Articoli di riviste sul tema "Geography, 15th-16th centuries"

Almost two decades ago, Michael Bonner, Mine Ener, and I organized the first in a series of MESA panels on the general theme of poverty and charity in Middle Eastern contexts. We came to the topic using different chronologies, sources, and approaches but identified a common field of interest in shared questions about how attitudes toward benevolence and poverty affected state and society formation: in early Islamic thought, in the Ottoman Empire of the 15th and 16th centuries, and in khedival Egypt. At that time, we could confidently state that there was very little work in the broad field of Middle East and Islamic studies that focused explicitly on the study of charity and poverty.

The uninterrupted circulation of artists, works and models from one side to the other of the Pyrenees throughout the Middle Ages and most part of the Modern Age, and the dynamic and dialectic relationships generated by these flows both in their places of origin and in the receiving places finally allowed the appearance of extremely rich and interesting phenomena. These episodes, result of multiple contributions, interactions and transfers, not only don’t reflect the geography of the nations of modern Europe, but also don’t seem to follow the usual stylistic taxonomies and periodizations. Trying to transcend all these coordinates, we aim to analyse the phenomenon whose protagonists were the stonemasons and cravers who crossed the Pyrenees in order to work in the Iberian Peninsula throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, paying special attention to how it was perceived by the ones who witnessed its genesis and evolution.

Spatial mobility of communities living in the Carpathian Foothills in the early modern era is an interesting issue, primarily because of local ethnic diversity. In addition to representatives of Polish ethnic groups, Orthodox (later Greek Catholic) Wallachians and Ruthenians, Hungarians and Jews lived here. According to chronicle narratives (Kromer, Bielski, Stryjkowski, Piasecki, Starowolski) from the 16th–17th centuries, however, the region was characterized above all by a high degree of population of descendants of former German settlers (called Deaf Germans), brought in 14th–15th centuries, who still spoke a language similar to German and professionally engaged in weaving (especially nearby the towns of Biecz, Krosno and Łańcut). The aim of the article is to look at the issue of mobility of this professional group based on the entries from the Book of Admission to the Municipal Law of Biecz (1538–1690) and in the context of research on the Deaf Germans. The analysis of the data confirms that the key group arriving in the foothills town were weavers from various areas of the former German settlement. In addition to the issue of spatial mobility, attention will also be devoted to social mobility, because moving from the countryside to the city was an opportunity for social advancement at that time.

The sudden and massive arrival of the Bamileke on the highlands of West Cameroon between the 15th and 16th centuries A.D. through spontaneous, sporadic and sometimes disorganized migratory waves, marked an unprecedented change in the socio-cultural evolution and political configuration of the region. Indeed, this had led not only to the progressive populating of the entire plateau, but also to the beginning of the first real organized and structured political entities, namely the chiefdoms. The matrimonial social system of Bamileke polygamy generated an exponential demographic growth inherent to a strong uncontrolled dynamic that systematically exerted enormous pressure on the exploitation of natural resources, which in addition to being already scarce was also static. The Bamileke in a survivalist spirit tried to control vital spaces such as water, land, hunting grounds, etc., which unleashed the hegemonic impulses and antagonistic bellicosity of these tribes; one against the other thus plunging the whole region into a turbulent atmosphere characterized by conquest struggles and raids. Indeed, the Bamileke, faced with the permanent challenges of instability and insecurity, in a logic of survival, will appeal to geography to protect themselves. This article aims to demonstrate the contribution of geography in Bamileke architecture as a basic defensive and security support. A genuine interest was noted in the involvement of geography in the development and elaboration of defense and security techniques and strategies in Bamileke land. The study revealed that geography had always played a decisive role not only in the migratory path of this people but had also punctuated the choice of their position at altitude on the plateau, including that of their spiritual conception. This research combined both documentary analysis and oral source approaches.

At the end of the first third of the 15th century, a prominent representative of the Muslim elite, a sayyid and theologian from Yemen, Ahmad al-Yamani (died in 1450), arrived in Dagestan and stopped in Kumukh, one of the major political centers of Mountainous Dagestan. He devoted the last two decades of his life to the spread and strengthening of Islam among the highlanders. Since that time, Kumukh turned into a large Muslim center and the “internal” Islamization of the mountain tribes began. The result of all this activity in Kumukh was that almost all of Dagestan was islamized by the end of 16th century. Researchers have presented different versions of Ahmad al-Yamani’s arrival in Dagestan. The version that he arrived in Dagestan on behalf of the Abbasid Caliph in Cairo to Islamize the non-Muslim peoples of Dagestan was considered the most widespread in the academic environment. A unique manuscript of the 15th century, which was recently discovered, belonging to the pen of al-Yamani, called “At-Tuhfa al-Ulugbekiyya / Ulugbek’s gift”, contains new valuable material about the life of al-Yamani. He wrote it as a gift for Ulugbek (the ruler of Maverannahr and Shahrukh’s son), while he was in the Timurid emirate. The manuscript’s material was translated by the author and introduced into scientific use for the first time. The studied material, as well as other Arabic-language sources of the 15th — 19th centuries, allow us to assert that al-Yamani’s arrival was inspired by Shahrukh, and the mission was not only Islamization, but also strengthening and extending Timurids’ positions in the Western Caspian region, which was one of the political and military interests of the Timurids’ opponents — the Kara-Koyunlu Turkoman confederation.

The uncertainty of the location of the chronicle Yugra is attributable by several circumstances, including its localization both to the west and to the east of the Urals, with the division in written sources of the people(s) called Yugra / Ugra into steppe nomads (Ugrians, Ungry, Magyars, Hungarians), who went west to the Carpathians, and taiga dwellers (Yugra), who remained «in the midnight countries». For ethnographers and historians, this topic is relevant not only from the perspective of the historical geography of the 11th – 17th centuries, but also as a key to understanding many plots of Russian history related to the colonization and development of the resources of the Urals and Siberia. Is it possible today to add something to this old discussion? The author believes that visual sources (maps) can open new perspectives and place new accents, since cartography has particular reliability and credibility as a direct projection of reality. On early maps and in accompanying descriptions, Yugra is located mainly in the Urals, although, apparently, the Yugrichs also lived east of the Urals. Moscow, while moved northward and eastward in the 14th century, especially after the baptism of Permians by Stefan, provided the Yugra spreading beyond the Urals. While in the 11th – 16th centuries Yugra was in the orbit of influence (or part of the domain) of Novgorod the Great, then from the end of the 15th century, it became the possession of the Moscow Grand Prince, who in 1488 supplemented his title with the name «Yugorsky». Since that time, Yugra has been increasingly mentioned beyond the Urals, and after the defeat of Novgorod from Moscow, the very name «Yugra» becomes a thing of the past and is replaced by new, Moscow names –«Vogul» and «Ostyak».

Globalization perspective considers the world as a large market, which requires the resources readiness as capital to be able to participate actively. Local culture is an important capital to create identity and social harmonization in constructing a better quality of life. In the 15th–16th century AD, the Java north coast of Indonesia was known for having several old towns with their important roles in spreading Islam. Centuries later the legend of Walisanga still greatly influences the people’s lives particularly in Demak. The Muslim community is living tradition in this area has become one of the identity of the city. The development in the last decades has shown significant impacts on the tourism sector. This phenomenon showed that there would be conflicts of interests between social-cultural sectors and economic sectors. In this kind of situation, the community must adapt spatial settings to accommodate their needs. The purpose of this article is to find the concept of spatial setting formed by economic, cultural and religious factors in this historical area. The locus is the Muslim settlements in Kadilangu Demak a site of Sunan Kalijaga’s heritage. This study that employed qualitative research methods, the three spatial concepts proposed are: (1) the identity space of local culture is strongly exists (2) the shift in the value of space, which has changed from the glory of the noble family tothe common people (3) the space for morality control, which functions as the control of community’s moral. The third concepts are local genius, which is significantly potential for tourism.

Human activity is one of the three main drivers of environmental changes in the mountains. Its influence on mountain natural environment is characterized by great spatiotemporal diversity. In the Tatras human impact started in the 12th-13th centuries and was related to mining and animal grazing, followed by metallurgy in the 18th century. These activities developed in the 15th-16th and with the climax in the 18th-19th, except for the animal grazing which continued till the 1960s-1970s. Since the second half of the 19th century tourism developed intensively. More than 3 million people per year visit the Polish part of the Tatras nowadays.Human activities, prior to tourism, were accompanied by a strong forest and dwarf pine shrubs extraction. They affected mainly relief and vegetation cover. Erosion in the slopes was triggered or intensified after deterioration of vegetation cover by grazing. Anthropogenic landforms like pits, mine roads, mine channels are still recognizable in landscape. Lowering of the upper forest and dwarf pine limits and changing of a natural structure of the forest into a monoculture are among the main influences on vegetation. Indirect effects of the changed forest structure are problems with bark beetles and windthrows. The later have been strongly affecting slope morphodynamics. Tourism-related impact manifest in gradual anthropogenic erosion along hiking trails. It is the major type of human impact n the Tatras now. The historical human impact until the 1960s-1970s was indeed spatial in nature. Currently, it is of a linear character or point-focused, and is relatively constant regarding particular locations.

RESUMO A Cosmografia Geográfica teve seu conceito construído entre os séculos XV e XVI. Seu estudo busca explicar as dinâmicas físico-naturais e culturais terrestres à luz dos conhecimentos cosmográficos, nos mais variados tempos históricos. Possibilita-se assim à Geografia, uma maior completude na compreensão das relações intrínsecas da Terra, enquanto astro e local propício ao desenvolvimento da vida, e o Cosmos. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se debater a relevância da Cosmografia Geográfica como disciplina para a compreensão de fenômenos que ocorrem no planeta, e como um norteador importante para o entendimento básico das dinâmicas de grandezas físicas que deram origem ao planeta em que vivemos. Metodologicamente, foram realizadas duas pesquisas: a aplicação de uma oficina pedagógica na Escola Estadual de Ensino Médio de Itaara-RS, com duas turmas do 1° ano; e a prática de uma entrevista com graduandos situados entre os 5° e o 8° semestres do curso de graduação em Geografia Licenciatura Plena da UFSM. Os resultados evidenciaram a importância de uma base teórica para estudos mais detalhados sobre a Cosmografia Geográfica nos cursos de graduação em Geografia Licenciatura Plena, de maneira a aperfeiçoar o ensino no exercício escolar. Palavras-chave: ensino de Geografia, Cosmografia Geográfica, formação. ABSTRACT The Geographic Cosmography had its concept built between the 15th and 16th centuries. Its study seeks to explain the physical-natural and cultural dynamics of the earth in the light of cosmographic knowledge in various historical times. Geography is thus made possible, a greater completeness in the understanding of the intrinsic relations of the Earth, as star and propitious place for the development of life, and the Cosmos. In this sense, the objective was to debate the relevance of Geographic Cosmography as a discipline for the understanding of phenomena that occur on the planet, and as an important guide for the basic understanding of the dynamics of physical magnitude that gave rise to the planet in which we live. Methodologically, two researches were conducted: the application of a pedagogical workshop at the State High School of Itaara-RS, with two 1st grade classes; and the practice of an interview with undergraduate students between the 5th and 8th semesters of the UFSM Undergraduate Geography undergraduate course. The results showed the importance of a theoretical basis for more detailed studies on Geographic Cosmography in undergraduate Geography undergraduate courses, in order to improve teaching in the school year. Keywords: Geography Teaching, Geographic Cosmography, Formation. RESUMEN La cosmografía geográfica tuvo su concepto construido entre los siglos XV y XVI. Su estudio busca explicar la dinámica físico-natural y cultural de la tierra a la luz del conocimiento cosmográfico en varios tiempos históricos. Así, posibilita a la geografía una mayor integridad en la comprensión de las relaciones intrínsecas de la Tierra, en cuanto un astro y un lugar propicio para el desarrollo de la vida y el Cosmos. En este sentido, el objetivo era debatir la relevancia de la cosmografía geográfica como disciplina para la comprensión de los fenómenos que ocurren en el planeta, y como una guía importante para la comprensión básica de la dinámica de la magnitud física que dio origen al planeta en el que vivimos. Cuanto la metodología, se realizaron dos investigaciones: la aplicación de un taller pedagógico en la Escuela Secundaria Estatal de Itaara-RS, con dos clases de 1º grado; y la práctica de una entrevista con estudiantes de grado entre el 5° y 8° semestre del curso de Geografía de UFSM. Los resultados mostraron la importancia de una base teórica para estudios más detallados sobre Cosmografía Geográfica en los cursos de grado de Geografía, con el fin de mejorar la enseñanza en el ejercicio escolar. Palabras clave: Enseñanza de Geografía. Cosmografía Geográfica. Formación. Résumé La cosmographie géographique a vu son concept construit entre le XVe et le XVIe siècle. Son étude cherche à expliquer la dynamique physique-naturelle et culturelle de la terre à la lumière des connaissances cosmographiques, dans les époques historiques les plus variées. De cette façon, il est rendu possible à la géographie une plus grande complétude dans la compréhension des relations intrinsèques de la Terre, en tant qu'étoile et lieu propice au développement de la vie, et du Cosmos. En ce sens, l'objectif était de débattre de la pertinence de la cosmographie géographique en tant que discipline pour la compréhension des phénomènes qui se produisent sur la planète, et en tant que guide important pour la compréhension de base de la dynamique des grandeurs physiques qui ont donné naissance à la planète sur laquelle nous vivons. Sur le plan méthodologique, deux recherches ont été menées: l'application d'un atelier pédagogique au lycée d'État d'Itaara-RS, avec deux classes de 1ère année; et la pratique d'une entrevue avec des étudiants de premier cycle entre les 5e et 8e semestres du cours en géographie , license pleinne à l'UFSM. Les résultats ont montré l'importance d'une base théorique pour des études plus détaillées sur la cosmographie géographique dans les cours de premier cycle en license pleinne en géographie, ayant l’objectif d'améliorer l'enseignement à l'école. Mots-clés: Enseignement de la géographie, Cosmographie géographique, Formation.

For centuries health institutions have been the most traditional community-oriented providers of public services. The paper focuses on the initial steps of urban development of health facilities in Vilnius city. Historic health institutions are analysed as a specific prototype of what is understood today as a “hospital”. In the paper special attention is drawn to the process of emerging of “a hospital” as an independent public institution, its connections to other public buildings, its urban integrity with adjusting and surrounding development as well as its architectural importance for Vilnius city. Having emerged as a consistent part of religious and sacral complexes, health institutions (špitolės – in Lithuanian) occupied a part of space in traditional convents, located throughout Vilnius Old Town. In early years (around the 15th–16th c) health and treatment spaces were based in ordinary rooms of convents and monasteries. Later in the 17th-18th c they were transferred to specially designated blocks and houses within a convent territory and occupied a major part of spaces there. In the late 18th – 18th c health facilities gradually were disconnected from convents and churches to separate building complexes and finally became completely a new and independent type of public institutions. During the historical periods of development health complexes changed their functional layout and so their planning from initial missions of “separation” and “isolation” to “care” and developed finally to “healing” and “cure”. Analysis of selected cases in Vilnius Old Town reveals that as long as changes in urban location of health complexes took place, it was followed by their functional evolution. Making an integral part in numerous sacral complexes, usually consisting of a church, convent, healing centre, garden and cemetery, health institutions were a part of important “architectural hills” that are clearly notable as vertical and spatial landmarks in the surrounding townscape of Vilnius city. Artistic spatial arrangement and architectural expression are the other specific traits that distinguish health complexes – hospitals – in the context of surrounding development. Health complexes have always played the most important public role in Vilnius city as centres of social aid, community life, religion, culture and health services for local neighbourhoods. Research on the development of health institutions in historical run is a strong foundation to build up the perspectives for architectural and municipal policies for the future of these complexes. The issue gains special importance in the recent situation of essential transformation of the public health care system in Lithuania and in Vilnius city. Santrauka Straipsnyje pateikiama sveikatos priežiūros įstaigų – šiandienos ligoninių prototipo – urbanistinės raidos analizė istoriniu rakursu. Atskleidžiama pirmųjų sveikatos priežiūros objektų – gydyklų – raidos chronologija išryškina jų ryšius su kitais visuomeniniais kompleksais, jungtis su gretimu ir aplinkiniu miesto apstatymu, taip pat architektūrinę svarbą Vilniaus miestui. Atsiradę po Vilniaus senamiestį pasklidusiuose vienuolynų pastatuose nuo XV a., sveikatos priežiūros objektai pradžioje užėmė dalį jų gyvenamųjų patalpų. Vėliau XVI-XVII a. gydymo paslaugos buvo tolydžio perkeliamos į atskirus vienuolynų pastatus ar jų priskirtas dalis, kur užėmė didžiąją dalį patalpų. XVIII–XIX a. sveikatos priežiūros pastatai palaipsniui prarado glaudų rysį su sakraliniais pastatais, atsiskyrė nuo jų ir tapo nauju viešųjų paslaugų pastato – ligoninės – tipu. Per raidos šimtmečius sveikatos priežiūros ir gydymo pastatai įgavo savo unikalią funkcinę ir erdvinę struktūrą pagal teikiamas paslaugas, kurias pradžioje sudarė atskyrimas, globa bei priežiūra, vėliau – gydymas ir sveikatos priežiūra. Atliktas tyrimas rodo, kad sveikatos priežiūros gydymo pastatams atsiskiriant nuo vienuolynų, keitėsi ir jų funkcinė struktūra. Būdami dalimi sakralinių kompleksų, kuriuos dažniausiai sudarė bažnyčia, vienuolynas, gydykla, sodas ar parkas bei kapinės, gydymui naudojami vienuolynų pastatai išsiskyrė Vilniaus siluetuose ir panoramose – jie buvo raiškių „architektūrinių kalvų“ dalimi. Šių pastatų grupių išraišką lėmė jų ypatinga erdvinė kompozicija bei architektūrinė raiška. Sveikatos priežiūros ir gydymo pastatai per visus laikus išlaikė itin glaudžius ryšius su vietos bendruomenėmis, teikdami joms socialinę pagalbą ir sveikatos priežiūrą, būdami religijos ir kultūros centrai. Šių pastatų kompleksų istorinės raidos tyrimas yra tvirtas pagrindas, skirtas paremti šių kompleksų architektūrinės tvarkybos ir municipalinės politikos principams. Šis klausimas yra ypač aktualus šiandieną, kai pradedama radikaliai pertvarkyti sveikatos priežiūros sistemą Lietuvoje ir Vilniaus mieste.

El objetivo del presente trabajo es estudiar el desarrollo patrimonial del Monasterio de Santa María de la Concepción de la orden de San Jerónimo de Granada. Para la elaboración del ensayo se ha realizado una exhaustiva búsqueda documental en archivos tanto granadinos como nacionales y se han empleado los datos de las publicaciones existentes sobre el monasterio que datan de los años 90 del pasado siglo. Se ha conseguido realizar un estudio completo sobre todas las transacciones que realizó la orden durante los siglos XV-XVI y ubicar sus propiedades mediante Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG). The aim of this work is to study the heritage development of the Monastery of Santa Maria de la Concepción of the Order of Saint Jerome in Granada. For this purpose, an exhaustive data search has been undertaken in both local and national archives, in addition to the use of information contained in the literature published on the topic in the 90s of the twentieth century. It has been possible to achieve a comprehensive study of all the transactions carried out by the Order during the 15th and 16th centuries and locate their properties using geographic information systems (GIS).

In history, Zahir ad-din Muhammad Babur is known not only as a king and poet, but also as a geographer, ethnographer, and historian. Proof of this is his autobiographical work «Baburnama», which occupies a worthy place in world literature. «Baburnama» in the Chagatai language tells about the events that took place in Central Asia, Afghanistan and India at the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries. The Baburnama is a treasure trove of natural science terms that provides a unique linguistic perspective on the historical and natural conditions of the era. The description of flora and fauna in «Baburnama» is an important linguistic resource for understanding the linguistic experience of Z.M. Babur. This article analyzes in detail the names of mammals living in India, recorded in the Baburnama. The study focuses on the etymology and semantics of these terms. The author suggests that the names of Indian mammals may be words borrowed from the languages of the peoples living in those regions. The authors suggest that the names of Indian mammals may be borrowed from the languages of the peoples living in the specified region. The article uses descriptive and comparative methods of linguistics to study etymology and semantics of 12 terms: bāndar, fīl, gaynī uy, gilāhrī, hāti, kalahara, karg, kūtahpāy, mūš-i xurmā, nawal, nīlagāv, ṣaḥrā’ī gāvmeš

Martin Waldseemüller’s maps, published in 1507 and 1513 in Strasbourg, are the first maps to bear the name of the new continent, America. They reveal the discovery of the New World by Spanish and Portuguese navigators. None of the researchers, however, have noticed that the same maps of North Asia (the area of present-day Western Siberia) for the first time show a river flowing into the Arctic Ocean. The peculiarity of Western European cartographic sources at the turn of the 15th–16th centuries lies in the fact that the reflection of the world picture was based on the tradition of the geographer Claudius Ptolemy. The desire to publish the “New Ptolemy” prompted the members of the Vosges Gymnasium, where Waldseemüller worked, to combine traditional knowledge of the world with the latest geographical discoveries. The article analyzes the content of Waldseemüller’s maps, provides a comparative analysis of the maps that formed the basis for the creation of these images, and traces the borrowings of data from the German cartographer by subsequent authors of the 16th century. As a result of careful study of inscriptions and legends, the author concludes that the depiction of areas of North Asia on the maps of the German cartographer dates back to the maps of Henry Martell of 1489–1491. A large map of the world by this author is kept at Yale University, but many of its inscriptions have faded or disappeared. The painstaking work of the American researcher Chet van Duzer, who published a monograph on the map in 2019, gave researchers the opportunity to examine the source carefully. The comparison between this map and an earlier round map of Fra Mauro of 1459 suggested that Martell, in his turn, borrowed the image of the North Asian river from this Venetian monk. Thus, the process of borrowing and clarifying the information about the previously unknown river is traced. At the end of the article, the author proves that European cartographers displayed the latest information about the Ob river, which came from Russia.

The layout and planning of royal towns as capitals of Malay sultanates are based on principles of forming a palace complex complete with defence systems, infrastructures for economic activities, transportation systems, religious centres and surrounded by settlements. Sultan Muzaffar Shah I (1528-1549) built such a complex with a defence system in Tanah Abang as the first capital and administrative centre of his newly founded Perak sultanate. Regretfully today no trace of it have been found. However, based on the remains of the fort surrounding the area, the layout and planning of the palace complex in Tanah Abang, Kota Lama, Perak can be ascertained. Based on the period of 15th-19th centuries’ layouts of other Malay royal towns as references, this study employs geomorphological study and topographic mapping to study the layout and milieu of Tanah Abang. Upon further probe the area was found to meet the essential characteristics of the layout of a Malay palace complex which often consisted of a complete and intricate network of centres for administration, defence, socioeconomic activities and population concentration. The study also found that the remnants of the compacted earthen ramparts need an in-depth analysis regarding their structural condition, still well-preserved after almost 500 years.

From the 15th to the 19th century, the Trans-Atlantic Slave-Trade (TAST) influenced the genetic and cultural diversity of numerous populations. We explore genomic and linguistic data from the nine islands of Cabo Verde, the earliest European colony of the era in Africa, a major Slave-Trade platform between the 16th and 19th centuries, and a previously uninhabited location ideal for investigating early admixture events between Europeans and Africans. Using local-ancestry inference approaches, we find that genetic admixture in Cabo Verde occurred primarily between Iberian and certain Senegambian populations, although forced and voluntary migrations to the archipelago involved numerous other populations. Inter-individual genetic and linguistic variation recapitulates the geographic distribution of individuals' birth-places across Cabo Verdean islands, following an isolation-by-distance model with reduced genetic and linguistic effective dispersals within the archipelago, and suggesting that Kriolu language variants have developed together with genetic divergences at very reduced geographical scales. Furthermore, based on approximate bayesian computation inferences of highly complex admixture histories, we find that admixture occurred early on each island, long before the 18th-century massive TAST deportations triggered by the expansion of the plantation economy in Africa and the Americas, and after this era mostly during the abolition of the TAST and of slavery in European colonial empires. Our results illustrate how shifting socio-cultural relationships between enslaved and non-enslaved communities during and after the TAST, shaped enslaved-African descendants’ genomic diversity and structure on both sides of the Atlantic.