Tesi sul tema "Géographie digitale"
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Parrilla, Huertas Juan. "Espace géographique et environnement numérique : implications de l'hybridation fidigitale dans la praxis de la Géographie Humaine". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Pau, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024PAUU1134.
Testo completoDigitalization has triggered a revolution in the study of Geography, marking a decisive turning point. The need to understand the complex relationships between geography and digital technologies is increasingly evident. New technologies have transformed geographical space, particularly affecting Human Geography. The advancement of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) has placed digital technology at the forefront, becoming, as Gillian Rose points out, both the object and subject of research, thus altering geographical practice and sparking a continuous debate around the "digital turn."This turn has provided Geography with new tools to address contemporary challenges, transforming our conception of space into an entity that merges tangible and intangible elements. Digitalization has created hybrid realities where the physical and digital intertwine, connect, and blur, challenging traditional notions of territoriality and scale. This necessitates a revision and update of geographical approaches, developing new methodologies to understand these hybrid territories and how to study them.Digitalization has opened many possibilities and questions for geographical science, requiring responses from an integral and collaborative perspective, incorporating multiple disciplines. Firstly, an exhaustive study of the state of the art is conducted, justifying the inclusion of classical geographical concepts and their evolution within the framework of current methodological revolutions. A "Genealogy of Digital Geographies" is presented, differentiating technical concepts related to digital space and reflecting on the hybridization between physical and digital spaces, as well as the redefinition of the role of distance in this new context. The thesis also focuses on the practical application of four case studies in Human Geography in digital environments, showing how the "digital turn" has impacted the discipline. These studies are classified according to a tripartite taxonomy that covers geographies generated, produced, and native to the digital realm. Quantitative Geography is recognized as a precursor to these new forms of spatial analysis, adopting digital technologies to explore space.Digital space is presented as an extension of relational space, highlighting the importance of spatial duality and the redefinition of the concept of distance in the digital age. Immersion in the digital realm can lead to a complete fusion between physical and digital spaces, where individuals experience a full sensory perception of the digital place. By integrating into digital elements, individuals gain a sense of identity and belonging, interact socially, establish relationships, and experience emotions within this hybrid space
Beligné, Max. "Remise en questions d'une lecture kuhnienne de la géographie française : réflexions épistémologiques entre sciences sociales, humanités numériques et données massives". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 2, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LYO20094.
Testo completoThis thesis chronicles a research journey that necessitated a throrough problem formulation to substantiate the chosen corpus (Annales de Géographie and L'Espace Géographique journals) and methodological approach (utilizing word embeddings). The crux of the problem revolved around addressing the 'socio-semantic hypothesis' postulated by Olivier Orain in his thesis (2003) to validate the pertinence of his kuhnian perspective on French geography.The ensuing results show this socio-semantic hypothesis does not withstand scrutiny. Most notably, the notions of 'space' and 'environment' exhibit distinct semantic foundations within french geography during the 1960s. In the tumultuous years of the 1970s, 'space' does not acquire a singular new meaning but rather multiple interpretations. Furthermore, these nuanced meanings extend beyond the confines of the theoretical-quantitative paradigm. Lastly, the 1980s do not usher in a newfound stability or clear semantic shift.Still, it is worth stressing that these findings do not directly impugn Olivier Orain's kuhnian interpretation. Jean-Claude Passeron's developments in Le raisonnement sociologique (2006, 1991) provide an in-depth understanding of this situation : the experimental framework is rarely sufficient in social sciences. One consequence of this situation is an outright opposition to any kuhnian reading of these sciences. This perspective from Passeron has led to a meticulous evaluation of various other arguments advanced by Olivier Orain, revealing several shortcomings when compared to the original kuhnian schema.In the final phase of the thesis, this critical perspective is extrapolated to contemporary discourse, namely the realms of digital humanities and big data. A deconstruction of the narratives that frequently assert themselves as heralding paradigmatic shifts is carried out, supplemented by an introspective analysis of the conditions governing production and, ultimately, pedagogy of social sciences
Soudan, Franck. "Le code et le territoire". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAA025/document.
Testo completoUnder what conditions a territory is built in regard to computer programming? How to reterritorialize Internet to a body scale? By where the algorithm penetrates our symbolic exchanges? With the i-material society, since we have to compose with the flow of information, we almost have to accept to start from nowhere and un-finish our development. Also, far from wanting to establish categories or principles claiming to establish an action plan, this thesis asks itself the problem of what, in a program, always escapes the codes; new images as they go beyond the screens and human environments, deeply hybridized by programmed automatons. To think flows, it is essential to consider a ground, a human environment fragment. Two projects related to the notion of territory --- a public service mission aimed to develop a network of cultural operators all over the city of Bourg-en-Bresse, and a digital art work investing, with the social portrait, the question of a re-appropriation of individuated stream --- will allow us to progress throughout this hyper-complex halfway between the body and the program. Ultimately, it will be to see what kind of affect it is necessary for us to know so that digital networks accompany an increase in our power to exist
Moosavi, Seyedeh Samira. "Fingerprint-based localization in massive MIMO systems using machine learning and deep learning methods". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69511.
Testo completoAs wireless communication networks are growing into 5G, an enormous amount of data will be produced and shared on the new platform, which can be employed in promoting new services. Location information of mobile terminals (MTs) is remarkably useful among them, which can be used in different use cases of inquiry and information services, community services, personal tracking, as well as location-aware communications. Nowadays, although the Global Positioning System (GPS) offers the possibility to localize MTs, it has poor performance in urban areas where a direct line-of-sight (LoS) to the satellites is blocked by many tall buildings. Besides, GPS has a high power consumption. Consequently, the ranging based localization techniques, which are based on radio signal information received from MTs such as time-of-arrival (ToA), angle-of-arrival (AoA), and received signal strength (RSS), are not able to provide satisfactory localization accuracy. Therefore, it is a notably challenging problem to provide precise and reliable location information of MTs in complex environments with rich scattering and multipath propagation. Fingerprinting (FP)-based machine learning methods are widely used for localization in complex areas due to their high reliability, cost-efficiency, and accuracy and they are flexible to be used in many systems. In 5G networks, besides accommodating more users at higher data rates with better reliability while consuming less power, high accuracy localization is also required in 5G networks. To meet such a challenge, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems have been introduced in 5G as a powerful and potential technology to not only improve spectral and energy efficiency using relatively simple processing but also provide an accurate locations of MTs using a very large number of antennas combined with high carrier frequencies. There are two types of massive MIMO (M-MIMO), distributed and collocated. Here, we aim to use the FP-based method in M-MIMO systems to provide an accurate and reliable localization system in a 5G wireless network. We mainly focus on the two extremes of the M-MIMO paradigm. A large collocated antenna array (i.e., collocated M-MIMO ) and a large geographically distributed antenna array (i.e., distributed M-MIMO). Then, we extract signal and channel features from the received signal in M-MIMO systems as fingerprints and propose FP-based models using clustering and regression to estimate MT's location. Through this procedure, we are able to improve localization performance significantly and reduce the computational complexity of the FP-based method.
Forêt, Jean-Luc. "Le bien-être habitant, élément intrant et extrant d'une politique d'aménagement numérique du territoire : le cas des Yvelines". Thesis, Le Mans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LEMA3005/document.
Testo completoWe defend the heterodox position that one of the key conditions for the success of a digital planning policy is not related to the implementation of its technical infrastructure. However the latter is the most expensive, visible and concrete part of such a policy. It is also at the centre of an infinite number of debates and publications within the civil society and politicians. The key factor that we have in mind is the « inhabitant welfare », which has been more and more invoked for almost a decade in the media, in the speeches of elected officials, and particularly in the works of researchers in economics, sociology and political sciences. But this welfare has not yet found its place as a tool for the geography, a way of reading or analysing the territory, of measuring spatial practices, of assessing the legitimacy and the quality of a public policy. Inspired by the referential Spiral of the Council of Europe, we set up and led two surveys on the Yvelines territory in collaboration with several local councils and an association of residents. The data from 2200 answers collected are cross-analysed with a survey by INSEE (2014), a CREDOC study (2012) and a poll by Harris Interactive (2015).Our analysis of these data seems to support our original hypothesis : the inhabitant welfare is a relevant description and discriminant for the relationship between the human beings and their territory
Alawad, Hiba. "De l'aménagement numérique des territoires à l'intégration du Web dans l'analyse géographique : nouvelles méthodes et perspectives pour les Systèmes d'Information Géographiques (SIG), la cartographie et la télédétection". Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00569413.
Testo completoJuliano, Rosane Aurore Romão. "As implicações do mundo virtual no mundo do trabalho : cidadanias impedidas?" Niterói, 2016. https://app.uff.br/riuff/handle/1/2590.
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Universidade Federal Fluminense
Este trabalho teve como objetivo levantar e analisar a percepção de cidadania de servidores da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) e da Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), relativamente à obrigatoriedade de se utilizarem das ferramentas do SIAPENET, sítio oficial de informações do Sistema Integrado de Administração de Recursos Humanos (SIAPE), para acessarem informações pessoais e funcionais, verificando suas principais implicações no ambiente organizacional. A metodologia da pesquisa teve caráter qualitativo, com base na análise de discurso, sendo exploratória, em que o aspecto comparativo esteve presente. A pesquisa de campo apoiou-se no instrumento da entrevista semiestruturada, com categorias pré-fixadas (GASKELL, 2010), intrinsecamente relacionadas à definição de cidadania à luz de Santos (2002), que são: acessibilidade, inclusão, valor, emancipação, liberdade e respeito. A amostra dos sujeitos entrevistados foi definida pelo critério de acessibilidade e contou com representantes de três segmentos de servidores ativos: a) servidores na função gerencial/cadastradores, responsáveis pela inclusão dos demais servidores no sistema; b) servidores com tempo de serviço de até dez anos; e c) servidores com tempo de serviço de mais de dez anos. Em cada instituição foram entrevistados sete indivíduos de cada segmento, totalizando 21 entrevistados em cada universidade e 42, no total. Os resultados demonstraram que, nas relações que estão sendo construídas, bem como na forma de inserção nesse ambiente organizacional, denominado neste trabalho como espaço geográfico virtual, os servidores públicos, nas duas instituições estudadas, estão atentos a essa relação e às implicações que ocorrem entre eles mesmos e nesse mundo virtual que se apresenta, referentes à vivência e percepção da cidadania.
Cette étude visait à examiner et analyser la perception de la citoyenneté par des fonctionnaires de la Université Federal Fluminense (UFF) et l'Université fédérale de l'État de Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO) concernant l'obligation d'utiliser les outils de SIAPENET site d'information officielle la gestion intégrée des ressources humaines (SIAPE) pour accéder à l'information personnelle et fonctionnelle, en vérifiant leurs implications dans l'environnement organisationnel. La méthodologie de recherche a été qualitative, basée sur l'analyse du discours, et exploratoire, em ce qui concerne l'aspect comparatif. La recherche sur le terrain a été soutenu par l'instrument d'entrevues semi-structurées avec des catégories prédéfinies (GASKELL, 2010), étroitement liées à la définition de la citoyenneté à la lumière de Santos (2002), qui sont: l'accessibilité, l'intégration, la valeur, l'émancipation, la liberté et le respect. L'échantillon des personnes interrogées a été définie par les critères d'accessibilité et comprenait des représentants de trois segments de fonctionnaires actifs: a) fonctionnaires de gestion/cadastradores, responsables de l'inclusion d'autres fonctionnaires dans le système ; b) des fonctionnaires avec un maximum de dix ans de service; c) des fonctionnaires avec plus de dix ans de service. Sept individus dans chaque établissement pour chaque segment, 21 interviewés dans chaque université et 42 interviewés au total. Les résultats ont démontré que les fonctionnaires des deux institutions étudiées sont au courant des relations qui se construisent et des implications qui se produisent entre eux-mêmes se référant à l' expérience et à la perception de la citoyenneté, ainsi que de l'inclusion dans l'environnement organisationnel, nommé dans ce travail comme espace géographique virtuel.
Ramos, Adriana Anunciaçao. "Écologie, écosophie et réseaux numériques". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB201/document.
Testo completoIn recent decades, the widespread use of digital communication technologies in daily life gave rise to a new relationship between individual and territory. This relationship, in which different actors are increasingly integrated, surpasses the old dichotomous paradigm characterized by the man versus nature's relationship. Therefore, a new notion of environment, interactive and member of the social space is born as a result of technological representation of nature and the dialogue fostered by digital networks with the territory. The overall objective of this research is to investigate the contemporary ecological imaginary phenomenon from the perspective of the contribution of new digital communication technologies to the forms of representation of nature and interaction with the territory. To this end, the ways and means of interaction between individuals, digital communication technologies and territory will be studied, considering examples of practical use of digital technologies already consolidated. From a participatory study on digital networks, as well as case studies, we intend to further study on the contribution of digital networks as an open informative territory to changes in relation to contemporary sociability and contemporary ecological imaginary
Aïdi, Naïma. "Vers un dispositif d'intelligence territoriale pour élucider la signification de la smart destination dans des territoires touristiques en mutation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Gustave Eiffel, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UEFL2008.
Testo completoContemporary tourism is at the heart of a period of transitions and changes which is mainly supported by two elements: technology and sustainable development. The growth of tourist mobility, the incorporation of information and communication technologies in all interstices of the tourist chain and ecological imperatives force actors to rethink the relationship between tourist territories, practices, technology and preservation of the environment. In less than a decade, the concept of the smart destination has been the subject of a prolific production of work, particularly in international literature, and intends to use technology to develop innovative and sustainable tourist territories, benefiting both tourists and residents. This doctoral thesis aims to better understand the meaning of a smart destination by questioning its ability to respond to the problems of a tourist territory which is crossed by technological, environmental and societal changes. To achieve this, we choose to approach the concept of the smart destination through territorial intelligence, by proposing an analysis framework structured from the notions of ecosystem, resilience and dispositive. This analysis framework results in a territorial intelligence dispositive which makes it possible to carry out a multi-scale analysis of the smart destination, to highlight its complexity and its development process. Our disciplinary anchoring in information and communication sciences allows us to be part of a multidisciplinary framework by mobilizing stakeholder theory, actor-network theory and systemic communications theory in order to describe, understand and explain in more detail the development of a smart destination project, with the aim of assessing its innovative and sustainable scope within a tourist territory. With regard to the international development of the smart destination, our three case studies carried out in Florianópolis (Brazil), Málaga (Spain) and Nice (France) give us material to demonstrate that the smart destination constitutes a socio-techno-tourist dispositive that serves more to stimulate technological innovation than social innovation
Greiner, Nicolas. "Le déploiement spatial du numérique : temps long et effets nationaux. Étude comparative des espaces industrialo-urbains dans l’espace transfrontalier de la Grande Région". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LORR0120.
Testo completoThe penetration of digital technology into urban spaces is renewing urban planning practices and modes of governance. The concept of ‘smart city' has emerged in public debate to describe this process. The widely accepted idea is that this is a predominantly metropolitan dynamic for a phenomenon that is ubiquitous in all countries. In contrast, the aim of this research is to examine the digital anchoring in non-metropolitan areas, in this case industrial and mining areas, and in different national contexts. By analysing the development of these areas over long time, and by measuring practices observed on platforms and social networks, the research enables us to test the factors that play the most direct role on the digital penetration of digital technology between, on the one hand, the hypothesis of trajectories and, on the other, the hypothesis of national contexts of belonging. Lastly, semi-directive interviews were used to assess the strategies and representations of the players involved in the process of digital penetration within their territory. The field of study is the cross-border area of the Greater Region, which includes regions developed in the wake of the second industrial revolution, and belonging to four different countries (Germany, Belgium, France and Luxembourg). The results show that national contexts and trajectories are factors that affect the practices observed in the use of digital tools and the ways in which they are deployed. Finally, many organisational obstacles inherited from the socio-technical dynamics of the last century can be observed in all regions
Ramel, Viviane. "Les technologies numériques en santé face aux inégalités sociales et territoriales : une sociologie de l’action publique comparée". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0053.
Testo completoThe link between digital health and equity is seldom studied, even less are the policies which tackle both issues, and this despite governments being urged to implement health-and-equity-in-all-policies strategies. This thesis has studied whether and how governments and health systems’ stakeholders address this linkage. Specifically, this piece of population health interventional and political science research has been based upon a qualitative study design and comparative public policy analysis of territories from four countries (France, Canada, Spain & England) since 2015. Data were gathered from official and various stakeholders’ documents and through interviews with key stakeholders in e-health and health equity fields. Digital health policy has been institutionalized to varying degrees in the four so-called developed countries focussed on. However, equity in digital health issue has not been placed on the political agenda, although it is acknowledged that digital health use can increase social health inequalities (SHI), in terms of unfair access, use, understanding and adoption of technologies. In the four territories, when (rarely) dealt with, digital inclusion is tackled through a set of instruments, by actors involved in several fora which coproduce public interventions on digital health, SHI and digital inclusion. Each mode of instrumentation of public action is affected by previous local institutions, along with actors’ interests and preconceptions about the issues involved. Our study proposes a conceptual framework for public action and policy implementation as regards digital health and equity in four territories. This study has been designed to be useful for analyzing policies in other settings and for suggesting strategies that could be directly implemented in the field
Batton-Hubert, Mireille. "Intégration d'une simulation spatio-temporelle à un modèle topologique et numérique de terrain". Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066116.
Testo completoTa, Viet-Cuong. "Smartphone-based indoor positioning using Wi-Fi, inertial sensors and Bluetooth". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAM092/document.
Testo completoWith the popularity of smartphones and tablets in daily life, the task of finding user’s position through their phone gains much attention from both the research and industry communities. Technologies integrated in smartphones such as GPS, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and camera are all capable for building a positioning system. Among those technologies, GPS has approaches have become a standard and achieved much success for the outdoor environment. Meanwhile, Wi-Fi, inertial sensors and Bluetooth are more preferred for positioning task in indoor environment.For smartphone positioning, Wi-Fi fingerprinting based approaches are well established within the field. Generally speaking, the approaches attempt to learn the mapping function from Wi-Fi signal characteristics to the real world position. They usually require a good amount of data for finding a good mapping. When the available training data is limited, the fingerprinting-based approach has high errors and becomes less stable. In our works, we want to explore different approaches of Wi-Fi fingerprinting methods for dealing with a lacking in training data. Based on the performance of the individual approaches, several ensemble strategies are proposed to improve the overall positioning performance. All the proposed methods are tested against a published dataset, which is used as the competition data of the IPIN 2016 Conference with offsite track (track 3).Besides the positioning system based on Wi-Fi technology, the smartphone’s inertial sensors are also useful for the tracking task. The three types of sensors, which are accelerate, gyroscope and magnetic, can be employed to create a Step-And-Heading (SHS) system. Several methods are tested in our approaches. The number of steps and user’s moving distance are calculated from the accelerometer data. The user’s heading is calculated from the three types of data with three methods, including rotation matrix, Complimentary Filter and Madgwick Filter. It is reasonable to combine SHS outputs with the outputs from Wi-Fi due to both technologies are present in the smartphone. Two combination approaches are tested. The first approach is to use directly the Wi-Fi outputs as pivot points for fixing the SHS tracking part. In the second approach, we rely on the Wi-Fi signal to build an observation model, which is then integrated into the particle filter approximation step. The combining paths have a significant improvement from the SHS tracking only and the Wi-Fi only. Although, SHS tracking with Wi-Fi fingerprinting improvement achieves promising results, it has a number of limitations such as requiring additional sensors calibration efforts and restriction on smartphone handling positions.In the context of multiple users, Bluetooth technology on the smartphone could provide the approximated distance between users. The relative distance is calculated from the Bluetooth inquiry process. It is then used to improve the output from Wi-Fi positioning models. We study two different combination methods. The first method aims to build an error function which is possible to model the noise in the Wi-Fi output and Bluetooth approximated distance for each specific time interval. It ignores the temporal relationship between successive Wi-Fi outputs. Position adjustments are then computed by minimizing the error function. The second method considers the temporal relationship and the movement constraint when the user moves around the area. The tracking step are carried out by using particle filter. The observation model of the particle filter are a combination between the Wi-Fi data and Bluetooth data. Both approaches are tested against real data, which include up to four different users moving in an office environment. While the first approach is only applicable in some specific scenarios, the second approach has a significant improvement from the position output based on Wi-Fi fingerprinting model only
Plantin, Jean-Christophe. "Les pratiques de cartographie numérique en ligne : expression, remédiation, circulation". Compiègne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012COMP2052.
Testo completoThis doctoral research aims focuses on webmapping applications, commonly called "mapping mashups". This work presents this practice by using the "reflexive modernity" framework. The rationale of this work is that online maps can be a means to remediate a fact or an event, using expression and participation properties of Web applications. This doctoral research presents the case study of the online mapping applications that were created after the March 11. 2011 Fukushima power plant explosion. The theoretical and methodological framework is constituted of notions from information & communication sciences, "sciences, technics and society" and geography. Describing this reflexivity during time of crisis will focus on the steps to create radiation data online, the shape of a public onion to tackle this issue, actions that are delegated to maps and how they circulate online
Zelasco, José Francisco. "Gestion des données : contrôle de qualité des modèles numériques des bases de données géographiques". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20232.
Testo completoA Digital Surface Model (DSM) is a numerical surface model which is formed by a set of points, arranged as a grid, to study some physical surface, Digital Elevation Models (DEM), or other possible applications, such as a face, or some anatomical organ, etc. The study of the precision of these models, which is of particular interest for DEMs, has been the object of several studies in the last decades. The measurement of the precision of a DSM model, in relation to another model of the same physical surface, consists in estimating the expectancy of the squares of differences between pairs of points, called homologous points, one in each model which corresponds to the same feature of the physical surface. But these pairs are not easily discernable, the grids may not be coincident, and the differences between the homologous points, corresponding to benchmarks in the physical surface, might be subject to special conditions such as more careful measurements than on ordinary points, which imply a different precision. The generally used procedure to avoid these inconveniences has been to use the squares of vertical distances between the models, which only address the vertical component of the error, thus giving a biased estimate when the surface is not horizontal. The Perpendicular Distance Evaluation Method (PDEM) which avoids this bias, provides estimates for vertical and horizontal components of errors, and is thus a useful tool for detection of discrepancies in Digital Surface Models (DSM) like DEMs. The solution includes a special reference to the simplification which arises when the error does not vary in all horizontal directions. The PDEM is also assessed with DEM's obtained by means of the Interferometry SAR Technique
Do, Hiep-Thuan. "Extensibilité des moyens de traitements pour les données issues des vastes systèmes d'informations géographiques". Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00660083.
Testo completoHouzet, Sophie. "Développement numérique, territoires et collectivités : vers un modèle ouvert". Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00931217.
Testo completoHadachi, Amnir. "Travel Time Estimation Using Sparsely Sampled Probe GPS Data in Urban Road Networks Context". Phd thesis, INSA de Rouen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00800203.
Testo completoKassouk, Zeineb. "Apports de la télédétection, de la géomatique et du modèle numérique de terrain topo-bathymétrique intégré pour l'aide à la gestion des milieux humides littoraux : application à l'estuaire de la Rance (Ouest de la France) et au lac Ichkeul (Nord de la Tunisie)". Thesis, Paris Est, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PEST1069.
Testo completoCoastal wetlands are an important component of the natural environment of the coastal zone. Wetlands are affected by hydrologic and geomorphic controls that must be taken into consideration when attempting to understand wetland responses to disturbance, provide information for better wetland management, or aid in the restoration of lost habitat. The functioning of coastal wetlands is a result of complex linking of distinct biological, geomorphologic and human factors interacting in varying scales. Natural water circulation and water quality can altered the natural behaviours of that ecosystem. Remote sensing techniques (pixel based classification methods) and geographic information system are well used herein in monitoring coastal wetlands areas. But they are confronted to many difficulties such as combing together both onshore and offshore data and process and discriminate wetlands from uplands areas. The overall goal of our study is to develop improved methods for wetland monitoring and management in two cases studies those are located in different areas and climate zones, which are : - The Rance estuary in Western France is subject to many morphologic and biological modifications due to the management of the Rance tidal power station since 1966. The construction had required isolating completely open sea from the Rance estuary for more three years. Since that time, some environmental changes took place in the Rance estuary area, such as modifications and disappearance of sandbanks in some areas, leading to a new equilibrium since 1978. - The Ichkeul Lake in the North of Tunisia is one of the most important wetlands in the Mediterranean region. However, the decreasing of water discharge into the lake caused by the damming of three of the six major rivers feeding the lake coincided with severe drought periods, restricting supplies of fresh water, and modifying saltmarsh vegetation communities and other significant wetland degradation. Furthermore, one specific objective of our work is to investigate the capabilities of the object oriented classification methods combined to integrated topographic-bathymetric digital terrain model in those areas. In the case study of the Rance estuary morphological evolution after the settlement of the tidal power station is done by the comparison of the integrated Topographic-Bathymetric Digital Terrain Model (DTM), combining the 1953 bathymetric data, and 1957 topographic ones, with bathymetric profiles acquired in 1982 and 1998. It shows that increase of topography corresponding to accretion is frequently observed in coves characterised by low current energy. In contrast, the places exposed to high currents present generally strong eroded features, which decrease and erode the topography. The meandering of channels has also observed through time. The use of object-oriented classification of aerial photographs, acquired between 1953 and 2002 and the integrated DTM of salt marshes area in the Rance estuary, enhanced their surface regression from 1953 to 1978. It shows their stability since, due to hydrologic modifications induced in the Rance estuary after the tidal power plant management such us the change of tidal range and the period of slack water. In the case study of the Ichkeul, the application of object-oriented classification approach to identify Ichkeul wetland vegetation is based on the following multi-spectral imagery: the MSSLandsat (1972), TM-Landsat (1987), ETM+ Landsat (2001) and Aster-Terra (2007) acquired in growth period of vegetation. Results show the declining of vegetation communities in Ichkeul wetlands exposed to alternative fresh and salt-water diversion. Sarcocornia fruticosa, communities, Hordeum communities are the largest units in the study area. The Bolboschoenus communities is absent in the 1987 and 2001 vegetation maps. This is conformed by previews studies witch are showing that due to dry periods and rivers damming the Bolboschoenus disappeared for many years. The monitoring the lake Ichkuel sedimentation process was done by comparison of five sets of bathymetric data taken in 1967, 1983, 1986, 1993 and 2003. It shows the alteration of sedimentation process in the Ichkeul Lake as behaviour of the coastal zone after the settlement of dams. To conclude, owing to difference of climatic and hydrodynamic characteristics the responses of coastal wetland to natural and human will vary according to difference of their geomorphology and ecology. The Rance estuary seams to have new ecology balance ten years after the settlement of the tidal power station. However, the Ichkeul Lake is still affected by anthropogenic and climatic factors. Therefore, the used methodology provides detailed information on wetland vegetation and adjacent land-use/land-cover types in schorre wetland areas in the cases of the Rance estuary, and the Ichkeul marches areas. This technique is combining both integrated DTM and remote sensing data that is a useful tool for wetland vegetation monitoring and for resolve some major classification confusions that occur in such wetland areas
Laramée, François Dominic. "Lire et penser le monde : une analyse numérique d’un long siècle de géographies imaginées dans l’imprimé de langue française (1700-1815)". Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22652.
Testo completoPrince, Antoine. "Utilisation des données d'élévation LiDAR à haute résolution pour la cartographie numérique du matériel parental des sols". Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23762.
Testo completoKnowledge of the earth’s morphology is essential to the understanding of many geomorphic and hydrologic processes. Recent advancements in the field of remote sensing have significantly improved our ability to assess the earth’s surface. From these, LiDAR elevation data permits the production of high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) over large areas. LiDAR is a major technological advance as it allows geoscientists to visualize the earth’s morphology in high detail, even allowing us to resolve low-relief landforms in forested areas where the surface is obstructed by vegetation cover. Such a technological advance calls for the development of new and novel approaches to realize the scientific potential of this new spatial data. In this context, the present work aims to develop two digital mapping approaches that use LiDAR elevation data for assessing the earth’s subsurface composition. The first approach to be developed uses the location of low-relief beach ridges observed on LiDAR-derived DEMs to map the extent of a large and regionally important paleo-sea, the Champlain Sea. This approach allowed us to accurately map the 65,000 km2 area once inundated by sea water. The model serves to the assessment of the distribution of marine and littoral sediments in the St. Lawrence Lowlands. The second approach uses the relationship between field-acquired samples of soil parent material (SPM) and LiDAR-derived topographic attributes to map SPM at high-resolution and at a regional scale on the Canadian Shield. To do so, we used a novel approach that combined object-based image analysis (OBIA) with a classification tree algorithm. This approach allowed us to produce a fine-resolution 185 km2 map of SPM in a heterogeneous post-glaciation Precambrian Shield setting. The knowledge obtained from producing these two models allowed us to conceptualize the subsurface composition at the limit between the St. Lawrence Lowlands and the Canadian Shield. This insight provides researchers and resource managers with a more detailed understanding of the geomorphology of this area and contributes to improve our capacity to grasp ecosystem services and predict environmental hazards related to subsurface processes.