Tesi sul tema "Gouvernance maritime"
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Mombo, Mivy-Grady. "La gouvernance de la sûreté et de la sécurité maritime dans le golfe de Guinée : diagnostic et propositions pour une meilleure représentation et appropriation des espaces maritimes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nantes Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NANU2023.
Testo completoFrom the sea as a market space to the sea as a territory of danger, West African societies have undergone considerable changes in their understanding of their surrounding environment. Recent events such as globalisation have redefined the relationship not only between West African coastal communities and the sea, but also between coastal states and these new areas of sovereignty. This has given rise to a new awareness of the sea, as demonstrated by the many instruments of governance in the region since 1975. These include regional institutions with access to safety and security at sea, as well as legal frameworks as pillars of governance in the region, such as the Abidjan Convention, the Yaoundé Code of Conduct and the Lomé Charter. However, this system of governance has many shortcomings, limiting regional cooperation by sea and the development of a maritime economy. To this end, an in-depth study of the factors hindering the proper functioning of these instruments of maritime governance in the Gulf of Guinea has revealed a lack of consideration of the sea by the riparian countries in their national development policies. To this end, as an aid to governance, we propose a number of possible solutions, including the need to integrate a real geography of the sea into school curricula and scientific research, and to reorganise decision-making structures in the region
Yasso, Désiré. "La bonne gouvernance à l'épreuve des faits : le cas des entreprises publiques du secteur maritime au Bénin". Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010066.
Testo completoThe evolution experienced by the public sector in recent decades has pushed policy makers at the international level to think about different methods for public management. This political will of supranational institutions to meet the requirements of public management to ensure their performance raised makers from the countries of the South around the notion of "good governance" considered as a lever for peace and stability. The concept of good governance is introduced into the discourse of development policies in the late 1980s under the auspices of the World Bank established a link between the quality of the governance system of a country and its capacity to promote a sustainable economic and social development. It will be followed by Institutions coming from Bretton Woods agreements. The support of the international community also comes to increase the legitimacy and gives authority to the good governance in the conditionality of development aid. Good governance is thus perceived as a product better developed and more profitable than structural adjustment programs, once in force. But the implementation of good governance is confronted to local realities. Public companies, good governance are facing the governance regime of corruption, very rooted in practices and quite adaptive according to the context. Good governance in public companies must be the result of an inclusive approach, which begins with a change of mentality, respect for rules of the game, the adoption of the governance practices generally admitted in public management
Rigaud, Benoit. "La gouvernance européenne face aux marées noires : les changements des politiques de sécurité maritime après l'Erika et le Prestige". Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30540/30540.pdf.
Testo completoIn 1999 and 2002, oil spills caused by tankers Erika and Prestige have revealed the limits of self-regulation of the maritime industry. During the 2000s, the European institutions have responded to these policy failures by placing the problem of maritime safety among their top priorities. How to explain that such a « hard issue » has been set up to the European agenda while major decisions should be made, particularly concerning the enlargement and the constitutionalisation of the European Union? What are the results achieved thanks to these policy changes? By using process tracing, historical explanation highlights how the sequence of events (the wrecking of the Prestige when several post-Erika measures came into force) legitimised the strategy of the Prodi Commission dedicated to a better management of globalization. Given the insights of Ostrom’s work on Commons governance, coordination and polycentricity, adaptation is the key concept of the proposed analysis. Adaptation is a process by which credible commitments are taken and discrepancies between learning and redistributive activities are minimized. Comparing policy designs at the beginning and at the end of the 2000s shows the added value of a regulatory European agency, the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA), for increasing the adaptive capacity of a policy subsystem. During that period, agencification went with the creation of sophisticated monitoring tools, a more systematic use of evidences in the enforcement of European law, and generally speaking the strengthening of Member States’ implementation capabilities. In this transnational regulatory network, coordination results from sharing and discussing expertise.
Gourlay, Florence. "La mondialisation à l'échelle d'une ville moyenne maritime : Le cas de Lorient". Lorient, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LORIL001.
Testo completoThis research favours the territorial dimension while trying to understand how a territory respond to globalization and how he is or not transformed by it. Our geographical area is Lorient and its suburbs. The city which was born from the assertion of commercial capitalism, has been knowing for about fifteen years a deep questioning of its main economical activities. The dependency toward the state (through the Navy and state industries such the Direction of Shipbuilding) had long been a trademark of the local social system. It has been transformed with the coming and the assertion of new economical actors (multinational companies, important groups). Sectors of activity, formerly dependant on the state power and the fishing sector have opened themselves to the logics of global economy. Meanwhile the learning and the putting up of a local development process, but also the rising of a new governance may look like a form of assimilation of the globalization process by the territory
Lopez-Ponton, Erika. "Réglementation et choix organisationnel : le cas du transport maritime et intermodal en Europe et aux Etats-Unis". Paris 1, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00165177.
Testo completoLopez, Ponton Erika. "Réglementation et choix organisationnel. Le cas du transport maritime et intermodal en Europe et aux Etats-Unis". Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00165177.
Testo completoDeux propositions sont soutenues. Premièrement, la faible part du transport intermodal en Europe s'explique par l'inefficacité du choix de la gouvernance pour encadrer les échanges entre opérateurs intermodaux et armateurs. Cette proposition se fonde sur l'avancée de la théorie des coûts de transaction selon laquelle la gouvernance doit s'aligner sur les caractéristiques des transactions dans un souci d'efficacité, donc de minimisation des coûts de production et de transaction (Williamson 1985).
Deuxièmement, l'environnement réglementaire est une contrainte pour le développement du transport intermodal offert par les armateurs. Cette proposition repose sur les apports de North (1990) et de Williamson (1993) selon lesquels les règles du jeu ont une influence sur le choix organisationnel des agents.
Les résultats de cette thèse identifient la coopération verticale et horizontale comme la gouvernance permettant de maîtriser les problèmes techniques du transport intermodal et de protéger les investissements nécessaires au développement de ce service en Europe. Le cas américain est illustrateur dans la mesure où le déclin du ferroviaire des années 80 a été surmonté grâce aux changements réglementaires et organisationnels.
Quiec, Anne-Solène. "Entreprises privées et autorités portuaires : quelle gouvernance pour les places portuaires de la rangée nord-ouest européenne ?" Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMLH29/document.
Testo completoThe research takes place in the French context which is full of discussions as port governance is concerned. Those debates concern the comparison between a supposed French “shape” and a supposed Hanseatic “shape”. The questioning deals with the identification of port territories in the Northern Range and the interactions between stakeholders coexisting into port places: private companies and port authorities. Main items that stand out from interviews with stakeholders, shown two main results to understand port governance: the nature of interactions between stakeholders and the terms of governance. Compared study between ports permit to say that social interactions established day by day are specifics to each port place and contribute to the construction of an own identity to each territory. A balanced governance is the result of constant compromises that leads to the creation of collective spaces formal and unformal to take decisions. The thesis is focused on institutional and relational mechanisms. Thus, governance is a set of mechanisms which lead to the result of goodwill between stakeholders and permit the balance into the decision taking concerning public affairs. In order to develop our purpose, the study of governance permits to question the exercise of power in port places. The thesis clearly ask the following question: who truly govern port places of the Northern Range?
Le, Borgne François. "Les mémorandums d'entente sur le contrôle des navires par l'Etat portuaire comme mécanisme de renforcement de la sécurité maritime : une approche prometteuse du transgouvernementalisme". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32095.
Testo completoTraditionally, shipowners, flag states and classification societies have ensured the implementation of international security standards aboard merchant vessels. Yet, in recent years, globalization has created an environment of ferocious competition that has forced these actors to reduce their controls, principally with regard to security, in order to attract new clients or to conserve an existing clientele. Such disengagement from the established system of legal enforcement of international norms, as well as the “race to the bottom” it induces with regard to security, are both elements of an ongoing erosion of the seaworthiness of vessels.In order to reduce the number of substandard vessels sailing in their regions, members of the maritime authorities of port states have executed and implemented Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control (MoU), which establish rules coordinating the inspection of ships on layover. These administrative agreements, which now regroup countries from nine international maritime regions, have in fact become transgovernmental networks composed of complex transnational relationships between managing civil servants who are also experts in maritime security. Thus, beyond their respective nationalities and cultures, these civil servants share, on the professional scale, common interests and values. This contributes to the internal cohesion of these organisations, even though they are concerned with non-binding soft law instruments. Nevertheless, even outside the obligatory framework of positive law, these « interstitial » rules may have a quasi-normative, if not fully normative, effect. Such a normative value for the coordination measures put in place by the MoU may be established by demonstrating their effectiveness as well as their efficacy. First, by assessing whether the rules are applied to those toward whom they are directed; and second, by verifying that they work toward the objectives that have been set. Moreover, it is necessary to ask whether the assessment of the legal normativity of these rules must be limited to the previous two aspects. Indeed, the rules put forth by the intergovernmental networks should ensure a minimum of transparency, lest it become a body of dark law
Farre-Malaval, Margerie. "Les rapports juridiques entre sécurité maritime et protection du milieu marin : essai sur l'émergence d'une sécurité maritime environnementale en droit international et de l'union européenne". Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30070.
Testo completoBegun with the study of the European Union rules engendered by the wreck of Erika, the present research was refined around the relation between marine safety and marine environment protection while growing rich of the observation of the international rules. From then on, the idea was to study the collision between two elements neither equivalents, nor completely different and to see what this legal "big-bang" had provoke.The first part will envisage the renewal of the function of marine safety around the purpose of marine environment protection. Indeed, by the middle of the XXth century, the appearance of the environmental concerns comes to destabilize the classic distribution of the skills between the flag State and the coastal State. The freedom, founding principle of the order of seas, has been transformed to adapt itself to the realities of the marine environment protection. It becomes then the principle of sustainable use of the sea, the new key of the distribution of sovereignties on the sea. A shape of environmental governance of the maritime safety appears to establish around the International Maritime Organization and the European Union.The second part will allow to bring to light the redefining of the normative space of maritime safety in the prism of the objective of prevention of the pollutions. Originally, the regulations of marine safety aimed at protecting the sailormen against the dangers of the sea. Henceforth, it is today a question of protecting the biosphere, the humanity and its future generations. That is why the classic marine safety, become insufficient, evolves towards a more modern, " environmental " notion
Ekouala, Landry. "Le développement durable et le secteur des pêches et de l'aquaculture au Gabon : une étude de la gestion durable des ressources halieutiques et leur écosystème dans les provinces de l'Estuaire et de l'Ogooué Maritime". Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00840968.
Testo completoVerdol, Maïté. "Planification stratégique et gouvernance dans les villes portuaires : une analyse néo-institutionnelle du Havre, d’Anvers et de Rotterdam". Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040029.
Testo completoPort and maritime activity are currently undergoing an important reorganisation. This phenomenon goes hand in hand with prominent evolutions triggering a renewal of port cities governance. Among the Northern Range, three major cities – namely Antwerp, Le Havre and Rotterdam – have been experiencing the spreading of the strategic paradigm followed by a diversity of strategic projects. In order to answer the theoretical and operational issues induced by this renewed context, the research is structured around four axes among which the analysis of strategic planning instruments and its impact on spatial planning processes in port cities. Conceiving a methodology that allows explaining the complexity of port cities constitutes an important challenge. As such, it is the second axis explored. The link between strategic planning and territorial coherence forms the third axis. Finally, the opportunity of modelling strategic planning of port cities is the fourth axis. The research follows a cross-disciplinary approach coupled with a systemic analysis. On top of providing a specific methodology to analyse strategic planning and port cities complexity, the doctoral study contributes to a better understanding of spatial planning processes and their current redefinition. It also produces an evaluation of the way territorial coherence is integrated to spatial planning policies in port cities. Last but not least, the research presents a theoretical formalisation of strategic processes leading to an original typology of the three strategic planning models identified in Antwerp, Le Havre and Rotterdam
Gualino, Tamonino Matthieu. "La gouvernance de la sûreté des transports". Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU10068.
Testo completoLe résumé en anglais n'a pas été communiqué par l'auteur
Jacob, Lauranne. "Gouverner la frontière. Innovations dans la coopération transfrontalière des territoires alpins : espace Mont-Blanc, Alpi-Marittime-Mercantour". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAH017/document.
Testo completoThis thesis examines the links between governance, social innovation and territories with a disciplinaryoverrun context, in Alpine cross-border margins. Mainly related to geography and secondarily to lawdisciplines, this research explores common thematic such us border and space. It tries to find commonground on the governance before working on relatively new topic: social innovation.The Alpi Marittime-Mercantour and Espace Mont-Blanc cross-border governance has been analyzedwith a comparative approach. These cases are poorly investigated by the literature on governance,although they have interesting special topic and issues like sustainable development. They have to findan acceptable balance between protection measures and socio-economic development. Thefunctionalization of border allows for cross-border cooperation but the topography and the pooraccessibility constraint and affect the agreement the of the governance. The analysis of governance isbased on three different forms: institutional governance (formal and informal), project governance(mainly formal) and Interreg program governance relatively complex. This system is obviously multilevelwith vertical (top-down and bottom-up) and horizontal relations.The thesis reviews the definition of innovation especially social innovation with a critical perspective.The ambition isn’t to say “this is an innovation” but to understand and explain how the system ofgovernance implements public policies and finally produces innovations. The goal is also to show andanalyze “almost innovations” and “failed innovation”.Finally, this research considers institutionalization and territorialization processes next to each other.Both of them are continuous on long term and they are dependent on project’s players, their ambitions,but also on national and European, political and legal framework
Percher, Camille. "Le concept de travail décent à l'épreuve du droit de l'Union européenne". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2110.
Testo completoThe concept of decent work has been presented by the Director-General of the International Labour Office, in 1999, as an International Labour Organisation’s priority objective enabling every woman and man to exercise an activity in conditions of freedom, equity, security and dignity. This concept brings together four independent pillars that are employment, social protection, social dialogue, respecting, promoting and realizing the fundamental principles and rights at work. In a new way, the ILO imposes a framework of action for all Member States. Depending on the socio-economic conditions in each Member State, the concept of decent work is likely to be defined locally while having a universal outline. The translation of the concept is facilitated through Decent Work Country Programs (DWCPs) under ILO technical cooperation, and indicators measuring decent work. The concept of decent work therefore appears as an objectif of universal scope and not as a legal norm. If ILO’s technical cooperation facilitates the achievement of decent work, its normative action is also essential. Normative action must also be directed towards the concept of decent work, as reflected in the Maritime Labour Convention adopted, in 2006, by the International Labour Conference and in the Convention n° 189 concerning decent work for domestic workers adopted in 2011. The concept of decent work, seen as a political slogan to give visibility to the ILO, weakened by the contexte of globalization, was criticized for its minimalist nature and ignored within the European Union. The confrontation between the concept of decent work and the law of the European Union reveals a paradox between the increase in indecent living and working conditions in favor of a strengthening of labor market law and market law and the commitment of all EU member states to be linked to the ILO Declaration of 1998. Yet, the current economic and social situation in the European Union raises the question of the need and possibility of integrating the concept of decent work, which reveals a particular approach to work, in European Union law. Reflection on humane conditions of labour centered on the values of social justice and human dignity makes sense in the current context of economic governance in the European Union and the austerity measures considering the work from the perspective of the market and trade. Social justice in the sense given to it by the Declaration of Philadelphia of 1944 and then the concept of decent work, that is to say the principle of action, is today indispensable for the protection of people and the environment. The current situation in the EU is therefore an issue for the ILO in its own ability to impose the translation of the concept of decent work into European social law and for the EU itself. The concept of decent work proposes solutions for normative action and thus it implies requirements for the legislator and the judge of the EU. Like the ILO, the EU must direct its normative action towards the concept of decent work to strengthen the place of fundamental social rights in the face of economic freedoms. This new approach requires the EU to build on ILO’ instruments, in particular on its conventions and declarations and on technical cooperation taking into account its specificities
Guerlet, Grégory. "La gestion des ports par une entite publique : aspects européens et environnementaux". Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00983306.
Testo completoNekrouf, Salima. "Calcutta et ses ports : 40 ans de développement régional et de gouvernance portuaire : Acteurs, enjeux et conflits". Thesis, Perpignan, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PERP0003.
Testo completoPort development is put into perspective from the ports of Calcutta, the third metropolis by population in India. The object of analysis is the port regionalization phenomenon in India, defined by a port governance of its own. The research focuses port geography, economic geography and regional geography in a process that allows us to understand the port governance in India, as well as the city-port relationship. It thus interrogates two concepts in harbor geography regionalization and port governance in India. The thesis shows that the port regionalization fits into the evolution of port governance that characterizes Calcutta. It stresses the relevance of the concept of port governance as an analytical category of port regionalization phenomenon as a process and as political, social and economic issue. Moreover, the role of governance in the port city harbor report is highlighted by the study of economic choices openly in opposition to neoliberal policies colors of the Government of West Bengal Communist since 1977. In this specific context in West Bengal port regionalization evolves through a succession of stages marked by the initiation of reforms gradually involving the participation of private capital. In India, decisions on port reforms, often at the expense of the most vulnerable populations (farmers) are not without social problems, which have evolved into serious conflicts between indigenous people and other actors involved in the port question. In Calcutta, the challenges of regional port development raises the question of the place of its ports as a development tool for this region of India, South Asia become an emerging power on the international stage
Courteix, Julian. "Emboitement de compétences relatives aux transports publics et frontières institutionnelles dans une agglomération multipolaire : le cas des Alpes-Maritimes". Phd thesis, Université de Cergy Pontoise, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00872815.
Testo completoGuerlet, Grégory. "La gestion des ports par une entite publique : aspects européens et environnementaux". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Littoral, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DUNK0347.
Testo completoIn the past shelters for ships in iniquity, harbours true port places consisting of industrialo-port zones became. Doors were opened on the world, harbours are in the middle of the trades of States and constitute a not negligible trump in the foreign trade of these. Different laws and port reforms led the French legislator and the port actors to refocus the missions of each within the port place so that our harbours achieve the challenge of the competition imposed by our neighbours of the Benelux notably, and also answer the environmental pressures which Europe imposes on harbours. In France, harbours always have were considered to be utility with a duality which was translated by an administrative service for regalian missions and an industrial and commercial service for the more commercial missions. The French vision of the port public service appears since then outdated and France owes adapt to a harmonization of the management of its harbours in European norms. The reform of 2008 transferred tools to private firms, allowing the harbours to reorganize itself around development and management. It is necessary to consider the harbour as in the center of the chain of the commercial transport and an integrated management of these last appears necessary, implicating a development of our harbours side earths up, with of the Earth, fluvial and rail services which will be an answer to competition. The multimodality of harours is a working which France must set up and is under way of building, with a catch in count of environmentin the middle of every plan. France disposes big facede coastal region here not much or badly exploited. Port policy begins becoming one of the preferences of the national leaders and will allow in France of (re)to find itsmaritime vocation which for the time being too much for a long time ignored
Takambe, Pédro Koyanté. "Le poids de l'État dans les activités des Grands Ports Maritimes en France et du Port Autonome de Lomé au Togo - analyse comparée". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ0023.
Testo completoWith the globalisation of the increasingly competitive maritime freight transport market, commercial seaports have become more and more increasingly economically sensitive areas. While governments have always taken a major interest in their ports, this interest has grown both for governments and for port economic operators such as stevedores, shippers, carriers and shipowners, precisely because of the development of international trade, which favours transport by sea, which is highly adapted to change.The collaboration between the State and these essential actors in the port area, who are generally legal entities under private law, raises questions about the legal framework of the partnership that is best suited to the economic, financial and port activities development stakes of each party. With a view to improving the efficiency of the management and operation of the Major Seaports and the Autonomous Port of Lomé, the french and togolese States have carried out successive reforms and adopted port policies in order to turn these ports into hubs of the global trade of goods. In France, the most important port reform to date is law no. 2008-660 of 4 july 2008 on port reform. In Togo, we can cite decree no. 91-027 of 2nd october 1991 transforming the Autonomous Port of Lomé into a State-owned company, or law no. 2021-034 of 31st december 2021 on public-private partnership contracts.Through these port reforms and policies, France and Togo have aimed to improve the performance, attractiveness and, by extension, the competitiveness of their commercial seaports on a regional and international scale. However, the results achieved have always been insufficient and have never lived up to expectations. Indeed, analysis shows that the level of competitiveness of the Major Seaports and the Autonomous Port of Lomé remains well below expectations. The reports of the french Court of audit, in this case that of 2017 entitled ‘ʻAssessment of the reform of the major seaports : uneven implementation, modest effects, insufficient attractivenessʼʼ is illustrative. The same is true of the historical report of Togo's Court of audit in february 2015 entitled ʻʻFinal observations report on the management control of the Autonomous Port of Lomé (PAL) : financial year 2008, 2009, 2010''.This situation raises questions about the efficiency of the legal, political and strategic arsenal relating to the management and operation of these ports. This thesis therefore sets out to make a legal diagnosis of the underlying causes of the lack of competitiveness of the Major Seaports and the Autonomous Port of Lomé, marked by the very active interventionism of the State in port affairs.Keyword : Seaports ; public companies ; governance ; public domain ; public contracting ; public-private partnership ; environment
Rochette, Julien. "LE TRAITEMENT JURIDIQUE D'UNE SINGULARITÉ TERRITORIALE : LA ZONE CÔTIÈRE. ÉTUDE EN DROIT INTERNATIONAL ET DROIT COMPARÉ FRANCO ITALIEN". Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00172410.
Testo completoBawedin, Vincent. "La Gestion Intégrée des Zones Côtières (GIZC) confrontée aux dynamiques territoriales dans le bassin d'Arcachon et sur la côte picarde". Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00431534.
Testo completoLe, Borgne François. "Les mémorandums d’entente sur le contrôle des navires par l'État portuaire comme mécanisme de renforcement de la sécurité maritime : une approche prometteuse du transgouvernementalisme". Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5970.
Testo completoTraditionally, shipowners, flag states and classification societies have ensured the implementation of international security standards aboard merchant vessels. Yet, in recent years, globalization has created an environment of ferocious competition that has forced these actors to reduce their controls, principally with regard to security, in order to attract new clients or to conserve an existing clientele. Such disengagement from the established system of legal enforcement of international norms, as well as the “race to the bottom” it induces with regard to security, are both elements of an ongoing erosion of the seaworthiness of vessels. In order to reduce the number of substandard vessels sailing in their regions, members of the maritime authorities of port states have executed and implemented Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control (MoU), which establish rules coordinating the inspection of ships on layover. These administrative agreements, which now regroup countries from nine international maritime regions, have in fact become transgovernmental networks composed of complex transnational relationships between managing civil servants who are also experts in maritime security. Thus, beyond their respective nationalities and cultures, these civil servants share, on the professional scale, common interests and values. This contributes to the internal cohesion of these organisations, even though they are concerned with non-binding soft law instruments. Nevertheless, even outside the obligatory framework of positive law, these « interstitial » rules may have a quasi-normative, if not fully normative, effect. Such a normative value for the coordination measures put in place by the MoU may be established by demonstrating their effectiveness as well as their efficacy. First, by assessing whether the rules are applied to those toward whom they are directed; and second, by verifying that they work toward the objectives that have been set. Moreover, it is necessary to ask whether the assessment of the legal normativity of these rules must be limited to the previous two aspects. Indeed, the rules put forth by the intergovernmental networks should ensure a minimum of transparency, lest it become a body of dark law.
La thèse a été réalisée en cotutelle avec l'Université Paul Céazanne (Aix Marseille III).