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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Gearing, spur"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 20 febbraio 2023

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Gearing, spur"

1

Medvecká-Beňová, Silvia, Peter Frankovský e Robert Grega. "Influence Gearing Parameters on the Tooth Deformation of Spur Gears". Applied Mechanics and Materials 816 (novembre 2015): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.816.27.

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Abstract (sommario):

Gear teeth are deformed due to the load. The tooth deformation of spur gears is not constant for all examined teeth of gears. Tooth deformation is depends on the shape of the teeth, on the basic parameters of examined spur gear, such as the number of teeth, module gearing, pressure angle, gearing width, correction and modification of gearing.

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2

Pintz, A., e R. Kasuba. "Dynamic Load Factors in Internal Spur Gear Drives". Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 107, n. 3 (1 settembre 1985): 424–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3260739.

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A comprehensive computer-based methodology was developed exclusively for the static and dynamic load analysis of internal spur gear (ISG) drives. An iterative procedure was applied to solve the statically indeterminate problem of multitooth pair contacts, load sharing, and operational contact ratios as influenced by both the gear mesh and the radial deflections of components. This methodology can be applied to involute and noninvolute spur gearing as well as to the very high contact ratio gearing. The performd parametric studies indicate that internal spur gear drives have considerably better dynamic performance (lower dynamic load factors) over equivalent external spur gear drives. Much of this improvement is due to the inherently higher contact ratios in the ISG drives.

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3

Maláková, Silvia, Michal Puškár, Peter Frankovský, Samuel Sivák e Daniela Harachová. "Influence of the Shape of Gear Wheel Bodies in Marine Engines on the Gearing Deformation and Meshing Stiffness". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, n. 10 (26 settembre 2021): 1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9101060.

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Abstract (sommario):

The basic properties of gears must be considered: the shape of their gearing, their load capacity, and the meshing stiffness, which affects the noise and vibration. When designing large gears, it is important to choose the correct shape of the gear body. Large gears used in marine gearboxes must be designed with as little weight as possible. The requirements of sufficient stiffness of the gear wheel body, as well as the meshing stiffness, must be met. This paper is devoted to the influence of spur gear wheel body parameters on gearing deformation and meshing stiffness. The stiffness of the gear is solved on the basis of the deformation of the gearing teeth, which is determined by the finite element method. Examples of the simulation and subsequent processing of results demonstrates how the individual parameters of the gear wheel body influence the stiffness of the gearing teeth. At the same time, the results point to designs of suitable shape and dimensions to achieve the required stiffness of the gearing teeth, but with the lowest possible weight of the spur gear wheel body.

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4

Sfakiotakis, V. G., e N. K. Anifantis. "Finite element modeling of spur gearing fractures". Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 39, n. 2 (dicembre 2002): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-874x(02)00063-x.

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5

Flek, Jan, Martin Dub, Josef Kolář, František Lopot e Karel Petr. "Determination of Mesh Stiffness of Gear—Analytical Approach vs. FEM Analysis". Applied Sciences 11, n. 11 (28 maggio 2021): 4960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11114960.

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Abstract (sommario):

This paper focuses on modeling the time-varying stiffness of spur gearings, which in dynamic models of transmission systems acts as an important element of the internal excitation of the dynamic system. Here are introduced ways to approach the modeling of gear stiffness using analytical calculations, which allow to model the course of mesh stiffness depending on its rotation. For verification of used analytical model were created five different gearings, and based on their geometry, the respective stiffness curves were analytically determined. Subsequently, a finite element simulation was performed in the Abaqus CAE software. Due to this software, it was possible to identify and objectively compare the stiffness curves and further determine the suitability of using the analytical model to determine the mesh stiffness of gearing.

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6

Lyashenko, Vyacheslav, e Diana Rudenko. "Modeling Deformation of Spur Gear". International Journal of Recent Technology and Applied Science 3, n. 2 (19 settembre 2021): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.ijortas-0302.275.

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In The work considers 11 types of gears, features of their design and application. Analysis of gears designs is carried out, since shape of teeth directly affects process of teeth gearing, and this, in turn, affects load, which causes deformation of elements. 3D model of spur gear was created in ANSYS system. The work was limited by analyzing problem from point of view of gear wheels’ deformation, which were made of 40L carbon steel and carbon composite material. As a result, finite element modeling and analysis of gears using ANSYS system was carried out.

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7

Sachidananda, H. K., K. Raghunandana e B. Shivamurthy. "Power loss analysis in altered tooth-sum spur gearing". MATEC Web of Conferences 144 (2018): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814401015.

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Abstract (sommario):

The main cause of power loss or dissipation of heat in case of meshed gears is due to friction existing between gear tooth mesh and is a major concern in low rotational speed gears, whereas in case of high operating speed the power loss taking place due to compression of air-lubricant mixture (churning losses) and windage losses due to aerodynamic trial of air lubricant mixture which controls the total efficiency needs to be considered. Therefore, in order to improve mechanical efficiency it is necessary for gear designer during gear tooth optimization to consider these energy losses. In this research paper the power loss analysis for a tooth-sum of 100 altered by ±4% operating between a specified center distance is considered. The results show that negative altered tooth-sum gearing performs better as compared to standard and positive altered tooth-sum gearing.

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8

Malák, Miroslav. "Deformation and Stiffness of Spur Gearing Solved by FEM". Applied Mechanics and Materials 611 (agosto 2014): 194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.611.194.

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Abstract (sommario):

Gear teeth are deformed due to the load. Recently, at ever faster evolving computer technology and the available literature, we can encounter modern numerical methods, such as finite element method (FEM), which can serve as methods for the determination of deflection gearing. This paper deals with stiffness and deformation of teeth of spur gears solution by finite element method.

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9

Sachidananda, H. K., K. Raghunandana e B. Shivamurthy. "Power loss analysis in altered tooth-sum spur gearing". MATEC Web of Conferences 144 (2018): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201714401015.

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10

Lebedev, Sergey Yu. "ANALYSIS OF METHODS FOR CALCULATING SPUR GEAR FOR DEEP CONTACT STRENGTH". Architecture, Construction, Transport, n. 3(97) (2021): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/2782-232x-2021-3-90-97.

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Abstract (sommario):

Spur gear is an integral part of transport and technological machines structure. To increase the load ability of the spur gear, chemical heat treatment of the working cogs surfaces is used. Spur gear with chemical heat treatment must be checked for deep contact strength. The article analyzes various methods (according to GOST 21354-87, methods using the generalized criterion of the limit state for structurally inhomogeneous material by Lebedev-Pisarenko, methods from the handbook describing reducers of power machines etc.) for calculating spur and helical gearing for deep contact strength. The author presents all necessary formulas and graphs for the implementation of each methods, and compares the calculations results of these methods with the results of experimental studies of cemented cylindrical rollers for deep contact destruction.

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Tesi sul tema "Gearing, spur"

1

Petry-Johnson, Travis T. "Experimental investigation of spur gear efficiency". Connect to resource, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1209585550.

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2

Ding, Huali. "Dynamic wear models for gear systems". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1194025602.

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3

Yildirim, Nihat. "Theoretical and experimental research in high contact ratio spur gearing". Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307840.

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4

Killeen, Michael. "Experimental and mathematical investigation into aspects of spatial involute gearing". Thesis, View thesis, 2005. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/20408.

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Abstract (sommario):

This thesis is a small part of a much larger work, the aim of which is to continue the transition from gear theory to gear practice. The thesis deals with some aspects of the testing and theoretical development of equiangular and plain polyangular gears respectively. Initial prototypes of the equiangular spatial involute gearing, a small subset of a general spatial involute gear set, developed in previous works are to be tested for both function and form. The tests, based on the principles of the single flank gear tester, investigate constancy of transmission ratio and use both electronic and mechanical means. The former of these highlights the shortcomings of some aspects of the experimental set up. Algebraic expressions are also developed for plain polyangular gearing, a more general form of spatial involute gearing. These equations demonstrate the links to the underlying kinematic principles and are, consequently, more robust. This is verified by their application to both the equiangular and plain polyangular cases. The expressions were checked by comparing their results to graphical and numerical models developed concurrently with the algebraic expressions. Initial investigations are also undertaken into turning the mathematical theory into gear machining theory.

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5

Hochmann, David. "Friction force excitations in spur and helical involute parallel axis gearing /". The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487948158628115.

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6

Wang, Jiande. "Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Spur Gears in Mesh". Thesis, Curtin University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/879.

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Abstract (sommario):

The investigation of numerical methods for modelling the mechanism properties of involute spur gears in mesh, over the mesh cycle, forms the major part of this thesis. Gearing is perhaps one of the most critical components in power transmission systems and the transmission error of gears in mesh is considered to be one of the main causes of gear noise and vibration. Numerous papers have been published on gear transmission error measurement and many investigations have been devoted to gear vibration analysis. There still, however, remains to be developed a general Finite Element Model capable of predicting the effect of variations in rigid body gear tooth position, in which the critical stage is the prediction of gear behaviour with profile modifications (including tip-relief).In this thesis, FEA results have been obtained by using various techniques including: (a) adaptive re-mesh with contacts using quad (2D) and brick (3D) elements and (b) the element birth and death option. Tooth profile modifications can affect the behaviour of the gear meshing including the T.E., ratio of local deformation and load-sharing ratio results, etc, providing an alternative method for gear design. In the high order end, the elastic strains of the gear-shaft system have also been investigated. The results in this thesis have shown the potential for using strain-vibration relationships to monitor or control the transmission system. The investigations have also included some analysis with non-metallic gears, an application area that is rapidly growing. The results achieved here are at a fundamental stage, and further research would necessitate applying a coupled field analysis (structural and thermal).

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7

Killeen, Michael. "Experimental and mathematical investigation into aspects of spatial involute gearing". View thesis, 2005. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20051102.111626/index.html.

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8

Wang, Jiande. "Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Spur Gears in Mesh". Curtin University of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2003. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=14464.

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Abstract (sommario):

The investigation of numerical methods for modelling the mechanism properties ofinvolute spur gears in mesh, over the mesh cycle, forms the major part of this thesis.Gearing is perhaps one of the most critical components in power transmission systemsand the transmission error of gears in mesh is considered to be one of the main causes ofgear noise and vibration. Numerous papers have been published on gear transmissionerror measurement and many investigations have been devoted to gear vibration analysis.There still, however, remains to be developed a general Finite Element Model capable ofpredicting the effect of variations in rigid body gear tooth position, in which the criticalstage is the prediction of gear behaviour with profile modifications (including tip-relief).In this thesis, FEA results have been obtained by using various techniques including: (a)adaptive re-mesh with contacts using quad (2D) and brick (3D) elements and (b) theelement birth and death option. Tooth profile modifications can affect the behaviour ofthe gear meshing including the T.E., ratio of local deformation and load-sharing ratioresults, etc, providing an alternative method for gear design. In the high order end, theelastic strains of the gear-shaft system have also been investigated. The results in thisthesis have shown the potential for using strain-vibration relationships to monitor orcontrol the transmission system.The investigations have also included some analysis with non-metallic gears, anapplication area that is rapidly growing. The results achieved here are at a fundamentalstage, and further research would necessitate applying a coupled field analysis (structuraland thermal).

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9

Irwin, Gary M. "Interactive 3-D computer-aided design of external spur gears cut by a hob". Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/90943.

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Abstract (sommario):

An interactive program is presented which enhances the design of external spur gears cut by a hob. The program code calculates the geometry of an involute spur gear with trochoidal fillets and then uses the Graphical Kernel System (GKS), CADAM, and MOVIE.BYU to represent and display the gear. GKS, an international standard, is used to represent the gear in two dimensions; while the CAD/CAM system CADAM and the software package MOVIE.BYU accurately create wireframe geometric design models in three dimensions. Examples of the input parameters needed and each of the software packages in use are shown and explained.
M.S.

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10

Feng, Ming-Fa. "A finite element study of bending stress variation in meshed spur gear pairs". Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/87645.

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Abstract (sommario):

A study of the bending stresses in a pair of meshed spur gears using the finite element method is presented. The models analyzed were in the shape of a circular gear with five teeth or a five-tooth rack. A unit torque (1 lbf-ft) was applied as the form of nodal forces on the nodes around the bore hole of the driver pinion. The nodes around the bore hole of the driven gear (or the nodes along the back of the driven rack) were fixed. In order to transmit the power from the driver pinion to the driven gear (or rack), the points in contact were made coincident. Seven model groups with same diametral pitch (1.0), addendum (1.0 in.), dedendum (1.3 in.), pressure angle (20°) and hob tip radius (0.35 in.) but with varying numbers of teeth on the pinion and gear were analyzed to compute the tensile stress variation in the root fillet during the duration of contact. A model for predicting the tensile stress variation at the root fillet during the duration of contact has been created. The results were compared with AGMA and other results with agreement for the peak within 3%.
M.S.

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Più fonti

Libri sul tema "Gearing, spur"

1

Hirt, Manfred Christian Otto. Stresses in spur gear teeth and their strength as influenced by fillet radius: Doctorate dissertation. Arlington, Va: American Gear Manufacturers Association, 1985.

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2

Litvin, F. L. Spur gears: Optimal geometry, methods for generation and tooth contact analysis (TCA) program. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1988.

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3

General spatial involute gearing. Berlin: Springer, 2003.

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4

Oswald, Fred B. Effect of operating conditions on gearbox noise. Cleveland, Ohio: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1992.

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5

Lin, Hsiang Hsi. Profile modification to minimize spur gear dynamic loading. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1988.

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6

Lewicki, David G. Predicted effect of dynamic load on pitting fatigue life for low-contact-ratio spur gears. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1986.

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7

Ivanov, I. P. Zubchatye peredachi s kombinirovannym smeshcheniem: Osnovy teorii i raschetov. Leningrad: Izd-vo Leningradskogo universiteta, 1989.

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8

The geometry of involute gears. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1987.

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9

Kalashnikov, Aleksandr Sergeevich. Kompleksnai͡a︡ avtomatizat͡s︡ii͡a︡ proizvodstva zubchatykh koles. Moskva: "Mashinostroenie", 1991.

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10

Townsend, Dennis P. Surface pitting fatigue life of noninvolute, low-contact-ratio gears. [Washington, D.C.]: NASA, 1990.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Gearing, spur"

1

Rackov, Milan, Maja Čavić, Marko Penčić, Ivan Knežević, Miroslav Vereš e Milan Tica. "Reducing of Scuffing Phenomenon at HCR Spur Gearing". In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 141–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56430-2_10.

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2

Kane, M. "Quality Control of Spur Gears on the Basis of Simulating Their Production Processes". In Theory and Practice of Gearing and Transmissions, 393–403. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19740-1_19.

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3

Antsupov, Alexander V., M. G. Slobodianskii e V. P. Antsupov. "Analytical Model of Wear-Out Failures in Spur Gears of External Gearing". In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 75–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22041-9_9.

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4

Radzevich, Stephen P. "Perfect Real Gearing: Spr -Gear System". In Theory of Gearing, 519–51. Second edition. | Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2018.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429505195-25.

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5

"5 Spur Gearing". In Design Engineer's Case Studies and Examples, 127–42. CRC Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15590-15.

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6

"Desired Real Gearing: Spr-Gearing". In Theory of Gearing, 415–44. CRC Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b12727-21.

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7

"Desired Real Gearing: Spr-Gearing". In Theory of Gearing, 463–92. CRC Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b12727-27.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Gearing, spur"

1

Lin, Ah-Der, e Jao-Hwa Kuang. "The Torque Responses in Spur Gearing". In ASME 1998 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc98/mech-5834.

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Abstract In this study, the frequency spectra of a meshing spur gear pair are derived. A two-step mesh stiffness model is assumed to account for the time varying stiffness during the teeth engagement. The analytic load of this simplified gear pair system is used to derive the corresponding Fourier expansion series of the transmitted torque in close form solutions. Numerical results have shown that the frequency spectra of the transmitted torque are dominated by the mesh stiffness alternation and the contact ratio of a gear pair. Furthermore, the amplitude modulation introduced by a harmonic input torque has also been investigated.

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2

Tsay, Chung-Biau. "Computer Aided Design of Internal Involute Spur Gears". In ASME 1988 Design Technology Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1988-0046.

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Abstract The modern theory of gearing provides principles of generation for conjugate gear tooth surfaces while computer aided design is a very powerful tool in designing a gear train with conjugate shaped tooth surfaces. It is possible to set up a mathematical model for internal involute spur gears if the theory of gearing and the concept of differential geometry together with computer aided design technique have been applied. The derived mathematical model of internal involute spur gears can be used for computer simulation of conditions of meshing, tooth contact analysis, stress analysis, dynamic analysis, lubricating analysis, and wearing analysis of the gear train. This paper covered the solutions to the following problems : (a) method of generation for internal spur gears with conjugate tooth surfaces; (b) derivation of equations for gear tooth surfaces and their surface unit normals; and (c) computer graphics of generated internal involute spur gears.

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3

Marino, Daniel, Matthias Bachmann e Hansgeorg Binz. "Theoretical Validation of an Analytical Design Method for Beveloid Gears With Non-Parallel Non-Intersecting Axes". In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97246.

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Abstract An analytical calculation method was developed to determine the main gearing data for beveloid gears with non-parallel non-intersecting axes. To validate the method and identify its limits, a parameter study was to be conducted. A two-stage fractional factorial experimental design was therefore devised to deliberately vary the gearing parameters. For each gearing, an unloaded contact simulation was carried out using the position of the contact pattern, the transmission error and the predefined gear backlash as quality characteristics. The results of the simulation were subsequently classified in three evaluation categories. Due to the generalizability of the method proposed, it can also be used for the design of other involute gearings. A modification of the equations revealed its applicability for spur gear pairs with no shaft angle and for crossed helical gear pairs with shaft angles up to 90°. The results for the beveloid gear pairs investigated using a wide range of parameters as well as those for the cylindrical and crossed helical gear pairs proved the validity of the method. In the case of outliers in the evaluation, the causes were identified and corrective actions were presented.

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4

Hochmann, David, e Donald R. Houser. "Friction Forces As a Dynamic Excitation Source in Involute Spur and Helical Gearing". In ASME 2000 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2000/ptg-14429.

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Abstract Current thought is that the main sources of dynamic excitation in spur and helical gearing occur along the line-of-action and are due to time varying tooth stiffness and static transmission error. This paper examines friction forces as a potential dynamic excitation source in the gear mesh of involute parallel axis spur and helical gearing. The friction forces act in a direction perpendicular to the line-of-action, defined as the off line-of-action direction. To support the claim that friction force is a potential dynamic excitation source, experimental evidence is presented in the form of shaft motions measured near the support bearings in the line-of-action and off line-of-action directions. These experimental results show that the off line-of-action motion is of the same order of magnitude as the line-of-action motion and at times the off line-of-action motion at gear mesh frequency is several times larger than the line-of-action motion. The motions are related to the forces through the bearing stiffness matrix. Other potential explanations of the large off line-of-action shaft motion such as bearing cross coupling phenomena, reduced bearing stiffness, bearing clearances, and system dynamics are examined. The results suggest that through a combination of a small friction force excitation at the gear mesh, and the force transmissibility properties of the gear-bearing system, the friction force can produce forces at the bearing comparable to those generated by transmission error excitations, particularly at low to medium speeds.

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5

Fondelli, T., D. Massini, A. Andreini, B. Facchini e F. Leonardi. "Three-Dimensional CFD Analysis of Meshing Losses in a Spur Gear Pair". In ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-77141.

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The reduction of fluid-dynamic losses in high speed gearing systems is nowadays increasing importance in the design of innovative aircraft propulsion systems, which are particularly focused on improving the propulsive efficiency. Main sources of fluid-dynamic losses in high speed gearing systems are windage losses, inertial losses resulting by impinging oil jets used for jet lubrication and the losses related to the compression and the subsequent expansion of the fluid trapped between gears teeth. The numerical study of the latter is particularly challenging since it faces high speed multiphase flows interacting with moving surfaces, but it paramount for improving knowledge of the fluid behavior in such regions. The current work aims to analyze trapping losses in a gear pair by means of three-dimensional CFD simulations. In order to reduce the numerical effort, an approach for restricting computational domain was defined, thus only a portion of the gear pair geometry was discretized. Transient calculations of a gear pair rotating in an oil-free environment were performed, in the context of conventional eddy viscosity models. Results were compared with experimental data from the open literature in terms of transient pressure within a tooth space, achieving a good agreement. Finally, a strategy for meshing losses calculation was developed and results as a function of rotational speed were discussed.

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6

McMullan, Daniel, Anh Dao, Daniel Brooking, J. Mark Weller e M. Salim Azzouz. "Active Gearing System for Wind Turbines". In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-65011.

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Abstract (sommario):

The purpose of this research paper is to investigate the possibility of improving the efficiency of wind turbines by taking advantage of the wind speed variability. An active epicycloids gearbox system allowing a variable speed at the input shaft and delivering a constant speed at the output shaft is proposed herein. The gearing system consists of an assembly of spur and ring gears run and controlled by an electrical motor. The system acts as a continuously variable transmission (CVT) between the wind turbine hub and the electricity generator which requires an entry speed corresponding to an electrical grid frequency of 60 Hz. The active gearing system is designed using CAD software, and the gearing design theory is used to dimension the proposed epicycloids system. The kinematic gearing theory is used to establish the different gearing ratios of the system, and the kinematic velocity relationships between the gearing system stages. The forces and torques acting on the gearing system are computed using the equilibrium equations. Ideally, the electrical power consumed by the regulating motor system is minimal so that a maximum percentage of the generated electrical power is supplied to the electricity grid. The advantage of this gearbox configuration is that the power consumed by the regulating motor will be theoretically close to zero when the wind speed is about 10.5 mph, which is the average wind speed for many areas where wind turbines are installed. As the wind speed moves away from its mentioned average, the gearbox electrical controls activate a regulating motor to secure a constant speed at the generator input. Currently, a prototype of the proposed system is under tests and experimental data has already shown the constancy of the angular velocity at the generator input. The measurements of the mechanical power distribution between the different components of the system are still underway. A prony-break system is currently used for this purpose. It is expected that within a defined range of the hub angular velocities, the power absorbed by the regulating motor remains a small fraction of the power delivered by the electricity generator.

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7

Azzouz, M. Salim, Anjolajesu Fagbe, Zachary Evetts e Ethan Rosales. "Active Conical and Planetary Gearing System for Wind Turbines". In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-86430.

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Abstract (sommario):

The purpose of this research project is to explore the possibility of harvesting the energy of the wind by taking advantage of higher wind speeds. Two active gearbox systems allowing a variable speed at the input shaft and delivering a constant speed at the output shaft are currently being built and tested. The first system consists of an assembly of spur, planetary, and ring gears run and controlled by electrical motors. The second system consists of an assembly of a conical shaft, a wheel, and a set of centrifugal masses. The two gearing systems can act separately as a continuously variable transmission (CVT) between the wind turbine hub and the electricity generator which requires an entry speed corresponding to a frequency of 60 Hz. The two gearing systems are designed using the SolidWorks CAD software for modeling and simulation, and the gearing design theory is used to dimension the required spur, planetary and ring gears for the first proposed system. Betz’s law associated with appropriate and realistic wind turbine efficiency is used to estimate the wind power transferred to the turbine hub. The law is also used to determine the hub angular speed as a function of the wind speed. The kinematic gearing theory is used to establish the different gearing ratios of the planetary system, and the kinematic relationships between the system stages. The forces and torques acting on the first and the second systems are computed using the equilibrium equations. The speed ratios are calculated for the first and second system using the kinematic theory. Ideally, the electrical power consumed by the regulating motor for the first system is minimal so that a maximum percentage of the generated electrical power is supplied to the electricity grid. For the second system the totality of the harvested power is transmitted through the conical/wheel system. For the planetary system, when the wind speed deviates from a certain optimum value, the electrical controls activate a regulating motor to guarantee that the generator input speed remains constant. Currently, a prototype of a more robust planetary gearing system than a previously made one is under construction while a newly constructed conical system is under experimental testing. Running speeds, torques, power transfer and distribution for the two systems will be measured. The generated electrical power is measured using different load resistances and compared to the electrical power consumed by the regulating motor for the planetary system. The torques are measured using a prony brake system while the angular speeds are measured using tachometers. It is expected that the power consumed by the regulating motor for the gearing system will remain a small percentage of the power supplied to the grid for various hub input speeds.

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Arafa, Hani A., e Mostafa Bedewy. "Quasi-Exact-Constraint Design of Wind Turbine Gearing". In ASME 2010 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2010-27012.

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Abstract (sommario):

In the past two decades the wind turbine industry has witnessed a considerable number of catastrophic accidents, many of which were due to gearbox failure. Ever increasing power ratings at decreased rotor speeds result in rotor torques of some million Nm. This imposes tooth loads and planet/pinion bearing loads on the order of a hundred tons within the first step-up stage. Such heavily loaded gearboxes, correctly (or rather innocently) designed according to the relevant codes, can be self-destructive. Due consideration should be given to the elastic environment in which the gears exist. Otherwise, appreciable, unsymmetrical/unequal elastic deformations in unwanted directions lead to gear tooth edge loading, in addition to overloading the bearing(s) near that edge. Designers of wind turbine gearing have in recent years identified several concepts and measures to be taken for counteracting the asymmetry of elastic deformations or mitigating their effects. In addition to giving a brief survey of such new design concepts, this paper suggests the use of selected types of curved-tooth cylindrical gears (so-called C-gears), primarily for their self-aligning capability; they allow four degrees of freedom (4-DOF), in contrast to the 3-DOF spur and helical gears and the 2-DOF double-helical gears. In addition, these gears offer a unique set of further advantages. When used in at least the most heavily loaded, first step-up stage, the design will be rendered quasi-exactly constrained; largely tolerant of misalignment due to elastic deformations, and the gearbox reliability should be improved, by design.

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9

Aziz, El-Sayed, e C. Chassapis. "An Intelligent System for Spur Gear Design and Analysis". In ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/dac-21037.

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Abstract A methodology for the analysis of load distribution and contact stress on gear teeth, which utilizes a combination of closed form solutions and two-dimensional finite element methods, within a constraint-based knowledge-based environment, is presented. Once the design parameters are specified, the complete process of generating the analysis model, starting from the determination of the coordinates of the tooth profile, the creation of a sector of the mating gear teeth, automatic mesh generation, boundary conditions and loading, is totally automated and transparent to the designer. The effects of non-standard geometry, load sharing on the contact zone, friction and root stresses are easily included in the model. The Finite Element Method (FEM) based results compare favorably with those obtained from closed form solutions (AGMA equations and classical Hertzian contact solution). The advantage of the approach rests in the ability to modify any of the gear design parameters such as diametral pitch, tooth profile modification etc., in an automated manner along with obtaining a better estimation of the risks of failure of the gear design on hand. The procedure may be easily extended to other types of gearing systems.

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10

Egorov, I. M., e L. Morrish. "Digital Approach for the Solution of Gearing Problems". In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/ptg-48085.

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Abstract (sommario):

Gear mesh analysis usually involves calculations of gear geometry and mesh parameters at chosen mesh positions. Normally, this is done by solving simultaneous equations describing the processes of gear machining and meshing. Numerical methods usually are used only at the stage of analysis (1), (2). As there are practically no restrictions on modern computers memory, a wider use of a numerical approach is feasible when solving gearing problems. A method is proposed to perform gearing analysis in the following way: the initial information about meshing gears is given not analytically, but via co-ordinates of large number of points on gear teeth surfaces. These can be received either via analytical simulation of a manufacturing process (teeth cutting) or via direct CMM measurements of gears. The coordinates could also be retrieved from a different gear mesh simulation software, thus initial teeth shape data would take into account changes occurring due to meshing under load (e.g., different types of deformations, including wear, temperature deformation etc.). A contact between teeth at several meshing positions is modeled via a direct simulation of ‘bringing two contacting surfaces together’. The described approach allows universal programs for gear mesh analysis to be created. Models of this type work and remain stable for a wide range of input parameters. They are not sensitive to such phenomena like undercutting and edge contact. These models can be used for gear quality control via CMM measurements, for mathematical modeling of the processes of gear cutting, gear meshing and gear wear. They can be adapted for various types of gears (spur, helical, worm, globoidal, spiroidal etc.). Models created via described approach are discussed. They have been verified experimentally on test rigs and in industry.

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