Tesi sul tema "Gènes fonctionnels"
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Le, Bon Bertrand. "Nouveaux vecteurs synthétiques fonctionnels pour le transfert de gènes". Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007070.
Testo completoDeux familles de vecteurs synthétiques fonctionnels ont été synthétisées afin d'améliorer d'une part la biodisponibilité des vecteurs dans les applications in vivo et d'autre part leur spécificité de ciblage des tissus tumoraux.
La première famille de composés est constituée de télomères et de cotélomères « furtifs » issus des réactions de (co)télomérisation. Le design des télomères est basé sur un squelette « diblock » composé d'une partie polyaminée de degré de télomérisation aléatoire et d'une partie hydrophile (polyéthylène glycol). Le design des cotélomères est basé sur un squelette aléatoire de motifs aminés et de structures hydrophiles (tétraéthylène glycol et trishydroxyméthyl). La deuxième famille de vecteurs synthétiques est issue de la synthèse de lipides et polymères cationiques conjugués à un ligand dérivé de l'antagoniste des récepteurs à chimiokines CXCR-4, l'AMD3100 ou bicyclame.
Le potentiel des (co)télomères « furtifs » en tant qu'agents de condensation et de transfert de gènes a été évalué in vitro sur des cellules de carcinome pulmonaire humain A549.
Le potentiel des conjugués ciblés lipidiques et polymériques à compacter l'ADN et à transfecter de manière spécifique des cellules par la voie récepteur médiée a été évalué à la fois sur des cellules n'exprimant pas le récepteur CXCR-4 (A549, T98G) et sur des cellules l'exprimant (Jurkat).
Certains des (co)télomères « furtifs » testés (PEG2000-[NH2]n) ont démontré des efficacités de transfection comparables à des formulations lipidiques de référence (pcTG90/DOPE) tout en étant moins toxiques. Parmi les conjugués ciblés, le cotélomère iBu-[NH]80-[AMD]4 s'est révélé être un agent de transfert de gènes spécifique sur les cellules Jurkat sous certaines conditions de formulations, par rapport aux lipides et polymères conventionnels.
Mots clés : thérapie génique, transfert de gènes, lipoplexes, polyplexes, polyéthylène glycol, biodisponibilité, AMD-3100, ciblage, transfection.
Discipline : Chimie.
Le, Bon Bertrand. "Nouveaux vecteurs synthétiques fonctionnels pour le transfert des gènes". Nice, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NICE4060.
Testo completoThe aim of this thesis was the synthesis and the assessment of new functionals non viral gene delivery systems. Two groups of synthetic vectors were synthesised in order to improve the biodisponibility of non viral vectors and increase specific gene delivery into targeted cells. One group of vectors was based on diblock and random cotelomers combining hydrophilic neutral groups (polyethylene glycol, polyhydroxylated groups) with cationic ones. The other group consisted into polycationic lipids or polymers conjugated to AMD3100 which is a specific ligand of the CXCR4 receptor. These vectors were evaluated as non-specific and specific gene transfer agents on human CXCR4(-) cell lines and CXCR4(+) Jurkat cells. Among these new gene delivery systems, compounds PEG2000-[NH2]n which contains a mean number n of amine functions of 190 exhibited a significant transfection efficiency on A549 cell lines as compared with reference systems. With regard to targeted complexes, compound iBu-[NH2]80-[AMD]4 proved to be, under certain conditions, a specific gene delivery system on Jurkat cells
Garcia, Pierre. "Prédiction de liens fonctionnels par détection de coévolution entre familles de gènes : application aux gènes du cycle cellulaire chez les Firmicutes". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1316/document.
Testo completoThe bacterial cell cycle is a very well studied process but current models don't reflect the complexity and diversity of involved molecular machineries and associated regulation mechanisms. In fact, our knowledge of cell cycle is based on study of a few model organisms. Yet, comparative analyses showed that some described systems and mechanisms are not conserved and not transposable from a taxon to another. Evolutionary approach such as phylogenomic can be used for functional studies of such systems at the bacterial scale. Those approaches allow to determine the key evolutionary events that lead to a such diversity but also to identify potential functional links between proteins. Furthermore, the development of high throughput sequencing methods leads to a big amount of genomic data, particularly for prokaryotes. In this context, I realized a very large scale phylogenomic analysis of proteins involved in cell cycle and its regulation in Firmicutes. My goal was to search some coevolution patterns between protein families reflecting potentially functional links. The application of methods that I developed during my PhD to cell cycle proteins allowed to reconstruct the evolutionary history of this cell process in Firmicutes. Notably, I highlighted some hot-spots corresponding for example to the emergence of Bacilli or Streptococcaceae. The emergence of such taxa has been accompanied by many acquisitions/losses of cell cycle genes but also many genomic rearrangements in gene clusters suggesting that major changes have occurred at the level of the cell cycle and its regulation. I also highlighted some potential functional links between genes involved in different machineries of cell cycle that have never been described. The application of these approaches to the entire proteomes of Firmicutes allowed to identify proteins presenting same evolution patterns than cell cycle proteins suggesting potential functional links that have to be experimentally tested
Graudens, Esther. "Réseaux fonctionnels associés à la résistance innée du cancer colorectal à la chimiothérapie : analyse du transcriptome, annotation fonctionnelle, modélisation systémique". Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112039.
Testo completoColorectal cancer is a major cause of death in western countries. In spite of the use of new molecules, resistance to the treatments is important upon first exposure to chemotherapy. The objective of my thesis was to identify functional networks contributing to innate resistance of the tumours. Expression profiles of tumor and metastasis samples from 13 patients with advanced colorectal cancer were collected using cdna microarrays before exposure of the patients to a combined chemotherapy. Experimental and analytical procedures were established to obtain precise and highly documented data. A careful experimental design allowed limiting falsely positive or negative differential hybridization results. A list of 679 genes differentially expressed in relation with responses to chemotherapy was established. The results have been verified and validated by quantitative rt-pcr on the samples investigated and two novel samples whose phenotype was correctly characterized. Functional annotation of the selected genes made it possible to determine the biological processes and cellular components associated with them. A map of functional networks was constructed using a systems biology language. It allowed formulation of hypotheses on underlying mechanisms. A resistant cell would divide poorly, would rapidly repair damages caused to its dna, and would present an increased drug efflux and a frozen extracellular matrix. Two groups of genes predictors of response to chemotherapy were selected, which will have to be validated on new samples. These results could be used as a basis to facilitate resistance bypass through diagnostics and implementation of novel therapeutic strategies
Mikaelian, Ivan. "Identification des domaines fonctionnels de la protéine EB1, activateur des gènes précoces du virus d'Epstein-Barr". Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO1T178.
Testo completoAyari, Besma. "Contribution à l'étude des rôles fonctionnels des gènes impliqués dans le syndrome de Kallmann de Morsier". Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066243.
Testo completoThe first part of this manuscript is devoted to studying the interaction of anosmine-1 and FGFR1 in the rat olfactory bulb and the study of functional roles of the prokineticins receptors during development and adult zebrafish. First we have shown that anosmine-1 and FGFR1 are co-expressed in the olfactory bulbs during development and that are in the same protein complex. In addition we have demonstrated in vivo that anosmine-1 modulated the expression of FGFR1in CHO cells. We then cloned the prokr1 and prokr2. By in situ hybridization we have studied their patterns of expression during development and adulthood. Finally, we investigated the functional role of ProkR2 by injecting morpholino antisense oligonucleotides in a 1 cell stage zebrafish and have demonstrated that morphants shown an altered fasciculation of olfactory axons, disruption and decreased numbers of neurons in the olfactory bulb and whole brain and a blocked migrating of PLL. These phenotypes are similar to those found in kal. 1a morphants which allowed us to propose ProkR2 as an interactant of anosmine-1. The second part of this manuscript we characterized the zebrafish prok2 gene and showed that its transcription takes place in almost all proliferating areas previously identified in adult zebrafish brain. Moreover, in TC, prok2 transcription was mainly, likely specifically, restricted to neurons. Next, using a new model of TC injury in adult zebrafish, we observed that telencephalon lesion induced a drastic increase in cell proliferation within the injured hemisphere in regions located both adjacent and distal to injury site. Moreover, our data strongly suggest that cell proliferation was followed by the migration of newly generated neurons towards injury site. In addition, we observed a transient over-expression of prok2 transcripts in cells surrounding the lesion during the very first days post-injury, and, a few days later, in broad cell rows extending from TC cortical regions to injury site. However, prok2 over-expression was no longer detected when the regeneration was completed, showing that ectopic prok2 transcription paralleled neuronal regeneration. Taken together, our results suggest that in adult zebrafish brain, Prok2 may be involved in both adult neurogenesis and injury-induced neuronal regeneration and could have a great therapeutic value in neurodegenerative diseases
Janbain, Ali. "Utilisation d'algorithmes génétiques pour l'identification systématique de réseaux de gènes co-régulés". Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT019/document.
Testo completoThe aim of this work is to develop a new automatic approach to identify networks of genes involved in the same biological function. This allows a better understanding of the biological phenomena and in particular of the processes involved in diseases such as cancers. Various strategies have been developed to try to cluster genes of an organism according to their functional relationships : classical genetics and molecular genetics. Here we use a well-known property of functionally related genes mainly that these genes are generally co-regulated and therefore co-expressed. This co-regulation can be detected by microarray meta-analyzes databases such as Gemma or COXPRESdb. In a previous work [Al Adhami et al., 2015], the topology of a gene coexpression network was characterized using two description parameters of networks that discriminate randomly selected groups of genes (random modules, RM) from groups of genes with known functional relationship (functional modules, FM), e.g. genes that belong to the same GO Biological Process. We first tested different topological descriptors of the co-expression network to select those that best identify functional modules. Then, we built a database of functional and random modules for which, based on the selected descriptors, we constructed a discrimination model (LDA)[Friedman et al., 2001] allowing, for a given subset of genes, predict its type (functional or not). Based on the similarity method of genes worked by Wang and co-workers [Wang et al., 2007], we calculated a functional similarity score between the genes of a module. We combined this score with that of the LDA model in a fitness function implemented in a genetic algorithm (GA). Starting from a given Gene Ontology Biological Process (GO-BP), AG aimed to eliminate genes that were weakly coexpressed with the largest clique of the GO-BP and to add genes that "improved" the topology and functionality of the module. We tested TopoFunc on the 193 murine GO-BPs comprising 50-100 genes and showed that TopoFunc aggregated a number of novel genes to the initial GO-BP while improving module topology and functional similarity. These studies can be conducted on several species (humans, mice, rats, and possibly chicken and zebrafish) to identify functional modules preserved during evolution
Hasson, Alice. "Rôles fonctionnels des gènes CUC et MIR164A au cours du développement foliaire chez Arabidopsis thaliana et sa proche relative Cardamine hirsuta". Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112063.
Testo completoA wide diversity of leaf shapes characterises the plant world. This diversity ranges from simple leaves with smooth margins to compound leaves with dissected margins. However, all serrations of simple or compound leaf margins are developed using a similar mechanism. This mechanism includes the action of the NO APICAL MERISTEM/CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON (NAM/CUC) genes as well as the auxin pathway. In Arabidopsis simple leaves, a balanced expression of CUC2 and its repressor miR164 is controlling the serrations development. We have shown that another member of the CUC family, CUC3, also contributes to the serration development in Arabidopsis simple leaves. While its action is mainly dependent of the one of CUC2, it also acts later during leaf development. Additionally, we have demonstrated that a feed-back loop was regulating the CUC2 and auxin pathways, in order to form leaves with more or less incisions. We also shown that a temporal expression pattern was established between the auxin and the CUC2-miR164 module. Moreover, generation of transgenic Cardamine hirsuta plants, a close relative of Arabidopsis, that possesses compound leaves, has enlighten the importance of cis-regulatory elements in the promoter of CUC1 from Cardamine hirsuta. Indeed, the divergence of cis-regulatory elements between promoters of CUC1 from Cardamine hirsuta and Arabidopsis could explain that CUC1 is expressed strongly in Cardamine hirsuta leaves whereas it is weakly expressed in Arabidopsis leaves
Cacheux, Marine. "Effets fonctionnels de mutations de gènes codant des protéines du complexe de relâchement du calcium impliqués dans les pathologies du muscle strié". Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENV075.
Testo completoThe calcium release complex (CRC) plays a central role in both skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction. The composition of the complex is quite similar in both tissues, and differs only by tissue specific isoforms. The core of the complex is composed of the dihydropyridines receptor, a voltage sensor channel of the T-tubule and the ryanodine receptor, the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium channel. A number of proteins are associated to this calcium channel like calsequestrin, triadin, junction and FKBP. Mutations in the skeletal CRC are responsible for rare and often severe diseases. This thesis work focuses on the study of physiopathological mechanisms induced by some of these mutations to decipher pathological mecanisms but also to understand the overall CRC functioning in skeletal and cardiac muscles. The first part of this study concerns RYR1, the skeletal RyR isoform coding gene. This gene is mostly the target of mutations resulting in core myopathies. The functional effect of these mutations spred on the entire RYR1 sequence is little known. These mutations could directly alter the calcium channel function but also its targeting to the triad or its regulation by other CRC proteins. Among these hypotheses, the modification of RyR1 localisation and regulation by a protein, Caveolin-3, have been highlighted with the study of two RyR1 mutations. The second part of this study concerns the catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), a rare fatal arrhythmia caused in part by mutations in RYR2 and CASQ2, both belonging to the cardiac CRC,. Recently, we have identified the first mutations in the human triadin gene, TRDN, in a CPVT patient. The goal of this project was to study the molecular and physiological consequences of one of these TRDN mutations allowing the analysis of the pathological mechanisms of this disease, but also a better understanding of the normal function of the cardiac CRC
Prudence, Marie. "Caractérisation des marqueurs génétiques fonctionnels de la nutrition et/ou de l’adaptation (les amylases) chez l’huître creuse Crassostrea gigas : intérêts pour la sélection". Caen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CAEN2011.
Testo completoTwo amylase genes, A and B, from the oyster Crassostrea gigas were characterized. Using PCR-RFLP, 6 and 4 alleles, respectively, were described for the amylase genes A and B. The roles of A and B amylase genes were investigated experimentally. They are expressed during larval and adult stages, and A transcripts are more abundant than B. The A transcript increases significantly with temperature, in high trophic conditions. However, A and B transcript levels do not change when food quantity increases although amylase activity augments. The level of B is correlated with dietary starch quantities, whereas the amount of A appears to remain constant ; simultaneously amylase activity decreases and the KM increases. These results suggest that expression of B is regulated by diet quality in contrast to A expression. And that the B amylase probably has a higher KM. In order to study the relationships between polymorphism and amylase function, 5 bi-parental families with checked polymorphisms were bred and reared in two geographic areas over one year. Significant growth differences between genotypes of a same family were mainly observed in one location, indicative for a site effect. Some genotypes, displaying significant differences in growth, demonstrated variations in amylase activity although their KM remained constant. Survival performance was not influenced by these amylase polymorphisms. This correlation between amylase polymorphism and growth indicates that growth of C. Gigas oysters can be improved using the amylase markers for selective breeding programs
Keller, Jean. "La symbiose fixatrice d'azote au sein du genre Lupinus : histoire évolutive, aspects fonctionnels et gènes symbiotiques dans un contexte de spécificité hôte-symbiote". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B036.
Testo completoLegumes-Rhizobia symbiosis is the most important fixing nitrogen source for the good functioning of both natural and agricultural ecosystems. Although, it is extensively studied in model legumes, some aspects of this interaction remain unclear, such as the genetic and functional mechanisms controlling the host-symbiont specificity. Large scale studies of this process are scarce and symbiotic genes are not well described in non-model species. In this context, the effect of symbiotic specificity was investigated in phylogenetically close relative species belonging to the Lupinus genus (Fabaceae). First, the reconstruction and analysis of complete chloroplast genomes allowed us to generate new and useful markers for clarifying the Lupinus phylogeny in order to lighten the evolutionary context of the symbiosis. Following a cross-inoculation experiment of three Mediterranean lupine species with two compatible or incompatible Bradyrhizobium strains, a RNA-Seq approach allowed the reconstruction of the first lupine nodulomes and the identification of lupine symbiotic genes. The analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed that the symbiotic specificity affects not only the signalling and regulatory symbiotic pathways, but also diverse associated metabolic pathways. Finally, evaluating the evolutionary and functional dynamics of genes highlighted the importance of gene and genome duplication events at different steps of the symbiotic genetic pathway
Zinzindohoue, Franck. "Influence de deux polymorphismes nucléotidiques fonctionnels des régions promotrices des gènes de MMP-1 (-1607ins/delG) et de MMP-3 (-1612ins/delA) au cours des cancers ORL et des cancers colorectaux". Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05S021.
Testo completoWe studied the influence of functional nucleotide polymorphisms in MMP-1 (-1607ins/delG) and MMP-3 (-1612ins/delA) gene promoters in cancer. In a case-control study on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, we demonstrate that MMP-1 -1607delG homozygous patients had a greater risk of cancer. In a second study, we demonstrated the predictive value of MMP-3 polymorphysm on response to 5FU-CisPt neoadjuvante chemotherapy. In a third study on a colorectal cancer patient series, MMP-1 1607insG stages 2 and 3 homozygous patients (TNM classification) had a shorter survival. In conclusion, our results confirm that nucleotide polymorphisms in MMP-1 and MMP-3 gene promoters could play a role in the occurrence of cancer, in its prognosis, and could be a factor of predictive value of response to neoadjuvante chemotherapy
Fossat, Nicolas. "Dynamique du gène Otx2 de souris : Analyse d'expression et étude fonctionnelle par une nouvelle approche d'invalidation conditionnelle". Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENSL0349.
Testo completoBrand, Eva. "Rôle des gènes candidats dans l'hypertension artérielle". Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066410.
Testo completoSircoulomb, Fabrice. "Génomique fonctionnelle des cancers du sein". Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20726.
Testo completoHigh Troughput technologies dissect several aspects of cancer. Transcriptomic analyses have defined five breast cancer molecular subtypes. During my phD I analysed two molecular subtypes associated with agressive phénotype and bad prognosis : ERBB2 and Luminal B subtypes. Firstly, I caracterized genomic heterogenity of ERBB2 amplified tumors which is related to estrogen receptor (ER) expression. Integrated genomictranscriptomic analyses identified PVT1 and TRSP1 as candidate oncogenes in ER positive ERBB2 amplified tumors. On the contrary, RE négative tumors express Wnt/ß-catenin related genes, an other interesting therapeutic strategy. Secondly, genomic analyses of Luminal B tumors point 8p12 amplification as the major genomic évents. This amplification target several known putative oncogenes (RCP, ZNF703, PPAPDC1B…). ZNF703 overexpression induced cancer stem cells increase in MCF7 cell line. ZNF703 co-localise with SMRT and PHB-2 in the nucleus. Finally, ZNF703 overexpression reduce RE transcriptionnal activity. These results are concordant with others showing that ZNF703 as un HDAC dependant transcriptionnal répression activity. Thus, HDAC inhibitors could be a interesting therapeutic strategy for luminal B tumors. Together, these studies show importance of combination of several aspect to define potential therapeutic strategy associated with breast cancer molecular subtypes
Campana, Aline. "Du gène à la fonction dans le système olivo-cérébelleux : conséquences anatomiques et fonctionnelles de l'invalidation des gènes p53 et/ou junD". Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066033.
Testo completoPribat, Anne. "Les gènes PTEN chez Arabidopsis thaliana : caractérisation biochimique et fonctionnelle". Bordeaux 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR21436.
Testo completoYoussef, Abir. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle des gènes de type "fibrilline" chez Arabidopsis thaliana". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10217.
Testo completoFibrillin is a plastid protein originally described as a structural protein involved in the storage of carotenoids (in the lipoprotein fibrillar structures typical of sorne plastids, the chromoplasts, hence the name of fibrillin). Proteins of the fibrillin type have subsequently been detected in thylakoids and plastoglobules (pG), the lipid storage droplets often found in plastids including chloroplasts under stress. The proteins of the fibrillin family are associated with plastid lipids, synthesized in plants as a response to stress and which allow the maintenance of structures such as PG and / or thylakoid membranes, especially in conditions where they are destabilized (e. G. During stress photooxidation). Arabidopsis thaliana has 13 related genes. To better understand the role of fibrillins of the sub-family 1-2, e undertook the study of plants affected in the expression of these proteins by an RNAi strategy. Ln this study, we show that under conditions of hight light and low temperature, the RNAi lines deficient in FIB 1-2 show two visible phenotypes: retarded shoot growth and a deficit in anthocyanin accumulation. We have also shown that the stress applied leads, in RNAi plants, to a reduced number of PG, to abnormalities in the arrangement of grana and thylakoid membranes, and to strong photo inhibition of photosystem TI. Our results indicate for the first time that the phenotypes observed in the case of deficiency in fibrillin and under stress conditions are related to a deficiency in jasmonates and this plant hormone is involved in resistance of the photosynthetic apparatus to stress conditions. The causallink between fibrillin and jasmonate biosynthesis is the involvement of fibrillin in the formation of PG, the location of jasmonate synthesis in response to stress) that affect the photosynthetic apparatus. From this work, we can conc1ude that fibrillin are not vital proteins in plants in the absence of stress. Howeve during photooxidative stress, these proteins are essential for the establishment of a number of defence mechanisms in chloroplasts, which involve PG, and consequently for the proper development of plants
Mandrou, Eric. "Variabilité fonctionnelle de gènes candidats de la lignification chez l’eucalyptus". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14212/document.
Testo completoLignins represent 25% of plant biomass on earth. Lignins quantity and quality vary within natural populations and have become major targets for genetic improvement of eucalyptus. Identifying genetic polymorphisms involved in the variation of these traits could provide molecular tools for early selection of plus trees and contribute to increase genetic gains expected by time units. In this thesis work, we described the nucleotide diversity of genes involved in lignin biosynthesis and the genetic part of the variation of lignins quantity and quality in three eucalyptus species. Integrating these two levels of variation in a factorial matting design, we identified Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms statistically associated to the variation of lignin quality. This work paves the way to marker assisted selection in eucalyptus
Aubry, Marc. "Annotation fonctionnelle de groupes de gènes issus de l'analyse transcriptomique". Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1B103.
Testo completoSauka-Spengler, Tatjana. "Évolution structurale et fonctionnelle des homéogènes de la classe orthodenticle chez les gnathostomes". Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077173.
Testo completoPilorge, Marion. "Caractérisation des CNV dans les troubles du spectre autistique : identification de nouveaux gènes et analyses fonctionnelles". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066777.
Testo completoSchartner, Vanessa. "Identification et validation fonctionnelle de nouveaux gènes impliqués dans les myopathies". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ026/document.
Testo completoCongenital myopathies are neuromuscular diseases diagnosed by clinical, histological and genetic data. However, the genetic diagnosis is missing for half of the patients, suggesting new genes involved. The goal of my project was to identify new genes of congenital myopathies and validate the impact of the mutations. Using a strategy of analyzing DNA sequencing of patients already excluded for known genes, we have identified two new genes involved in congenital myopathies. Recessive mutations in the PYROXD1 gene, encoding an oxidoreductase, cause a myopathy with childhood-onset and a histology specific spectra. Functionnal studies showed that the mutations have an effect on the enzymatic activity of the protein. We showed that dominant or recessive mutations in the CACNA1S gene cause a neonatal onset myopathy with a similar phenotype for all found mutations
Mangé, Alain. "Etude structurale et fonctionnelle des gènes d'actine cytoplasmique de Bombyx mori". Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10080.
Testo completoKarsenty-Mathonnet, Florence. "Identification et conséquences fonctionnelles des mutations sur les gènes du fibrinogène". Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA114807.
Testo completoDenis, Erwan. "Analyse fonctionnelle des gènes WOX les plus conservés chez Arabidopsis thaliana". Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112068.
Testo completoWhilst primary meristems are initiated during embryogenesis, in higher plants additionalsecondary meristems initiate post-embryonically and contribute to the plant architecture andthe vascular strand development. Differentiation of the plant vascular cambium into xylemand phloem was shown to be regulated by cell to cell communication. The large CLE(CLAVATA3/ENDOSPERM SURROUNDING REGION related) signaling peptide familyand the WOX (WUSCHEL-LIKE HOMEOBOX) transcription factor family are thought to beconserved regulators of stem cell fate. In this thesis we report the presence of supernumeraryvascular bundles in the young inflorescence stem of the wox14 mutant. Our data indicate thatWOX14 prevents additional cambium cell to differentiate into vascular bundles during floraltransition. Moreover, the data suggest that vascular differentiation and floral transition arelinked. Consistently, WOX14 expression is induced within the connecting vascular strandduring floral transition. Furthermore, the application of gibberellins (GA) fully rescued boththe floral transition and the vascular bundle phenotype of the wox14 mutants. A detail analysisof GA biosynthesis and target genes showed that WOX14 controls the amount of bioactiveGA within the vasculature. However, WOX14 is also specifically expressed in the phloem ofthe inflorescence stem indicating a function in late vascular bundle development. We alsoshowed that not only WOX4 but also WOX14 are the target of the CLE41 peptide duringvascular development. Furthermore, the data indicate that another CLE gene, namely CLE46,is misregulated in the wox14 mutant. These results suggest that CLE46 might be the firstidentified CLE signal from the xylem that impacts vascular differentiation
Hermand, Victor. "Analyse fonctionnelle de deux gènes Heavy Metal ATPase de Nicotiana tabacum". Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NSAM0010/document.
Testo completoCadmium is a heavy metal naturally present in the soil. It is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Unlike most other plants, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) translocates most of the cadmium taken up from the soil out of the roots and into the shoots. As a result, cadmium content in cigarettes is a problem for smokers who have four to five times higher blood cadmium concentrations than nonsmokers. In order to reduce cigarette toxicity it is desired to reduce cadmium accumulated in tobacco leaves. For this purpose, it is important to understand the mechanisms controlling cadmium accumulation in shoots.Molecular actors involved in cadmium repartition in plants have been well described in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. In Arabidopsis, cadmium is loaded into the xylem vessels by HMA2 and HMA4, two zinc transporters with partial functional redundancy. Two orthologous proteins of AtHMA2 and AtHMA4 were identified in N. tabacum and named NtHMAα and NtHMAβ. These two transporters are mainly expressed in roots but their expression was also found in shoots. NtHMAα expression was more precisely found in root pericycle cells and in shoot tertiary nerves. The analysis of mutant lines confirmed that NtHMAα and NtHMAβ are involved in cadmium translocation from roots to shoots. Lines which expressed a truncated version of NtHMAα had a 45% reduction in shoot cadmium content. Lines where both NtHMAα and NtHMAβ were silenced were severely impacted in their development. One of the phenotypes that was identified was a drastic reduction in the number of seeds due to the lack of pollen germination. We also found an enhanced tolerance to cadmium in the silenced lines. Altogether, our results show a great redundancy between NtHMAα and NtHMAβ
Laugier, Edith. "Etude fonctionnelle du gène tiptop, un paralogue de teashirt chez Drosophila melanogaster". Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX22008.
Testo completoThe teashirt (tsh) gene encodes a zinc finger protein that is crucial for specifying trunk identity in Drosophila embryos. During my PhD, I have characterized the tiptop (tio) gene, a paralog of teashirt in Drosophila. Initially, teashirt and tiptop are expressed in distinct domains. In tiptop and teashirt mutants, teashirt and tiptop are, respectively, ectopically expressed, indicating that these genes repress each other's expression. Unlike teashirt, a deletion of tiptop is homozygous-viable and fertile. However, embryos lacking both gene activities display a more severe trunk phenotype than teashirt mutant embryos alone, showing that tiptop contributes partially to trunk patterning in absence of teashirt activity. Ectopic expression of either gene produces an almost identical phenotype, indicating that Teashirt and Tiptop have similar activities. These results are discussed in the context of the knowledge concerning tandem gene duplication in Drosophila and Tsh functions
Fauconnier, Alain. "L'invasine, produit du gène inv de Yersinia enterocolitica :analyse fonctionnelle de la protéine et des déterminants codés par les gènes flagellaires liés à inv". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212545.
Testo completoHertveldt, Valérie. "Etude structurale et fonctionnelle du gène SP6". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210741.
Testo completoAfin de déterminer la structure du gène chez la souris, nous avons isolé un fragment génomique contenant la totalité du gène et nous l'avons séquencé. Une analyse informatique de cette séquence, l'isolement d'ESTs ainsi qu'une expérience d'extension d'amorce, nous ont permis d'affirmer que le gène Sp6 murin possède deux exons, générant une protéine de 376 acides aminés à partir d'un ATG repéré au début de l'exon 2.
En même temps, des travaux réalisés sur un gène nommé epiprofin ont été publiés (Nakamura et al. 2004). Ce gène s'est avéré correspondre au gène Sp6 car il code pour la même protéine. Les exons 2 sont en effet identiques, seuls les exons 1 diffèrent.
Nos études sur l'expression du gène Sp6 ont indiqué qu'elle est ubiquiste mais que c'est durant le développement embryonnaire, et surtout pendant les stades les plus tardifs de celui-ci, qu'il est le plus exprimé. Cette expression se localise surtout au niveau des dents, de l'épithélium olfactif, du cerveau, des bourgeons de membres et des follicules pileux de l'embryon. A l'état adulte, l'expression de Sp6 se réduit fortement dans tous les tissus; seuls les poumons présentent un taux d'expression relativement important.
Ce travail a également permis de mettre en évidence l'existence d'un transcrit non-codant issu d'une transcription antisens du locus Sp6 et dont le premier exon inclu la totalité de l'exon 2 du gène Sp6. Nous l'avons appelé Sp6os et avons montré que son expression est absente dans de nombreux tissus et est très faible dans les tissus où on détecte le transcrit. Une comparaison de l'expression des transcrits Sp6 et Sp6os nous a permis d'imaginer un rôle pour Sp6 dans le développement et une possible modulation de son activité, par Sp6os, dans certains tissus.
Afin de préciser la fonction du locus Sp6, nous l'avons invalidé chez la souris. Les mutants Sp6-/- se sont avérés viables mais présentent des anomalies dans tous les tissus où Sp6 est le plus fortement exprimé. En effet, ils n'ont ni pelage, ni vibrisse et montrent des anomalies des dents, des membres et des poumons. Nous avons également noté une dérégulation importante de l'apoptose (et parfois aussi de la prolifération cellulaire) chez ces souris Sp6-/-.
Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie moléculaire
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Failli, Vieri. "Gènes LIM à homéodomaine et développement du système nerveux central : analyse anatomique et fonctionnelle d'un nouveau gène, Lhx9, et corrélation avec la mutation Dreher (Lmx1a)". Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066130.
Testo completoJerber, Julie. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle de deux nouveaux gènes ciliaires pendant le développement des vertébrés". Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00995319.
Testo completoAmmam, Fariza. "Etude transcriptionnelle et fonctionnelle du groupe de gènes vanGCd de C. difficile". Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA114817.
Testo completoClostridium difficile is a major enteric pathogen responsible for 25% of post antibiotics diarrhea and most cases of pseudomembranous colitis. Metronidazole and vancomycin are the standard treatments for infected patients. vanGCd, a cryptic gene cluster highly homologous to the vanG gene cluster of Enterococcus faecalis is largely spread in Clostridium difficile. Since emergence of vancomycin resistance would have dramatic clinical consequences, we have evaluated the capacity of the vanGCd cluster to confer vancomycine resistance. We showed that expression of vanGCd is inducible by vancomycin and that VanGCd, VanXYCd and VanTCd are functional, exhibiting D-Ala:D-Ser ligase, D,D-dipeptidase and D-Ser racemase activities, respectively. In other bacteria, these enzymes are sufficient to promote vancomycin resistance. Trans-complementation of C. difficile with the vanC resistance operon of Enterococcus gallinarum faintly impacted the MIC of vancomycin, but did not promote vancomycin resistance in C. difficile. Sub-lethal concentration of vancomycin led to production of UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide [D-Ser], suggesting that the vanGCd gene cluster is able to modify the peptidoglycan precursors. Our results indicated amidation of UDP-MurNAc-tetrapeptide, UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide[D-Ala] and UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide[D-Ser]. This modification is passed on the mature peptidoglycan where a muropeptide Tetra-Tetra is amidated on the meso-diaminopimelic acid. We also demostrated that the ligase MurF has a better affinity for the D-Ala-D-Ala dipeptide than for the D-Ala-D-Ser, which could impact on the synthesis of UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide [Ser].In conclusion, the lack of vancomycin resistance expression may be due to several factors that, in combinination with a gene cluster conferring a low level vancomycin resistancemay prevent the emergence of vancomycin resistance based on D-Ala- D-Ser modification of peptidoglycane precursors in C. difficile
Fernandes, Joiselle Blanche. "Identification et caractérisation fonctionnelle de gènes contrôlant la fréquence de crossovers méiotiques". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS303/document.
Testo completoMeiotic crossovers (CO) are formed by reciprocal exchange of genetic material between the homologous chromosomes. CO generate genetic diversity and are essential for the proper segregation of chromosomes during meiosis in most eukaryotes. Despite their significance and a large excess of CO precursors, CO number is very low in vast majority of species (typically one to three per chromosome pair). This indicates that COs are tightly regulated but the underlying mechanisms of this limit remain elusive. In order to identify genes that limit COs, a genetic screen was performed in Arabidopsis thaliana. This led to the identification and characterization of several anti-CO factors belonging to three different pathways: (i) The FANCM helicase and its cofactors (ii) The AAA-ATPase FIDGETIN-LIKE-1 (FIGL1) (iii) The RECQ4 -Topoisomerase 3α-RMI1 complex. The first objective was to understand the functional relationship between these three pathways and to address following questions: (1) how far can we increase recombination when combining mutations in FANCM, FIGL1 and RECQ4? We show that the highest increase in recombination was obtained in figl1 recq4, reaching to 7.5 fold the wild type level, on average genome wide. (2) How is the distribution of recombination events genome wide in mutants? The increased CO frequency in the mutants was not uniform throughout the genome. CO frequency rises from the centromere to telomeres, with distal intervals having highest COs (3) is the recombination frequency increase same in both male and female? In Arabidopsis wild type, male has higher recombination than female meiosis. In contrast, in recq4 and recq4 figl1, female recombination was higher than male. This suggests that certain constraints that apply to CO formation in wild type females are relieved in the mutant. By continuing the same genetic screen, a novel anti-CO mutant was identified. The second objective was to identify and functionally characterize the corresponding gene. Genetic mapping and protein interaction studies led to the identification of a factor that directly interacts with FIGL1 and appears to form a conserved complex both in Arabidopsis and humans. Hence, the factor was named FLIP (Fidgetin-like-1 interacting protein). Recombination frequency is increased in flip, confirming that FLIP limit COs. Epistasis studies showed that FLIP and FIGL1 act in same pathway. Further, FIGL1/FLIP proteins of Arabidopsis and humans directly interact with the recombinases RAD51 and DMC1 which catalyze a crucial step of homologous recombination, the inter homolog strand invasion. In addition flip like figl1 modifies dynamics of DMC1. We thus propose a model wherein the FLIP-FIGL1 complex negatively regulates RAD51/DMC1 to limit CO formation. Studying the conserved FIGL1-FLIP complex led to the identification of a novel mode of regulation of recombination, that likely acts at the key step of homologous strand invasion. Further the unprecedented level of CO increase in recq4figl1 in hybrids could be of great interest for crop improvement, allowing the production of novel allele combinations
De, Bossoreille de Ribou Steve. "Etude fonctionnelle du gène REBELOTE chez Arabidopsis thaliana". Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ENSL0619.
Testo completoBridges between nucleic acids sequences and proteins, ribosomes are central components and the “auletes” of living cells. Composed of ribosomal proteins and RNA, they move during their biogenesis from the nucleolus to the cytoplasm, where they translate RNA messengers into proteins. In the past years, some mutants of ribosomal-biogenesis-related proteins have shown the importance of these proteins during cell division and Arabidopsis development. The impact of ribosomal defects on development could be explained by dose effect (which could be important for cell fitness), specificity of ribosomes for some mRNA or multifunctional ribosomal proteins (Mary E. Byrne, 2009). Here I present our work on REBELOTE (RBL), one of the two Arabidopsis homologs of the yeast NOC2 protein, which act during the ribosomal 60S subunit biogenesis. Mutations in REBELOTE gene cause a range of phenotypes, from embryo lethality to growth defects (reduced plant size, altered leaf shape…). To have a better understanding of RBL-controlled processes, we first analyzed the ribosomal function of RBL, and searched for its protein partners. Our results shows that RBL act in two different nucleolar complexes supposed to regulate 60S ribosomal subunit biogenesis. Subsequently, we focused on the effects of rbl mutations on the cell division/elongation processes. Our work shows that defects observed at molecular and cellular levels could explain the slow down of cell divisions and growth delay in rbl mutants
Prigneau, Odile. "Identification , clonage et caractérisation de gènes différentiellement exprimés par Candida albicans lors de la phagocytose : étude fonctionnelle du gène CAT3 codant pour une carnitine acétyl transférase". Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05P622.
Testo completoCandida albicans is a dimorphic fungal pathogen that causes chronical or acute infections in immunosuppressed patients. The ability of this pathogen to infect a host is in part due to its capacity to survive the intracellular environment of the macrophage. The aim of this study was to identify genes that allows to escape the process of phagocytosis. First, seven genes specifically induced by C. Albicans, at different times of the macrophage infection, were isolated by using the DDRT-PCR technique. The identified cDNAs code for metabolic proteins associated with peroxisomes or membrane proteins involved in signal transduction in response to nutrient environmental cues. In a second step, we focused our work on one of the newly identified genes : CAT3 coding for a protein homologue to fungal carnitine acetyl transferases (CAT). We performed the gene disruption in order to understand the contribution of the gene during the infection process. The ability of the mutants to survive inside macrophages was examined and a phenotype analysis revealed a partial filamentation defect indicating that the gene product was involved in the dimorphic transition of C. Albicans. Moreover, its expression study by Northern blotting showed that CAT3 is induced not only during the germination but also during starvation. Finally, a search for orthologues from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has unable us to identified two additional C. Albicans genes encoding for CAT, named CAT1 and CAT2. Their expression study revealed that both of them are induced during macrophage infection. In overall, the results showed that the pathogen is able to adapt itself rapidely to the hostile envirronment of the phagolysosome not only due to the existence of strict virulence factors but also due to the rapid and adequate ajustment of its metabolism that allows him to escape from macrophage phagocytosis. Consequently, a new protein familly involved in the resistance of C. Albicans to phagocytosis was identified and characterized
Pierre, Stéphane. "Régulation du gène SOS1 (Son Of Sevenless1) et des gènes de la TEM (Transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse) par le récepteur Ah (Aryl hydrocarbon) et les conséquences fonctionnelles". Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05P630.
Testo completoSeveso's dioxin (TCDD) is an environnemental pollutant, ligand which has the highest affinity for Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR). Son of Sevenless 1 (SOS1), a GTP/GDP Exchange Factor of Ras Protein, is one target of dioxin in HepG2 cell line. Environnemental pollutant increase SOS1 expression, by transcriptionnal activation, due to a direct binding of AhR on gene promoter. In turn, dioxin activate SOS1 target, Ras, that it activate ERK and cellular proliferation. These effects depend of SOS induction by AhR as we have seen by siRNA studies. Our study suggest that SOS1 induction by dioxin have similar cellular effects compare with oncogenic mutation of Ras. We have also done a study on C57Bl/6 mice. Mice exposed to dioxin develop an hepatic fibrosis. The dioxin regulate genes implicated in Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) contribute to fibrosis apparition. Epithelial markers (E-cadherin or Claudin 1) expression are decreased. Moreover, transcription factor of Snail family are increased, and mesenchymal markers expression are also increased. Finally, fibrosis markers (FSP1 or collagen 1alpha1) and inflammatory markers (IL1b, TNFa and MCP1) are also positively regulated. These results, ask us some important questions about the role of environnemental pollutant in the regulation of these physio-pathological mecanisms
Arpin, Corinne. "Contribution au développement d'un vecteur d'expression de gènes chez les spiroplasmes, caractérisation fonctionnelle d'un promoteur et d'un terminateur de transcription, clonage et expression du gène de la chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (gène CAT) dans Spiroplasma Citri". Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR28169.
Testo completoLallemand, Benjamin. "Carctérisation fonctionnelle de gènes impliqués dans le développement du pollen chez Arabidopsis thaliana". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00804448.
Testo completoLallemand, Benjamin. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle de gènes impliqués dans le développement du pollen chez Arabidopsis thaliana". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAJ076/document.
Testo completo.onferes a high degree of resistance to various mechanical and chemical stresses. During the evolution, this properties enabled the plant to adapat to land conditions. We caracterized two Polyketide Sythases (PKSA and PKSB) and two Tetraketide -pyrone Reductases (TKPR1 and TKPR2). By immunolocalisation, in situ hybridization and microscopy analysis we showed those proteins are involved in the pollen wall synthesis.We investigated the in vitro activity of the recombinant proteins and showed that the two PKS catalyzed the condensation of 2 or 3 malonyl-CoA with various fatty acid CoA esters, producing the corresponding tri and tetraketides. We also demonstrated that the tetraketides produced by PKS were substrates of the TKPR1 and TKPR2. In vitro, they reduced the cetone function of the lateral chain to a secondary alcohol forming hydroxylated compounds involved in the polymerization of sporopollenin.In tapetum cells, the synthesis of sporopollenin monomers is achieved in a few hours. To explain the underlying metabolic rate, I studied the cellular organization of the metabolic pathway. By immunodetection and GFP fusion experiments I localized PKSA, PKSB and TKPR1 to the endoplasmic reticulum while TKPR2 was mainly cytosolic. Then, interaction studies by HIS pull-down, FLIM-FRET and double hybride experiments showed the occurrence of a metabolon localized to the ER. Finally, by phylogenetic analysis, we showed the conservation of the genes involved in sporopollenin biosynthesis pathway, from mosses to higher plants
Létocart, Émilie. "Étude fonctionnelle de variants rares identifiés dans les gènes HJV, HAMP et SLC40A1". Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES3203.
Testo completoIron is a vital component which is toxic when in excess in the body. The metabolism of iron is therefore finely regulated to avoid the appearance of pathological situations which include iron overload dominated hemochromatosis (HC). There are five forms of HC types 1, 2A, 2B, 3 and 4, linked to the genes HFE, HJV, HAMP, TFR2 and SLC40A1, respectively. Mutations in the SLC40A1 gene are also responsible for a form of iron overload disease called « Ferroportin disease ». Both diseases linked to the SLC40A1 gene are of autosomal dominant transmission and can be distinguished by diverse phenotypic characteristics. The main objective of this thesis was to develop tools for in vitro analysis to determine the functional consequences of two new mutations identified in the SLC40A1 gene and to correlate these findings with patient phenotypes. The results were used to characterize the variant p. Y501C as a new «gain-of-function» mutation at the origin of HC type 4. A functional study initiated on the new variation c. -163C>G identified in the 5’UTR of the gene SLC40A1 has not proven causation of the variation in the phenotype of iron overload. This thesis work also sought to test the new pathological variants identified in the HJV and HAMP genes involved in the juvenile HC. Using a functional in vitro test bas demonstrated the low activity of the promoter of hepcidin in response to different mutated HJV proteins. This effect was also observed for some mutants of the promoter of hepcidin, thus confirming the causality of these new variants in the development of iron overload
Rosas, Magallanes Vania Deborah. "Identification, caractérisation fonctionnelle et histoire évolutive de gènes de virulence chez Mycobacterium tuberculosis". Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077001.
Testo completoMycobacterium tuberculosis kills approximately 1,5 million people in the world every year and it is estimated that one third of the world population is carrying the bacillus. A better comprehension of the mechanisms of M. Tuberculosis virulence should make possible to understand thé interactions between the bacillus and the immune System of the infected host, and to develop new vaccine candidates, including attenuated M. Tuberculosis or modified BCG strains. Mycobacterial virulence includes the ability of the bacillus to parasitize host macrophages and to multiply within these cells. In order to identify the mycobacterial virulence factors involved in this process, we have used a library of M. Tuberculosis mutants generated by the STM (signature-transposon tagged mutagenesis; Camacho et al. , 1999) technology and we have screened it in human macrophages. We have identified 24 mutants attenuated in virulence. Among these genes, the ABC transporter-encoding operon Rv0986-8 was further characterized as playing an important role in mycobacterial binding to eukaryotic cells in vitro and in virulence in vivo. Among actinobacteria, this operon is specific to the M. Tuberculosis complex and to ancestral Mycobacterium prototuberculosis species. Study of the evolutionary history of this operon provided strong evidence for a lateral acquisition by the M. Tuberculosis ancestor from a g-proteobacterium donor species
Vivancos, Julien. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle des gènes Terminal Ear like au sein de la lignée verte". Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112018.
Testo completoThe land colonisation by plants was accompanied by an enormous increase in their size and the sharing out of functions within specialised tissues and organs. This cellular complexification, associated with the rise to dominance of the diploid phase (sporophyte) of the life cycle, required the recruitment and the evolution of many genes. In order to better understand the involved mechanisms, we focused our attention on TEL genes which encode RRM-type RNA-binding proteins. Indeed, they appeared as good candidates, since they are only present in land plants and they were shown to regulate the initiation of foliar and floral organs in Poaceae. So, the functional characterisation of TEL genes within the Green Lineage was initiated. The analysis of Physcomitrella patens mutants expressing truncated versions of the unique PpTEL gene allowed us to show that this gene was negatively controlling the growth of the protonema and the sporophytes, whereas it regulates positively the initiation and the development of gametophores. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the characterisation of TEL mutants highlighted a key role for AtTEL1 and AtTEL2 in the positive regulation of vegetative growth and floral transition, whereas they negatively control the development of flowers. Moreover, we could show that TEL genes would act as metabolic sensors, able to regulate cellular division and therefore the plant growth, depending on the available energy for the plant
Arrighi, Isabelle. "Étude fonctionnelle des souris dont les gènes KCNE1 et TWIK1 ont été invalidés". Nice, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NICE5441.
Testo completoGrienenberger, Etienne. "Analyse fonctionnelle de gènes impliqués dans le développement du pollen chez Arabidopsis thaliana". Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/GRIENENBERGER_Etienne_2010.pdf.
Testo completoPollen wall and coat are caracterized by a high degree of resistance to various stress, largely through the synthesis of secondary metabolite precursors. We caracterized the Spermidine Hydroxycinnamoyl Transferase (SHT), a new Arabidopsis BAHD acyltransferase, which is involved in the synthesis of a dihydroxyferuloyl-monosinapoyl spermidine phenolamide. We showed the specific expression of SHT in anther tapetal cells, and we investigated the in vitro activity of the recombinant protein. SHT is able to transfer an hydroxycinnamoyl moiety to each of the 3 amine fonctions of spermidine. The analysis of sht KO mutant revealed irregularities and depressions of the pollen wall, indicating the involvement of SHT gene in pollen development. Finally, a methyltransferase gene which is co-regulated with SHT during flower development, was shown to be involved in the O-methylation of spermidine conjugates by analyzing the consequences of its repression in RNAi plants and by characterizing the methylation activity of the recombinant enzyme. By in silico co-regulation analysis, we selected two Polyketide Sythases (PKS-A and PKS-B) and two Tetraketide α-pyrone Reductases (TPR1 and TPR2) tightly co-expressed with genes involved in pollen wall synthesis. The four genes were shown to be specifically expressed in tapetal cells, and the enzyme activity of each protein was determined in vitro. The two PKS recombinant proteins catalysed the condensation of 2 or 3 malonyl-CoA with various fatty acid CoA ester, producing the corresponding tri and tetraketide. The tetraketides produced by PKS were shown to be substrates of the two TPR, that reduced the cetone function to a secondary alcohol. Analysis of pks-a and pks-b KO mutants revealed severe reduction of exine deposition on their pollen wall, while pks-a/pks-b is unable to produce mature pollen. The tpr1 mutant was also male sterile while tpr2 mutant exhibited subtle changes on its pollen wall. Finally, by phylogenetic analysis, we showed the conservation of the genes involved in the biosynthesis pathway, from mosses to higher plants
Miltgen, Morgane. "Hétérogénéité génétique et allélique des dystonies, recherche de gènes candidats et validation fonctionnelle". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5063.
Testo completoDystonia is a movement control disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions. The genetic causes of this disease are multiple. I have created databases " loci-specific " collecting all allelic diversity available in the literature for 16 dystonia genes. The goal of this work is to to assist in the diagnosis of this disease and in the longer term, when there are sufficient data, to establish genotype-phenotype correlations. This was the case for the THAP1 gene (responsible for DYT6 dystonia) for which we have described several correlations.I searched for the disease gene in several families using exome sequencing. I identified a pathogenic mutation in the predicted gene ANO3 (DYT23) carried by one family. Another family carries a mutation in a splice site of ATP1A3 (DYT12) resulting in the total retention of intron 17. In another family a candidate gene was identified: ADD2 gene, coding beta adducin. Several functional results were obtained. First, overexpression of wild type and mutated ADD2 enabled to view differences in the actin cytoskeleton. Indeed the overexpression of the wild type protein causes abnormal behavior of actin at the level of stress fibers and at the plasma membrane. Besides, learning by association studies in a Caenorhabditis elegans model KO for ADD2 gene have shown a long-term default memory compared to the wild type. This confirms the involvement of the protein in neuronal plasticity. My thesis work led to further knowledge about the contribution of each gene already known in dystonia , as well as broaden the genetic heterogeneity characteristic of this disease by identifying a new candidate gene
Charoin-Bard, Eugénie. "Analyse fonctionnelle de deux gènes impliqués dans le pouvoir pathogène de Colletotrichum lindemuthianum". Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112034.
Testo completoThe hemibiotrophical fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is the causal agent of anthracnose on common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. Infection process is characterized by succession of two phases (first biotrophy and second necrotrophy) and by development of specialised structures (appressoria, primary and secondary hyphae). Functionality is the final step of appressorial formation. This development is very expensive in energy. Clk1 gene is involved in functionality. Alignment sequences demonstrate that CLK1 and ATG1 from Saccharomyces cerevisae are two orthologues. ATG1 is the key protein of autophagy, process induced by starvation and allowed cellular component recycling through autophagosomes formation. Functional analysis of cltag8, orthologue of gene yeast atg8, autophagy marker, was undertaken. Results reveal that (1) in vitro clatg8 is induced by nitrogen starvation and (2) in planta clatg8 is expressed during appressorium formation and sporulation. Cltag8- mutant phenotype is similar to clk1- mutant phenotype. Autophagy have a crucial role in appressorium functionality. Clta1 gene controls biotrophy-necrotrophy transition. CLTA1 belongs to the specific fungi family of the Zn(II)2Cys6 transcriptional factor. In planta clta1 is specifically and transitory expressed at the end of biotrophic phase. With suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) between the mutant clta1- ant the mutant surexpressed clta1, CLTA1 targets were searched. One potential target was identified: this is the mpd (mannitol 1P dehygrogenase) gene
Bruey-Sédano, Nathalie. "Analyse fonctionnelle des séquences régulatrices du gène cuticulaire ACP65A chez la drosophile". Dijon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DIJOS034.
Testo completoPapin, Marine. "Efficiency and impact of recurrent microbial inoculation in soil, a lab to field assessment". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UBFCK051.
Testo completoWith the urgent need to adopt more sustainable practices that sustain agricultural production while protecting the environment, microbial inoculants are gaining increasing attention for their potential to reduce reliance on agrochemicals. However, despite decades of research, the benefits of soil microbial inoculants for crop yields remain highly variable across different soils, climates, plant genotypes, and inoculant strains. This variability makes outcomes difficult to predict and may ultimately reduce farmers’ confidence. This work explores the potential of recurrent inoculations as a strategy to overcome the biotic resistance of the resident soil microbial community and promote inoculant establishment. It also examines the effects of these inoculations on the resident microbial community. In a first microcosm experiment, we showed that recurrent inoculation could transiently improve the abundance of the inoculant (Pseudomonas fluorescens) with minimal impact on the resident bacterial community. A second experiment in greenhouse evidenced the unexpected potential of recurrent inoculation carried out until sowing to enhance maize growth while exerting a weaker impact on the bacterial resident community compared to recurrent inoculation starting at sowing. The third experiment conducted under field conditions reflected the challenges of translating the growth benefits observed in controlled environments to uncontrolled field conditions. Overall, this work suggests that both the timing and frequency of inoculation should be adjusted in a complementary way. Specifically, recurrent inoculation may transiently enhance the abundance of the inoculant during the critical early stages of plant growth. This may either promote successful host colonization when an adequate dose is applied, or indirectly influence the soil microbial community at sowing
Christiaen, Lionel. "Origine ontogénétique et évolutive de l'hypophyse : étude cellulaire et moléculaire du développement du complexe neural de l'ascidie Ciona intestinalis". Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112117.
Testo completoI initiated a comparative study of pituitary development in chordates, by a molecular and cellular analysis of the neural complex development in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. Pituitary primordium specification is intimately linked to early stomodaeal development (oral ectoderm), from which the adenohypophyseal placode arises. The pituitary homeobox (pitx) gene family constitutes conserved markers of the stomodaeal ectomere in vertebrates and cephalochordates. My data show that pitx genes also display pan-stomodaeal expression in ascidians, suggesting ancestry and homology of the pituitary and neural complex primordia. The analysis of additional pituitary and hypothalamic markers suggest that diversification occurred at later stages of organogenesis. The Ci-pitx cis-regulatory system was studied to investigate the developmental mechanisms that drive pitx expression. My observations show that the overall genomic structure and exon usage of pitx genes are essentially conserved between ascidians and vertebrates. Ci-pitx expression in the anterior neural boundary (ANB) and stomodaeum is driven by distinct cis-regulatory modules, the transcriptional activity of which display complementary spatio-temporal patterns. Detailed analysis of the main ANB/stomodaeal enhancer suggests that the cis-regulatory code that defines its activity is conserved among chordates