Tesi sul tema "Ginseng – Analysis"

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2010.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 160 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

[Truncated abstract] Traditional medicines are used by millions of people throughout the world as their primary source of medical care. A range of materials are in used traditional medicines including plant and animal parts. Even though the traditional medicine trade is estimated to be worth sixty billion dollars annually the trade remains largely unregulated. Unscrupulous practices by vendors to increase their profit margins such as substituting and adulterating expensive material with cheaper varieties go unchecked. This can be dangerous to consumers because some substitutions involve poisonous material. Also, animal parts from endangered species can find their way into traditional medicines, therefore there needs to be a way to identify them in traditional medicines to prosecute poachers. The traditional techniques used for the identification of material used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) include, morphological, histological, chemical and immunological analysis. However, these techniques have their limitations. This makes applying multiple techniques essential to provide thorough authentication of the material. DNA profiling provides a technique well suited to analysing material used in TCM. DNA profiling is advantageous over other techniques used to authenticate material used in TCM because it requires only a small sample amount, can determine the cultivator, be used on all forms of TCM and potentially distinguish the components of mixtures. ... Therefore, profiles of different species/individual are different and species? can be distinguished. Commercially sold traditional medicines are processed which is likely to degrade the DNA of the sample making extraction and amplification difficult. Here an organic Phenol:Chloroform extraction technique extracted DNA from commercial dried root samples. The extracted DNA was amplifiable using RAPD primers. The RAPD primers used here produced enough polymorphic bands to distinguish different plant species. They were used to distinguish commercial samples that were sold as three different species within the Panax genus, Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium and Panax notoginseng and genetically unrelated plant material; Potato and Eleutherococcus senticosus. Liquid samples and mixtures were also profiled with the RAPD primers to determine whether the RAPD primers provide enough distinguishing ability to analyse these forms of TCM. DNA was extracted from the liquid samples, one a ginseng drink and the other an ginseng extractum. However, there was no reliability in the production of PCR products. The analysis of the mixture samples found that not enough polymorphic bands were produced by the RAPD primers used here to identify Panax species within mixtures of two Panax species. While when P. ginseng was mixed with a genetically unrelated sample there was enough polymorphism to differentiate the two samples in the mixture. The results of this research show that RAPD analysis provides a simple and inexpensive technique to begin analysis of materials used in TCM. Using RAPD analysis it is possible to distinguish Panax plant species from each other. However, the RAPD primers used here did not provide enough reproducibility or polymorphism to analyse liquid and mixtures of Panax species plants.

The research undertaken in this thesis includes microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), synthesis, and the investigation of the scale-up of the microwave-assisted processes with the numerical aid.
The main goal of this research is to study the various problems associated with the scale-up of the microwave-assisted extraction and synthesis processes. Laboratory studies were carried out to investigate the microwave-assisted extraction of known components from peppermint leaves and American ginseng. Various factors that influence the extraction processes were studied. Microwave-assisted extraction method was compared with conventional heating and room temperature extraction methods on the extraction of ginsenosides from American ginseng. Microwave-assisted extraction method was determined to have higher extraction rate than both room temperature extraction and reflux temperature extraction using hotplate heating indicating that there is acceleration factor in enhancing the extraction rate beyond the temperature influence.
In the study of synthesizing n-butyl paraben, microwave-assisted synthesis was observed to greatly increase the yield of n-butyl paraben in much shorter period of time compared to the classic synthesis method. A transition state theory was proposed to explain this rate enhancement. The study of the synthesis of parabens with different alcohol and the influencing factors on the synthesis of n-butyl paraben yield were also studied.
A visualization method was developed to determine the microwave distribution in a domestic microwave cavity. The method uses gypsum plate as carrier and cobalt chloride as indictor. A simulation program was developed using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) approach and written in C programming language. The program was proved to be very versatile in different type of cavity simulation. Not only cavities with different dimensions and geometrical designs can be simulated, multiple magnetrons and various ways of magnetron placement can also be integrated into the simulation program. The detailed power distribution can be visualized in a 3-D plot, and the power distribution in each layer can be analyzed using the simulation result. The power distribution information will be very useful and necessary before any real equipment development.

Bakgrund: Ginseng klassas som ett traditionellt växtbaserat läkemedel som säljs inom egenvården på apotek samt hälsokostbutiker. Det påstås att ginseng har en uppiggande effekt och anses vara effektivt mot trötthet. Trötthet finns i olika former och grader samt beror på olika faktorer. Fatigue är också en typ av trötthet men beror på en bakomliggande sjukdom och anses vara mer utmattande än trötthet. Ordet används också för att skilja det från så kallad normal trötthet. Syfte: Syftet med detta arbete är att genom systematiska sammanställningar och meta-analyser analysera om det finns bevis som stödjer påståendet om att ginseng ska vara effektivt mot trötthet och fatigue.Mål: Hitta systematiska sammanställningar samt meta-analyser genom identifiering av relevant litteratur genom en databassökning, bedöma kvaliteten genom PRISMA och sammanställa resultat för att besvara syftets frågeställning.Metoder: Litteratursökning genom relevanta databaser samt värdera de med hjälp utav PRISMA. Slutligen ska litteraturen sammanställas. Resultat: 4 systematiska sammanställningar samt 1 meta-analys ingick i analysen. De bedömdes vara av medel till hög kvalitet enligt PRISMA. Resultaten variera beroende på vilken typ av ginseng som deltagarna fick. Majoriteten av resultaten från de enskilda studierna tyder på att amerikansk och asiatisk ginseng är effektivt mot fatigue. Röd ginseng är däremot inte lika effektiv. Nio utav de sammanlagda nitton studierna gjordes på friska individer och endast två utav studierna rapporterade att ginseng hade en signifikant förbättring på trötthet.Slutsats: Amerikansk ginseng, följt av asiatisk ginseng, visade sig vara bra mot fatigue. Däremot hade röd ginseng ingen effekt på fatigue i samma grad som amerikansk och asiatisk. Dock är det svårt att påstå hur det fungerar mot just trötthet, då trötthet har många grader och beror på olika faktorer samt att det inte finns tillräckligt med belägg av bra kvalitet som kan styrka påståendet om att det skulle fungera mot trötthet, som inte är orsakad av någon bakomliggande sjukdom som fatigue.
Background: Ginseng is classified as a traditional herbal medicine sold in the self-care section at pharmacies and health food stores. It is claimed that ginseng has a revitalizing effect and is considered effective against tiredness. Tiredness exists in various forms and degrees and depends on various factors. Fatigue is also a type of tiredness but depends on an underlying disease and is more exhausting than tiredness. The word is also used to distinguish it from so-called normal tiredness.Purpose: The aim of this work is to find systematic reviews and meta-analyzes to see if there is evidence supporting the claim that ginseng is effective against tiredness and fatigue.Objective: Find systematic reviews and meta analyzes by identifying relevant literature through a database search, assessing the value of the studies through PRISMA and compiling results to answer the purpose of this work. Method: Literature search through relevant databases and assess the studies based on PRISMA’s checklist. Finally the studies should be compiled.Results: 4 systematic reviews and 1 meta-analysis were obtained. They were to be of average to high quality according to the PRISMA checklist. The results vary depending on the type of ginseng that was given to the participants. Most of the studies indicate that American and Asian ginseng are effective against fatigue. However, the studies indicate that red ginseng is not effective. Conclusion: In conclusion ginseng is effective in people with fatigue, depending on the type of ginseng it is. American ginseng, followed by Asian ginseng, proved to be good against fatigue that’s caused by an underlying illness. However, red ginseng had no effect on fatigue to the same extent as American and Asian. Also, it is difficult to claim how it works against people who are only feeling tired, as normal tiredness has many degrees and depends on various factors and that there is not enough evidence of good quality that can substantiate the claim that it would work against tiredness that’s not caused by an underlying illness.

Wong Pak Ki.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-88).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgements --- p.iv
Dedication --- p.v
Table of Contents --- p.vi
List of Abbreviations --- p.ix
List of Appendices --- p.xi
List of Figures --- p.xiv
List of Tables --- p.xx
Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Ginseng and Ginsenosides --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Instrumental Analysis of Ginsenosides --- p.6
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Thin Layer Chromatography --- p.6
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Infrared Spectroscopy --- p.7
Chapter 1.2.3 --- Colorimetry --- p.7
Chapter 1.2.4 --- Gas Chromatography --- p.7
Chapter 1.2.5 --- High Performance Liquid Chromatography --- p.8
Chapter 1.3 --- Objective of the Study --- p.9
Chapter Chapter 2: --- Experimental --- p.13
Chapter 2.1 --- History of Electrophoresis and Capillary Electrophoresis --- p.13
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Electroosmotic Flow (EOF) --- p.14
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Electrophoretic Migration --- p.18
Chapter 2.2 --- Reagents and Materials --- p.20
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Reagents and Glassware --- p.20
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Instrumentation --- p.20
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Preparation of Solutions and Wavelength Selection --- p.22
Chapter 2.2 --- Procedures --- p.23
Chapter Chapter 3: --- Results and Discussions --- p.24
Chapter 3.1 --- Initial Selection of the Running Electrolyte --- p.24
Chapter 3.2 --- Inclusion Additives in the Aqueous Buffer Solution --- p.29
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Reasons for Addition of Buffer Additives --- p.29
Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Cyclodextrin --- p.29
Chapter 3.3 --- Addition of Surfactants --- p.33
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) --- p.35
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Sodium Cholate --- p.41
Chapter 3.4 --- Addition of Organic Modifier --- p.43
Chapter 3.5 --- Effect of pH --- p.46
Chapter 3.6 --- Effect of the Concentration of the Borate/Phosphate Solution --- p.51
Chapter 3.7 --- Effect of Capillaries with Different Inner Diameters (I.D.) --- p.54
Chapter 3.7.1 --- Effect of pH --- p.54
Chapter 3.7.2 --- Effect of the Buffer Concentration --- p.60
Chapter 3.7.3 --- Comparison of Migration Time between Capillaries of 50μm and 75μm Inner Diameter --- p.62
Chapter 3.8 --- Optimization of Other Experimental Parameters --- p.66
Chapter 3.8.1 --- Applied Voltage --- p.66
Chapter 3.8.2 --- The Time of Injection --- p.68
Chapter 3.8.3 --- The Operating Temperature --- p.70
Chapter 3.9 --- Intra-day and Inter-day Reproducibility --- p.72
Chapter 3.10 --- Quantitative Analysis of the Ginsenosides --- p.74
Chapter 3.11 --- Application of the Developed Methodology --- p.78
Chapter 3.11.1 --- Experimental Procedures --- p.79
Chapter Chapter 4: --- Conclusion --- p.83
References --- p.86
Appendices --- p.89

碩士
臺北醫學大學
藥學研究所
97
Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (Ⅱ), CDDP) is one of the most commonly used antineoplastic agents in the treatment of various solid tumors. However, the full clinical utility of CDDP is limited because of its dose-related nephrotoxic side effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the preventive effects of ginseng extract (GE) and sodium salicylate (S) on CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity in bred mice. Besides, this study also did quantitative analysis by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to comfirm the quantity of ginsenosides in GE. In this study, six-week-old female BALB/c mice were administered with 5 mg/kg/day of CDDP intraperitoneally for 5 days. Preventive drugs including 250 mg/kg of GE, 100 mg/kg of sodium salicylate, and combination of GE and S were given orally once daily from 5 days before CDDP administration respectively. Besides, in this quantitative analysis, ginsenosides have been separated and identified on an Inertsil ODS-2 column (4.6 x 150 mm, particle size 5 μm) with elution using acetonitrate and water (acetonitrile：H2O = 20 : 80 for ginsenoside Rg1；acetonitrile : H2O = 30 : 70 for ginsenoside Rb1 and Rd) as the mobile phase. The temperature was maintained room temperature, and detection wavelength was 203 nm. The treatment groups showed improvements in urine N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), urine creatinine excretion, urine protein and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) at different levels. Furthermore, the treatment groups ameliorated CDDP-induced renal morphological damages, diminished TNF-α deposited in injury tissues, and increased the expression of p21 and PCNA in renal cells as well. The result of HPLC revealed that GE contained more ginsenoside Rb1 than Rg1 and Rd. Our findings demonstrated that GE and S attenuate CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity probably by inhibiting TNF-α expression and promoting cell cycle arrest to repair DNA damage.

碩士
臺北醫學大學
藥學研究所
97
Aristolochic acid (AA) has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in Chinese herbs nephropathy. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the therapeutic effect of ginseng extrat (GE), pravastatin sodium (P) and GE combined with pravastatin on AA-induced nephropathy and to quantitatively determine the contents of three ginsenosides-Rg1, Rd, Rb1 -in GE using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). AA was dissolved in distilled water (3μg/ml) as drinking water to C3H/He mice (6 week-old male) for 56 days. The treatment groups were administered orally with GE 250 mg/kg, pravastatin sodium 20 mg/kg and GE 250 mg/kg combined with pravastatin sodium 20 mg/kg (GE+P) once daily for 14 days. The control group was administered with distilled water. The normal group was only administered with distilled water throughout the experiment. Urine protein (UP), urine N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Scr) were determined to evaluate renal function. Renal tissues were served to histological examination (PAS stain and immunofluorescence). The antibodies, including TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β), MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase-9), and HGF (hepatocyte growth factor), were chosen to recognize the specific antigens in injury sites. ODS (Octadecylsilyl；C18) column was used for analyzing ginsenosides in GE with detection at 203 nm. Ginsenosides Rd and Rb1 were separated with acetonitrile-water (30:70) as the mobile phase, while ginsenoside Rg1 was separated under acetonitrile-water (20:80). Flow rate was 1 ml/min. Compared with the control group, urine protein, NAG, BUN, serum creatinine were decreased in the treatment groups. Among all treatment groups, we observed alleviation in the histological examination, decreased staining intensity of TGF-β and increased intensity of MMP-9 and HGF within the injury tissues. The overall therapeutics efficacy of the treatment was as followed: GE+P ≧ GE ≧ P. Based on quantitative analysis, the contents of three ginsenosides in GE was as followed: Rb1 > Rg1 > Rd. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that GE 250 mg/kg alone use, pravastatin 20 mg/kg alone use and GE 250 mg/kg combined with pravastatin 20 mg/kg can beneficially improve the renal outcomes of AAN.

碩士
淡江大學
化學學系
87
Title of Thesis: The Analyses of Ginsenosides from Ginseng Drug Preparations and Ganoderic Total Pages:139 Acid from Ganoderma lucidum by High-performance Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis Key Word: Sep-Pak C18，Ginseng，Ginseng drug preparations，Ganoderma lucidum，High-performance liquid chromatography，Capillary electrophoresis Name of Institute:Graduate Institute of Chemistry, Tamkang University Graduate Date: January, 1999 Degree Conferred: Master Name of Student: Shu-Hui Wu Advisor: Dr. Wen-Fa Sye 吳淑惠 薛文發 Abstract: Ginseng and Ganoderma lucidum play important roles in Chinese medicine. Ginseng has widely been used in traditional Chinese medicine. There are many reports of pharmacological and chemical studies on ginseng saponins. The fungus Ganoderma lucidum has been used in traditional oriental medicine for the treatment of various diseases and as an antitumor agent. The study of the effective components contained in Ginseng and Ganoderma lucidum helps a lot in their medical applications. Common preliminary procedures for the isolation of ginsenosides from ginseng drug preparations and ganoderic acids from Ganoderma lucidum involve solvent extraction or extraction by adsorbents. Such methods demand a great deal of working time because of the phase separation and experimental procedures. In this thesis, solid phase extractions of Sep-Pak C18 Cartridges were used to the extractions of ginsenosides and ganoderic acids. An extraction using Sep-Pak C18 Cartridges is a simple, rapid and reproducible methods. Sep-Pak C18 Cartridges provide a superior technique for the sample cleanup and concentration. After solid phase extractions, the extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. Capillary electrophoresis is becoming increasingly recognized as an important analytical separation technique as a result of its speed, high reproducibility and high efficieny. As a result, ginsenosides Re/Rg1、Rb1、Rc、Rb2、Rd from ginseng drug preparations and ganoderic acids A、B、C、D from Ganoderma lucidum can be effectively separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. The use of micellar electrokinetic capillary chramatography can also partly separate ginsenosides in ten minutes. As for the separation of ganoderic acids, we need further research work.