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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Germanic languages – dialects"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 29 luglio 2024

Ultima modifica: 31 luglio 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Germanic languages – dialects"

Naiditch, Larissa. "Palatal consonants in the Mennonite dialect Plautdietch in the light of the development typology of the Ingvaeonic consonantism". Scandinavian Philology 20, n. 2 (2022): 245–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu21.2022.202.

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The paper deals with the system of palatal consonants: /t’/, /d’/, /n’/ in Low German, Prussian dialects of the Mennonites. This dialect was used in the “language islands” of the Ukraine and of several other regions of the Russian state and is today common in the Mennonite communities all around the world: Canada, USA, South America, Germany, Siberia and the Altai region. The research is based on the recent records of these dialects as well as on the data from the dialectal archive of Viktor Schirmunski (Žirmunskij) in St Petersburg. The rendering of the palatal consonants in the questionnaires in this archive by the dialect speakers in 1920s is examined. The palatalization of consonants in Plautdietch is considered from the background of the palatalizations and assibilations in the Ingvaeonic branch of West Germanic languages. It is emphasized that the palatalization is one of the characteristic phenomena of the Ingvaeonic languages, which can manifest itself in different periods of their history. Thus the development of the palatal consonants can be considered in the framework of genetically related languages’ typology. It is known that the palatalization of [k] and [g] occurred in Old English before and after front vowels. In Frisian, palatalization was followed by assibilation. In Dutch, palatalization is observed in the diminutive suffix. Palatalization in a number of Low German dialects occurred as well and was followed by zetacism. Thus the palatalizaion reflects internal trends in the development of the dialects of some West Germanic languages, namely those of the Ingvaeonic group. It is probably an intermediate stage preceding assibilation and affrication of consonants. In some cases it remains in the modern language in its initial state, as is the case in the Mennonite dialect of the Plautdietch.

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Tetty, Marscolia. "Theory of origin of languages". Macrolinguistics and Microlinguistics 1, n. 1 (12 gennaio 2020): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/mami.v1n1.2.

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This paper aimed at exploring the theory of the origin of languages. The history of the English language begins with the birth of the English language on the island of Britain about 1,500 years ago. English is a West Germanic language derived from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to the island of Britain by Germanic immigrants from parts of the northwest of what is now the Netherlands and Germany. Initially, Old English was a group of dialects reflecting the origins of the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in England. One of these dialects, West Saxon eventually came to dominate. Then the original Old English was influenced by two waves of invasion. The first wave of invasion was the invasion of speakers of the Scandinavian branch of the German language family. They conquered and inhabited parts of Britain in the 8th and 9th centuries. Then this second wave of invasion was the Normans in the 11th century who spoke a dialect of French. These two invasions resulted in English being "mixed up" to some degree (although it was never a literal mixed language).

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Schäfer, Lea. "Auxiliary Selection in Yiddish Dialects". Journal of Germanic Linguistics 34, n. 4 (14 novembre 2022): 341–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542722000010.

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The variation of the two past tense auxiliaries (HAVE and BE) is a well-studied phenomenon in European languages, especially in the West Germanic varieties. So far, however, the situation in Eastern Yiddish has not been examined. This paper focuses on auxiliary selection in these Yiddish dialects based on data from the Language and Culture Archive of Ashkenazic Jewry, which were collected in the 1960s. Like most of the current works on this topic, the following analysis uses and discusses Sorace’s (1993, 2000) Auxiliary Selection Hierarchy, which allows to examine the Yiddish structures in light of historical and diatopic evidence from other Germanic varieties, particularly German and Dutch. The main focus is on intransitive verbs that show a high degree of variation—state verbs, controlled and uncontrolled motional process verbs, and change-of-state verbs. However, the Auxiliary Selection Hierarchy also has weaknesses, as is demonstrated in the following.*

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Telezhko, G. M. "Research on the Structure of Indo-European Dialect Continuum by Comparing Swadesh Lists of the Closest Descendant Languages". Discourse 8, n. 2 (26 aprile 2022): 124–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/2412-8562-2022-8-2-124-157.

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Introduction. This article is an attempt to extract information about the interactions of dialects of the Indo-European dialect continuum with each other using a comparative analysis of the basic vocabularies of some Indo-European (IE) descendant languages.The search for external borrowings and influence of a common substrate would help to clarify the ethno-linguistic surrounding of the area where the IE proto-dialects developed.In turn, these data are actual being pro and contra arguments of the well-known hypotheses about the IE ancestral home.Methodology and sources. The number of mutually understandable basic lexemes taken in relation to the number of lexemes in the compared lists was chosen as a measure of the interaction of IE dialects, indicators of their commonality.207-word Swadesh lists of 12 languages in their possibly more ancient states were analysed.For geographical binding of the IE language areal we have selected cross-borrowings from/to neighboring / substrate non-IE languages, the ancient settlement areas of native speakers of which are considered well-known.Results and discussion. The results of the comparison of the basic vocabularies of 12 IE languages have been interpreted in the form of a graph demonstrating the relative location of areas of the corresponding IE dialects. Lexemes meaning 'predator (bear, lion, etc.)', 'cattle (bull, ox)' determined the ethno-linguistic surrounding of the IE areal.Conclusion. The relevant linguistic data permitted to identify in the IE dialect continuum the core of proto-dialects: Baltic, Slavic, Aryan and Italic – and partially superimposed dialect subcontinua:– Balto-Greco-Aryo-Tocharo-Anatolian subcontinuum in the northern part of the IE areal;– Tocharo-Celto-Germanic subcontinuum in the eastern part;– Germano-Celto-Italo-Greco-Armeno-Baltic subcontinuum in the southern part;– Balto-Slavo-Italo-Aryan subcontinuum in the western part.The representation of the Proto-IE areal as a dialect continuum solves a number of difficulties inherent in the most common model of a single IE proto-language.

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Нorofyanyuk, Inna, e Vladyslav Boryshchuk. "Запозичення як спосіб номінації їжі та напоїв у центральноподільських говірках / Borrowing as a way of nominating food and drinks in the Central Podillya dialect". Acta Academiae Beregsasiensis, Philologica II, n. 1 (21 luglio 2023): 102–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.58423/2786-6726/2023-1-102-113.

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The article presents a description and systematization of lexical borrowings in the Central Podillia dialect in 10 settlements of Vinnytsia and Khmelnytskyi regions. The object of study is the Central Podillia dialect, because this area has a high heuristic potential for studing the mechanisms of interlanguage contact: Podillia is located on the border of different states, on the borders of the lands of different peoples, the borders of the Kyiv, Volyn and Halytsky principalities, the Tatar uluses, of the Principality of Lithuania, Poland, Moldova and Turkey, Russia and Austria came together here at different times. The subject of the analysis is the names of food and drinks. In the analyzed dialect materials, it was recorded 98 lexemes (17.8% of all nomens) for food and drinks, the etymons of which go back to Indo-European, Turkic, Caucasian, Finno-Hungarian, Sino-Tibetan languages. The largest number of borrowings in the thematic group of food and drink names of the Central Podillia dialect is attested from the languages of the Indo-European language family. The most frequently borrowed lexemes were recorded from the Romance group (41 nomens), in particular from the following languages: French (18 nomens), Latin (11 nomens), Italian (8 nomens), Romanian (3 nomens), Spanish (1 nomen). The least represented Greek language group, from which 6 nomens were borrowed. Many borrowings (24 nomens) are attested from Slavic languages, in particular from Russian (12 nomens), Polish (11 nomens) and Czech (1 nomen) languages. The Germanic group of languages, in particular German (12 nomens) and English (2 nomens), is also represented by various names for food and drinks in the dialects of Central Podillia. The following language families were less popular for borrowing the names of food and drinks in the dialects of Podillia: Turkic (6 nomens), Finno-Hungarian (3 nomens), Caucasian (3 nomens) and Sino-Tibetan (1 nomen). The established genetic affiliation of the identified lexical borrowings to a specific linguistic source is determined by historical, socio-economic, political and cultural factors of the development of Podillia. In the future, the analysis of isolex borrowings in the Podillia dialect may become a perspective for the study of foreign loanwords in the dialects of Podillia.

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Bacskai-Atkari, Julia. "English relative clauses in a cross-Germanic perspective". Nordlyd 44, n. 1 (12 ottobre 2020): 93–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/12.5213.

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The article talk examines the distribution of relativising strategies in English in a cross-Germanic perspective, arguing that English is quite unique among Germanic languages both regarding the number of available options and their distribution. The differences from other Germanic languages (both West Germanic and Scandinavian) are primarily due to the historical changes affecting the case and gender system in English more generally. The loss of case and gender on the original singular neuter relative pronoun facilitated its reanalysis as a complementiser. The effect of the case system can also be observed in properties that are not evidently related to case. Specifically, choice between the pronoun strategy and the complementiser strategy is known to show differences according to the Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy. While English shows a subject vs. oblique distinction in this respect, matching its nominative/oblique case system, German dialects show a subject/direct object vs. oblique distinction, matching the nominative/accusative/oblique case setting in the language. The particular setting in English is thus not dependent on e.g. a single parameter but on various factors that are otherwise present in other Germanic languages as well, and it is ultimately the complex interplay of these factors that results in the particular setup.

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Hill, Eugen. "Suppletion Replication in Grammaticalization and Its Triggering Factors". Language Dynamics and Change 5, n. 1 (2015): 52–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105832-00501003.

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The paper tries to account for several instances of emerging suppletion by establishing a cross-linguistic tendency of suppletion replication in grammaticalization. It can be shown that words which acquire new grammatical functions and therefore enter a different class of lexemes tend to copy suppletion patterns already present in other members of this class. This development can be triggered by factors of different nature, either internal to the language in question or rooted in contact between different languages or dialects of the same language. The suppletion replication tendency is demonstrated on several cases of grammaticalization of demonstrative or relative pronouns into 3rd person pronouns. This typologically common development is known to have led to the creation of new suppletion in several languages of Europe. In the present paper, three particularly telling cases from Slavonic, dialects of Lithuanian and early West Germanic dialects spoken on the continent are discussed in detail.

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Denton, Jeannette Marshall. "Reconstructing the articulation of Early Germanic *r". Diachronica 20, n. 1 (14 agosto 2003): 11–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.20.1.04den.

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The seemingly contradictory influences of r on neighboring sounds in the early Germanic languages have fueled controversy over r’s articulation in Proto-Germanic and later dialects. In this paper, we examine a number of these early Germanic sound changes and compare their effects to those observed in recent phonetic studies of the coarticulation of different types of r on adjacent vowels. We conclude that an apical trill and a central approximant r are phonetically the most likely conditioners of the earliest Germanic sound changes, while later changes can be accounted for by rhotics which were phonetically related to these earlier articulations.

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Stiles, Patrick. "The Comparative Method, Internal Reconstruction, Areal Norms and the West Germanic Third Person Pronoun". Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 77, n. 1-2 (9 giugno 2017): 410–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340083.

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The paradigms of the third person anaphoric pronoun in West Germanic show a split between Ingvæonic and non-Ingvæonic languages. The Ingvæonic dialects have numerous forms with initialh-, in contrast to non-Ingvæonic, where—corresponding toh-—vocalic ors-onsets are found. This divergence makes it difficult to envisage what the Proto-West Germanic set of forms looked like. The aim is to explore whether it is possible to reconstruct a common West Germanic paradigm from which both types developed. The answer turns out to be ‘yes’, thanks to the crucial evidence of Frisian. The article also rejects the view that Germanic attests the alleged Indo-European pronominal stem *syo-/*tyo-.

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Birkenes, Magnus Breder, Jürg Fleischer e Stephanie Leser-Cronau. "A diachronic and areal typology of agreement in Germanic". STUF - Language Typology and Universals 73, n. 2 (27 agosto 2020): 219–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2020-2002.

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AbstractIn a comparison of a passage from the New Testament (Luke 2:1–2:20), we explore diachronic developments and areal distributions of agreement in Germanic quantitatively by taking into account 33 different Bible versions, spanning from Wulfila’s Gothic version to all modern standard languages and selected dialects. This allows us to establish a thorough typological profile of agreement and its differing developments in Germanic. Our method involves a quantification of all agreement relations, allowing for precise comparisons.

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Tesi sul tema "Germanic languages – dialects"

Sandström, Åke. "Hå och hamna : Ordhistoriska och ordgeografiska studier av paddlingens och roddens äldsta terminologi i Norden". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-102931.

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In Old West Norse there is mention of an Arctic skin and osier boat, which was paddled with Old West Norse (húð)keipr, diminutive keipull, formed on Germanic *kaip- ’bend, unfold’ according to the construction method. In East Norse there was a corresponding wooden boat, e.g. Swedish själ-myndrick, formed on mynda verb ‘paddle’ (< Primitive Norse *mundian ‘aim at a certain goal, take aim’). In the provinces south of this verb’s area of distribution there occurs instead svepa verb ’paddle’ (< Primitive Germanic *swaipōn ‘swing’). The earliest instances of Nordic rowing navigation are found in Norway and Denmark. Instances of rowing in the Baltic area are found on some picture stones from about the 6th century. But oarlocks with a grommet were probably used already for the steering oar in the paddled boats of the Bronze Age. An early oarlock (with a grommet) is that made of a goose-necked piece of wood, Old Swedish hār, Old West Norse hár (< *hanhu-, *hanha- ‘branching, fork of a branch’) and Old West Norse keipr (< *kaip- ‘something with a crooked or bent (-back) shape’. The word hár exists as a first element in Old Swedish hā-band ‘oar-loop’, Old West Norse há-bora ‘oar-port’ etc. Old West Norse keipr ‘oarlock’ has no ancient compounds. East Nordic hamna (> Finnish hamina), Old Danish hafnæ (Old Frisian hevene) and West Nordic hamla (Faroese homla, Old English hamele, hamule) ‘oar-loop’ occurred early on the oarlock with a grommet; hamna may be a derivation of the stem in Primitive Norse *haƀan verb ‘hold (fast)’, alternatively *hafna- ‘clasp something’; hamla derives from a Germanic *hamilōn with the meaning ‘bridling band’. Centrally in the Nordic area hamna (Danish havne) and hamla ‘oar-loop’ were also used denominatively with the meaning ‘row pushing in a hamna/hamla (oar-loop)’. In addition there is the Swedish dialectal sväva (~ sveva, svävja) ‘row (back, break etc.) with pushing rowing’ and in the group of older verbs for rowing there is East Swedish hopa < Primitive Norse *hōƀian ‘fix one’s eyes upon a certain goal (in the distance)’. With word formations on Germanic *þulna- ‘wooden plug’ there arose from the Middle Ages and in the North Sea countries a new terminology for the oarlock: Norse tull, toll ‘oarlock with a thole pin’. Even younger concepts are tullgång ‘oarlock with two thole pins’, årklyka, årgaffel ‘oar crutch’. A distinctive trait of Old Swedish hār and hamna, Old West Norse hár and hamla and keipr and other common words for the oarlock is in these words the shift of meaning ‘oarlock of a specific kind’ > ‘almost any kind of oarlock’. Finally, the question arises whether or not the word svear of a tribe by Lake Mälaren could be tied to the paddling through a connection to the stem of the verbs svepa and sväva.

Ingår även i serie: Studier till en svensk dialektgeografisk atlas, 8

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Keiser, Steven Hartman. "Language change across speech islands : the emergence of a midwestern dialect of Pennsylvania German". The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1232798337.

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Gardner, Christine Elaine. "The Effect of First Language Dialect Vowel Mergers on Second Language Perception and Production". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2158.

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Previous second language (L2) acquisition research has assumed that L2 learners from a common first language (L1) have the same problems in an L2, ignoring the potential impact of a speaker's L1 dialect on L2 acquisition. This study examines the effects of L1 dialect on the acquisition of L2 German vowels. In particular, this thesis investigates two questions: 1) Do speakers from L1 dialects with vowel mergers perceive or produce vowel contrasts in the L1 and/or L2 differently than speakers from dialect areas without the same mergers? and 2) Are subjects' patterns of L1 perception or production paralleled in the L2? This thesis focuses on the vowel contrasts "pin"-"pen," "fail"-"fell," and "pool"-"pull"-"pole," which are merged (i.e., neutralized) in some environments in the Mississippi dialect, such that words like "him" and "hem" are heard or produced as the same word. Two groups of subjects participated: students from The University of Mississippi (the merging group) and students from Brigham Young University (BYU) (the non-merging group). Subjects completed a perceptual task and a production task. The perception task was a forced-choice identification task in which subjects heard English and German words and indicated which word they heard. In the production task, subjects read aloud German and English sentences. Results indicate that BYU subjects were significantly better than UMiss subjects at perceiving many vowel contrasts in English and German. Additionally, some perceptual patterns seemed to transfer to the L2, e.g., /ɪn/ and /ɛn/, were identified with similar accuracy in English and in German. In production, the groups differed significantly from each other in their production of many vowel contrasts, while acoustic analysis found no production mergers for either group in English or German. In two case studies, perception results and production results (as found by native speaker judgments), showed that vowel contrasts merged in English were also problematic in L2 German, though the problematic vowel was not necessarily the same. In sum, the UMiss speakers with mergers in their L1 dialect appeared to face different challenges than the BYU speakers when perceiving and producing German vowel contrasts. Results have implications for the L2 classroom and L2 research, suggesting that instructors may need different teaching strategies for speakers from merging dialects.

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Appel, Heinz-Wilfried. "Untersuchungen zur Syntax niederdeutscher Dialekte : Forschungsüberblick, Methodik und Ergebnisse einer Korpusanalyse /". Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=015464932&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Portnoy, Katherine Anne. "“Grüss Gott!”: A Study of Austrian Identity Through Language". Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1300570002.

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Knoll, Sonja. "Word order within infinitival complements in Swiss-German". Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61299.

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This thesis studies word order variations in Swiss-German sentences that contain infinitival complements. Such sentences exhibit interesting word order. Verbs can be in different orders and the objects selected by these verbs can be in different positions relative to them. The aim of this thesis is to give a general account of these word order facts based solely on structural properties of the complements in the underlying structure. In particular, it is claimed that Swiss-German verbs that take infinitival complements do not all select the same type of complements. Some verbs (like modals, perception verbs and causatives) select VPs, others (like raising verbs) select IPs and others (like control verbs) select IPs or CPs. Mechanisms such as extraposition, verb raising and proliticization then apply to different structures in order for the sentence to satisfy T-linking. Extraposition applies to IPs and CPs, verb raising to IPs and VPs and procliticization to verbs that are sister to VPs.

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Kleiner, Stefan. "Geschriebener Dialekt in Bayerisch-Schwaben ein Vergleich indirekt erhobener dialektaler Laienschreibungen mit ihren lautschriftlichen Entsprechungen /". Tübingen : Niemeyer, 2006. http://books.google.com/books?id=DaRiAAAAMAAJ.

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Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Augsburg, 2003.
Mixed media; CD-ROM document continues pagination of book. Includes tables and reproductions of handwriting. Literaturverzeichnis: p. [277]-280; also bibliographical footnotes.

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Ploner, Eva. "Landinisch-deutsch-italienische Gesetzestexte : eine Übersetzungskritik mit Verbesserungsanregungen /". Innsbruck : Institut für Romanistik der Universität Innsbruck, 2002. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=010378427&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Дегтярьова, Лариса Іванівна, Лариса Ивановна Дегтярева, Larysa Ivanivna Dehtiarova e Ю. Іващенко. "Регіональні особливості діалектів німецької мови". Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/16814.

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Mather, Patrick André. "L' interférence syntaxique de l'allemand sur le français mosellan". Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26294.

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The subject of my Thesis is the syntactic interference of German in the French of the Moselle region. The geographical location of this Department, situated close to the German border, leads me to believe that French and German are in contact in this region given their geographic proximity and the history of the area. My Thesis is divided into two main sections. First, through a detailed analysis of relevant syntactic structures in French and German, I put forth several hypotheses concerning the syntactic interference of German in the French spoken in the Moselle Department. Then, I tested these hypotheses through extensive fieldwork by interviewing two different groups of speakers, young and old, and by analyzing those data produced which indicated some degree of German interference in French. I then submitted these data to the same speakers to obtain their grammaticality judgments. My analysis has led me to establish an important typological distinction between the sentences produced by the younger speakers and those produced by the elderly, and to uncover a hierarchy in the acceptability of the sentences submitted to these speakers, which I discuss and attempt to explain.

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Libri sul tema "Germanic languages – dialects"

1934-, Klingenberg Heinz, Brogyanyi Bela e Krömmelbein Thomas, a cura di. Germanic dialects: Linguistic and philological investigations. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins, 1986.

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Bader, Thomas. Locality constraints on wh-constructions in Bernese and other Germanic languages. Bern: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Bern, 1990.

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Heinrich, Beck, a cura di. Germanische Rest- und Trümmersprachen. Berlin: W. de Gruyter, 1989.

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Werner, Abraham, e Bayer Josef, a cura di. Dialektsyntax. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1993.

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Vaan, Michiel Arnoud Cor de, 1973-, a cura di. Germanic tone accents: Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Franconian Tone Accents, Leiden, 13-14 June 2003. Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 2006.

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Röth, Erich. Mit unserer Sprache in die Steinzeit: Mitteldeutsches Wortgut erhellt die Ur- und Frühgeschichte. Bad Langensalza: Rockstuhl, 2004.

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Lammert, Karina. Niederdeutsch im Gespräch: Konversationelle Funktionen von Varietätenwechseln im sauerländischen Raum. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, 2018.

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honoree, Cordin Patrizia, a cura di. La linguistica vista dalle Alpi: Teoria, lessicografia e multilinguismo : studi in onore di Patrizia Cordin = Linguistic views from the Alps : language theory, lexicography and multilingualism : studies in honor of Patrizia Cordin. Berlin: Peter Lang, 2019.

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Paul, Foulkes, e Docherty Gerard J, a cura di. Urban voices: Accent studies in the British Isles. London: Arnold, 1999.

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Nielsen, HansFrede. The Germanic languages: Origins and early dialectal interrelations. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1989.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Germanic languages – dialects"

Vraciu, Ariton. "On the relationship among Indo-European languages". In Germanic Dialects, 599. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.38.25vra.

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van Bree, Cor. "The dialect of Vriezenveen". In Investigating West Germanic Languages, 260–75. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sigl.8.12van.

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The village of Vriezenveen (not far from Almelo in Twente, an eastern region of the Netherlands) has a dialect that differs from its neighboring dialects in a number a features. For instance, instead of lengthened vowels in open syllables it can have rising diphthongs whereas the other Twente dialects have centered diphthongs or short vowels more open than the original short ones: ljèvn ‘to live’ [jæ.] opposite to lèëvn [εǝ] of lèvvn [ε] (Standard Dutch leven [e.] < [ε]). The Vriezenveen dialect also has (or had) diphthongs in stein ‘stone’ [εi], geitn ‘to pour’, bouk ‘book’ [ɔu] instead of Twente dialect stèèn [ε.], geetn [e.], book [o.], Standard Dutch steen [e.], gieten [i], boek [u]. These conservative features can be explained by the fact that the inhabitants of Vriezenveen had extensive contacts with the Westphalian region through which they travelled on their commercial tours to Russia (Saint Petersburg). In this German region these features can still be found. On the other hand, a form like huus ‘house’, with [y.] instead of [u.], points in a western direction. Nowadays the young inhabitants of Vriezenveen are adapting their dialect to the more general Twente dialect. This regiolectization clearly manifested itself during interviews organized from 2012 through 2015.

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Louden, Mark L. "Vowel lowering, consonant cluster simplification, and koineization in the history of Pennsylvania Dutch". In Investigating West Germanic Languages, 107–30. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sigl.8.07lou.

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Scholars who have investigated the history of Pennsylvania Dutch (Pennsylvania German) have come to the unanimous consensus that the language most closely resembles the German dialects of the Palatinate region (Pfalz). This is not surprising, since the majority of the German-speaking immigrants to colonial Pennsylvania came from that area. Aiming to identify the precise European origins of Pennsylvania Dutch, researchers found that in its core structural features and lexicon, the language is not identical to any one variety of Palatine German. Pennsylvania Dutch must therefore have been subject to mixing and leveling of input dialects and independent development during the earliest generations. In this article I situate the history of Pennsylvania Dutch in the literature on koineization and new dialect formation, focusing on the most striking structural differences between Pennsylvania Dutch and Palatine German, the lowering of high and mid vowels in closed syllables before tautosyllabic /r/ and the subsequent simplification of /r/ + C clusters through either /r/-deletion or vowel epenthesis.

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Gerwin, Johanna, e Melanie Röthlisberger. "Dialectal ditransitive patterns in British English". In Ditransitives in Germanic Languages, 195–225. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sigl.7.06ger.

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The present study weighs the effect of well-established language-internal factors of the dative alternation such as animacy or pronominality of the object phrases against language-external factors such as origin of the speaker. For that purpose, the study samples three types of dative variants (N = 7,070) from six regional dialects in the UK, namely the canonical prepositional and double object constructions as well as the alternative double object construction (e.g. Give it me), using the Freiburg English Dialect Corpus (FRED) and the British National Corpus (BNC). By applying a novel dialectometric approach that uses conditional random forests, we compare the importance of well-known predictors across these six regions and highlight two (political) clusters that contrast England with Wales. Our study advances current knowledge on regional variation in probabilistic grammars and highlights the importance of including non-canonical variable patterns in the analysis.

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Fertig, David. "Sound change, analogy, and urban koineization in the regularization of verbs in late fourteenth-century English". In Investigating West Germanic Languages, 80–106. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sigl.8.06fer.

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This paper presents a detailed comparison of certain verb forms in Sir Firumbras, a text produced in a relatively remote part of southwestern England around 1380, with those found in texts produced in the London area around the same time. The forms in question reflect a collapse in some dialects of earlier present-tense distinctions between strong verbs and the largest class of weak verbs. This collapse is commonly assumed to have affected southern English in general but the evidence presented here suggests that it may initially have been characteristic only of urban regions with an influx of migrants from other parts of the country.

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Moser, Ann-Marie. "Chapter 3. Optionality in the syntax of Germanic traditional dialects". In Studies in Language Companion Series, 48–73. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slcs.234.03mos.

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While micro-variation, i.e. variation between dialects or among speakers, has been established and proven in recent years as a research discipline in its own right in (also theoretically informed) linguistics, variation within a speaker that cannot be attributed to sociolinguistic variables has, so far, hardly been studied. We call this form of variation – the occurrence of two different structural options for one function – ‘optionality’. We focus on optionality in syntax and identify at least two different types of optionality: while context or co-text plays a role in the first type, neither constraint seems to be relevant to the choice of one option or the other in the second type.

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Hjelde, Arnstein. "Changes in a Norwegian Dialect in America". In Germanic Heritage Languages in North America, 283–98. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/silv.18.13hje.

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Rauth, Philipp. "Ditransitive constructions in the history of German". In Ditransitives in Germanic Languages, 80–114. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sigl.7.03rau.

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In modern Standard German, the base order of direct and indirect full noun objects in the ‘Mittelfeld’ is considered to be IO>DO. Deviation from this order is influenced by various linguistic factors such as prosody, complexity, syntactic structure, animacy, definiteness, and information structure. Does this also hold for dialectal and historical varieties of German? In order to answer this question, I present results of a comprehensive diachronic corpus study (8th–20th century) on the significance of these factors, which in sum involved about 2,100 instances of ditransitives. My data shows that, at least since the 11th century, information structure has been the most important and stable factor for the inversion of the base order: A given or more salient DO significantly increases the likelihood for DO>IO. However, IO>DO remains the predominant order throughout the history of German.

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Bidese, Ermenegildo. "Sprachkontaktdynamiken im aspektuellen System. Neue Evidenz zur Progressivperiphrase aus dem Zimbrischen von Lusérn". In Biblioteca di Studi Slavistici, 273–301. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0184-1.17.

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This article sets out to present a recent study of progressive and prospective periphrases in Cimbrian, a German-based variety spoken in Northern Italy. Our research complements a renewed interest in the grammaticalization processes of progressive periphrases in inland-German dialects and standard German, focusing on German-based dialects that are spoken in isolation, namely not under the roof of Standard German. In such varieties similar processes take place; they show, however, accelerated dynamics due to the contact situation and can, thus, shed light on the diachrony of German and its dialects. In relation to the aspectual constructions in Cimbrian, we discovered a previously undocumented perspective periphrasis, viz. soin drumauz + zu-INF, which, however, is destined to be discarded from the aspectual system of Cimbrian on account of the expansion of the more general periphrasis soin nå + zu-INF. In terms of the dynamics of contact-induced grammar change, our research confirms that new constructions in a contact language are not simply the replication of those in the donor language but, rather, represent the internal recombination of abstract features in the aspectual system of Cimbrian.

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Hegele, Stefanie, Barbara Heinisch, Antonia Popp, Katrin Marheinecke, Annette Rios, Dagmar Gromann, Martin Volk e Georg Rehm. "Language Report German". In European Language Equality, 147–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28819-7_18.

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AbstractGerman is the second most widely spoken language in the EU. The last decade has seen strongly perceptible language change, trending towards the simplification of the grammatical system, a rapidly growing number of anglicisms, a decreasing prevalence of dialects, and an increase in socio-political debates on matters such as language policies and gender-neutral language. Many technologies and resources for German are available, which is also due to numerous well-established research institutions and a thriving Language Technology (LT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) industry. In order to withstand in the digital sphere, it is important that incentives for research, digital education and also concrete opportunities for marketing and deploying LT applications are put at the forefront of future AI strategies.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Germanic languages – dialects"

Sukhareva, Maria, e Christian Chiarcos. "Diachronic proximity vs. data sparsity in cross-lingual parser projection. A case study on Germanic". In Proceedings of the First Workshop on Applying NLP Tools to Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-5302.

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Chernyshova, P. V. "History and development of the German language". In Scientific and Technical Creativiy of Youth - 2024. Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Information Systems, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55648/nttm-2024-1-82.

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This article provides an overview of the evolution and development of the German language from the Proto-Germanic period to the present day. The key stages and features of the language's development, its influence on culture and literature, and its role in various fields such as science, art and business are outlined. Grammatical features, the diversity of dialects, and the importance of German as a means of international communication and cultural heritage are covered.

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Kachur, A. Yu. "Dialects of the German language in the Federal States of Germany". In Scientific and Technical Creativiy of Youth - 2024. Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Information Systems, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55648/nttm-2024-1-46.

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German dialects play an important role in German culture and identity, especially in the federal states. Each of the lands has its own unique dialects, which differ in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar from the official standard German language. The article is devoted to the dialects of the German language and their classification depending on geographical location

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Soare, Ioanlaurian, e Mariacristina Munteanubanateanu. "MULTILINGUALISM AND MINORITY LANGUAGE TEACHING. BETWEEN TRADITION AND REVITALIZATION". In eLSE 2019. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-19-130.

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Language variety (multilingualism) gains today more and more significance in our community. Children in their early school years have already access to different language sources. There is a friendly educational environment that allows further students fit into new practices whereas languages are able to help them (re)orienting their educational frame. In times past the rigid curriculum of the school system restricted language variety. The decision to exclude Low German (Niederdeutsch) in schools in the 19th century led to a partial extinction of the language and its dialects in Northern Germany nowadays, whereas miles away in South Europe the Basque language reshaped its ideological terrain and turned from a banned language in Franco's dictatorship (about 40 years ago) into a co-official regional language in nowadays Spain with an increasing number of speakers. This paper investigates firstly the status of a language as a minority/local/regional language in opposition to a dominant/national/official language, whereas denominations such as: minority or official languages need further explanations. In Ireland the Irish language has the status of an official language, on the other hand the number of people who declared they speak the language amounts to 6-7% in the whole population. This gives Irish both a minority and an official status, nevertheless: the name of a so called minority language can vary depending on region and tradition. Low German, also known as Nether German or Low Saxon (Niederdeutsch, Plattdeutsch, Nedersaksisch) is still competing for an official name. Whereas in Spain there is Euskera or el Vasco. Secondly, the paper analyses the role of two minority languages within the national educational system of Spain, France and Germany. The two languages are: the Basque language which is spoken in Northern Spain (more exactly in the Basque Country and northern Navarre) and France (in the French Basque Country), the second language is: Low German (spoken mainly in northern parts of Germany). Thirdly, the present paper concludes the fact that within a multilingual/bilingual/monolingual milieu of nowadays Europe a revitalization of a minority language can be achieved due to certain social mechanisms. There is the school system on one hand, then the tradition and identity values a certain group of people may perform and of course there are the authorities and the language policies they develop on the other hand. Accordingly, by means of a collaboration of these mechanisms a revitalization of the Basque language was possible in Spain, respectively because of a malfunction of these structures we notice a decline of Low German in Germany.

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Abilova, Zulfiyya. "INFLUENCE OF OTHER LANGUAGES ON THE LEXICAL SYSTEM OF THE INTERNATIONAL ENGLISH LANGUAGE". In Proceedings of the XXIII International Scientific and Practical Conference. RS Global Sp. z O.O., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_conf/25112020/7256.

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Many natural languages contain a large number of borrowed words, which usually enter the language as the result of cultural-historical, socio-economic and other relations between people. The article is devoted to the English language which, in the process of its historical development, was crossed with the Scandinavian languages and the Norman dialect of the French language. In addition, English almost, throughout its history, had linguistic interaction with Latin, French, Spanish, Russian, German and other languages of the world. This article examines the influence of Latin, French and Scandinavian languages as well as the development of English as the language of international communication.

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Gutscher, Lorenz, Michael Pucher e Víctor Garcia. "Neural Speech Synthesis for Austrian Dialects with Standard German Grapheme-to-Phoneme Conversion and Dialect Embeddings". In 2nd Annual Meeting of the ELRA/ISCA SIG on Under-resourced Languages (SIGUL 2023). ISCA: ISCA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/sigul.2023-15.

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Krompák, Edina. "Diglossia and Local Identity: Swiss German in the Linguistic Landscape of Kleinbasel". In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.7-2.

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The city of Basel is situated in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, in the geographic triangle of three countries: France, Germany and Switzerland. Everyday urban life is characterised by the presence of Standard German and Swiss German as well as diverse migrant languages. Swiss German is ‘an umbrella term for several Alemannic dialects’ (Stepkowska 2012, 202) which differ from Standard German in terms of phonetics, semantics, lexis, and grammar and has no standard written form. Swiss German is predominantly used in oral forms, and Standard German in written communication. Furthermore, an amalgamation of bilingualism and diglossia (Stepkowska 2012, 208) distinguishes the specific linguistic situation, which indicates amongst other things the high prestige of Swiss German in everyday life. To explore the visibility and vitality of Swiss German in the public display of written language, we examined the linguistic landscape of a superdiverse neighbourhood of Basel, and investigated language power and the story beyond the sign – ‘stories about the cultural, historical, political and social backgrounds of a certain space’ (Blommaert 2013, 41). Our exploration was guided by the question: How do linguistic artefacts – such as official, commercial, and private signs – represent the diglossic situation and the relation between language and identity in Kleinbasel? Based on a longitudinal ethnographic study, a corpus was compiled comprising 300 digital images of written artefacts in Kleinbasel. Participant observation and focus group discussions about particular images were conducted and analysed using grounded theory (Charmaz 2006) and visual ethnography (Pink 2006). In our paper, we focus on signs in Swiss German and focus group discussions on these images. Initial analyses have produced two surprising findings; firstly, the visibility and the perception of Swiss German as a marker of local identity; secondly, the specific context of their display.

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Pavlenko, Anastasia N. "German dialect dictionaries: composition and its specialty". In Lexicography of the digital age. TSU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-907442-19-1-2021-72.

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The principles of compiling dialect dictionaries of the German language are discussed. Based on the analysis of the dictionary entries of existing dictionaries, an assessment is made of the reflection of grammatical, phonetic, lexical, cultural information about the lemma in dialect dictionaries.

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Malmasi, Shervin, e Marcos Zampieri. "German Dialect Identification in Interview Transcriptions". In Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects (VarDial). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w17-1220.

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Fischer, Hanna, e Robert Engsterhold. "Reconstructing Language History by Using a Phonological Ontology. An Analysis of German Surnames". In Tenth Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects (VarDial 2023). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.vardial-1.10.

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