Articoli di riviste: "Glasses"

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Machinin, A. M., A. Awang, C. F. Pien e S. K. Ghoshal. "Tuning structural and wettability properties of glass using ellipsoidal TiO2 nanoparticles". Journal of Ovonic Research 18, n. 6 (21 novembre 2022): 731–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/jor.2022.186.731.

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Self-cleaning glasses became demanding for various advanced applications due to their manifold advantages. In this view, some tellurite glasses containing TiO2 nanoparticles with varying concentrations were synthesized using the standard melt-quenching. These glasses were transparent with a reddish appearance. The HRTEM images of the glasses showed the presence of ellipsoidal TiO2 NPs with sizes ranging from 9−22 nm and 5−9 nm along the major and minor axis, respectively. The lattice fringe pattern of the selected TiO2 NPs confirmed their anatase structure with a lattice spacing of 0.36 nm. The observed reduction in the water contact angle from 67.5° to 43.0° of the glasses indicated their hydrophilic nature. The high work of adhesion (0.101− 0.126 N.m-1 ) of the glasses revealed the strong interfacial attractive force between water and glass. It was demonstrated that by adjusting the TiO2 NPs contents the hydrophilic traits of the glassed can be tailored, indicating the suitability for self-cleaning applications.

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Lusvardi, Gigliola, Francesca Sgarbi Stabellini e Roberta Salvatori. "P2O5-Free Cerium Containing Glasses: Bioactivity and Cytocompatibility Evaluation". Materials 12, n. 19 (8 ottobre 2019): 3267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12193267.

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(1) Background: valuation of the bioactivity and cytocompatibility of P2O5-free and CeO2 doped glasses. (2) Methods: all glasses are based on the Kokubo (K) composition and prepared by a melting method. Doped glassed, K1.2, K3.6 and K5.3 contain 1.2, 3.6, and 5.3 mol% of CeO2. Bioactivity and cytotoxicity tests were carried out in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution and murine osteocyte (MLO-Y4) cell lines, respectively. Leaching of ions concentration in SBF was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The surface of the glasses were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. (3) Results: P2O5-free cerium doped glasses are proactive according to European directives. Cerium increases durability and retards, but does not inhibit, (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, HA) formation at higher cerium amounts (K3.6 and K5.3); however, cell proliferation increases with the amount of cerium especially evident for K5.3. (4) Conclusions: These results enforce the use of P2O5-free cerium doped bioactive glasses as a new class of biomaterials.

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Wójcik, N. A., S. Ali, A. Mielewczyk-Gryń e B. Jonson. "Two-step synthesis of niobium doped Na–Ca–(Mg)–P–Si–O glasses". Journal of Materials Science 56, n. 12 (25 gennaio 2021): 7613–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-05781-w.

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AbstractNiobium doped biosolubility glasses in the Na–Ca–(Mg)–P–Si–O system were prepared by using an untypical two-step synthesis route. The parent glass was melted in air atmosphere at 1350 °C followed by re-melting the glass in Nb crucible with the addition of metallic Mg/Ca powder in the nitrogen atmosphere. The second melting step was carried out at 1450–1650 °C, using an induction furnace. The topography and structure of the obtained glasses were characterized by confocal microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and infrared spectroscopic techniques. The chemical compositions were examined by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The glasses were found to be of grayish color, X-ray amorphous and having network connectivity between ~ 2.5 and 2.7. The network connectivity of re-melted glasses was lower than the one of the parent glass. The glass structure consists of a highly disrupted silicate network of predominantly Q2 groups as well as isolated orthophosphate tetrahedra. The parent glass contains nanocrystallites consisted of apatitic PO43− groups. The re-melted glasses contain non-apatitic or amorphous calcium phosphates. The obtained glass transition temperatures range from 530 to 568 °C and exhibit higher values for glassed doped with Ca metal. These glasses have improved thermal stability as compared to reference bioglasses. The biosolubility test in phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS) confirms that the glasses have biosolubility properties and HAp formation on the surfaces was observed.

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Lu, An Xian, S. J. Liu, X. D. Tang e S. B. He. "Difference of Properties between Yb³⁺-Doped Silicate and Phosphate Laser Glasses". Advanced Materials Research 11-12 (febbraio 2006): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.11-12.213.

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The Yb3+-doped silicate and phosphate laser glasses were prepared by using of traditional melt quenching technology, and the physical and spectral properties were investigated. The results show that the stimulated emission cross section and the fluorescence lifetime are 0.67×10-20cm2 and 1200μs for the silicate glass, and 0.75×10-20cm2 and 1000μs for the phosphate glass respectively. And silicate glass’s mechanical and thermal properties were better than that of phosphate glass. But Yb3+-doped phosphate glass has lower nonlinear refraction index n2. Both Yb3+-doped silicate and phosphate glasses are possible to be used as laser medium.

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B, Eraiah. "Electronic-Ionic Conductivity of Lithium- Vanado- Phosphate Glasses". Mapana - Journal of Sciences 14, n. 1 (7 luglio 2017): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12723/mjs.32.2.

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The new glassesof glass system x Li 2 O-50 V 2 O 5 -(50-x) P 2 O 5 were prepared by using conventional melt quenching method. The densities of these glasses have been measured by Archimedes method and corresponding molar volumes have also been calculated. The conductivity of these glasses was measured as a function of temperature and composition. The variations of conductivity versus temperature follow Arrehenius type relationship. Conductivity decreases with increasing Li 2 O content and increase with increasing temperature. The calculated activation energy decreases up to 15mol% of Li 2 O, it increases from 15mol% to 30 mol% of Li 2 O and again it suddenly drops at 40 mol% of Li 2 O. This may be due to structural changes in glass network and these glasses exhibit both electronic and ionic conductivity.

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Chen, Lu, e Ying Dai. "Effects of Iron Oxide on the Crystallization of Calcium Alumino-Silicate Glass". Key Engineering Materials 680 (febbraio 2016): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.680.293.

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Different amounts of iron oxide (Fe2O3) were added into a base calcium alumino-silicate glass (CaO 40, Al2O3 9, SiO2 51 wt%). The crystallization behavior of the glassed was investigated by DTA, XRD, SEM and optical microscopy. DTA analysis on the samples with and without the iron additions shows that the iron-containing glasses obviously absorb more heat energy than the base glass. All the glasses show two endothermal peaks correspondent to two transition temperatures, Tg1 and Tg2, indicating the existence of phase separation. Compared with the base glass, an initial addition of 5wt% Fe2O3 does not result in significant changes in Tg1, but a large decrease in Tg2 is observed. Further additions of 10 and 15wt% Fe2O3, both Tg1 and Tg2 decreases. The iron-containing glasses show two crystallization peaks in their DTA curves. Fe2O3 facilitates the crystallization of the calcium alumino-silicate glass indicated by the decreased activation energy and increased Avrami exponent. SEM observations evidenced that the crystallintes in the heat treated samples are nanosized. It is evidenced that the base glass and the glasses containing 5 and 10 wt% Fe2O3 are surface crystallized upon heat-treatment and the main crystalline phase is wollastonite. The surface crystallization layer and the grain size increase with Fe2O3. However, an addition of 15wt% Fe2O3 results in a bulk crystallization leading to the formation of iron-and aluminum-containing phases.

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7

De Aza, P. N., A. H. De Aza, P. Pena e S. De Aza. "Vidrios y Vitrocerámicos Bioactivos". Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 46, n. 2 (30 aprile 2007): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/cyv.2007.v46.i2.249.

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8

Mehrer, Helmut. "Diffusion in Metallic Glasses and in Oxide Glasses - An Overview". Defect and Diffusion Forum 413 (17 dicembre 2021): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.413.109.

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We remind the reader to some common features of metallic and oxide glasses. We then introduce the radiotracer method for diffusion studies, which can be applied for both types of glasses. We provide an overview on diffusion in metallic glasses in which we consider both types of metallic glasses – conventional and bulk metallic glasses. In the last part we discuss diffusion and ionic conduction in oxide glasses. For ionic glasses, conductivity measurements are an important complement to tracer diffusion studies. We remind the reader to the method of impedance spectroscopy. We discuss results for soda-lime silicate glasses, single alkali borate glasses and mixed alkali borate glasses and present evidence for collective jump processes in glasses.

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9

Loehman, Ronald E. "Oxynitride Glasses". MRS Bulletin 12, n. 5 (agosto 1987): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400067476.

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Research on oxynitride glasses has expanded considerably since the first systematic compositional investigations were begun some ten years ago. This review will briefly introduce that work with an emphasis on more recent developments. Also included is some discussion of the applications of oxynitride glasses in both bulk and thin film form. The literature review is selective, however, and the recently developed phosphorus oxynitride glasses are only briefly mentioned. For more detailed information on earlier work on silicon oxynitride glasses see the reviews by Jack and Loehman. For discussions of phosphorus oxynitride glasses see Marchand, Peng and Day, and Rajaram and Day.The development of bulk oxynitride glasses has been closely associated with research on Si3N4 and other nitrogen-containing ceramics. The initial discovery that large amounts of nitrogen can be incorporated in silicate glasses originated with analyses of glassy grain boundary phases in Si3N4 that was hot-pressed or sintered with different additives to promote liquid phase formation at the processing temperature. (Some applications of oxynitride glasses take advantage of that close connection to Si3N4. See Applications of Oxynitride Glasses below.) Later, systematic study of the bulk oxynitride glasses showed that nitrogen incorporation increases density, hardness, glass transition temperature and fracture toughness, and, to a certain extent, decreases the thermal expansion coefficient. Nitrogen additions also tend to lower glass solubility in aqueous solutions.

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10

Coniglio, Antonio. "Spin glasses, glasses and granular materials". Philosophical Magazine B 77, n. 2 (febbraio 1998): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642819808204946.

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11

Souletie, J., e D. Bertrand. "Glasses and spin glasses: a parallel". Journal de Physique I 1, n. 11 (novembre 1991): 1627–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp1:1991230.

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Coniglio, A. "Frustrated percolation, spin glasses and glasses". Il Nuovo Cimento D 16, n. 8 (agosto 1994): 1027–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02458785.

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13

Cheewasukhanont, Wasu, Kitipun Boonin, Pruittipol Limkitjaroenporn e Jakrapong Kaewkhao. "Radiation Shielding Properties of Bi₂O₃-Na₂O-B₂O₃ of 662 keV". Key Engineering Materials 702 (luglio 2016): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.702.77.

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The bismuth sodium borate glasses in formula xBi2O3:20Na2O:(80-x)B2O3 (x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 mol %) have been prepared by melt-quenching technique. The glass sample at x=0 mol% show the colorless and show the stronger yellow at the higher Bi2O3 content. The glasses’s colors are corespondening with the cutoff wavelength’s results. The shielding properties were measured at 662 keV by Cs-137 radiation source. The obtained results show that the mass attenuation coefficient increased with the increasing of Bi2O3 concentration. Half Value Layer (HVL) of glasses were determined and compared with the some standard shielding materials. The optical and physical properties were also investigated.

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Moynihan, Cornelius T. "Halide Glasses". MRS Bulletin 12, n. 5 (agosto 1987): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400067506.

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The term “halide glass” refers to glasses in which the anions are from elements in Group VIIA of the periodic table, namely, F, Cl, Br and I, as opposed, for example, to “oxide glasses,” such as silicates, borates, phosphates, etc. Two known single component halide melts are glassforming, BeF2 and ZnCl2, but the majority of halide glasses are multicomponent. Practical interest in halide glasses has been generated almost entirely by their optical properties, which cannot be duplicated in a more conventional oxide glass. Barriers to the practical deployment of halide glasses have their origin in materials properties in which they can be markedly inferior to oxide glasses, e.g., mechanical strength, resistance of the melt to crystallization, chemical durability, etc.In the past decade there has been considerable and accelerating research activity in the area of halide glass science and engineering. Halide glass research up to 1980 has been reviewed by Baldwin et al. and oxide and halide glasses for laser applications have been compared by Weber. Four international symposia on halide glass science and engineering have been held in the period 1982–1987, the proceedings of the last two of which have been or will be shortly published. The proceedings of a 1986 NATO-sponsored meeting on halide glasses have also been published in book form.

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Taylor, P. Craig. "Chalcogenide Glasses". MRS Bulletin 12, n. 5 (agosto 1987): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s088376940006749x.

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Although there are some significant exceptions, most important glass-forming systems contain elements from the sixth, or chalcogenide, column of the periodic table (oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium). The glasses which contain oxygen are typically insulators, while those which contain the heavier chalcogen elements are usually semiconductors. Even though oxygen is technically a chalcogen element, the term “chalcogenide glass” is commonly used to denote those largely covalent, semiconducting glasses which contain sulfur, selenium, or tellurium as one of the constituents.The chalcogenide glasses are called semiconducting glasses because of their electrical properties. The electrical conductivity in these glasses depends exponentially on the temperature with an activation energy which is approximately one half of the optical gap. In this sense these glasses exhibit electrical properties similar to those in intrinsic crystalline semiconductors. The analogy is by no means perfect. The mobilities for the charge carriers in these glasses are very low (< 10 cm2/V-s) compared to crystalline semiconductors, and there are even discrepancies in determining the sign of the charge carriers from measurements of the Hall effect and the Seebeck effect.The first detailed studies of the chalcogenide glasses were performed about 30 years ago. For many years the prototype compositions have been selenium (Se), arsenic triselenide (As2Se3) or arsenic trisulfide (As2S3), and germanium diselenide (GeSe2) or germanium disulfide (GeS2).

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Chen, Yao. "The Research of Personalized Glasses Custom Design System". Advanced Materials Research 591-593 (novembre 2012): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.591-593.102.

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Abstract. There is a large population in our country. Owing to nearly 300 million people dress glasses, there is a huge market of glasses. China isn’t a glasses design great power although China is a glasses manufacture power. Domestic glasses design ability is not strong, and the product in the domestic market is homogeneity serious. In order to meet the diversified needs of the people, the personalized glasses custom design system has operated preliminarily. The personalized glasses custom design system lets designer to design a glasses in accordance with the customer’s desire through the consumer communicates with designers. The tailor-made glasses can fulfill all most consumer demand. The system can satisfy all of demand of the consumer through filling in the consent form, drawing sketches and renderings, and making the glasses samples.

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Cicconi, Maria Rita, John S. McCloy e Daniel R. Neuville. "Non-Magmatic Glasses". Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 87, n. 1 (1 maggio 2022): 965–1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2022.87.21.

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OVERVIEW On Earth, natural glasses are typically produced by rapid cooling of melts, and as in the case of minerals and rocks, natural glasses can provide key information on the evolution of the Earth. However, natural glasses are products not solely terrestrial, and different formation mechanisms give rise to a variety of natural amorphous materials. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the different natural glasses of non-magmatic origin and on their formation mechanisms. We focus on natural glasses formed by mechanisms other than magmatic activity and included are metamorphic glasses and glasses produced from highly energetic events (shock metamorphism). The study of these materials has strong repercussions on planetary surface processes, paleogeography/paleoecology, and even on the origin of life.

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Proskurina, Olga V., Natalia A. Tarasova, Gajane A. Markosyan, Sona G. Arutyunyan, Sergey V. Milash e Elena P. Tarutta. "Аdaptation and quality of vision in glasses with lenses for the control of stellest myopia with built-in high-spherical microlenses". Russian Pediatric Ophthalmology 17, n. 2 (4 agosto 2022): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rpoj97296.

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AIM: Evaluate the visual adaptation and vision quality of glasses with Stellest lenses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 35 children aged 813 years (average: 10.50.27 years) with mild and moderate myopia (average: 3.150.19 dpt) in glasses with Stellest lenses and 30 children aged 813 years (average: 10.40.3 years) with mild and moderate myopia (average: 2.660.2 dpt) in monofocal glasses as the control group. Refraction and visual acuity (OS) were assessed after the appointment of glasses. Ergonomic tests were conducted 34 months after the children started wearing them. At 34 weeks after they started wearing glasses, all patients filled out a questionnaire of 8 questions. RESULTS: The monocular distance in the Stellest glasses averaged 1.170.02, and the specific values were 1.240.03 for binoculars, 1.090.02 for monofocal glasses, and 1.160.02 for binocular glasses. Near monocular OZ in Stellest glasses averaged 0.950.01 and 0.960.01 for binocular glasses; the values were 0.960.01 and 0.970.01 for monofocal glasses. The minimum mesopic contrast sensitivity in Stellest glasses was 3.760.04 (with a reference value of 4) and 3.440.1 in the trial frame (p 0.05). In the conditions of the glare effect, the values of 7.470.08 for the Stellest glasses (with a reference value of 8) and 6.760.2 for monofocal glasses were observed (p 0.01). In monofocal glasses, the corresponding indicators were 3.710.09 and 7.20.14. Under the conditions of the gler effect, the indicator was 0.84 higher than that of the trial frame (p 0.01). The tendency to lower ergonomic indicators in Stellest glasses has been revealed. The subjective assessment of the quality of vision was high in both groups CONCLUSION: A preliminary assessment revealed highly functional and ergonomic performance and good portability of glasses with Stellest lenses.

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Barbieri, L., A. Corradi e I. Lancellotti. "Residuos para la producción de vidrios y vitroceramicos". Materiales de Construcción 51, n. 263-264 (30 dicembre 2001): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2001.v51.i263-264.364.

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Sales, Brian C. "Phosphate Glasses". MRS Bulletin 12, n. 5 (agosto 1987): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400067488.

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Until recently, phosphate glasses were regarded as somewhat of a scientific curiosity—materials limited in technological application but nevertheless exhibiting interesting fundamental properties. Although the basic properties of many phosphate glasses have been studied on a laboratory scale during the past 50 years, very few of these materials proved to be of commercial interest. This lack of extensive practical application was primarily related to their poor chemical durability and a tendency to crystallize during processing.The pace of modern technological development continues to result in an increased demand for new materials with specific characteristics, and this demand has led to renewed interest in a number of previously neglected materials—including phosphate glasses. The combined physical and chemical characteristics of phosphate glasses make them relatively unique among the families of inorganic glasses. These characteristics include: large thermal expansion coefficients, low preparation and softening temperatures, low melt viscosities, chemical compatibility with living bone, and a polymeric structure similar to that in organic polymers. Most recent research on phosphate glasses has emphasized one or more of these characteristics.The major scientific questions pertinent to technological applications of phosphate glasses are related to utilizing the desirable characteristics of these materials while maximizing their corrosion resistance and thermal stability. In order to tailor a phosphate glass for a particular application, the corrosion mechanism of the glass must often be understood in detail, along with the relationship between the microscopic structure of the glass and its macroscopic properties.

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Fleischmann, Alexandra, Joris Lammers, Janka I. Stoker e Harry Garretsen. "You Can Leave Your Glasses on". Social Psychology 50, n. 1 (gennaio 2019): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000359.

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Abstract. Does wearing glasses hurt or help politicians in elections? Although some research shows that glasses signal unattractiveness, glasses also increase perceptions of competence. In eight studies, participants voted for politicians wearing (photoshopped) glasses or not. Wearing glasses increased politicians’ electoral success in the US (Study 1), independent of their political orientation (Studies 2a and 2b). This positive effect was especially strong when intelligence was important (Study 3), and even occurred if glasses were used strategically (Study 4). However, it did not extend to India (Study 5) due to different cultural associations with glasses (Study 6). Furthermore, while intelligence mediated the effect, warmth did not (Study 7). In summary, wearing glasses can robustly boost electoral success, at least in Western cultures.

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Jabbar, Mohammed M., e Salim M. Zaki. "Smart-Glass Glazing using Arduino and Android Application". International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 15, n. 05 (16 marzo 2021): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v15i05.19411.

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<p>The parts of buildings most susceptible to light and heat are the windows, which are necessary for basic cooling and heating. A huge amount of electrical energy is used to power air conditioners to adjust the inside temperature of residential buildings, while appropriate glazing techniques and materials can be used to reduce energy consumption. There are classic techniques used for tinting glass in buildings and cars, but they all continue to use fixed techniques with one degree of glazing. Users cannot adjust the glazing of these glasses in response to the intensity of sunlight either automatically or by hand. In this research, a modern technique is proposed to allow users to automatically control a glass’s glazing through sensors and Android application with a microcontroller. Arduino microcontroller is used along with a special film polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLC) material coating the glasses to enable tinting. The results show adjustable levels of tinting with PDLC film being enabled.</p>

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Dang, Minh Triet, Luka Gartner, Peter Schall e Edan Lerner. "Measuring the free energy of hard-sphere colloidal glasses". Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, n. 16 (28 gennaio 2022): 165304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac4a97.

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Abstract Free energy is a key thermodynamic observable that controls the elusive physics of the glass transition. However, measuring the free energy of colloidal glasses from microscopy images is challenging due to the difficulty of measuring the individual particle size in the slightly polydisperse glassy systems. In this paper, we carry out experiments and numerical simulations of colloidal glasses with the aim to find a practical approach to measure the free energy from colloidal particles at mild polydispersity. We propose a novel method which requires only the particle coordinates from a few confocal microscopy snapshots to estimate the average particle diameter and use it as an input for our experimental free energy measurements. We verify our free energy calculations from Cell Theory with the free energy obtained by Thermodynamic Integration. The excellent agreement between the free energies measured using the two methods close to the glass transition packing fraction highlights the dominant role played by vibrational entropy in determining a colloidal glass’s free energy. Finally, the noticeable free energy difference calculated from uniform and conjectured particle sizes emphasizes the sensitivity on particle free volumes when measuring free energy in the slightly polydisperse colloidal glass.

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Iqbal, Tariq, Mahmoud R. Shahriari, Glenn Merberg e George H. Sigel. "Synthesis, characterization, and potential application of highly chemically durable glasses based on AlF3". Journal of Materials Research 6, n. 2 (febbraio 1991): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1991.0401.

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Fluorozirconate glasses are stable with respect to devitrification but have poor chemical durability and only fair mechanical strength. AlF3-based glasses with improved chemical durability and enhanced mechanical strength are reported here. The optical, mechanical, and thermal properties of these glasses are contrasted to the more familiar ZBLAN composition. The infrared edge of these glasses lies at shorter wavelengths than ZrF4-based glasses, but aluminum fluoride glasses offer some interesting opportunities for short-range IR fiber applications such as sensing, remote spectroscopy, and laser power propagation.

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To, Theany, Christian Gamst, Martin B. Østergaard, Lars R. Jensen e Morten M. Smedskjaer. "Fracture energy of high-Poisson's ratio oxide glasses". Journal of Applied Physics 131, n. 24 (28 giugno 2022): 245105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0096855.

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The apparent relationship between Poisson's ratio and fracture energy has been used to guide the discovery of ductile glasses with a brittle-to-ductile (BTD) transition at Poisson's ratio around 0.32. Most organic and metallic glasses possess Poisson's ratio above 0.32, and thus, feature fracture energy that is around three orders of magnitude higher than that of oxide glasses, which feature Poisson's ratio typically below 0.30. However, whether the BTD transition can also be observed in oxide glasses remains unknown due to the lack of fracture energy measurements on oxide glasses with high Poisson's ratio. In this work, we measure the fracture energy of six oxide glasses with high Poisson's ratio between 0.30 and 0.34. We find no clear relationship between the two parameters even in those that possess the same Poisson's ratio as ductile metallic glasses. This suggests that Poisson's ratio is not the main property to enhance the fracture energy of oxide glasses. To this end, we instead find a positive relation between fracture energy and Young's modulus of oxide glasses, and even for some metallic glasses, which could explain their absence of ductility.

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Fomenk, Galyna, Oleksandr Nosenko, Viktor Goleus, Nataliia Ilchenko e Oleksandra Amelina. "Glass formation and properties of Glasses in MgO-BaO-B2O3 System". Chemistry & Chemical Technology 9, n. 4 (15 dicembre 2015): 463–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht09.04.463.

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Blazutti Marçal, Rubens Lincoln Santana, Marcelo Henrique Prado da Silva, Eduardo de Sousa Lima e Luis Henrique Leme Louro. "Production of Borosilicate Glasses from Residues of Ornamental Rocks". Materials Science Forum 727-728 (agosto 2012): 629–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.629.

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In this work, glasses with compositions, close to commercial borosilicate glasses, were developed. The main raw materials were residues of ornamental rock industries ( marbles and granites ). Beach sand was used in order to enrich the compositions with silica. Also, boron oxide was added to reach borosilicate glasses compositions. The obtained glasses were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and hydrolytic resistance. The measured properties were compared to those of commercial glasses, available in the market, from two different brands. XRD results confirmed amorphous patterns of the produced glasses. The other tests revealed an excellent agreement between the obtained values and those from commercial glasses. Therefore, this study showed the possibility of using ornamental rocks residues as primary sources to produce borosilicate glasses. In addition, it became clear that an economic value could be aggregated to the residues, which otherwise would be discharged into nature causing pollution.

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Dong Guoping, 董国平, 万天择 Wan Tianze, 吴敏波 Wu Minbo, 潘绮雯 Pan Qiwen, 邱建荣 Qiu Jianrong e 杨中民 Yang Zhongmin. "玻璃基因工程在激光玻璃等光功能玻璃领域的研究进展". Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 59, n. 15 (2022): 1516002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop202259.1516002.

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29

Sharmin, Nusrat, Mohammad S. Hasan, Md Towhidul Islam, Chengheng Pang, Fu Gu, Andrew J. Parsons e Ifty Ahmed. "Effect of dissolution rate and subsequent ion release on cytocompatibility properties of borophosphate glasses". Biomedical Glasses 5, n. 1 (2 dicembre 2019): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bglass-2019-0008.

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AbstractPresent work explores the relationship between the composition, dissolution rate, ion release and cytocompatibility of a series of borophosphate glasses. While, the base glass was selected to be 40mol%P2O5-16mol%CaO-24mol%MgO-20mol%Na2O, three B2O3 modified glass compositions were formulated by replacing Na2O with 1, 5 and 10 mol% B2O3. Ion release study was conducted using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The thermal scans of the glasses as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed an increment in the thermal properties with increasing B2O3 content in the glasses. On the other hand, the dissolution rate of the glasses decreased with increasing B2O3 content. To identify the effect of boron ion release on the cytocompatibility properties of the glasses, MG63 cells were cultured on the surface of the glass discs. The in vitro cell culture study suggested that glasses with 5 mol% B2O3 (P40B5) showed better cell proliferation and metabolic activity as compares to the glasses with 10 mol% (P40B10) or with no B2O3 (P40B0). The confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images of live/dead stained MG63 cells attached to the surface of the glasses also revealed that the number of dead cells attached to P40B5 glasses were significantly lower than both P40B0 and P40B10 glasses.

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Tuscharoen, Suparat, e Jakrapong Kaewkhao. "Physical and Gamma-Ray Shielding Properties of Strontium Borosilicate Glasses". Advanced Materials Research 979 (giugno 2014): 236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.979.236.

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Glasses composition of xSrO:(70–x)B2O3:30SiO2when 25≤x≤50 mol% were prepared using the melt quenching technique and investigated the other properties of glasses. The density of the glasses was measured using Archimedes’ principle; the molar volume of the glasses has been derived from density measurements data. The hardness of glasses sample was measured by using the Vickers hardness. Mass attenuation coefficients have been determined experimentally for the glass system at photon energy 662 keV, the results compared with theoretical calculations from WinXCom computer software. The reported data should be useful for decision chosen of these glasses in radiation shielding.

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Sangwaranatee, Narong, Jakrapong Kaewkhao e Yotsakit Ruangtaweep. "Effect of Li₂O and Na₂O on Optical Properties of Bismuth Borate Glasses". Key Engineering Materials 675-676 (gennaio 2016): 322–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.675-676.322.

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In this work, effect of Li2O and Na2O on bismuth borate glasses have been investigated. The glass samples were prepared in composition 44B2O3 : 50Bi2O3 : 5Li2O : 1A2O3 and 44B2O3 : 50Bi2O3 : 5Na2O3 : 1A2O3 (where A2O3= Sm2O3 and Dy2O3).Glasses were prepared using the melt-quenching technique at 1,100 oc under normal atmosphere. The result found that, the density and molar volume of lithium bismuth borate glasses are less than sodium bismuth borate glasses both in Sm2O3 and Dy2O3. In addition, the optical absorption spectra and luminescence of lithium bismuth borate glasses are higher than sodium bismuth borate glasses both in Sm2O3 and Dy2O3.

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32

Leder, Helmut, Michael Forster e Gernot Gerger. "The Glasses Stereotype Revisited". Swiss Journal of Psychology 70, n. 4 (dicembre 2011): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000059.

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In face perception, besides physiognomic changes, accessories like eyeglasses can influence facial appearance. According to a stereotype, people who wear glasses are more intelligent, but less attractive. In a series of four experiments, we showed how full-rim and rimless glasses, differing with respect to the amount of face they cover, affect face perception, recognition, distinctiveness, and the attribution of stereotypes. Eyeglasses generally directed observers’ gaze to the eye regions; rimless glasses made faces appear less distinctive and resulted in reduced distinctiveness in matching and in recognition tasks. Moreover, the stereotype was confirmed but depended on the kind of glasses – rimless glasses yielded an increase in perceived trustworthiness, but not a decrease in attractiveness. Thus, glasses affect how we perceive the faces of the people wearing them and, in accordance with an old stereotype, they can lower how attractive, but increase how intelligent and trustworthy people wearing them appear. These effects depend on the kind of glasses worn.

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Bristogianni, Telesilla, Faidra Oikonomopoulou e Fred A. Veer. "On the flexural strength and stiffness of cast glass". Glass Structures & Engineering 6, n. 2 (giugno 2021): 147–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40940-021-00151-z.

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AbstractCast glass has great potential for diverse load-bearing, architectural applications; through casting, volumetric glass components can be made that take full advantage of glass’s stated compressive strength. However, the lack of engineering, production and quality control standards for cast glass and the intertwined ambiguities over its mechanical properties-particularly due to the variety in chemical compositions and the lack of understanding of the influence of flaws occurring in the glass bulk-act as an impediment to its wide-spread application. Addressing the above uncertainties, this work studies a total of 64 silicate-based glass specimens, prepared in 20 * 30 * 350 mm beam size, either by kiln-casting at relatively low forming temperatures (970–1120 $$^{\circ }$$ ∘ C), or by modification of industrially produced glass. For the kiln-casting of the specimens, pure and contaminated recycled cullet are used, either individually or in combination (composite glasses). The defects introduced in the glass specimens during the casting process are identified with digital microscopy and qualitative stress analysis using cross polarized light, and are categorized as stress-inducing, strength-reducing or harmless. The Impulse Excitation Technique is employed to measure the Young’s modulus and internal friction of the different glasses. Differential Scanning Calorimetry is used on a selection of glasses, to investigate changes in the glass transition range and fictive temperature of the kiln-cast glasses due to the slower cooling and prolonged annealing. The four-point bending experiments are shedding light upon the flexural strength and stiffness of the different glasses, while the fractographic analysis pinpoints the most critical defects per glass category. The experiments show the flexural strength of cast glass ranging between 30–73 MPa, according to the level of contamination and the chemical composition. The measured E moduli by both methods are in close agreement, ranging between 60–79 GPa. The comparison of the flexural strength with prior testing of cast glass involving shorter span fixtures showed a decreasing strength with increasing size for the contaminated specimens, but similar strengths for pure compositions. The results highlight the versatile role of defects in determining the glass strength and the complexity that arises in creating statistical prediction models and performing quality control.

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Yoshida, Satoshi, Jean-Christophe Sanglebœuf e Tanguy Rouxel. "Quantitative evaluation of indentation-induced densification in glass". Journal of Materials Research 20, n. 12 (1 dicembre 2005): 3404–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2005.0418.

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To estimate the ratio of densification to Vickers indentation volume, three-dimensional images of Vickers indentations on several glasses, including silicate glasses and bulk metallic glass (BMG), were obtained before and after annealing using an atomic force microscope. Large volume recovery of Vickers indentation by annealing was observed for all glasses but BMG. Following previous studies, this recovered volume almost corresponded to the densified volume under a Vickers indenter, and the compositional dependence of densification was discussed. The ratios of densification to the total indentation volume for silica and soda-lime glasses were 92% and 61%, respectively. It was concluded that densification was a general property for silicate glasses and that the ratios of densification to the total indentation volume for all the glasses correlated well with Poisson’s ratios of the glasses.

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Siuzdak Weber, Kathleen A., e James E. Shelby. "Properties of lithium aluminoborate glasses". Physics and Chemistry of Glasses: European Journal of Glass Science and Technology Part B 63, n. 4 (2022): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.13036/17533562.63.2.15.

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The density, refractive index, thermal expansion coefficient, glass transformation temperature and d.c. conductivity have been determined for a number of lithium aluminoborate glasses. The glasses studied lie on lines of constant Al2O3 to Li2O concentration with values of 0 (binary lithium borate glasses), 1/2 and 1/1. The thermal expansion coefficient passes through a minimum for all three series of glasses, while the glass transformation temperature for each series passes through a maximum. This behaviour is characteristic of the borate anomaly for all three series of glasses. Replacement of B2O3 by Al2O3 in these glasses has only a slight effect on the density and refractive index. The d.c. electrical conductivity of these glasses is controlled by the Li2O concentration, with little change due to replacement of B2O3 by Al2O3.

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Zhang, Di, Erik Vedel, Leena Hupa, Heimo O. Ylänen e Mikko Hupa. "In Vitro Characterization of Bioactive Glasses". Key Engineering Materials 284-286 (aprile 2005): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.284-286.481.

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In vitro behavior of 30 new glasses in the system Na2O-K2O-MgO-CaO-B2O3 -P2O5-SiO2 was investigated by immersing them into a simulated body fluid for 4 to168 hours. This study involved the observation of both the changes in the properties of the immersion solution and on the glasses surface after immersion. In vitro reactivity was different for each experimental glass depending on its chemical composition. By comparing these glasses to four established bioactive glasses showing different in vivo bioactivity, a fast estimation of the bioactivity of glasses can be done; thereby the optimization of bioactive glasses for various clinical applications can be developed.

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37

Park, Hong Hyun, In Ki Park, Nam Ju Moon e Yeoun Sook Chun. "Clinical feasibility of pinhole glasses in presbyopia". European Journal of Ophthalmology 29, n. 2 (21 novembre 2018): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120672118810999.

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Purpose: To investigate the ocular physiologic changes and subjective symptoms of wearing multiple-pinhole glasses in subjects with presbyopia. Methods: This prospective study included 32 eligible subjects with presbyopia. Objective ocular functions and a survey of ocular discomfort were performed at baseline. All participants underwent the same examinations after reading while wearing the pinhole glasses and not wearing these glasses at a 1-week interval in random order. Results: The pinhole glasses improved uncorrected distance and near visual acuity in presbyopia. These glasses also required 15% less accommodative power over the near stimulus of 25 cm than did eyes without pinholes. Compared to reading without pinhole glasses, reading with pinhole glasses led to the following changes: increase in monocular near point of accommodation from 4.39 ± 0.78 diopter (D) to 5.19 ± 1.12 D, increase in depth of focus from 1.42 ± 0.44 D to 2.00 ± 0.33 D, and increase in amplitude of fusional convergence from 13.38 ± 6.88 prism D to 21.62 ± 10.00 prism D. In contrast, the reading speed decreased, inter-blink interval increased, tear break-up time shortened, and subjective ophthalmic symptoms worsened with pinhole glasses compared to without. Conclusion: In presbyopia, pinhole glasses improve visual acuity and accommodation-related parameters by pseudo-accommodation and the pinhole effect. However, the low legibility, increased inter-blink interval, and shortened break-up time of pinhole glasses cause an uncomfortable feeling and excessive eye fatigue. Pinhole glasses have strengths and limitations that must be considered to provide appropriate guidance in patients with presbyopia. Clinical trial registration was done at www.ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT02722291).

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Ukon, Sakiko, Yasuhito Tsujiie, Shunsuke Murai, Koji Fujita e Katsuhisa Tanaka. "Second-Harmonic Generation in Thermally Poled Na₂O-Al₂O₃-TeO₂ Glasses". Advanced Materials Research 39-40 (aprile 2008): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.39-40.247.

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Tellurite glasses exhibit attractive optical properties such as high refractive index, high transmittance in the infrared-to-visible region, and large third-order nonlinear susceptibility. Poled tellurite glasses also show second-harmonic generation (SHG) as revealed by the present authors. However, there exist many unresolved problems in second-harmonic generation of oxide glasses; SH intensity is low and it decays at room temperature. In this work, the effect of Al2O3 addition on SH intensity and its decay has been explored for thermally poled sodium tellurite glasses. The decay rate of SH intensity is reduced by the addition of Al2O3. The result is similar to those reported for phosphate and silicate glasses containing Al2O3. Also, the glasses poled at a voltage of 4 kV manifest optimum poling temperature lower than that for the same glasses poled at 3 kV.

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39

Mangthong, Pornnapha, Phalatt Leowkijsiri, Nattapon Srisittipokakun e Jakrapong Kaewkhao. "Comparison and Transmission Studies of Commercial Glass and Laminated Glass with PDLC Film for Heat Resistant and Other Building Structure Applications". Solid State Phenomena 305 (giugno 2020): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.305.103.

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The work emphasizes on energy saving in multi-layered glasses. Appropriate multi-layer designing was envisaged with various possibility and measured the transmittance of light in UV-Vis-NIR range. Various glasses were selected to study their transmittance for their specific advantages among each other for designing the multi-layer.Visible region showing higher transmittance revealing that these glasses allows more light in this range. While in the IR region these glasses show less transmittance revealing that these glasses doesn’t transmit much heat, this being the interest of study to stack the glasses for multi-layered glass with smart film then subjected to study their optical behavior and understood their energy saving phenomenon from window 6 program to obtain Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) and Light to Solar Gain (LSG) data. Such multi-layered glasses can be used as a database in industrial plants.

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40

Vaidhyanathan, B., S. Asokan e K. J. Rao. "Effect of CuO addition on the high-field and high-pressure behavior of microwave-prepared lead vanadate glasses". Journal of Materials Research 15, n. 2 (febbraio 2000): 518–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2000.0077.

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High-field and high-pressure behavior of microwave-prepared xCuO:(45−x) PbO: 55V2O5 (x = 0 to 20) glasses were investigated for the first time. It was found that the addition of CuO significantly alters the nonlinear I–V characteristics of these glasses; while the glasses with x = 10 exhibit a current-controlled negative resistance behavior associated with a memory type transition, glasses with x = 15 show a threshold-type behavior. Remarkable differences were also noticed in the high-pressure electrical resistivity behavior between the low- and high-CuO-containing glasses. Corroborative thermal, electrical, microscopic, and spectroscopic measurements were carried out to understand the structure–property relations. A structural model was proposed, which is based on the chemical nature of the constituents present in the glasses. The model accounts well for the various observed properties of these glasses.

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Griscom, David L. "Silica Glasses". MRS Bulletin 12, n. 5 (agosto 1987): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400067464.

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Fifty years ago, who could have imagined that silicon dioxide—the material of ordinary beach sand—would become one of the most important materials of present-day optics and electronics? Yet SiO2 is arguably the most crucial material component in current-generation fiber optics and metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) device technology. In MOS field-effect transistors (MOSFETs), SiO2 serves not only as the gate insulator, but also as the “field oxide” (which isolates various components of an integrated circuit) and as the packaging material which seals the device from outside contamination. In these roles silica acts as a “perfect dielectric,” being characterized by an essentially infinite resistivity (actually ~1016 Ohm · m at 300 K). The ability to form such a high quality dielectric film with a near-perfect lattice match on single-crystal silicon continues to favor silicon-based MOS technology over technologies founded on electrically superior GaAs.In the rapidly developing fiber optic arena, fused silica is still “king” due to a combination of properties, including extremely high transparency over a range of usable wavelengths (Figure 1), low material dispersion (~0 at 1.3/üm), high tensile strength (~ 150 kpsi), and high chemical durability. In addition, bulk forms of silica continue to find application in lenses, prisms, windows, and low-coefficient-of-thermal-expansion reflective optics; thin silica films are common components of the highly reflective and anti-reflective surface coatings which are laid down on reflective and transmissive optics, respectively.

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Poulain, Marcel, e Abdessamad Elyamani. "Chlorofluorozirconate Glasses". Materials Science Forum 19-20 (gennaio 1987): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.19-20.73.

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Chan, Kang, e Jordi Sort. "Metallic Glasses". Metals 5, n. 4 (16 dicembre 2015): 2397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met5042397.

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Margulis, W., F. C. Garcia, E. N. Hering, L. C. Guedes Valente, B. Lesche, F. Laurell e I. C. S. Carvalho. "Poled Glasses". MRS Bulletin 23, n. 11 (novembre 1998): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400030979.

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Glass is the most important material in optics, with uses in optical fibers, lenses, mirror substrates, and prisms. The silicate family, the prime material in this article, is well-suited for passive optical functions such as light guidance in a fiber. Because of its many desirable properties, one is tempted to use glass in active functions as well—such as in amplification and modulation of light. As early as the beginning of the 1960s, glasses doped with rare-earth ions were used as gain media for lasers. Nd:glass lasers and Erdoped fiber amplifiers are two examples of the success of the use of doped glass to perform an active optical function. The modulation and switching of light proved to be a more difficult task to perform with glass systems. Glass has very low optical nonlinearity, and the application of an electric field does little to the optical wave traveling in the material.In 1991 Myers, Mukherjee, and Brueck submitted a polymer film on a silica substrate to a poling process, which consists of the application of high voltages at a temperature of ~300°C. After cooling to room temperature with the voltage still applied, the poled sample was illuminated with a strong infrared (ir) laser beam. As expected they found that material frequency-doubled the incoming radiation and some green light could be measured at the output. When a test was carried out to discard any contribution from the substrate to the frequency-doubled light, they discovered that it was the silica glass that was generating the green light and that they had induced a strong optical nonlinearity in silica by thermal poling. Since then poling of glasses in the context of nonlinear optics has been the subject of many publications, including the report that ultraviolet (uv) radiation can advantageously replace thermal excitation.

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Orkina, T. N., e L. N. Blinov. "Fluorochalcogenide glasses". Glass Physics and Chemistry 26, n. 3 (maggio 2000): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02738297.

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Kurian, N., A. M. Sabu, A. Subramanium e T. K. Isaac. "Smart glasses". British Dental Journal 231, n. 9 (12 novembre 2021): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41415-021-3622-7.

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Poulain, Michel, e Marcel Poulain. "Oxyfluoride Glasses". Materials Science Forum 67-68 (gennaio 1991): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.67-68.129.

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48

Poon, Wilson C. K. "Colloidal Glasses". MRS Bulletin 29, n. 2 (febbraio 2004): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2004.35.

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AbstractThis article reviews recent advances in understanding amorphous glassy states in dense colloidal suspensions with or without short-range interparticle attractions. Experiments, theory, and simulation show that two kinds of glassy states are possible, dominated respectively by repulsion and attraction. Under suitable conditions, a small change in the interparticle potential can lead to a transition between these two kinds of colloidal glasses that entails sharp changes in material properties such as the shear modulus. This may provide novel routes for fine-tuning the properties of industrial pastes and slurries.

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Loidl, A. "Orientational Glasses". Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 40, n. 1 (ottobre 1989): 29–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pc.40.100189.000333.

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Yu Hai-Bin e Yang Qun. "Ultrastable glasses". Acta Physica Sinica 66, n. 17 (2017): 176108. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.66.176108.

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