Tesi sul tema "Global"

På senare år har debatten om företags sociala ansvar rönt uppmärksamhet både i media och i företagsvärlden. Från omgivningen ställs allt större krav på att företag skall integrera etiska och sociala hänsyn i sin verksamhet och ta ett socialt ansvar för de konsekvenser som företagens verksamhet medför för människa och miljö. I stort handlar det om krav på att införliva även andra värden än monetär lönsamhet och effektivitet i företagsvärlden. Med den ökade makten som globala företag har i världen är det knappast förvånande att också ökat ansvar krävs av dem. Men vad är egentligen socialt ansvar? Hur kan företagen ta ansvar och hur långt bör det ansvaret sträcka sig? Ett ökat ansvarstagande medför ett ökat anseende för företagen och kananvändas för att stärka företagets varumärke. Att helt strunta i de krav som omgivningen ställer på företagens ansvarstagande kan stå företagen dyrt, särskilt som företag som agerar oetiskt ofta utsätts för en hård bevakning från media. Problemet för många företag är att de inte vet vad som förväntas av dem avseende det sociala ansvarstagandet och hur de skall hantera ansvaret. Det finns en rik flora av konventioner, riktlinjer och verktyg som inte erbjuder någon enhetlig syn på företagens ansvar. Uppsatsens syfte är att ge insikt i vad socialt ansvar innebär för globala företag samt ge vägledning åt de företag som önskar arbeta med sitt sociala ansvar. I uppsatsen försöker jag också att reda ut hur långt ansvaret bör sträcka sig samt utröna varför företag bör ta socialt ansvar. Uppsatsen fokuseras på företag av global, det vill säga multinationell, karaktär, eftersom det är i globala sammanhang som frågor rörande socialt ansvar blir mest påtagliga.

Resande, globalt engagemang och arbete utomlands av olika former är företeelser som förändrar människors syn på världen. Dessa tillhör samtiden och de blir därmed aktuella och relevanta att diskutera. Att vi lever i en global värld påverkar våra livsvillkor och innebär i sin tur nya möjligheter och förutsättningar för individen. Begrepp som är centrala att diskutera blir därmed livsstil, engagemang, svenskhet och världsmedborgarskap.

In spite of our substantive knowledge about global un-sustainability, insufficient progress is being made to halt systematic socio-ecological decline. Much information is readily available on downstream impacts, with limited focus on upstream activities driving such effects. This thesis uses backcasting from socioecological principles for sustainability to identify major upstream human activities violating these principles, the underlying drivers reinforcing such activities, alternative practices already in use with potential for significant expansion, and emerging opportunities for action across different sectors of society. Results show emerging patterns of high magnitude violations across all four socio-ecological principles indicating nexus points in energy, transportation and agriculture. These activities are reinforced by our societal structure which is designed to meet human needs through a growth paradigm which in turn does not adequately consider the ongoing health of ecosystems or the sustainable functioning of society itself. Shifting to potential solutions, examples focus on themes such as renewable energy, green chemicals, organic agriculture, and self-organising network structures. Recognising that these actions may not be enough, the thesis explores elements of a global vision which could guide progress. Emerging nexus points for societal change include education, information flows (particularly the media), design (as a leverage point), self-organization, and governance.

Josephine Brennan +27 83 778 9158

Mestrado em Gestão
Existem poucos estudos relativos ao processo de global sourcing nas pequenas e médias empresas e, em conformidade, em Portugal este fenómeno tem passado algo despercebido. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo explora o desenvolvimento do processo de global sourcing através de um caso de estudo de uma pequena e média empresa Portuguesa do sector metalomecânico. Os três grandes temas de pesquisa no campo do fenómeno de global sourcing – processos e etapas de globalização, motivações, e design e gestão organizacional – são revistos também neste trabalho e, nesse seguimento, propostos os seguintes objectivos de pesquisa: (1) Será que o desenvolvimento das operações de global sourcing da empresa têm evoluído progressivamente de acordo com um processo linear e gradual?; (2) O desenvolvimento do processo de global sourcing da empresa tem na sua natureza uma gestão mais proactiva ou mais reactiva?; (3) Quais as motivações e obstáculos que estão na origem das operações de sourcing da empresa e que vantagens resultam desse processo?. São também apresentadas neste trabalho as principais conclusões de um estudo do Instituto Nacional de Estatística relativas às práticas de global sourcing de 1.000 empresas do nosso País com mais de 100 trabalhadores.
There are few studies about the global sourcing process in small and medium enterprises and in Portugal this phenomenon has received a relative lack of attention. This study explores the development in the global sourcing process through a case study of a Portuguese small and medium enterprise of the metalo-mechanical sector. The three major themes of research in the field of global sourcing phenomenon are reviewed in this paper – globalization processes and stages, motives/drivers, and design and organizational management – and it are proposed the following research objectives are set: (1) Has the development of company global sourcing operations have been progressively developing accordingly to a linear and gradual process?, (2) Has the development of the company global sourcing process has a more proactive or more reactive approach?, (3) What are the motivations and barriers of the company sourcing operations and which benefits result from this process?. Are also presented in this paper the main findings from a study of the Instituto Nacional de Estatística relating to 1.000 Portuguese enterprises with more than 100 workers and their global sourcing practices.

How is it possible for organizations to manage the fast paced changes and imperative demands that increased globalization implies? In order to become successful in the global market, it is vital to be aware of cultural influence on business and how to approach diversity. Consequently, management plays a significant role, and the challenge is therefore to cultivate a global way of thinking among managers.

The main purpose of this thesis, which is to create a deeper understanding of a company’s global approach has lead to the following question:

How can managers increase their global mindsets so as to improve a company’s global approach?

As Permobil is an international company eager to expand, we have focused on understanding their global approach using a hermeneutic perspective. In order to do this, ten interviews with managers at Permobil have been conducted. A comparison between managers in Sweden and the United States has been performed, and furthermore we have searched for signs indicative of a global mindset. The method of reasoning has been deductive, which implies that the empirical results have been analyzed together with recognized theories.

This research shows that managers in Sweden and the United States possess a number of valuable qualities that contribute to a global way of thinking, although there are differences between the two countries. A prerequisite is that managers understand the value of a global way of thinking. In order to stay successful internationally, the Permobil Corporation should for instance increase the global communication, strive for a more diverse workforce and attain a better balance between local and global focus. Our conclusion is that the managers more actively have to look for improvements and stay open-minded when facing diversity. This would contribute to the development of their global mindsets, which in turn would meliorate the company’s global outlook.

Global climate models simulate a robust increase of global mean precipitation of about 1.5 to 2% per Kelvin surface warming in response to greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing.Here, it is shown that the sensitivity to aerosol cooling is robust as well, albeit roughly twice as large. This larger sensitivity is consistent with energy budget arguments. At the same time, it is still considerably lower than the 6.5 to 7% K−1 decrease of the water vapor concentration with cooling from anthropogenic aerosol because the water vapor radiative feedback lowers the hydrological sensitivity to anthropogenic forcings. When GHG and aerosol forcings are combined, the climate models with a realistic 20th century warming indicate that the globa lmean precipitation increase due to GHG warming has, until recently, been completely masked by aerosol drying. This explains the apparent lack of sensitivity of the global mean precipitation to the net global warming recently found in observations. As the importance of GHG warming increases in the future, a clear signal will emerge.

Teaching social studies from a global perspective has been resisted by many since its inception (Kirkwood, 2009). Critics have labeled the theory anti-American and unpatriotic (Schlafly, 1986; Burack, 2001). Others are concerned with its shifting perspectives and apparent lack of core facts (Finn, 1988). Over time, some critics have changed their stance on global teaching and now endorse the idea (Ravitch, 2010). This qualitative case study sought to identify the barriers seven self-proclaimed global educators faced while teaching global themes and to identify the effective gatekeeping strategies for circumventing such obstacles. The goal was to provide a rich, compelling account of committed global educators efforts to the global education paradigm so that others interested in teaching globally could successfully navigate similar conditions. The data was gathered by the use of a survey and a face to face interview. Analysis of the five research questions resulted in a comprehensive overview of effective and practical gatekeeping strategies endorsed by self-proclaimed global educators. The participants, purposefully selected after training with a global education project over a six year period, employed a variety of teaching methods for infusing the theory into their lessons however favored merging global themes into the existing mandated curriculum. Participants found use for each of the eight global dimensions identified, but were guided by personal preference and practicality. Data analysis identified six primary barriers to teaching from a global perspective including 1. a teacher's disposition; 2. the mandated curriculum; 3. the availability of global training and resources; 4. the degree to which a school emphasizes authentic learning as opposed to preparation for standardized testing; 5. the risk and liability involved of teaching controversial topics; and 6. the insight necessary to be able to draw connections throughout time and across a wide variety of content. While the participants were unable to identify a method for circumventing the current climate of standardized testing, they did recommend six gatekeeping strategies that they believed would prove effective including: 1. discouraging non-global educators from entering the teaching profession; 2. officially amending existing curriculum to make room for global teaching; 3. empower teachers to have authority over their curriculum; 4. enhance global education training; 5. teach from a centrist position; and 6. make practical decisions and fragment content when time becomes problematic. Two unanticipated findings presented themselves as participants reflected on their time training with the Global Schools Project. The participants declared that the congenial learning environment and exposure to like-minded colleagues improved their overall teaching ability and confidence as each found the support that can be lacking when teaching in isolation. Participants advised new global educators become committed to personal and professional growth through conferences, trainings, and mentors. They recommended new teachers merge global themes into existing lessons, be persistent when lessons fail, and employ a variety of methods. Finally, they commanded new teachers to develop a passion for their content and empathy for humanity. The participants' perspectives have implications for both teacher education programs and future research. The implications involve potential changes to teacher education programs. Future research should attempt to reveal the purpose that exists, if any, behind the barriers global educators face. Future research should seek to expose how training programs similar to the GSP impact participating teachers. Finally, additional research is needed regarding the purpose of global education as either advocacy oriented teaching or as a neutral method for increasing critical thinking.

The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria was created as a new type of international organisation. Its founders uniquely enfranchised non-state actors on its Board, hoping that decision would attract new resources to combat these diseases. Funding decisions would be evidence-based rather than politically-driven. And, the institution would be deliberately ‘lean’ to promote ‘country-ownership’ of grant proposals and implementation. The Fund’s Board (‘principals’) made deliberate choices to constrain the autonomy of its Secretariat (‘agent’). Delegation was strictly limited. In theory, this was to ensure the Fund remained a catalyst for donor funding, evidence-based decision-making and country-ownership. However, the research adduced for this thesis suggests inadequate delegation opened opportunities for direct donor influence in recipient countries. This thesis assesses three specific dimensions of the Fund’s performance in its first decade. The first concerns whether the Fund successfully mobilised more resources, from more funders and did so more reliably. The second is whether the Fund made initial and continued funding decisions in an identifiable evidence-based way. The third centres on ‘country-ownership:’ whether recipient and donor countries on the Fund’s Board had equal influence and whether grant writing and oversight can be assessed as being recipient country ‘owned.’ Data is aggregated from several sources, including: the Fund’s grant portfolio, individual grant agreements and Board documentation; the U.S. PEPFAR programme; and, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. The research reveals the Fund likely gave a ‘kick-start’ to resources flowing to its diseases but PEPFAR’s arrival a year later contributed relatively more. Broad-based support did not emerge though the Fund proved relatively more successful in converting pledges to contributions. The Fund made evidence-based decisions for initial and continued funding, but the latter is a less robust conclusion given missing grant performance data. Equal donor and recipient Board representation was insufficient to ensure recipients had influence equal to donors. The Secretariat never developed an in-country presence but donors embedded themselves in-country, through grant oversight mechanisms and providing technical assistance to implementers. Principal-agent theory generally assumes agents have more information than principals, a key source of their authority. In the Fund, that asymmetry was in the principals’ favour. The scant delegation of authority to the Secretariat left donors in a position to exert control at all levels. The Fund was an experiment in global governance but has not yet proven to be a success in establishing a new model for cooperation.

A novel and unconventional shape description scheme is proposed which captures the hierarchy of parts and medial descriptors. Both the parts and the medial descriptors are extracted simultaneously, in a complementary fashion, using a real valued function defined over the shape domain. The function arises out of both global and local interactions within the shape domain and it is related to an extension of a linear elliptic PDE with an integral term. The part hierarchies, extracted via level sets and watersheds of the function, are organized into proper binary trees, and the medial descriptors, extracted via ridges and watersheds of the function, are organized as rooted depth-1 trees. The medial descriptors (we named global skeleton) consist of two distinct medial abstractions. The limbs and prominent boundary features are captured in the form of conventional skeletons. Secondly, the coarse structure of the shape is captured in the form of a watershed region, which is a powerful tool in respect to both stability and representation of prominent shape properties. Additionally, as an important technical contribution that addresses part matching, the randomized hierarchy tree is introduced that endows the part hierarchy tree with a probabilistic structure.

Global Terrorism is best summarised as: a self contained textbook on the subject of terrorism, versatile in its suitability for both distance and classroom learning, either according to a fixed academic schedule, or one which is self-paced. Moreover, it notably renders the subject of terrorism in both span and depth to a degree rarely, if at all, found in other contemporary works on the topic. Global Terrorism also includes some hitherto unassembled research findings, and creative invention (definitions and formula). Furthermore, serious dedication has been applied to presenting Global Terrorism in an academic format, which is demonstrated by virtue of: a) Descriptive and explanatory instructions concerning the Course Format. b) Instructions concerning the Method of Study proposed for distance learning. c) A full List of Contents detailing the entire syllabus. d) A lengthy and protracted Introduction for adequate preparatory purposes. e) 12 distinct Lessons with titles and sub titles indicating the content syllabus. f) Clear and pre-stated Scope and Objectives for each of the 12 lessons. g) Heavily illustrated throughout (475 illustrations). h) Richly presented text (frequent bulleting and numbering, and 50 tables/charts). i) Four major case studies. j) 12 historically notable Terrorist attack briefs (concise facts of the cases). k) 12 vocabulary tables (Keywords to Note). 1) Each of the 12 Lessons concluding in an End-of-Lesson Quiz (test) of 20 questions, to gauge assimilation. m) 19 Annexes: wide-ranging scientific, political, historical and other reference information and photographs. n) A Final Examination and award ofa certificate of completion for reaching a pass standard (75%). 0) The author (candidate student) standing as mentor for all enrolled students (gratis and in own time). Finally, Global Terrorism has fortunately attracted enrolments from several hundred students, both independently and through institutions such as the US Government and Universities (at Graduate and undergraduate level). Several hundreds of students have enrolled from over 20 countries, and include police, military, security and intelligence personnel, notably a number being from the UK Ministry of Defence, US State Department and Pentagon, up to and including the General Officer level. Author (candidate-student) and Global Terrorism were briefly mentioned by the United Nations Secretary-General in his report to the UN General Assembly on Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism (Report number A/55/179).

My creative project explores toys as means to express economic issues of globalization. By exploiting the educational and imaginative aspects of toys for adults and children, I intend to reflect on the impact and pressures of globalization on employment, technology and environment. In creating these toys I hope to make a visual statement concerning critical issues of human survival, sustainability and the divisive side of globalization.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro de Ciências Jurídicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito.
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O presente estudo visa propor uma nova abordagem acerca das relações internacionais baseada no conceito de "governança global" para, em seguida, descrever sucintamente a arquitetura da governança global contemporânea, aplicando algumas variáveis para classificar as instituições internacionais que presentemente formulam normas e implementam políticas nas áreas econômica, social, ambiental, etc. Parte-se do princípio de que a intensificação do processo de integração econômica experimentada a partir da década de sessenta e setenta, bem como os avanços tecnológicos desse período e a conscientização para com os riscos ambientais reforçaram o sentimento de interdependência na sociedade internacional, oportunizando o surgimento de uma miríade de instituições criadas com o propósito de lidar com questões que, por um lado, envolvem riscos e prejuízos de alcance global; e, por outro, ultrapassam a capacidade de solução dos Estados individualmente. Esse processo acaba por deslocar o eixo da atividade política, na medida em que o Estado, tradicional destinatário das demandas sociais, não mais pode intervir satisfatoriamente em uma série de situações, seja por falta de recursos, seja porque está envolvido em uma vasta rede de regimes, normas e instituições internacionais que limitam as opções disponíveis. Os problemas de legitimação daí decorrentes para os próprios Estados geram a demanda por uma governança além do Estado.

Ausgehend von der These, Luftverkehr finde am Boden statt, entwickelt die am Institut für Kulturwissenschaft verteidigte Dissertation eine spezifische Geopolitik des Luftverkehrs. Der Luftverkehr wird dabei über seine Operationen am Boden und an Flughäfen untersucht. Der genaue Blick auf die technischen Details bei der Implementierung dieser Anlagen in machthistorisch entscheidenden Momenten des 20. Jahrhunderts ermöglicht eine Revision geopolitischen Denkens und eröffnet einen innovativen Zugang für eine Genealogie der Globalisierung. Die Dissertation analysiert die Bewegungen in der Luft auf ihre stets lokalen und immanent territorialen Dimensionen – und widerlegt so den vermeintlichen und häufig wiederholten Anspruch an den Luftverkehr, er sei das globale, raumvernichtende Verkehrssystem par excellence (Carl Schmitt, Paul Virilio, Martin Heidegger). Die Dissertation ist auch ein Beitrag zur Genealogie von Medientheorie, insofern sie unter Rückgriff auf Harold A. Innis die Übertragung nicht von Zeichen, sondern von Personen und Gütern zum Gegenstand hat. Historisch geht sie von der Kriegslogistik der USA im Zweiten Weltkrieg aus. Sie bezieht heterogene Quellen ein: politische Programme und Debatten, internationale Beziehungen; philosophische, juridische, ökonomische und urbanistische Diskurse; ingenieurstechnische Entwicklungen und militärische Doktrinen. Sie nimmt den Leser mit auf eine Reise über alle Meere und Kontinente mit Fokus auf Saudi-Arabien, Zentral- und Südafrika, Brasilien und den Nahen Osten, untersucht Ereignisse von den 1930er bis 1970er Jahren und endet mit einem Epilog zu den Anschlägen vom 9. September 2011.
This dissertation develops a specific geopolitics of aviation, taking an original perspective as it starts with the assumption that air travel happens on the ground. The focus is on a thorough examination of the technical details for implementing the facilities of airports at moments decisive for the distribution of power in the 20th century. Geopolitical discourses are revised to enable an original understanding for the genealogy of globalisation. The dissertation analyses movements in the air with view on their immanent local and territorial dimensions. It breaks with the overcome understanding of aviation as a traffic system that is global and that destroys space as no other (Carl Schmitt, Paul Virilio, Martin Heidegger). The dissertation was disputed at the Institute for Cultural Studies. It is also a contribution to the genealogy of media theory, following in the footsteps of Harold A. Innis, as it focuses on the neglected transmission of goods and people instead of signs and codes. Starting point is the US military logistics in World War II. The heterogeneous material under review includes political programmes and debates; international relations; philosophical, juridical and economic discourses; urbanism, engineering and military doctrines. It takes the reader on a journey around the world, with focus on Saudi-Arabia, Central and Southern Africa, Brazil and the Near East, taking into account events from the 1930s to 1970s, and concluding with an epilogue on the events of 9/11.

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Esta pesquisa é uma contribuição teórica às Ciências das Comunicações por meio de análise da produção publicitária contemporânea. Buscamos meios para elucidar um problema de pesquisa que se baseia na utilização de referências culturais locais de uma sociedade para transmitir ao público idéias de um mundo globalizado. Focando os meios de comunicação como parte das forças que compõem os segmentos de propagação e fortalecimento do poder hegemônico -assim como o Estado e as corporações financeiras e industriais- nota-se que esses meios passaram a interferir definitivamente nas vivências de espaço e tempo na vida das pessoas, interferindo nas dimensões humanas, de forma mediatizada, em âmbito mundial. Desta maneira, está no centro da investigação o comportamento dos meios de comunicação como canal para troca de informações locais e globais. São representativos do aspecto local, nesta pesquisa, a linguagem da publicidade e o ambiente em que ela se apresenta, que é a própria sociedade brasileira. Já o aspecto global é desenhado por grandes anunciantes de projeção mundial, e ainda pelos recursos técnicos empregados na construção das mensagens de comunicação dessas organizações. Argumentamos que, pela utilização de particularidades culturais para ilustração dos comerciais, a prática da publicidade transita entre uma linguagem que se pretende universal e, ao mesmo tempo, lança mão de recursos somente acessíveis a um público específico, local. Configura-se um movimento de busca por práticas universais que falem a um público cada vez mais diverso. Esse movimento caminha paralelo a um modelo de mensagem focado em referências específicas de uma localidade. Nessa via, por um lado a sociedade consome a publicidade e, por outro, produz elementos que alimentam a criação publicitária. Nessa publicidade se encontram formas singulares de comunicação de cultura, que socializa os indivíduos de uma localidade e categoriza-os fornecendo-lhes substância de identidade. Nesta pesquisa é apresentada uma discussão de como são construídas essas mensagens e qual é o contexto histórico e econômico em que essa comunicação se faz presente

Det underliggande problemet som undersökningen ville besvara var hur organisationer kommunicerar internt och externt samt hur de sprider information ur ett globalt perspektiv mellan olika geografiska platser. Undersökningen har använt sig av tidigare forskning, teorier och tre intervjuer på organisationer inom tjänstesektorn för att undersöka hur dessa organisationer hanterar sin globala kommunikation samt vilka risker och möjligheter de själva har identifierat. Svaren utifrån intervjuerna har jämförts gentemot tidigare forskning och teori för att skapa struktur. Undersökningen har kommit fram till hur dessa tre organisationer har planerat och hur de använder sig av global kommunikation. Samt vilka risker och möjligheter de har identifierat under arbetetsgång. Undersökningen visar också att en medveten kommunikationsstrategi hjälper organisationen att arbeta på ett enhetligt och standardiserat sätt vilket ger ett bättre helhetsintryck av organisationen. Studiens resultat visar på en uppsjö av kommunikationskanaler, där den bästa kanalen bestäms utifrån organisationens behov samt kapacitet men gemensamt är att IT står för merparten utav dagens föredragna kommunikationskanaler.

This essay is based on a survey of student’s attitudes and knowledge about global warming. A survey was used to obtain answers. The questionnaire is divided into three different stages. Some whit knowledge- based questions, one whit self-assessing questions and some with selffulfilling questions. Several studies have been created to survey students’ attitudes and knowledge, to see if there are knowledge gaps among university student, and to see if the universities lack certain teaching components. In the results, it was noted that Karlstad’s students had relatively low level of knowledge and assessed their own knowledge relatively high to the actual knowledge they hold. The students felt that society cares about global warming to some extent, and they want to counteract global warming but at the same time adapt society to the climate of the future. As an Australian study, (Pfautsch . and Gray 2017), the Karlstad students had an equal view as the Australian students of how to evaluate various sources of global warming, for example, politicians, classic media and social media were ranked among all as very unreliable sources.

La compréhension du confinement du plasma dans les réacteurs à fusion est l’une des étapes manquantes pour la disponibilité de l’énergie de fusion. La conception de futurs réacteurs tels que ITER sont bases sur l'extrapolation de lois d'échelle empiriques. Dans ce travail de thèse nous étudions les propriétés globales du confinement du plasma dans un Tokamak avec l'une des simulations numériques les plus complétés. Les recherches portent sur deux sujets principaux: les propriétés d’échelle du confinement et l’effet de la limite du plasma sur le transport turbulent. Un résultat important est obtenu lors de la reproduction de la loi d’échelle globale du temps de confinement de l’énergie avec les simulations numériques. La condition aux limites du code a été modifié pour imiter cela au bord du plasma dans les expériences. Une physique supplémentaires est accessibles aux simulations, telles que l'instabilité de type Kelvin-Helmeholtz au niveau de la separatrice et la turbulence sous-critique de bord
Understanding and predicting the performance of a fusion reactor in terms of confinement is one of the missing milestones for the availability of fusion energy. The predictions for the design of future reactors such as ITER are based on the extrapolation of empiricalscaling laws. We investigate global confinement properties of turbulent heat transport in a Tokamak with first principle simulations. The research is carried on two main topics: the scaling properties of plasma confinement and the effect of the plasma boundary on the turbulent transport. An important result is obtained when reproducing the global scaling for the energy confinement time with numerical simulations. However the scaling properties are found to brake at the local level. The boundary condition of the code has been modified to mimic the experimental Scrape-Off Layer at the plasma edge. Additional physics is now accessible, such as Kelvin-Helmholtz-like instability at separatrix and edge subcritical turbulence

Current theoretical insights into firm internationalisation have mainly focused on large American multinationals or on smaller early internationalising firms. Global niche players, often competing alongside or even complementary, have been less researched. They, like larger players, often strive to go global and dominate their market segments simply to survive and endure processes of global consolidation and often it is necessary to achieve top global positions. One such successful global niche strategy variant is ‘Global Hidden Champions’ (GHCs), which are low profile, global top three under US$ 5 billion firms, mainly found in Germany (Simon, 2012). The question becomes pressing: how do GHCs reach world market leadership? This study seeks to identify through which internationalisation paths and associated market entry modes 30 GHCs investigated from Germany and Britain reached global dominance and the specific competitive advantages without which such strategies would not have succeeded. This thesis takes an evolutionary historic perspective by distinguishing enduring with less-enduring GHCs, established at various points in time between 1838 and 2007. A qualitative multiple case study approach is used based on 30 cases, 15 from each country. The abductive stance facilitates deductions of existing theoretical frameworks, whilst also allowing exploratory new themes to emerge. Structured and semi-structured interviews, combined with documentation, allow triangulation of findings and help minimise bias. Guided by the conceptual framework, data has been thematically coded, analysed and systematically explored, allowing several new themes to emerge. Not one single GHC was found pursuing the traditional Uppsala Model internationalisation path. Instead 43% were identified as Born Globals (BGs); 20% as Born-Again Globals (BAGs); but no less than 37% emerged as quite different hybrid internationalisers, which because of their quite distinctive traits, were denoted ‘Re- Born-Again Globals’ (Re-BAGs). The analysis involved innovative methodological analysis, which further clarified some partial overlap of BGs, BAGs, and re-BAGs with Uppsala Model features, yet decided differences in terms of tempo and direction. All three alternative paths led to top three global market leadership positions, depending on the GHCs context and historical circumstances. Nevertheless, recently established GHCs pursued BG paths, whereas more enduring GHCs almost all followed BAG and re-BAG paths. Younger British GHCs frequently embarked on early proactive paths, whilst their more enduring German equivalents pursued more belated internationalisation routes. History emerged as pivotal. BAGs and re-BAGs were both distinguished by critical incidents which, in all 17 cases, shifted strategies on to much more proactive internationalisation paths. German GHCs, though, shifted primarily in response to technology advances, whereas British GHCs typically responded to specific management appointments. Literature on accelerated internationalisation paths, such as in relation to BGs, remains unclear on commitments beyond trade. Yet, 90% of GHCs deployed substantial foreign direct investment (FDI), in addition to mere trade activity. Initially, German GHCs grew organically focusing on neighbouring markets. In contrast, British GHCs often used acquisitions and targeted more global, in particular, Commonwealth markets. FDI thus emerged as a crucial addition to export activity in all three alternative paths followed by BGs, BAGs and re-BAGs enabling them to sustain leading global market positions. Yet, such paths were in turn contingent upon competitive advantages. GHCs from both countries complied remarkably closely with 6 out of 8 of Simon’s (2009) identified theoretical HC Model traits: being ‘leadership with ambitious goals’; ‘innovation’; ‘high-performance employees’; ‘closeness to customer’; ‘globalisation’, and ‘focus’. More in depth, albeit exploratory, analysis further uncovered the critical role played by ‘visions and values’ and ‘brand’, leading to a new tentative theoretical GHC Model. This new Model, moreover, recognises a virtuous cycle of market leadership advantages from which more enduring GHCs particularly benefitted. It also integrates comfortably with Teece’s (2014) model of dynamic capabilities, extending his framework by including market leadership approaches and more precise competitive advantages of the GHC Model, alongside more specific concepts relating to entrepreneurial orientation. In summary, this study contributes to the knowledge of how both long-standing and newer German and British GHCs conquer global markets by unveiling their specific and successful internationalisation paths, market entry mode choices and their underlying competitive advantages.

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, February, 2019
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 141-158).
In this thesis, I investigate the challenges of 21st century global integration by examining it indepth at a Fortune 200 global supplier (CC) that faces strong pressures of both global integration and local responsiveness. While global integration is typically discussed at a macro level, here I use qualitative methods to study senior managers at a micro level. In this way, I establish critical internal struggles with integration, and reveal external dynamics of integration in a close inter-firm relationship as a strategic supplier. Results highlight the role of Global Management Teams as an essential linking tool. At the same time, I find that conflicting temporalities across locations, accompanied by a globally-shared logic of appropriateness, place restraints on this mechanism of integration: limiting the hours available, and consistently advantaging and disadvantaging specific geographies.
I also draw on a unique data set to examine global integration in the context of a close, dependent relationship, with multiple boundary-crossing links. This consists of thirteen months of observations of the weekly virtual meeting of the global account team responsible for CC's largest customer (Alpha). Tracing the collective process by which the team constructs the organizational identity (01) of the "other" from their individual distributed interactions, I find that in constructing Alpha's global 01 the team is also co-creating their own global 01. Further, the process by which the team constructs Alpha's 01 to answer the question "who are they?" parallels well-documented internal processes used by organizational members to answer "who are we?" Importantly, through this co-creation, identity acts both as an alignment mechanism within CC, and across firm boundaries in the relationship.
Finally, CC's identity work on Alpha extends beyond construction to shaping and enforcing Alpha's 01 as partner through active voice, engaging the customer's hierarchy from outside to discipline and shape the customer's behavior from within.
by Laurel Edwards Grassin-Drake.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management

Master thesis in Business Administration, 15hp, School of Business and Economics, LinnaeusUniversity, Växjö, Marketing, 4FE02E, spring 2011 Authors: Jenny Andersson and Julia Borgvall Tutor: Engelbert Weiss Company contact person: Peter Samuelsson, Gunnebo AB Title: Securing the global brand strategy – global standardization or local adaptation Background: The infrastructure available today provides opportunities for companies allaround the world to transcend national boarders easily and to operate on the global market. During the preceding decades, brand management in the international environment hasbeen frequently discussed. The choice of a clear branding strategy and clear goals of what acompany wants to achieve is of great importance. Furthermore, companies that act in a globalenvironment need to decide upon whether to be standardized across these markets or to adaptto each specific market. Purpose: To reach an understanding of the factors influencing the choice of internationalbranding strategy by global standardization or local adaptation. Methodology: A case study has been used in this research in order to meet the purpose. Sincethis thesis is of a qualitative character the empirical data has been collected through semi-structured interviews within three respondent segments in the case organization: management,communication and sales. Conclusion: A conclusion drawn from this research is the importance of internalcommunication, when it comes to the formulation and implementation of brand strategies. - Factors influencing the decision of a global standardize brand strategy can be; the possibilityto become a strong global player, decreased expenses of marketing, economics of scale. - Factors influencing the decision of a local adaptation strategy can be; cultural differences,history and heritage, better knowledge of the local market. Suggestions for further research: Further research could be to conduct a more thoroughstudy with more respondents from different multinational companies and also to look at thecustomers' point of view.

Convergence theory has dominated the discussion of global financial governance. The perspective argues that the confrontation between the global market and state institutions leads to policy convergence. However, rather than accept this conclusion, this study has examined banking regulation in four countries, the United States, Canada, Britain, and Germany to test whether they converge. By comparing how these countries regulate banking in terms of policy interests, the study finds that there is indeed divergence between them in contrast to what convergence theory would predict.

The aim of this thesis is to improve our understanding of the distribution of stratospheric ozone which is determined by both dynamical and photochemical processes. This is of particular importance since ozone adsorbs incoming solar UV radiation which would otherwise be harmful to humans. In 1985 the Antarctic Ozone hole was discovered alerting the world to the impact human activity has had upon stratospheric ozone. In recent years a significant decline in ozone has also been detected at high northern latitudes during spring. This thesis uses numerical models of varying complexity in order to study the stratospheric circulation, and the chemistry occurring therein. The results from the model integrations described are compared to observations made by instruments on board the UARS satellite. A new stratospheric chemistry scheme is described. Simple box model studies show that this model is capable of simulating the almost complete removal of ozone seen to occur at certain altitudes during Antarctic spring. This experiment highlights interesting differences in the behaviour of chlorine compounds in the two hemispheres. Sensitivity studies are performed in order to determine the precise conditions required for severe ozone destruction. It is found that the average ozone destruction rate over the period of the integration is inversely proportional to the maximum C1ONO₂ mixing ratio produced by the model. The model shows some sensitivity to the ozone column used in the photolysis calculation, however it is not considered that sufficient improvement would be obtained by using a fully interactive photolysis scheme to justify the computational expense of this calculation. The new chemistry scheme is coupled to the SLIMCAT off-line model in order to study the 1991-92 northern hemisphere winter. It is found that if instead of using 2-dimensional model data to initialise the model a more realistic simulation is produced by using observations of long lived gases made by the UARS satellite. It is found that whilst the model is capable of reproducing ozone depletion, the denoxification within the model is too severe. This results in the deactivation of chlorine being unrealistically slow. In order to investigate the longer term variation of ozone a one year integration of the SLIMCAT model coupled to a parameterised chemistry scheme is performed. When the model results are compared to observations there is evidence that the model's simulation of lower stratosphere tropical dynamics is poor. Budget studies of N₂O reveal that the main cause of this problem is the lack of means continuity in this region of the model. When the experiment is repeated, imposing mass continuity on each isentropic surface, the resulting N₂O distribution is much more realistic.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: After the end of the Cold War hopes were high for a freer, fairer new world order. This did not happen. What the world got instead was globalisation - a complex phenomenon born from the interaction of political and economic liberalisation and technological change. Much of the impetus behind globalisation was derived from the prescriptions of the so-called Washington Consensus, which given its powerful influence in developing countries forced them to integrate into the global economy - to the point that integration became a virtual substitute for development policy. The benefits of globalisation were unevenly spread around the world and those who had most, stood to gain most from it. While Multinational Corporations and inhabitants of the developed world were definite winners the losers included workers, the environment and financial market stability. As the full impact of globalisation was beginning to be felt criticism of the process emerged particularly, but not exclusively, from the NGO community and left-leaning commentators. These critics are diverse and do not have much in common, but have at times created alliances of convenience. Most critics however agree that international organisations play an important part in globalisation and that in order to impact on globalisation they would have to impact on these organisations. A particularly abundant area of criticism relates to the threats posed to the global commons. There is very little agreement though on how to deal with the threats. Suggestions range from a return to subsistence production and disengagement from the international trade system to using market forces and new technologies to benefit the global environment. Among the organisations with most critics are the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. A variety of factors contribute to the need for international financial institutions reform. These include: the blurring of their missions; the ineffectiveness of their assistance; and lack of transparency and accountability. The international financial institutions have however been remarkably effective at shielding themselves from calls for reform. The reasons for this are not only political (lack of agreement on required reforms) but also institutional (management siding with powerful stakeholders or pursuing their own agenda). The World Trade Organisation is another target of criticism. As with the international financial institutions the exact nature of future reforms is impossible to surmise, nevertheless environmental and development issues are certainly on the agenda. Decision-making is also likely to be revisited, with the focus being on reconciling effectiveness with representativeness. What is least likely to happen though is what is most needed - a thorough assessment of the World Trade ..Organisation's role in global governance and its relations with other institutions. This will not be possible without a rebalancing of power between the World Trade Organisation and international financial institutions on one side, and the UN family of institutions on the other. Reforming current systems of global governance may also involve creating new organisations. While there are a host of institutions active in global governance there is no formal mechanism to coordinate their efforts. This is where a UN Economic Security Council can playa major role, not least because such a body would give the international system a degree of legitimacy that it has so far lacked. A World Central Bank is however not an institution likely to be seen in the foreseeable future - it is too complex and many states will not give up monetary sovereignty as it impacts on too many other policy areas. It is widely acknowledged that a Currency Transaction Tax will go a considerable way in stabilising the international monetary system, while at the same time raising funds to finance global development. It is an elegant solution that is gaining political support worldwide. The institutional arrangements for its implementation and collection are however still subject to much debate. These are only a few possible ways in which the global economy may be reformed in the short to medium term. In the long term the most likely outcome is a loosely structured web of institutions that together form something akin to global federalism
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Na die einde van die Koue Oorlog is groot hoop gekoester vir 'n vryer, regverdiger nuwe wêreld orde. Dit het nooit gebeur nie. Instede daarvan het die wêreld globalisering gekry - 'n komplekse verskynsel gebore uit die interaksie van politieke en ekonomiese liberalisering en tegnologiese verandering. 'n Groot deel van die impetus agter globalisering het sy ontstaan in die voorskrifte van die sogenaamde Washington Konsensus, wat gegewe sy invloed in die ontwikkelende wêreld baie state gedwing het om in die wêreldekonomie te integreer - tot die punt dat integrasie byna 'n alternatief vir ontwikkelingsbeleid geword het. Die voordele van globalisering was ongelyk versprei, en die wat meeste gehad het, het gestaan om meeste voordeel daaruit te trek. Terwyl multinasionale maatskappye en inwoners van die ontwikkelde wêreld ongetwyfelde wenners was, was werkers, die omgewing en finansiële mark stabiliteit onder die verloorders. Soos wat die impak van globalisering meer en meer gevoel is het dit ook kritiek ontlok, veral - maar nie alleenlik - uit nie-regeringsorganisasie kringe en van linksgesinde kommentators. Alhoewel hierdie kritici nie veel in gemeen het nie, het hulle by tye gemaksalliansies gevorm. Die meeste kritici stem egter saam dat internasionale organisasies 'n belangrike rol speel in globalisering en dat om 'n impak op globalisering te maak dit nodig is om 'n impak op hierdie organisasies te maak. 'n Besonder vrugbare area van kritiek hou verband met bedreigings tot die sogenaamde "globale meent". Daar is egter baie min instemming oor hoe om die bedreigings te hanteer. Voorstelle wissel van 'n terugkeer na bestaansproduksie en terugtrede van die internasionale handelstelsel tot die gebruik van mark kragte en nuwe tegnologie tot voordeel van die wêreld omgewing. Onder die organisasies met van die meeste kritici is die Internasionale Monetêre Fonds en die Wêreld Bank. 'n Verskeidenheid faktore dra by tot die behoefte aan hervorming van die internasionale finansiële instellings. Hierdie sluit in: die verwarring van hulle onderskeie missies, die oneffektiwiteit van hulle bystand, en 'n gebrek aan deursigtigheid en verantwoording. Die internasionale finansiële instellings is egter besonder effektief daarin om hulself van oproepe om hervorming te isoleer. Die redes hiervoor is nie net polities nie (gebrek aan ooreenstemming oor vereiste hervormings) maar ook institusioneel (bestuur kies kant met invloedryke rolspelers of streef hul eie agenda na). Die Wêreld Handelsorganisasie is nog 'n teiken van kritiek. Soos met die internasionale finansiële instellings is dit nie moontlik om die presiese aard van moontlike hervormings te raai nie, desnieteenstaande is omgewings- en ontwikkellingskwessies definitief op die agenda. So ook is besluitneming, met die doel om effektiwiteit en verteenwoordigendheid te versoen. Wat egter mees nodig is, is mins waarskynlik om te gebeur - 'n deurtastende ondersoek na die rol van die Wêreld Handelsorganisasie in wêreld besluitneming en sy verhoudings met ander internasionale instellings. Verandering in hierdie opsig is egter nie moontlik sonder 'n herbalansering van tussen die Wêreld Handelsorganisasie en die internasionale finansiële instellings aan die een kant en die VN familie van instellings aan die ander nie. Hervorming van huidige stelsels van wêreld besluitneming mag ook die skepping van nuwe organisasies behels. Terwyl daar etlike aktiewe organisasies in wêreld besluitneming is, is daar geen formele meganisme om hul aktiwiteite te koordineer nie. In hierdie opsig kan 'n VN Ekonomiese Veiligheidsraad 'n belangrike rol speel, veral omdat so 'n instelling 'n mate van legitimiteit aan die internasionale stelsel kan gee wat dit tot dusver nie gehad het nie. 'n Wêreld Sentrale Bank is egter 'n instelling wat nie in die voorsienbare toekoms die lig sal sien nie - dis te kompleks en baie state sal nie monetêre soewereiniteit wil prysgee nie omrede dit op te veel ander beleidsareas impakteer. Dit word wyd erken dat 'n buitelandse valuta transaksie belasting 'n beduidende stabiliserende invloed op die internasionale monetêre stelsel kan hê, terwyl dit terselfdertyd fondse sal in vir wêreld ontwikkeling. Dis 'n elegante oplossing waarvoor politieke steun wêreldwyd opbou. Die institusionele vergestalting wat benodig word om so 'n belasting te implementeer en administreer is egter nog die onderwerp van vurige debatte. Hierdie is slegs 'n paar van die moontlike maniere waarop die wêreldekonomie oor die kort- tot mediumtermyn hervorm kan word. Oor die langtermyn is die mees waarskynlike uitkoms iets soortgelyk aan 'n losweg gestruktureerde web van instellings wat soortgelyk aan 'n vorm van globale federalisme is.

The Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs (MFA) has funded non-governmental organizations’ projects for development communication and development education for over 30 years. The research topic of this thesis is founded on the idiosyncrasies of promoting and funding global education through the MFA. The Ministry for Foreign Affairs supports global education projects as a part of its development policy, with funds from development appropriations. The argument is, that for citizens to contribute to and monitor the discussion on development and development cooperation, skills and opportunities to learn about development cooperation are required. This rationale is aligned with international policies, for example, on the global partnership goal of United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals. The theoretical investigation of this thesis is founded on development policy and global education policy. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the possible issues of promoting and funding global education projects as a part of development policy. Finnish global education projects funded by the MFA are under pressure of both development policy and global education policy. This thesis investigates the two policies and constructs a framework in which to analyse the development communication and global education instrument. The non-governmental organizations applying for funding need to articulate the aims of their global education project in alignment with Finnish development policy. The intention of the thesis is to find how global education and development policy are compatible, and what kind of issues this might involve. By researching project applications through a relevant framework, these questions can be made explicit. To answer these questions, this thesis consists of a qualitative, abductive content analysis of 17 global education projects from 15 different Finnish non-governmental organizations. Content analysis of this thesis is based on an interpretative, abductive process between the data and theory, from which new meaning can be extrapolated. The applications were approved for two-year funding by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, for the years 2012–2013 and 2013–2014. In relation to document research, this thesis utilizes Prior’s (2008) framework on understanding documents both as a resource and as a topic. In this research, the applications are positioned within the theoretical framework of global education and development policy, which is established in the beginning of the thesis in a scholarly manner. A qualitative content analysis is then conducted, with approaching the documents through relevant categories for analysis. Converging themes, and justification for funding global education within the MFA, are present in the conceptualization of education for global responsibility. The idea of an imperative for global justice conjoins development policy together with global education, as presented in the project applications. Similarly, the idea of a shared partnership in development provides linkages to global education. However, the practice of development communication is more close to development policy. It is debatable whether development policy of the MFA is more suitable for projects of development awareness and campaigning. In this sense, promoting global education as a part of development policy fosters a certain kind of global education, which might lack a critical perspective. The findings of this thesis indicate that the Ministry for Foreign Affairs is a justifiable administrator of the development communication and education instrument. However, coining global education with development policy can influence approaches to global education. The funding instrument is based on MFA’s development policy which focuses but also limits approaches to global education. Global education has been topical for the past decade in Finnish educational policy. It has also increased its foothold according to the 2016 national core curriculum draft and UNESCO suggestions for post-2015 education agenda on development. This thesis adds to the debate whether global education projects should be administrated through the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and what kind of issues this involves
Suomen ulkoasiainministeriö (UM) on rahoittanut kansalaisjärjestöjen viestintä- ja globaalikasvatusprojekteja jo yli 30 vuoden ajan. Tämän tutkielman aihe perustuu viestintä- ja globaalikasvatuksen tukemiseen ulkoministeriöstä käsin ja siihen liittyviin erikoispiirteisiin. Suomen ulkoasiainministeriö tukee globaalikasvatusprojekteja kehitysyhteistyövaroin osana UM:n kehityspolitiikkaa. Perusteluna tälle pidetään sitä, että kansalaisten tulee tietää kehitysyhteistyöstä voidakseen osallistua kehityspoliittiseen keskusteluun. Tämä vaatii taitoja ja mahdollisuuksia oppia kehitysyhteistyöstä, jotta kansalaiset voivat seurata ja valvoa kehitysyhteistyökeskustelua. Kyseinen päättely on myös linjassa kansainvälisesti hyväksyttyjen Yhdistyneiden kansakuntien vuosituhattavoitteiden kanssa. Tämän tutkielman tavoitteena on tarkastella mahdollisia kysymyksiä joita liittyy globaalikasvatusprojektien tukemiseen kehityspolitiikan osana. Suomalaiset globaalikasvatusprojektit joutuvat vastaamaan sekä kehityspolitiikan että globaalikasvatuksen haasteisiin. Tämä tutkielma hyödyntää kehityspolitiikan ja globaalikasvatuksen politiikkalinjauksia sekä käsitteitä, joista rakennetaan viitekehys viestintä- ja globaalikasvatustuen tarkasteluun. Kansalaisjärjestöt jotka hakevat rahoitusta globaalikasvatusprojekteihinsa, joutuvat seuraamaan Suomen kehityspolitiikan linjauksia. Tämä tutkielma ottaa selvää siitä miten globaalikasvatus ja kehityspolitiikka voivat olla yhteensopivia ja millaisia kysymyksiä niiden kohtaamiseen liittyy. Tutkimalla projektihakemuksia merkityksellisessä viitekehyksessä nämä kysymyksen voidaan tuoda näkyville. Vastatakseen näihin kysymyksiin, tämä Pro gradu -tutkielma sisältää kvalitatiivisen, abduktiivisen sisällönanalyysiin 17:stä globaalikasvatusprojektista 15:ltä eri kansalaisjärjestöltä. Tämän tutkielman sisällönanalyysi perustuu tulkinnalliseen, abduktiiviseen prosessiin tutkimusaineiston ja teorian välillä. Sisältöanalyysin avulla nostetaan esille uusia näkökulmia ja merkityksiä. Kaikki tutkielmassa käytetyt hankehakemukset hyväksyttiin kaksivuotiseen rahoitukseen vuosille 2012–2013 ja 2013–2014. Dokumenttien tutkimukseen (document research) liittyen tämä tutkielma hyödyntää Priorin (2008) viitekehystä, jossa dokumentit ymmärretään yhtäältä aineistoksi (resource) sekä toisaalta itse aiheeksi (topic). Tutkielmassa hankehakemukset on sijoitettu globaalikasvatuksesta ja kehityspolitiikasta muotoutuvaan teoreettiseen viitekehykseen. Tämä viitekehys on esitelty tutkielman alkupäässä. Aineisto on analysoitu kvalitatiivisella sisällönanalyysillä luokittelukategorioita apuna käyttäen. ”Kasvatus globaaliin vastuuseen” on yksi merkittävä käsitteellistäminen, jossa yhteisiä teemoja ja oikeutuksia globaalikasvatuksen tukemiseen UM:n kehitysyhteistyövaroista esiintyy. Globaalin oikeudenmukaisuuden imperatiivi liittää kehityspolitiikan yhteen globaalikasvatuksen kanssa, tavalla joka esiintyy myös globaalikasvatusprojektien hankehakemuksissa. Samoin idea jaetusta kumppanuudesta kehitysyhteistyössä luo yhteyksiä globaalikasvatukseen. Toisin kuin globaalikasvatuksen kohdalla, kehitysviestintä on osa-alue joka liittyy lähemmin suoraan kehityspolitiikkaan. On aiheellista kysyä josko UM:n kehityspolitiikka soveltuu paremmin kehitystietouteen ja kampanjointiin liittyvien projektien tukemiseen, kuin globaalikasvatuksen tukemiseen. Globaalikasvatuksen tukeminen kehityspolitiikan osana mahdollistaa tietynlaisen globaalikasvatuksen tukemisen, josta saattaa puuttua kriittinen näkökulma. Tutkielman tulokset osoittavat että ulkoasiainministeriö on aiheellinen taho hallinnoimaa viestintä- ja globaalikasvatustukea. Kuitenkin, globaalikasvatuksen ja kehityspolitiikan liittäminen saattaa vaikuttaa tuettavien globaalikasvatusprojektien lähestymistapoihin. Tuki-instrumentti perustuu UM:n kehityspolitiikkaan, joka ohjaa sekä myös rajoittaa lähestymistä globaalikasvatukseen. Globaalikasvatus on ollut ajankohtainen aihe viime vuosikymmenellä suomalaisessa koulutuspolitiikassa. Globaalikasvatus on myös tullut näkyvästi esille uudessa 2016 opetussuunnitelman luonnoksessa ja UNESCO:n suosituksissa post-2015 agendalle. Tämä tutkielma osallistuu keskusteluun siitä, pitäisikö globaalikasvatusprojektien hallinnointi olla osana UM:n toimintaa ja siihen millaisia kysymyksiä tähän liittyy

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The objective of this dissertation is to explore and deeply study the concepts about Glocal Marketing, explaining this recent phenomenon, highlighting the importance and the influence of local culture on the marketing mix of global organizations, in order to have successful commercialization of their products and services in different markets. Searching for a better understanding of Glocal Marketing became extremely important in the XXI Century, since there is an increase in the number of global companies which want to explore new markets in order to survive and remain in the highly competitive market. Concepts of Globalization, Marketing, Glocal Marketing, Culture are defined and explored. Also, the influence of culture on consumer behavior and on the marketing mix of global organizations is analyzed. The Hofstede¿s cultural typology is explained and it is used to give the reader an overview and a better understanding about the cultural influence in the acceptance of new products in new markets. The relationship between culture and marketing mix is discussed, as well as the importance of standardization versus customization of the marketing mix among countries with high cultural differences. The methodology is composed by descriptive research and a case study about a global organization, the Coca-Cola Company. Therefore, this dissertation aims to show and exemplify how the Coca-Cola Company applies glocal strategies on its marketing mix as a way to establish a competitive advantage in the market.
O objetivo desta dissertação é explorar e aprofundar os conceitos e estudos sobre ¿Marketing Glocal¿, explicando este recente fenômeno, destacando a importância e influência da cultura local no composto mercadológico de empresas globais, a fim de que elas possam ter sucesso na comercialização de seus produtos e serviços em diferentes mercados. Buscar um maior conhecimento sobre o ¿Marketing Glocal¿ torna-se extremamente importante no século XXI; visto que, há um crescimento do número de empresas globais com exploração de novos mercados como forma de sobrevivência e permanência no mercado altamente competitivo. Conceitos de Globalização, Marketing, Marketing Glocal, e Cultura são definidos e explorados. A influência da cultura no comportamento do consumidor, e no composto mercadológico de empresas globais é analisada. A tipologia cultural de Hofstede é explicada e utilizada para dar uma visão geral e uma compreensão sobre a influência de cultura na aceitação de novos produtos em novos mercados. A relação entre cultura e composto mercadológico é discutida, bem como a importância da padronização versus adaptação do composto mercadológico em países com grandes diferenças culturais. A metodologia utilizada é composta de pesquisa descritiva e estudo de caso de uma empresa global, a Coca-Cola Company. Desta forma, esta dissertação visa mostrar e exemplificar como a Coca-Cola aplica estratégias glocais em seu composto mercadológico para criar vantagem competitiva de mercado.

Thesis (B.S.)--California Polytechnic State University, 2010.
Project advisor: Chris Lupo. Title from PDF title page; viewed on Apr. 19, 2010. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on microfiche.

Global Software Development is an area that has been recently highlighted. Translation is usually an issue that people associate with adapting software for a specific country but it is much more than that. Through text representation and data formatting you can go deep into cultural aspects that affect the user interface and even the core functionality. In this thesis we will discuss just how these matters can affect development of global software. To carry out the investigation we analyzed current approaches and references and build up an extended methodology with suggestions to develop global software applications.
Utveckling av globala programvara är ett område som den senaste tiden har uppmärksammats. Översättning är vanligtvis en fråga som människor associerar med att anpassa programvaror för ett specifikt land men det är mycket mer än det. Man kan gå djupare in i kulturella aspekter som kan påverka användargränssnitt och även mjukvarans kärna. I den här uppsatsen diskuterar vi hur dessa aspekter kan påverka utveckling av global programvara. För att genomföra vårt arbete analyserades vi först befintliga metodologier och byggde upp en utökad metodologi med förslag på hur man kan utveckla global programvara.
0737 305407 0708 230374

We read with interest the Lancet Series on Global Kidney Disease. Valerie Luyckx and colleagues describe the economics and medical management of chronic kidney disease in sub-Saharan Africa.1 We note clear similarities with patients in Peru. Indeed, in Peru, the Ministry of Health (MINSA)—which covers 70% of the population—does not have a comprehensive programme for the management of patients with chronic kidney disease, including renal replacement therapies. However, the Social Security System (Essalud)—which covers 20% of the population—has a chronic kidney disease programme.
Revisión por pares

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 247-256).
(cont.) on a set composed of the Cartesian product between the parameter bounds and the state bounds. Furthermore, I show that the solution of the differential equations is affine in the parameters. Because the feasible set is convex pointwise in time, the standard result that a convex function composed with an affine function remains convex yields the desired result that the integrand is convex under composition. Additionally, methods are developed using interval arithmetic to derive the exact state bounds for the solution of a linear dynamic system. Given a nonzero tolerance, the method is rigorously shown to converge to the global solution in a finite time. An implementation is developed, and via a collection of case studies, the technique is shown to be very efficient in computing the global solutions. For problems with embedded nonlinear dynamic systems, the analysis requires a more sophisticated composition technique attributed to McCormick. McCormick's composition technique provides a method for computing a convex underestimator for for the integrand given an arbitrary nonlinear dynamic system provided that convex underestimators and concave overestimators can be given for the states. Because the states are known only implicitly via the solution of the nonlinear differential equations, deriving these convex underestimators and concave overestimators is a highly nontrivial task. Based on standard optimization results, outer approximation, the affine solution to linear dynamic systems, and differential inequalities, I present a novel method for constructing convex underestimators and concave overestimators for arbitrary nonlinear dynamic systems ...
My thesis focuses on global optimization of nonconvex integral objective functions subject to parameter dependent ordinary differential equations. In particular, efficient, deterministic algorithms are developed for solving problems with both linear and nonlinear dynamics embedded. The techniques utilized for each problem classification are unified by an underlying composition principle transferring the nonconvexity of the embedded dynamics into the integral objective function. This composition, in conjunction with control parameterization, effectively transforms the problem into a finite dimensional optimization problem where the objective function is given implicitly via the solution of a dynamic system. A standard branch-and-bound algorithm is employed to converge to the global solution by systematically eliminating portions of the feasible space by solving an upper bounding problem and convex lower bounding problem at each node. The novel contributions of this work lie in the derivation and solution of these convex lower bounding relaxations. Separate algorithms exist for deriving convex relaxations for problems with linear dynamic systems embedded and problems with nonlinear dynamic systems embedded. However, the two techniques are unified by the method for relaxing the integral in the objective function. I show that integrating a pointwise in time convex relaxation of the original integrand yields a convex underestimator for the integral. Separate composition techniques, however, are required to derive relaxations for the integrand depending upon the nature of the embedded dynamics; each case is addressed separately. For problems with embedded linear dynamic systems, the nonconvex integrand is relaxed pointwise in time
by Adam Benjamin Singer.
Ph.D.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Technology and Policy Program, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-115).
The convergence of Digital Economy, Globalization, and Knowledge-based Economy, creates the potential for Global Knowledge Networks and e-Knowledge Commerce. "The e-knowledge markets will grow to be a $1 trillion global micro-economy by 2010," estimated by Kaieteur Institute For Knowledge Management in 2000. The next wave of growth is likely to be associated with E-Knowledge Commerce, far exceeding the ECommerce. However, up to date, significant disconnections exist among Digital Economy, Knowledge-based Economy, and Globalization. e-Knowledge Commerce is too new to have business models to exist in either the business world or literatures. This thesis tries to fill this significant gap, by focusing on a new type of global institutional development, known as Global Knowledge Network, by defining its characteristic features and formulating the relevant 'best business models.' More specifically, this thesis (a) determines and formulates business models relevant for different types of e-Knowledge Commerce, and (b) explores how to develop the functionality of a Global Knowledge Network such as Global System for Sustainable Development (GSSD) in the context of e-Knowledge Commerce. Furthermore, this thesis examines the policy and legal issues in e-Knowledge Commerce & Global Knowledge Network, such as intellectual property right, customer privacy, digital trusted system, security such as firewalls, encryption, watermark, etc. Finally, draws conclusions about e-Knowledge Commerce & Global Knowledge Network and provides some recommendations for further research work.
by Biao Huang.
S.M.