, these data are consistent with previous data and suggest that the increased fatigability observed after chronic reductions in neuromuscular activity are not due to compromised capacities for ATP synthesis.
Master of Science

Investment has undergone dramatic development lately and people are looking more and more new ways to evaluate their funds to protect them from the effects of inflation or as easy to get rich This work deals with investment opportunities for Czechs in relation to their income and appreciation in relation to the welfare of the country measured by GDP. The first part describes the history of investment and investment opportunities. Subsequently, the work deals with the development of GDP and of the allocation of funds in various investment instruments in the development of GDP. The last part is devoted to modeling the development of further investment on GDP in the CR.

Des electrophoreses sur gel de polyacrylamide, apres recherche des conditions operatoires optimals, ont ete realisees sur une espece parthenogenetique de collemboles isotonides foes onia candida willem. Le changement des techniques experimentales et l'utilisation d'agents physiques ou chimiques, lors de l'etude des esterases (sensulato) d'echantillon individuel, ont autorise le classement des dix-sept groupes de bandes en aliesterase, autre esterase, pseudo cholinesterase, et lipase. Les zymogrammes d'animaux nourris de maniere differente ou preleves a des stades physiologiques distincts, ont montre d'importantes variations. L'etude de certains deshydrogenases n'a indique aucune variation, au niveau des zynogrammes selon le nutriment donne

This thesis reviewed various heavy tailed distributions and Extreme Value Theory (EVT) to estimate the catastrophic losses simulated from Florida Public Hurricane Loss Projection Model (FPHLPM). We have compared risk measures such as Probable Maximum Loss (PML) and Tail Value at Risk (TVaR) of the selected distributions with empirical estimation to capture the characteristics of the loss data as well as its tail distribution. Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD) is the main focus for modeling the tail losses in this application. We found that the hurricane loss data generated from FPHLPM were consistent with historical losses and were not as heavy as expected. The tail of the stochastic annual maximum losses can be explained by an exponential distribution. This thesis also touched on the philosophical implication of small probability, high impact events such as Black Swan and discussed the limitations of quantifying catastrophic losses for future inference using statistical methods.

The volatility model approach to forecasting Value at Risk is complemented with modelling of Expected Shortfalls using an extreme value approach. Using three models from the GARCH family (GARCH, EGARCH and GJR-GARCH) and assuming two conditional distributions, normal Gaussian and Student t’s distribution, to make predictions of VaR, the forecasts are used as a threshold for assigning losses to the distribution tail. The Expected Shortfalls are estimated assuming that the violations of VaR follow the Generalized Pareto distribution, and the estimates are evaluated. The results indicate that the most efficient model for making predictions of VaR is the asymmetric GJR-GARCH, and that assuming the t distribution generates conservative forecasts. In conclusion there is evidence that the commodities are characterized by asymmetry and conditional normality. Since no comparison is made, the EVT approach can not be deemed to be either superior or inferior to standard approaches to Expected Shortfall modeling, although the data intensity of the method suggest that a standard approach may be preferable.

This thesis describes taxes, analyses tax-to-GDP ratio in the European Union countries. Next aim is to compare structure and volume of taxation in chosen European Union countries and the Czech republic and also appreciate plan of tax coordination.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 81 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Bostwick Wyman, Dept. of Mathematics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 80-81).

La structure des nucléons et des noyaux a été intensivement étudiée au cours duvingtième siècle au travers de la diffusion élastique d'électrons (mesure des facteurs deforme électromagnétique) et de la diffusion profondément inélastique (mesure des distributionsde partons). Le formalisme des distributions généralisées de partons (GPD)a permis d'unifier les facteurs de forme et les distributions de partons. Ce lien procureune source d'information unique sur la dynamique des partons, telle la distribution desforces nucléaires et de moment orbital au sein des hadrons. L'accès expérimental le plussimple aux GPD est la diffusion Compton profondément virtuelle (DVCS), correspondantà l'électroproduction dure d'un photon réel. Tandis que plusieurs expériences sesont déjà focalisées sur la réaction DVCS sur le nucléon, les expériences sur une ciblenucléaire s'avèrent plus rares. Cette thèse se concentre sur l'étude du canal DVCS cohérentsur l'hélium 4, avec pour objectif l'extraction des parties réelle et imaginaire dufacteur de forme Compton via l'asymétrie de spin du faisceau.

Introduites au milieu des années 90, les Distributions Généralisées de Partons (GPD) sont aujourd'hui un élément clé dans l'étude de la structure interne du nucléon. Les GPD sont la généralisation des Facteurs de Forme et des Fonctions de Distribution de Partons. Elles englobent la distribution spatiale et la distribution en impulsion des partons à l'intérieur du nucléon, ce qui permet d'en effectuer une tomographie en trois dimensions. De plus, elles permettent d'obtenir le moment orbital angulaire total des quarks grâce à la règle de somme de Ji, ce qui est un élément crucial dans l'élucidation de l'énigme de la structure en spin du nucléon. En décrivant de manière plus complète la structure des hadrons en termes de quarks et gluons, il est possible d'approfondir notre compréhension de la Chromodynamique Quantique. Les GPD sont accessibles expérimentalement à travers les processus d'électro-production exclusifs profonds, et l'un des canaux les plus simples est la Diffusion Compton Profondément Virtuelle (DVCS). Un programme expérimental mondial a été lancé au début des années 2000 afin d'extraire ces GPD. L'expérience DVCS E12-06-114 qui a été effectuée dans le Hall A du Jefferson Laboratory (Virginie, Etats-Unis) entre 2014 et 2016 est incluse dans ce programme. Le but de cette expérience est de mesurer avec grande précision la section efficace DVCS dépendante de l'hélicité en fonction du transfert d'impulsion Q², pour des valeurs fixes de la variable de Bjorken xBj, sur une cible de proton. La récente amélioration à 12 GeV de l'accélérateur permet d'obtenir un bras de levier en Q² plus important que lors des expériences précédentes et de sonder des régions cinématiques encore inexplorées, tandis que le faisceau polarisé d'électrons permet de séparer les contributions des parties réelles et imaginaires de l'amplitude DVCS à la section efficace totale. Dans ce document, un bref résumé du programme expérimental mondial sur l'étude des GPD va être fourni, suivi par la description de l'appareillage et l'analyse des données de l'expérience E12-06-114. Enfin, les résultats des mesures de sections efficaces polarisées et non-polarisées sont présentés et comparés à une sélection de modèles
Introduced in the mid 90’s, Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) are now a key element in the study of the nucleon internal structure. GPDs are a generalization of Form Factors and Parton Distribution Functions. They encapsulate both spatial and momentum distributions of partons inside a nucleon, allowing to perform its three-dimensional tomography. Furthermore, they allow to derive the total orbital angular momentum of quarks through the Ji sum rule, which is a crucial point to unravel the nucleon spin structure. By providing a more complete description of hadrons in terms of quarks and gluons, a deeper understanding of Quantum Chromodynamics can be reached.GPDs are experimentally accessible through deeply exclusive electro-production processes, and one of the simplest channels available is Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS). A worldwide experimental program was started in the early 2000’s to extract these GPDs. The DVCS experiment E12-06-114 performed at Jefferson Laboratory Hall A (Virginia, USA) between 2014 and 2016, is encompassed in this program. The aim of this experiment is to extract with high precision the DVCS helicity-dependent cross sections as a function of the momentum transfer Q², for fixed values of the Bjorken variable xBj, on a proton target. The recent upgrade of the accelerator facility to 12 GeV allows to cover a larger Q² range than in previous measurements and probe yet unexplored kinematic regions, while the polarized electron beam allows the separation of the contributions from the real and imaginary parts of the DVCS amplitude to the total cross section. In this document, a brief summary of the worldwide experimental program for the study of GPDs will be provided, followed by a description of the E12-06-114 apparatus and data analysis. Finally, the results of the unpolarized and polarized cross-section measurements are presented and compared to a few selected models

Ši magistro baigiamojo darbo tema pasirinkta todėl, kad ji yra mažai nagrinėta Lietuvoje. Europos Sąjungos parama Lietuvai, jos reikšme šalies ekonomikai, lėšų įsisavinimo eiga ir rezultatai nėra pakankamai analizuojami. Europos Sąjungos struktūrinių fondų parama Lietuvai ženkliai prisideda prie spartaus šalies ekonomikos augimo, tačiau paramos panaudojimo procese susiduriama su daugeliu efektyvumą mažinančių problemų, t.y. žemas paramos įsisavinimo lygis kai kuriose srityse yra dėl administruojančių institucijų mažo dėmesio į dalykinius ir turinio aspektus, tuo pačiu sureikšminant biurokratizmo aspektus Darbo tikslas - išanalizuoti Europos Sąjungos paramos įsisavinimo rodiklius Lietuvoje, jų įtaką Lietuvos ekonomikai, iškelti ir palyginti žemo įsisavinimo lygio priežastis ir problemas, ir pateikti jų sprendimo būdus. Darbo tikslui pasiekti ir pradinius duomenis analizei surinkti buvo naudotasi mokslinės literatūros, Lietuvos ir užsienio autorių monografijomis, moksliniais straipsniais dokumentų ir paramą administruojančių institucijų statistinių duomenų ir lyginimo metodais. Pirmoje darbo dalyje apžvelgta Europos Sąjungos struktūrinių fondų vaidmuo įgyvendinant Lietuvos strateginius tikslus, antroje dalyje atlikta paramos įsisavinimo pagal BPD, BPD II-ąjį prioritetą analizė, nustatytos ES struktūrinės paramos įsisavinimo problemos. Trečioje darbo dalyje analizuojama užsienio šalių patirtis įgyvendinant jaunimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
This theme of master’s finishing work is chosen, because it is not much examined in Lithuania. European Union support for Lithuania, its significance to country’s economics, course and results of resources assimilation are analyzed insufficiently. The support of European Union specifically contributed to rapid growth of country’s economics, however, during the process of support usage there is being faced with many problems, which reduce effectiveness, i.e., low level of support assimilation in some areas is over too little attention of administering institutions on matter-of-fact and content aspects, at the same time giving prominence to aspects of bureaucracy. The purpose of work is to analyze indicators of assimilation of European Union structural funds in Lithuania, its influence on Lithuanian economics, to suggest and compare causes and problems of low level of assimilation, and provide solutions. In order to achieve the purpose of work and to collect initial data for analysis, it was used scientific literature, monographs of Lithuanian and foreign authors, scientific articles, and statistical data and comparison methods of documents and institutions, which administer the support. In the first part of work there was reviewed the role of European Union structural funds, while realizing strategic purposes of Lithuania, in the second part there was performed the analysis of support assimilation, according to GPD, GPD II... [to full text]

Nous avons réalisé une étude centrée sur la propagation virale du bactériophage lambda. Afin de caractériser en détail la dynamique de formations des plaques, nous avons génétiquement modifié le phage lambda de façon à rendre sa capside fluorescente en créant une fusion entre la protéine GpD de la capside du phage et la protéine EYFP. Le comportement de ce phage modifié a été caractérisé et son coefficient de diffusion au sein d’une plaque a été mesuré avec la technique de FRAPP. Ensuite nous avons étudié les profiles de population de phages au sein dúne plaque avec la technique de vidéomicroscopie en time-lapse. Des expériences supplémentaires en time-lapse ont été réalisées afin de caractériser la croissance des bactéries hôte en boîte de Petri sur un substrat d’agar. Les résultats de propagation obtenus sont comparés avec les modèles et expériences antérieurs développés afin de décrire la propagation du phage T7. Pour finir, nous avons réalisé des simulations numériques complémentaires qui sont qualitativement en accord avec les résultats expérimentaux
We have developed a study focused on the viral propagation of the lambda bacteriophage. With the purpose of a detailed characterization of the dynamics of the spread of infection during the formation of plaques, we have constructed a bacteriophage lambda carrying a fluorescent fusion between the minor protein of the capsid GpD and the Enhanced Yellow Fluorescent Protein (EYFP). The next step has been to perform the preliminary characterisation of the properties of this new fluorescent virus including measurements of its diffusion coefficient on a plaque using the technique called FRAPP. Subsequently we have measured the dynamic of the phage population profiles in time within the plaque using time-lapse videomicroscopy. Supplementary experiments have been done in order to characterize the bacterial growth in Petri dishes on an agar substrate. The results have been compared to previous experiments and theoretical works performed in order to describe the propagation of the T7 bacteriophage. Finally, we have performed complementary numerical simulations that are in qualitative agreement with the experimental results

Les distributions de parton généralisées (GPD) paramétrisent le contenu non perturbatif du nucléon et peuvent être utilisées pour révéler les corrélations entre position et impulsion des partons en son sein. Elles apparaissent dans l'amplitude de processus d'électroproduction durs et exclusifs comme la Diusion Compton Pronfondément Virtuelle (DVCS) sur le nucléon (ep ! ep°). Le formalisme des GPD a été étendu à des états naux plus généraux avec l'introduction des GPD de transition. De telles fonctions permettent, par exemple, de décrire au niveau partonique la transition entre le nucléon et son premier état excité : la résonance ¢+. Le processus ¢VCS est le plus simple faisant intervenir les GPD de transition N-¢ avec la réaction ep ! e¢+°. D'un point de vue expérimental, cette réaction est étudiée en examinant les états naux eN¼° dans la région du ¢+, cette particule se désintégrant en paires nucléon-pion. Le but de cette étude expérimentale était de statuer sur la faisabilité de la mesure de l'asymétrie de spin du faisceau des réactions ep ! eN¼° et si possible de l'extraire. Les analyses sont basées sur une expérience menée en 2005 avec le détecteur CLAS et l'accélérateur CEBAF du Jeerson Lab (USA). Après l'introduction du formalisme, l'expérience et les analyses de données sont décrites. Les résultats d'asymétrie de spin du faisceau sont montrés et discutés.

La these de doctorat intitulee ``Mesure de la diffusion Compton a haute virtualite a HERA II'

a ete realisee au sein du service de physique des particules elementaires de l'ULB sous

la direction de mon promoteur Laurent Favart

et porte sur l'analyse des donnees enregistrees par l'experience H1 situee aupres du collisionneur

electron-proton HERA du laboratoire DESY a Hambourg.

L'analyse presentee concerne l'etude d'un processus diffractif exclusif particulier,

le processus de diffusion Compton a haute virtualite ou DVCS (Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering), e p -> e p gamma, qui correspond a

la diffusion gamma* p -> gamma p$ d'un photon

hautement virtuel par le proton, dans le domaine cinematique 6.5 < Q^2 < 80 GeV2,

30 < W < 140 GeV et
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Drinking water is produced from raw water and is either from groundwater or surface water. This thesis aims to find out if the cleaning process of raw water is sufficiently effective. This is important because consumers are otherwise at risk of waterborne infection caused by pathogens. There are three groups of pathogens; bacteria, virus and parasite. These have different characteristics which mean that they require different water treatment to be separated. In addition to normal operation, a number of scenarios were examined. This is to investigate how water treatment would do if they became a reality. The thesis has examined Borg´s waterworks operated by Norrköping Vatten AB. It was defined to cover the distance from water source to the consumer. In the work, the model Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) was used to perform risk analysis by simulating the normal operation and different scenarios of the water purification process. Thus, knowledge can be obtained about the effectiveness of separation by bacteria, viruses and parasites. However, the QMRA-model is considered to contain some flaws and for that reason the Norwegian model called Good Disinfection Practice (GDP) was also used. GDP is a theoretical model which is based on formulas and tables. The model takes into account the raw water quality and also provides deductions for various measures that the water plant possesses to ensure a good supply of water. The results obtained with both models were similar and showed that the water treatment is sufficient for the bacteria, but not viruses and parasites. Both models were considered to be reliable but viruses and parasites are very difficult to analyze, which has resulted in uncertain literature values and hence in the results. The result also showed that neither viruses nor parasites exceeded the limit by so much that more hygienic barriers to the reduction of them are necessary. The conclusion which may be drawn from the fact that no parasites have been detected in the raw water is that the water treatment still might be sufficient. To determine the effects that an exclusion of various barriers may give, the normal operation was simulated and a purification step at a time was excluded. The result showed that the purification steps which are most important to maintain the treatment process are chemical precipitation followed by rapid filtration, slow filtration and disinfection with chlorine. If any of these cleaning steps were to fail, this introduces a large increase in the risk of waterborne disease. The results showed that the chemical precipitation step gave the greatest separation effect on the virus but also on the parasites. However, the slow filtration gave the largest separation of the parasites. Free chlorine had the greatest effect on bacteria. The investigated scenarios were assumed to be wastewater discharges, sewage discharges in relation to flood the nearby pastures, and sewage overflows due to heavy rainfall. The results of the simulated scenarios were the same when it was only bacteria that in all cases produced a result within the limits of the daily infection probability. Both viruses and parasites exceeded both values. However, there were few studies on these and thus literature values needed to be implemented in the QMRA-model. Hence, the uncertainty of the results was great. The QMRA-model also contained deficiencies in the simulation of the discharge of effluents, where the amount of virus was about 1000-10000 times too much. If this problem as well as more specific data for the investigated area, and more Swedish studies were available, a more credible simulation of the scenarios could be implemented.

Vatten är ett livsmedel som vi kommer i kontakt med dagligen. För att inte råka ut för sjuk-domar och infektioner renas dricksvattnet på vattenverken, främst för att reducera antalet patogener, d.v.s. sjukdomsframkallande mikroorganismer. Man brukar prata om tre grupper mikroorganismer i vattenrening; bakterier, virus och parasiter. Dessa grupper är vitt skilda i många avseenden och reduceras därför olika bra av olika reningssteg. Ju mer kunskap man kan få om reningsprocessen, desto bättre kan reningen optimeras. Därmed minimeras riskerna för konsumenterna att drabbas av infektioner. I det här arbetet används två modeller för att beskriva och utvärdera Borgs vattenverk som drivs av Norrköping Vatten AB. Modellen God desinfeksjonspraksis (GDP) är ett resultat av ett norskt projekt och baserar sig på formler och tabeller. Först avgörs råvattenkvaliteten genom att vattenverkets storlek och förekomst av mikroorganismer bedöms. Därefter görs diverse avdrag för förebyggande åtgärder, rening utöver desinfektion m.m. Slutligen bedöms desinfektionsgraden genom att det tillsatta klorets avklingning bestäms för beräkning av Ct-värdet; produkten av kontakttiden och koncentrationen. Genom att jämföra råvattenkvaliteten med avdragen och desinfektions-graden kan en bedömning göras om huruvida reningsprocessen är tillräcklig eller inte. I Mikrobiologisk riskanalys (MRA) bygger man upp en modell av sitt vattenverk i ett program och väljer patogenhalter för råvattnet. Efter det beräknar programmet renings-processens reduktion, riskerna för daglig respektive årlig sannolikhet för infektion samt DALYs, som gör att man kan jämföra risken för vattenburen smitta med exempelvis risken att förolyckas i trafiken. Det amerikanska naturvårdsverket och WHO har satt gränsen för den acceptabla årliga sannolikheten för infektion på grund av vattenrelaterad sjukdom till 1/10 000 invånare respektive 1 µDALYs. Fördelen med MRA är att när man väl byggt upp sitt vattenverk i programmet kan olika scenarion simuleras genom att patogenhalterna varieras. Tyvärr är det svårt att uppskatta patogenhalterna då de provtagningar som skulle behövas sällan är gjorda. Även litteraturvärden kan vara svårt att hitta, särskilt för virus som är så små att de är svåra att analysera. Resultatet av bägge modellerna visade på att Borgs vattenverks reduktionsförmåga är tillräcklig med avseende på bakterier, men inte för virus och parasiter. I MRA är det emellertid svårt att säga hur korrekt detta påstående är, då endast litteraturvärden kunnat användas för de två sistnämnda patogenerna. En del provtagningar har gjorts och då har inga parasiter kunnat påvisas i råvattnet, men för att inte underskatta riskerna användes litteratur-värdena ändå. GDP påvisade inga stora brister i reduceringen av virus och parasiter och i MRA låg resultatet i samma storleksordning som gränsen för DALYs. Eventuellt behöver alltså inga stora åtgärder vidtas för att minska de mikrobiologiska riskerna. De viktigaste stegen i reningsprocessen är långsamfiltrering, desinfektion med fritt klor och fällning och sedimentering med efterföljande filtrering. Infektionsrisken blir störst om fällningssteget slås ut. I samtliga simulerade scenarion låg infektionssannolikheten för bakterier fortfarande på en acceptabel nivå. Det värsta scenariot av de modellerade är om avloppsledningen från Skärblacka skulle börja läcka samtidigt som det regnar kraftigt. Det skulle leda till att förorening från betesmark spolas med ut i Motala Ström där råvattnet hämtas. Detta ger den högsta patogenhalten och därmed också den största infektionsrisken.
Water is one of the most basic things in life and is something we come in contact with on a daily basis. To prevent diseases and infections, the drinking water is purified, mainly in order to reduce the number of pathogens. The most important groups of microorganisms in water purification are bacteria, viruses, and parasites. These groups are very different in many respects and are therefore reduced most efficiently by different purification processes. If more knowledge is gained, the waterworks can optimize the purification process. This would lead to a minimization of the risk of getting infections caused by consuming the drinking water. In this paper two models are used to describe and evaluate Borg’s waterworks, run by Norrköping Vatten AB. Good Disinfection Practice (GDP) is the result of a Norwegian project and is based on formulas and tables. First, the raw water quality is determined by evaluating the presence of microorganisms and the number of people supplied. Then deductions are made due to security precautions and water treatment besides disinfection etc.  Finally the disinfection is determined by calculating the reduction of the added chlorine to gain the Ct-value, which is the product of the contact time and concentration. By comparison of the raw water, the deductions and the disinfection, the purification process can be evaluated as sufficient or not. In Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) the purification process is modelled and concentrations of pathogens in the raw water are chosen. The program then calculates the reduction of the pathogens by the purification process. The result is also presented as probability of daily or annual infection and DALYs, which makes it possible to compare the risks of waterborne diseases with for example, the risk of traffic accidents. The US Environmental Protection Agency and the World Health Organization have determined the limit for the acceptable annual probability of infection due to water-related disease to 1/10,000 and 1 µDALYs. The advantage of the QMRA is that once you have modelled your purification process a variety of scenarios can be simulated. Unfortunately, it is difficult to estimate the concentrations of pathogens in the raw water and the acquired analysis are rarely made. Even literature values can be difficult to find, especially for viruses due to the difficulties in analysing them because of their small size. Both the models’ results showed that Borg’s waterworks reduction capacity is sufficient for bacteria, but not viruses and parasites. It is however difficult to say how accurate this conclusion is. In QMRA only literature values have been used as a basis to determine the risk for viruses and parasites. In fact, no parasites have been found when samples have been run on the raw water. But since an overestimation of the risk is to be preferred, literature values were used anyway. GDP showed only small shortcomings in the reduction of viruses and parasites and the values obtained from QMRA were in the same order of magnitude as the limit of DALYs. Therefore only small measures might be needed to lower the microbiological risks. The most important steps in the purification process are slow sand filtration, disinfection with free chlorine and precipitation and sedimentation with subsequent filtering. Elimination of the precipitating step results in the greatest risk of infection. In all the scenarios simulated the likelihood of infections caused by bacteria is still acceptable.  The worst-case scenario would be a sewage water leak during heavy raining. The rain would cause excrement from cattle to be washed into and contaminate the raw water in addition to the sewage contamination. This provides the highest concentration of pathogens in the raw water and therefore also the greatest risk of infection.

A characteristic feature of species of Trichoderma is the production of concentric rings of conidia in response to alternating light-dark conditions. In response to a single burst of light, a single ring of conidia forms at what was the colony perimeter. On the basis of these observations, competency to photoconidiate has been proposed to be due to the age and metabolic rate of the hyphal cell. In this study, conidiation was investigated in five biocontrol isolates (T. hamatum, T. atroviride, T. asperellum, T. virens and T. harzianum) using both a morphological and molecular approach. All five isolates produced concentric conidial rings under alternating light-dark conditions on potato-dextrose agar (PDA), however, in response to a 15 min burst of blue light, only T. asperellum and T. virens produced a clearly, defined conidial ring which correlated with the colony margin at the time of light exposure. Both T. harzianum and T. hamatum photoconidiated in a disk-like fashion and T. atroviride produced a broken ring with a partially filled in appearance. On the basis of these results, it was postulated that competency to photoconidiate is a factor of the metabolic state of the hyphal cell rather than chronological age or metabolic rate. The influence of the source of nitrogen on photoconidiation was assessed on pH-buffered (pH 5.4) minimal medium (MM) amended with glutamine, urea or KNO₃. In the presence of glutamine or urea, T. asperellum and T. harzianum conidiated in a disk, whereas, when KNO₃ was the sole nitrogen source, a ring of conidia was produced. Further, in the presence of increasing amounts of glutamine, the clearly defined photoconidial ring produced on PDA by T. asperellum became disk-like. These results clearly demonstrated that primary nitrogen promotes photoconidiation in these isolates and strongly suggests that competency of a hyphal cell to conidiate in response to light is dependent on the nitrogen catabolite repression state of the cell. The experiments were repeated for all five isolates on unbuffered MM. Differences were apparent between the buffered and unbuffered experiments for T. atroviride. No photoconidiation was observed in T. atroviride on buffered medium whereas on unbuffered medium, rings of conidia were produced on both primary and secondary nitrogen. These results show that photoconidiation in T. atroviride is influenced by the buffering capacity of the medium. Conidiation in response to light by T. hamatum and T. virens was absent in all nitrogen experiments, regardless of the nitrogen source and buffering capacity, whereas both isolates conidiated in response to light on PDA. These results imply that either both sources of nitrogen are required for photoconidiation, or a factor essential for conidiation in these two isolates was absent in the minimal medium. Mycelial injury was also investigated in five biocontrol isolates of Trichoderma. On PDA, all isolates except T. hamatum conidiated in response to injury. On nitrogen amended MM, conidiation in response to injury was again observed in all isolates except for T. hamatum. In T. atroviride, injury-induced conidiation was observed on all medium combinations except the pH-buffered MM amended with glutamine or urea and T. virens conidiated in response to injury on primary nitrogen only, regardless of the buffering capacity. These results have revealed conidiation in response to injury to be differentially regulated between isolates/species of Trichoderma. On unbuffered MM amended with glutamine or urea, conidiation in response to injury occurred at the colony perimeter only in T. atroviride. It was hypothesised that the restriction of conidiation to the perimeter may be due to changes in the pH of the agar. The experiment was repeated and the pH values of the agar under the growing colony measured at the time of light induction (48 h) or injury (72 h). The areas under the hyphal fronts were acidified to below the starting value of the medium (pH 5.4) and the centres of the plates were alkalinised. The region of acidification at the time of stimuli correlated with the production of conidia, which implicates a role for crossregulation of conidiation by the ambient pH. The influence of the ambient pH on injury-induced conidiation was investigated in T. hamatum and T. atroviride on MM amended with glutamine and PDA, pH-buffered from pH 2.8 to 5.6. Thickening of the hyphae around the injury site was observed at the lowest pH values on MM in both T. atroviride and T. hamatum, however no conidia were produced, whereas both Trichoderma species conidiated on pH-buffered PDA in a strictly low pH-dependent fashion. This is the first observation of injury-induced conidiation in T. hamatum. The influence of the ambient pH on photoconidiation was assessed in T. hamatum, T. atroviride and T. harzianum using both buffered and unbuffered PDA from pH 2.8 to 5.2. On buffered PDA, no conidiation in response to light was observed above pH 3.2 in T. hamatum, above 4.0 in T. atroviride and above 4.4 in T. harzianum, whereas on unbuffered PDA it occurred at all pH values tested. It was postulated that conidiation at pH values above 4.4 on unbuffered PDA was due to acidification of the agar. The pH values of the agar under the growing colony were measured at the time of light exposure and in contrast to the MM with glutamine experiments, alkalisation of the agar had occurred in both T. atroviride and T. hamatum. No change in medium pH was recorded under the growing T. harzianum colony. These results indicate that low pH-dependence of photoconidiation is directly related to the buffering capacity of the medium. Recent studies have linked regulation of conidiation in T. harzianum to Pac1, the PacC orthologue. In fungi, PacC regulates gene expression in response to the ambient pH. In these studies pH-dependent photoconidiation occurred only on buffered PDA and on unbuffered PDA conidiation occurred at significantly higher ambient pH levels. It is proposed that the influence of ambient pH on conidiation in the isolates used in this study is not due to direct Pac1 regulation. The T. harzianum isolate used in this study produced profuse amounts of the yellow anthraquinone pachybasin. Production of this secondary metabolite was strictly pH-dependent, irrespective of the buffering capacity of the medium. Studies in T. harzianum have linked Pac1 regulation to production of an antifungal α-pyrone. pH-dependence on both buffered and unbuffered media strongly suggests that pachybasin production may also be under the control of Pac1. Photoconidiation studies on broth-soaked filter paper, revealed rhythmic conidiation in the pachybasin producing T. harzianum isolate. Diffuse rings of conidia were produced in dark-grown cultures and, in cultures exposed to light for 15 min at 48 h, the rings were clearly defined. These results show that conidiation is under the control of an endogenous rhythm in T. harzianum and represent the first report of circadian conidiation in a wild-type Trichoderma. A Free-Running Rhythm (FRR) assay was used to investigate rhythmic gene expression in T. atroviride IMI206040 and a mutant derivative, in which the wc-2 orthologue, blr-2, was disrupted. Over a 3 d period, expression of gpd, which encodes the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, oscillated with a period of about 48 h. In the Δblr-2 mutant, the gpd rhythm was absent. These results revealed that in T. atroviride, gpd expression is under the control of an endogenous clock and that clock-regulated expression of gpd is associated with a functional BLR complex. Using degenerate primers, a portion of frq, which encodes the N. crassa clock oscillator FREQUENCY, was isolated from T. atroviride and used to probe the FRR assay northern blots. No frq expression was detected at any time point, which suggests that the circadian clock in Trichoderma does not involve FREQUENCY. In a concurrent study, orthologues of rco-1 (rcoT) were isolated and sequenced from T. atroviride and T. hamatum using a combination of degenerate, inverse and specific PCR. RcoT is an orthologue of the yeast global co-repressor Tup1 and in the filamentous fungi, RcoT orthologues have been demonstrated to negatively regulate conidiation. Genomic analysis of all available rcoT orthologues revealed the conservation of erg3, a major ergosterol biosynthesis gene, upstream from rcoT in ascomycetous filamentous fungi, but not in the ascomycetous yeast or in the basidiomycetes. These studies have significantly contributed to our understanding of the regulatory factors controlling conidiation in Trichoderma and have multiple implications for Trichoderma biocontrol; most notable the promotion of conidiation by primary nitrogen and low pH. Incubation conditions can be altered to suit the nitrogen and pH preferences of a biocontrol strain in order to promote cost effective conidial production, however this is not easily achieved in the soil, where the biocontrol strain must perform in a highly buffered environment optimised for plant growth. Successful use of Trichoderma biocontrol strains may involve the screening and targeting of strains to the appropriate pH conditions or the selection of new strains on the basis of capacity to perform under a given range of conditions.

Les glycophorines a (gpa) et b (gpb) sont les sialoglycoproteines majeures de la membrane du globule rouge. Elles portent respectivement les antigenes de groupe sanguin mn et ss. Nous avons etudie la structure des genes gpa et gpb, et mis en evidence un troisieme gene, gpe, membre de la meme famille. Les trois genes sont organises dans le sens 5 gpa-gpb-gpe 3, et definissent le locus gyp situe sur le chromosome 4, en position q28-31. Les genes sont extremement homologues entre eux, sauf pour les parties 3 non-codantes des genes gpb et gpe qui divergent completement de la sequence 3 non-codante du gene gpa. Cette divergence est due a une recombinaison entre des sequences alu apres duplication du gene gpa ancestral. Nous avons clone et analyse les sequences promotrices des trois genes sur 350 nt en amont du site d'initiation de la transcription, et montre qu'elles ne presentent que quelques mutations ponctuelles les unes par rapport aux autres. Nous avons mis en evidence que ces divergences n'influaient pas sur les taux de transcription des trois genes tout-a-fait comparables entre eux. Par contre, nous avons montre que des differences de stabilite des arn messagers correspondant aux trois genes peuvent rendre compte des differents taux d'arnm et des differences d'expression des glycophorines abe sur la membrane erythrocytaire. Nous avons analyse de maniere detaillee le promoteur gpb, et mis en evidence les sequences en cis, et les facteurs en trans impliques dans l'initiation de la transcription, le niveau d'expression et la specificite erythroide de l'expression du gene. Cette derniere analyse nous a permis de definir un modele de regulation, ou un represseur inhibe la transcription du gene dans les tissus non erythroides, et ou hgata-1, un facteur erythroide, deplace le facteur inhibiteur par competition et leve ainsi la repression dans les tissus erythroides.

Sammanfattning Bokföringsnämnden (BFN) är en statlig myndighet under regeringen som är statens expertorgan på redovisningsområdet. De ansvarar för att främja utvecklingen av den goda redovisningsseden som enligt definitionen skall grundas utifrån praxis. Redovisningen har dock gått från att ha styrts utifrån principer och sed till att bli allt mer styrt av regler. På senare tid har nämligen BFN antagit en ny strategi genom att utfärda regelverk vilket de aldrig tidigare har gjort. De nya regelverken vid namn K-regelverken grundar sig i internationella redovisningsnormer och blir aktuella att tillämpa från 2014. Problematiken är att BFN inte har någon föreskriftsmakt utan endast får ge ut allmänna råd. Dessa uppfattas dock ofta som obligatoriska i praktiken vilket leder till att det uppstår en konflikt både gällande hur reglerna skall tolkas samt vad som gäller juridiskt. Vårt syfte är att förstå hur de kommande regelverken från bokföringsnämnden uppfattas samt hur de kommer att påverka företagen och den goda redovisningsseden. I uppsatsen använder vi oss av en kvalitativ studie med induktiv ansats. För att erhålla data på området har vi både samlat in primär och säkundärdata för att förstå och tolka helheten. I slutsatsen kommer vi fram till att den goda redovisningsseden har förändrats så pass mycket att den inte längre kan anses vara god sed. Finns det överhuvudtaget fortfarande ett behov av god redovisningssed då skrivna regler har tagit över det tomrum som den goda seden tidigare försökte fylla? Vi har även kommit fram till att K-regelverken inte kommer att resultera i en förenkling jämfört med dagens normgivning, inte heller kommer de administrativa kostnaderna att minska.

Les Distributions Généralisées de Partons (GPD) ont émergé au cours des années 1990 comme un paradigme puissant pour l’étude de la structure et de la dynamique du nucléon. Codant les corrélations entre les constituants élémentaires du nucléon (les partons), les GPD procurent une imagerie tridimensionnelle du nucléon à partir du lien dynamique entre la position transverse et l'impulsion longitudinale des partons. Le processus de Diffusion Compton Profonde Doublement Virtuelle (DDVCS) consiste en la diffusion d'un photon virtuel par un nucléon, le photon virtuel de l’état final produisant finalement une paire de leptons, qui peut être une paire électron-positron ou une paire muon-antimuon. Les virtualités du photon initial de type espace et du photon final de type temps peuvent être mesurées et modifiées indépendamment, permettant de cartographier la dépendance des GPD en fonction du moment initial des partons de manière indépendante de leur dépendance en fonction du moment transféré. Cette caractéristique unique du DDVCS est d’importance pour, entre autres, la détermination des densités transverses de partons et la distribution des forces nucléaires.Ce document présente une étude du processus DDVCS dans le cadre du Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) au Jefferson Laboratory (JLab, Newport News, VA, États-Unis). Le bénéfice du DDVCS pour l'extraction des GPD est démontré à partir de pseudo-données prédites à l’aide d’un modèle. Cela comprend une étude de la phénoménologie du processus DDVCS et le développement d'outils de simulations, tels qu'un générateur d'événements et un algorithme d'ajustement des données, pour l'évaluation des performances d'une expérience DDVCS. La faisabilité de projets expérimentaux possibles est discutée, y compris une configuration idéale et le détecteur de grande acceptance SoLID (Solenoidal Large Intensity Device). Considérant des faisceaux polarisés d'électrons et de positrons, les combinaisons linéaires de (Facteur de Forme Compton) CFF sont extraites à partir des pseudo-données expérimentales simulées. Les GPD sont ensuite déduites des CFF au moyen d'un algorithme d'ajustement spécifiquement développé
Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) have emerged over the 1990s as a powerful paradigm to study the structure and dynamics of the nucleon. Encoding the correlations between the elementary constituents of the nucleon (the partons), GPDs allows 3-dimensional imaging of the nucleon from the dynamical link between the transverse position and the longitudinal momentum of partons. The Double Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DDVCS) process consists of the scattering of a virtual photon off the nucleon, the virtual photon in the final state eventually generating a lepton pair, which can be either an electron-positron or a muon-antimuon pair. The virtualities of the initial space-like photon and the final time-like photon can be measured and varied independently, allowing one to map out the initial parton momentum dependency of GPDs independently of their transferred momentum dependency. This unique feature of DDVCS is of relevance, among others, for the determination of the transverse parton densities and the distribution of nuclear forces.This document presents a study of the DDVCS process in the context of the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at the Jefferson Laboratory (JLab, Newport News, VA, USA). The benefit of DDVCS for the extraction of GPDs is demonstrated from model-predicted pseudo-data. This involves phenomenological studies of the DDVCS process and the development of simulation tools, such as an event generator and a fitter algorithm, for the evaluation of the performances of a DDVCS experiment. The feasibility of possible experimental projects is discussed, including an ideal configuration and the large acceptance detector SoLID (Solenoidal Large Intensity Device). Considering polarized electron and positron beams, linear combinations of the Compton Form Factors (CFFs) are extracted from simulated experimental pseudo-data. GPDs are further deduced from CFFs using the fitter algorithm specifically developed

Where post-GDP, a socio-ecological substitute of GDP, has become increasingly salient within international relations, its practice at an institutional economic level remains largely marginalised. At a discursive level, however, both GDP and post-GDP appear to be both supplementary and antithetical to one another. This thesis investigates this relationship between GDP and post-GDP discourse, as well as the dependency of economic institutions to exercise such a discourse. Constructivist institutionalism initially frames these economic ideas as both constitutive and antagonistic towards institutional stability. This thesis, however, draws primarily upon institutional poststructuralism, articulating GDP/post-GDP discourse, not the agent, as a mechanism that produces economic knowledge and, by association, the institutions that are shaped by it. A two-part analysis takes place, consisting of an historical genealogy of GDP/post-GDP and a discourse logics analysis between the IMF development committee and the economic departments of India and surrounding countries. The findings show that the formative discourse of GDP and post-GDP had become divorced during the 20th century and that while GDP logics often struggle to reconcile requisite development outcomes, economic institutions exercise the two as a unitary discourse; albeit one that maintains a GDP centre.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Utah, 1976.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 268-271). Also available via Internet from the Marines web site. Address as of 7/30/08: http://www.marines.mil/news/publications/Documents/ALLIGATORS,%20BUFFALOES,%20AND%20BUSHMASTERS%20%20PCN%2019000319000.pdf; current access available via PURL.

The global Positioning System (GPS) provides location and time information as long as there are unobstructed lines of sight to four or more GPS satellites. However, when this is not the case the signal may be inaccurate or sometimes even completely blocked. In these situations the Inertial Navigation System (INS) is an appropriate choice for positioning.  An INS has already been proposed in a previous thesis by Erik Andersson and the objective of this thesis is to fuse the GPS with the INS in a proper way. A part of this project is to decide the reliability of the GPS.Three methods for GPS reliability detection have been proposed. One method based on the statistical properties of each of the separate systems, and two methods based on the statistical properties of the residuals between the GPS and INS. Two methods for GPS/INS integration have been proposed. One method based on a bank of parallel running Kalman filters and one method based on an adaptive observer.The method based on Kalman filter diverged. By adding a state that was suppose to represent the bias of the noise an attempt was to fix this problem made. The filter still diverged and was not examined any further. Among the other two algorithms did the one that uses both magnetometer and gyroscope presents a better result than the one that uses only gyroscope. However, the result differences between the two algorithms were not big and the result may change if a better INS is used.

Syfte: Implementeringen av EG:s fjärde bolagsdirektiv i Sverige har medfört att kravet på rättvisande bild införts i svensk lagstiftning. I samband med att uttrycket rättvisande bild infördes i ÅRL[1] 2 kap 3 § uppkom frågan om kravet på god redovisningssed är berättigat med hänsyn till den ökade internationaliseringen av redovisningsnormerna. Eftersom det inte finns någon definition på vad en rättvisande bild innebär har begreppet fått en varierande tolkning i de olika länderna. I denna uppsats skall undersökas om begreppet god redovisningssed bör avskaffas eller behållas. Är begreppet fortfarande berättigat med hänsyn till internationaliseringen och efter att rättvisande bild införts i svensk lag. För att kunna besvara problemformuleringarna har begreppen jämförts och analyserats.

 

Metod: Det empiriska materialet har samlats in genom en intervjuundersökning per mail och telefon med ett företag och med tre revisorer på tre olika revisionsbyråer i Stockholm, Göteborg och Malmö.

 

Resultat & slutsats: I uppsatsen framkommer det att det finns tillämpningsproblem med begreppen god redovisningssed och rättvisande bild. Det är svårt att veta hur begreppen ska tolkas och det finns ingen vägledning i praxis eller litteratur. Resultatet av uppsatsen innebär att det är riskabelt att ta bort begreppet god redovisningssed eftersom begreppet blivit ett uttryck som länge tjänat som standard i Sverige och som numera är väl inarbetat både bland praktiker och intressenter. Begreppet rättvisande bild kan först komma att användas som en rättslig standard utan begreppet god redovisningssed när EG-domstolen gett begreppet en mera tydlig innebörd.  Det torde inte heller finnas något behov av en overrideregel i Sverige. I Sverige har försiktighetsprincipen en betydande roll i redovisningstraditionen. Det bästa sättet att skapa en rättvisande bild, om lagar och rekommendationer inte räcker till, är genom tilläggsupplysningar på det sätt som redan förekommer. Vissa av respondenterna har dock ansett att det kan vara nödvändigt att göra avsteg från lagen för att uppnå en rättvisande bild. Mot bakgrund av det bör Sverige införa en overrideregel för att undvika att en lucka kan uppstå i den svenska lagstiftningen.

 

Förslag till fortsatt forskning: I uppsatsen har endast fyra respondenter fått redovisa sin mening. Ett förslag till fortsatt forskning är att utöka antalet respondenter för att få fler infallsvinklar. Ett annat förslag är att gå in mer på djupet och granska den praxis som finns på området för att se hur begreppen tillämpas mer i praktiken.

 

Uppsatsens bidrag: Uppsatsen har bidragit till ny kunskap på det sättet att olika intressenter får en ökad förståelse för hur rekvisiten i årsredovisningslagen ska tolkas och hur eventuella tolkningsproblem kan uppstå med de olika begreppen. Läsarna får också en förståelse för hur det svenska rättssystemet bör utformas för att inte tillämpningsproblem ska kunna uppstå.

[1] Årsredovisningslag (1995:1554)

Utifrån ett handelsrättsligt perspektiv har skiljeförfarandet som tvistelösningsmetod alltjämt varit att föredra. Kommersiella aktörers speciella krav på handläggningen upprätthålls med hjälp av en stark partsautonomi som möjliggör en insynsfri, snabb, effektiv och ändamålsenlig handläggning. Effektiviteten aktualiseras inte minst på grund av uppbyggnaden som ett eninstansförfarande. Ett förfarande utan en generell överprövningsmöjlighet medför vissa inskränkningar i parternas rättssäkerhet. Den inskränkta rättssäkerheten i ett skiljeförfarande anses dock kompenseras av att parterna är medvetna om förfarandets uppbyggnad och av att det står dem fritt att välja varsin skiljeman de har förtroende för. Förtroendet för såväl skiljemän som allmänna domare är en fundamental beståndsdel för respektive verksamhets fortskridande. För att bibehålla allmänhetens förtroende för domstolsverksamheten ansågs det viktigt att gemene man fick insikt i domares förhållningssätt i etiska dilemman. Det ansågs därför nödvändigt att domarkårens yrkesetik, den goda domarseden, analyserades och tydligare definierades. Trots motargumentet att det redan existerade en god etisk standard inom domarkåren, ansågs det viktigt att arbeta för att ytterligare förstärka allmänhetens förtroende. Att etik är något man har och inte något man skaffar sig med hjälp av ett regelverk ansåg inte heller eliminera behovet av att försöka definiera en överenskommen standard. Skiljeförfarandets uppbyggnad som ett insynsfritt eninstansförfarande tillsammans med en otydlig innebörd av de krav som ställs på skiljemäns etiska ansvar torde tala för ett införande av en överenskommen etisk standard även för skiljemän. Hitintills finns dock ingen synlig diskussion om yrkesetiken för skiljedomsverksamheten likt den som ansågs behövlig för domare. Det finns ingen känd etisk kravbeskrivning för skiljemän i Sverige. En kodifiering av god skiljemannased saknas, trots en befarad ökning av skiljeförfaranden och trots en svårdefinierad yrkesgrupp och avsaknaden av kompetenskrav för den. Det hade möjligtvis varit rimligt om en vägledning till innebörden av den goda skiljemannaseden funnits i svensk gällande rätt men de svenska rättskällorna ger inget tydligt svar vad gäller innebörden av en sådan sed. När rättvisa ska skipas i ett eninstansförfarande är det viktigt att på alla tänkbara sätt försöka säkra att etiska värden upprätthålls innan en slutgiltig dom meddelas. Det måste anses finnas ett allmänt intresse i att på alla sätt försöka förstärka parters rättssäkerhet oavsett val av förfarande. En kodifierad god skiljemannased skulle utgöra ett starkare preventivt skydd för ett rättvist förfarande. En etisk kod är således viktig för att bibehålla förtroendet för skiljedomsverksamheten i stort.

Boston University. University Professors Program Senior theses.
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2031-01-02

This master’s thesis is the design of the system of the differential GPS, creation of the software for basic wireless communication between 2 GPS receivers, and practical tests of the designed system. Parameters and characteristics of system were determined and they should inform us better about the appropriateness of the designed system for navigation of a mobile robot in outside conditions.

Från den 1 april 2006 har SWEPOS kompletterat den befintliga nätverks-RTK-tjänsten, som dittills levererat RTK-data för GPS, med ett alternativ där RTK-data för GPS/GLONASS levereras. En del användare har rapporterat att de upplever att GPS/GLONASS inte tillför något och även att det ibland kan ta längre tid att få fixlösning. Andra användare hävdar att de nu kan använda nätverks-RTK på platser där de tidigare inte kunde mäta och är mycket positiva till GPS/GLONASS.

Syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka hur tillgängligheten för satellitmätning, positionsnoggrannheten och initialiseringstiden påverkades i öppna respektive störda miljöer med GPS/GLONASS jämfört med enbart GPS vid användandet av nätverks-RTK-tjänsten. Undersökningen har utförts med tre olika fabrikat av GNSS-mottagare (Leica, Topcon och Trimble), vilket även medger att en jämförelse mellan dessa till viss utsträckning kan göras.

I studien gjordes totalt 1 440 mätningar på sex punkter med kända positioner och med olika grad av sikthinder. Fixlösning uppnåddes inte inom 180 sekunder för 206 (77 för GPS/GLONASS och 129 för GPS) av de 1 440 mätningarna.

De extra GLONASS-satelliterna tillför en klar fördel när det gäller möjligheten att mäta i störda miljöer. När det gäller initialiseringstid så är dessa kortare för GPS/GLONASS. GLONASS-satelliterna ger ingen förbättring av positionsnoggrannheten. Det är till och med så att GPS får något bättre kvalitetstal i både plan och höjd i denna studie (1-3 mm bättre). För de olika fabrikaten kan det konstateras att precision och noggrannhet är likvärdiga i både plan och höjd för alla tre märken.

On the 1st of April 2006, SWEPOS complemented the existing network RTK service with corrections for the Russian satellite system GLONASS. The service had so far only provided corrections for GPS. Some users have claimed that GPS/GLONASS do not contribute at all and also that the time for initialization sometimes can be longer. However, other users insist on that they now can use network RTK in areas that earlier were impossible and they are very favourable of GPS/GLONASS.

The purposes of this diploma work were to study and examine measurements using GPS and GPS/GLONASS in areas with different degrees of visual obstacles. Corrections were provided by SWEPOS Network RTK service and availability of satellites, accuracy of position and time for initialization were evaluated. The study has been conducted with three different brands of GNSS receivers (Leica, Topcon and Trimble), which also to some extent makes a comparison between the three brands possible.

A total number of 1 440 field measurements were made on six well-known points with different degrees of visual obstacles. A fixed solution was not accomplished within 180 seconds for 206 (77 for GPS/GLONASS and 129 for GPS) of the 1 440 measurements.

The additional GLONASS satellites provide an apparent advantage regarding the possibility to measure in disturbed environments. The time for initialization is shorter for GPS/GLONASS. The GLONASS satellites do not give any improvement in accuracy of position. On the contrary, GPS receives slightly better accuracy numbers in quality for both horizontal and vertical readings (1-3 mm better). Regarding the different brands, it was found that the precision and accuracy were similar in both plane and height for all three brands.

The present dissertation combines sequential and analytical approaches to Augustine's De Trinitate to elaborate a description of the treatise based on the presupposition of its unity and its coherence from the structural, rhetorical and theological points of view. The sequential analysis of books 1-7 and 8-15 describes first the outer layer of the argument of the treatise: Scripture and the mystery of the Trinity (books 1-4); discussion of'Arian' logical and ontological categories (books 5 —7) and a comparison between self-love/knowledge and formal aspects of the confession of the mystery of the Trinity (books 8-15). However, this outer layer does not adequately account for the * unity and the coherence of the treatise. On the contrary, the most comprehensive and satisfactory structural, rhetorical and theological description of the De Trinitate results from an inner layer which can be detected throughout the treatise around the theme of knowledge of God. Augustine, in the De Trinitate, implicitly endorses the threefold classical definition of the purpose of rhetoric: teach, move, delight (explicitely mentioned in the De Doctrina Christiana). The outer layer of the De Trinitate, especially the so called 'analogical' line, is meant to entice the interest and the curiosity of the reader, to delight him. Other aspects of the outer layer, especially in the first half of the treatise, have a predominant instructive or polemical function. The deepest thrust of the treatise, however, aims at 'moving' the reader, that is leading him to the visio and frutio of God the Trinity, in whose image he is created. This mystagogical aspect of the rhetoric of the treatise entails its own distinctive delightfulness and eloquence, unfolded through Christology, soteriology doctrine of the Holy Spirit and doctrine of revelation. At the same time, from the vantage point of dilectio, Augustine detects and powerfully describes the epistemological consequences of human sinfulness, thus unmasking the fundamental deficiency of received theories of knowledge. Only dilectio restores knowledge and enables philosophers to yield to the injunction which resumes philosophical enterprise as a whole, namely cognosce te ipsum.

Zur Zukunft der Katalogisierung werden zur Zeit zwei große Themenkomplexe diskutiert. Einmal der Aufbau einer Gemeinsamen Normdatei (GND) und die Einführung eines neuen Regelwerks, „Resource Description and Access (RDA)“. Das Regelwerk soll die bislang geltenden RAK ablösen und nicht nur für Bibliotheken, sondern auch für Archive und Museen zur Verfügung stehen. Da die verschiedenen Normdateien auf unterschiedlichen Datenmodellen und Formaten basieren, wird an einer Zusammenführung der Normdatenbanken in eine einheitliche Normdatei gearbeitet.

The Global Position System (GPS) has become nearly mandatory in our daily life,like the Internet. Since it (the part for civilian use) is free, open and accurate,lots of applications have made our life more convenient and more effective, suchas the location-based applications for cell phones, tracking bulldozers, shippingcontainers, etc. GPS is becoming mature and rather accurate, but its securitycan’t be neglected since it is widely used in the world. RF interference can beclassified into: intentional and unintentional interference. There are lots of RF inour surroundings, whose frequency might be close to GPS frequency, could affectthe GPS accuracy, or even sometimes make it unavailable. This project, I analyzetwo types interferences, spoofing and jamming interference. I implement two attacks:a version of Cicada attack, to check how this specific attack affects GPS, and thedistance-deceasing attack, a special type of a relay attack (Early Detect(ED) attackand Late Commit(LC) attack). I find (i) that the Cicada attack, as implemented,is essentially equivalent to jamming, and (ii) how to set up the ED/LC attacks tosucceed (i.e., have low BER).

The Christian doctrine of the Trinity is about one God in three divine persons, with one of these three becoming human (without ceasing to be divine) in Jesus of Nazareth. The concept of dipolarity is about the combination of complementary but opposite principles. The most widely recognised examples of this concept are one-many and being-becoming. But what is not so recognised is that these dipolarities are clearly illustrated in the Christian doctrine of God as Trinity. By contrast, philosophers and theologians throughout history have often attempted to reconcile or synthesise these dipolar 'opposites', or to place one over the other. This quest, enshrined in Neoplatonic philosophy, has influenced the development of the Christian doctrine of God (less so in regard to the particular doctrine of the Trinity just mentioned). Divine 'Oneness' and 'Being' have often been regarded as exclusive of 'many'and 'becoming'. But the theological insight that God the Trinity is a relational and active personal being, may be contrasted with this depiction of God as singular absolute and beyond becoming. From a trinitarian foundation, a theology of God can be developed which expresses both the being-becoming and one-many dipolarities. This means revising elements of traditional Christian theism, especially in regard to understanding the eternal and unchangeable God as also becoming and many (in relation).