Bibliografie tematiche / Gasifiers

Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Gasifiers"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 31 gennaio 2023

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Gasifiers"

Singh, V. Christus Jeya, K. Thyagarajan, P. C. Murugan e S. Joseph Sekhar. "Rubber Seed Kernel as a Substitute for Wood in a Biomass Gasifier – An Experimental Study". Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (luglio 2014): 845–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.845.

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The prediction of the performance of different biomass energy sources in gasifiers is an important area of study for the implementation of this technology in various applications, relevant to remote villages. This paper presents the experimental studies conducted on a 50 kW imbert downdraft gasifier with wood and rubber seed kernel which are available abundantly in villages close to hilly regions of South India. The influence of equivalence ratio on the species concentration, gas production rate, HHV of producer gas and gasifier conversion efficiency are discussed. The experimental study shows that the rubber seed kernel can be effectively used as feedstock in biomass gasifiers to meet the decentralized heat and power applications of rural villages.

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Sedacheva, O. V., G. A. Nesterova, N. A. Abaimov e A. F. Ryzhkov. "The influence of gasifier operating parameters on syngas composition of coal-fired power plant with CO₂ capture". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2233, n. 1 (1 aprile 2022): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2233/1/012009.

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Abstract This work investigated the influence of the operating parameters of the gasifier (pressure, temperature of the syngas at the outlet of the gasifier and the O2/CO2 ratio in the blast) on the composition of the syngas in relation to the Allam cycles and oxy-fuel IGCC. Thermodynamic modeling of the operation of Shell (Allam cycle) and MHI (oxy-fuel IGCC cycle) gasifiers by the entropy maximization method was carried out. For the Shell gasifier, a significant increase in methane concentration with an increase in pressure to 40 MPa has been revealed; it indicates the need to make changes to the syngas gas cleaning system. The optimal temperature at the outlet of the gasifier (1100°C) has been found for the MHI gasifier. At this temperature, there were high values of CO and H2, and, hence, the heating value of syngas. For both gasifiers, the most theoretically reasonable ratio of O2/CO2 in blast was 0.3, at which CO reached almost maximum values and decreased its growth rate.

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Lelievre, C., C. A. Pickles e S. Hultgren. "Plasma-Augmented Fluidized Bed Gasification of Sub-bituminous Coal in CO2–O2 Atmospheres". High Temperature Materials and Processes 35, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2016): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2014-0162.

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AbstractThe gasification of a sub-bituminous coal using CO2–O2 gas mixtures was studied in a plasma-augmented fluidized bed gasifier. Firstly, the coal was chemically characterized and the gasification process was examined using Thermogravimetric and Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) in CO2, O2 and at a CO2 to O2 ratio of 3 to 1. Secondly, the equilibrium gas compositions were obtained using the Gibbs free energy minimization method (HSC Chemistry®7). Thirdly, gasification tests were performed in a plasma-augmented fluidized bed and the off-gas temperatures and compositions were determined. Finally, for comparison purposes, control tests were conducted using a conventional fluidized bed coal gasifier and these results were compared to those achieved in the plasma-augmented fluidized bed gasifier. The effects of bed temperature and CO2 to O2 ratio were studied. For both gasifiers, at a given bed temperature, the off-gas compositions were in general agreement with the equilibrium values. Also, for both gasifiers, an experimental CO2 to O2 ratio of about 3 to 1 resulted in the highest syngas grade (%CO + %H2). Both higher off-gas temperatures and syngas grades could be achieved in the plasma-augmented gasifier, in comparison to the conventional gasifier. These differences were attributed to the higher bed temperatures in the plasma-augmented fluidized bed gasifier.

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Matyas, Josef, S. K. Sundaram, B. J. Hicks, Autumn B. Edmondson e Benjamin M. Arrigoni. "Slag-Refractory Interaction in Slagging Coal Gasifiers". Materials Science Forum 595-598 (settembre 2008): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.595-598.397.

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The combustion chamber of slagging coal gasifiers is lined with refractories to protect the steel shell of the gasifier from elevated temperatures and corrosive attack of the coal slag. Refractories composed primarily of Cr2O3 have been found most resistant to slag corrosion, but they continue to fail performance requirements. Post-mortem analysis of high-chromia refractory bricks collected from commercial gasifiers suggests that slag penetration and subsequent spalling of refractory are the cause of the short service life of gasifier refractories [1]. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the penetration depth of three slags representative of a wide variety of coals in the United States into chromia-alumina and two high-chromia refractories. Variables tested were refractory-slag combinations and two partial pressures of O2. Slag penetration depths were measured from spliced images of each refractory. Samples heated to 1470°C for 2 hrs had maximum penetration depths ranging from 1.99±0.15 mm to at least 21.6 mm. Aurex 95P, a highchromia refractory containing 3.3% phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5), showed the least slag penetration of all refractories tested. P2O5 likely reacts with CaO and MgO in the slag, forming an immiscible Ca-Mg phosphate phase. The extraction of basic components from slag causes an increase in slag viscosity restricting the molten slag penetration into the refractory.

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Shanmuganandam, K., J. Anichai e V. Jayakumar. "Performance evaluation of a 15 kWth biomass gasifier in downdraft and updraft operating modes: an experimental study". MATEC Web of Conferences 172 (2018): 06005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817206005.

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Biomass gasifiers are equipment’s that can generate producer gas which is a renewable, alternate source of energy that can be employed for power generation and thermal applications. In this experimental study the gasifier is tested in updraft and downdraft modes and performance analysis was carried out. For both the studies, casuarina wood and ambient air were used as feed stock and gasification agent respectively. From the experimental analysis it was inferred that the performance of the biomass gasifier was higher in downdraft mode than updraft mode.

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Christodouloua, Christos, Efthymia-Ioanna Koytsoumpaa, Kyriakos Panopoulos, Sotiris Karellas e Emmanouil Kakarasa. "Agglomeration problems during cardoon fluidized bed gasification". Thermal Science 18, n. 2 (2014): 645–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci130329132c.

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Cynara cardunculus, commonly known as cardoon is a potential energy crop native to the Mediterranean region with high production yields reported. The aim of this work is to present an overview on the contradicting agronomic data available for cardoon and its potential exploitation in industrial thermochemical (i.e. combustion and gasification) applications. Moreover, experimental work on cardoon gasification is presented, focusing on the agglomeration problems it causes when using it in fluidized bed gasifiers. Cardoon cultivated in Greece was gasified in a 100 kW thermal atmospheric circulating fluidized bed gasifier (ACFBG). Due to high ash content (rich in potassium) defluidization was observed at low temperatures (780?C) during the first 30 minutes after the fuel feeding begun. The agglomerates are investigated with SEM/EDS in an effort to determine the gluing mechanism. The particular cardoon was rich in calcium, and this was apparent in the rich in silicates resolidified melt.

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Mendonça, Miguel, Victor Mantilla, João Patela, Valter Silva e Fernanda Resende. "Design and experimental tests of an Imbert type downdraft gasifier prototype and clean-up system for small-scale biomass-based power generation". Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability 7 (2022): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rees/2021057.

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This paper addresses the design, development and experimental tests of a prototype of fuel gas generation system based on biomass gasification for small-scale applications, around 5 kW. It comprises the small scale downdraft gasifier and the gas cleaning system aiming to clean-up the producer gas to be used in the upstream Internal Combustion Engine (ICE). The design of the downdraft gasifier prototype follows the methodologies that have been reported on the available literature. However, since these methodologies apply to gasifiers with larger rated powers, the adopted methodology is based on the extrapolation of the main parameters used for larger gasifiers design. For runing the ICE the producer gas requires to have a specific gas composition with an acceptable range of impurities. Therefore, a clean-up system was proposed following three stages: in first instance a hot gas clean-up using a cyclone designed to eliminate particles and compounds; then a heat exchanger was used for cooling the gas to condensate tars and water; finally a cold gas clean-up is performed by filtration using two filter steps: the first one using organic material (biomass) and the second one using a polypropylene cartridge filter. Experimental tests were performed using the developed imbert downdraft gasifier prototype, using pellets as feedstock. The preliminary results allow verifying several drawbacks that will difficult an effective integration of the developed prototype for small scale power generation applications based on ICE using low density feedstock.

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Mahadzir, M. M., e M. D. Zikri. "RICE HUSK GASIFIER IN UITM PENANG AS ENERGY: A DESIGN REVIEW". Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Environment 3, n. 2 (31 dicembre 2017): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/myse.v3i2.5600.

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To reduce dependency on fossil fuel, reduce pollution and move into green technology, the rice husk gasification has been developed as the process that converts organic rice husk into a producer of gas. However, drawbacks such as grate blocking, bridging and suitability of feedstock are found in the gasifiers. Design of the gasifiers is an important objective and improvements on the design have been done to enhance the performance of the gasifiers. This paper aims to review gasifiers focused on design improvements. Many works from previous researchers have been studied. The result shows the new design of the gasifiers is an important parameter in gasification.

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Johari, Anwar, B. B. Nyakuma, A. Ahmad, T. A. Tuan Abdullah, M. J. Kamaruddin, R. Mat e A. Ali. "Design of a Bubbling Fluidized Bed Gasifier for the Thermochemical Conversion of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Briquette". Applied Mechanics and Materials 493 (gennaio 2014): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.493.3.

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This paper is focused on the design of a bubbling fluidized bed gasifier (BFBG) for EFB briquette gasification. The annual production of palm oil in Malaysia generates large quantities of lignocellulosic biomass which can be converted into clean, sustainable energy for the future. Hence, the prospect of valorising palm waste using biomass gasifiers presents a viable option for energy production. The fluidized bed gasifier (FBG) is considered the most suitable reactor for biomass gasification due excellent mixing, efficient heat temperature control and tolerance for fuels. Consequently, the proposed design of the bubbling fluidized bed gasifier for EFB briquette gasification will consist of three main parts; feeding zone, gasification zone and the effluent gas zone for syngas production. The results of feedstock physicochemical properties such as bulk density, particle size, the bed hydrodynamic and fluidization parameters for gasification used in the design of the gasifier are presented in this paper.

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Binns, Michael, e Hafiz Muhammad Uzair Ayub. "Model Reduction Applied to Empirical Models for Biomass Gasification in Downdraft Gasifiers". Sustainability 13, n. 21 (4 novembre 2021): 12191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132112191.

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Various modeling approaches have been suggested for the modeling and simulation of gasification processes. These models allow for the prediction of gasifier performance at different conditions and using different feedstocks from which the system parameters can be optimized to design efficient gasifiers. Complex models require significant time and effort to develop, and they might only be accurate for use with a specific catalyst. Hence, various simpler models have also been developed, including thermodynamic equilibrium models and empirical models, which can be developed and solved more quickly, allowing such models to be used for optimization. In this study, linear and quadratic expressions in terms of the gasifier input value parameters are developed based on linear regression. To identify significant parameters and reduce the complexity of these expressions, a LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) shrinkage method is applied together with cross validation. In this way, the significant parameters are revealed and simple models with reasonable accuracy are obtained.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Gasifiers"

Duchesne, Marc A. "Slagging in Entrained-flow Gasifiers". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23353.

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Gasification is a flexible technology which is applied in industry for electricity generation, hydrogen production, steam raising and liquid fuels production. Furthermore, it can utilize one or more feedstocks such as coal, biomass, municipal waste and petroleum coke. This versatility, in addition to being adaptable to various emissions control technologies (including carbon capture) renders it an attractive option for years to come. One of the most common gasifier types is the entrained-flow slagging gasifier. The behaviour of inorganic fuel components in these gasifiers is still ill-understood even though it can be the determining factor in their design and operation. A literature review of inorganic matter transformation sub-models for entrained-flow slagging gasifiers is provided. Slag viscosity was identified as a critical property in the sub-models. Slag viscosity models are only applicable to a limited range of slag compositions and conditions, and their performance is not easily assessed. An artificial neural network model was developed to predict slag viscosity over a broad range of temperatures and slag compositions. Furthermore, a toolbox was developed to assist slag viscosity model users in the selection of the best model for given slag compositions and conditions, and to help users determine how well the best model will perform. The slag viscosities of coal, petroleum coke and coal/petroleum coke blends were measured in the temperature range of 1175-1650ºC. Interaction of vanadium-rich slags with various materials was investigated. The results from the first two parts of a three-part research program which involves fuel characterization, testing in a 1 MWth gasifier, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling for entrained-flow slagging gasification are presented. The end goal is to develop a CFD model which includes inorganic matter transformations. Fuel properties were determined with prioritization based on their application; screening of potential fuels, ensuring proper gasifier operation, gasifier design and/or CFD modeling. Using CanmetENERGY’s 1 MWth gasifier, five gasification tests were completed with the characterized coals. Solid samples from the refractory liners, in-situ gas sampling probe sheaths and impingers, the slag tap, the slag pot, quench discharge water and scrubber water were collected and characterized.

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Latif, Ajmal. "A study of the design of fluidized bed reactors for biomass gasification". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1349342/.

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The present study is in two parts, the first part describes an investigation that was undertaken to determine the feasibility and hydrodynamic behaviour of a cold model circulating fluidized bed system proposed for the continuous combustion-gasification of biomass. The design is based on the principle that the char produced in the gasifier is circulated with the bed material and combusted in a separate reactor to generate the heat required for the gasification process. While high solid circulation rates are required to maintain the heat balance, product and flue gas mixing between the two units must be minimised or eliminated. The design of the circulating bed simply consists of two fluid bed units connected two together via a riser and a downcomer fitted with a non-mechanical valve. Various aspects such as solid circulation rate, gas mixing, solids mixing, and pressure component around the circulating loop were studied. Results show that the solid circulation and gas mixing are strongly influenced by the riser gas velocity, total solids inventory, and position of the riser from the riser gas jet. Solid circulation fluxes of up to 1 l5kg/m 2s were attained and easily controlled. The flue gas crossflow was less than 4% over the range studied. By analysing the experimental data, a series of mathematical correlations were obtained which successfully predict the exponential relationship that exists between the solid circulation rate, gas mixing and the operating parameters. The potential of this system for its purpose is highlighted. The second part of the study focuses on the design and development of a heated fluidized bed reactor with an on-line gas and solids sampling technique to study the steam gasification of biomass (almond shells). Experiments were conducted at temperatures of up to 800°C to investigate the gasification rates of biomass char under different operating conditions. Understanding the gasification and combustion rates of biomass char is an important step towards the proper designing of biomass gasifiers. In the heated fluid bed, the extent of the gasification of biomass increased with increasing temperature as indicated by an increase in the quantity of gaseous products. A hydrogen content of up to 43% by volume was obtained. The sampling technique adopted allows the collection of the bed sample at gasification conditions which can be used to predict the composition of the bed. The gasification rate of biomass (almond shell) char was found to be affected by the gasification temperature. In order to evaluate the char gasification rate constants, the shrinking core model with reaction controlling step (SCM) was applied to the char gasification data. The rate constant values obtained from the SCM were 5.14E-5, 7.67E- 5, and 1.26E-4 s' for temperatures of 712, 753, and 806 °C respectively. The activation energy was evaluated as 89 kJ/mol. These values were in close agreement with those published in the literature. SEM pictures of the surface of the chars shows that at high temperatures, the char formed is very porous and hence very reactive. With regards to practical gasifiers, the results obtained have been used to evaluate an --mum volume for a typical biomass gasifier operating at 850 °C. The aim of the present work were satisfactorily achieved.

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Monaghan, Rory F. D. (Rory Francis Desmond). "Dynamic reduced order modeling of entrained flow gasifiers". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/58191.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Gasification-based energy systems coupled with carbon dioxide capture and storage technologies have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from continued use of abundant and secure fossil fuels. Dynamic reduced order models (ROMs) that predict the operation of entrained flow gasifiers (EFGs) within IGCC (integrated gasification combined cycle) or polygeneration plants are essential for understanding the fundamental processes of importance. Such knowledge can be used to improve gasifier reliability, availability and maintainability, leading to greater commercialization of gasification technology. A dynamic ROM, implemented in Aspen Custom Modeler, has been developed for a range of EFGs. The ROM incorporates multiple feedstocks, mixing and recirculation, particle properties, drying and devolatilization, chemical kinetics, fluid dynamics, heat transfer, pollutant formation, slag behavior and syngas cooling. The ROM employs a reactor network model (RNM) that approximates complex fluid mixing and recirculation using a series of idealized chemical reactors. The ROM was successfully validated for steady-state simulation of four experimental gasifiers. The throughputs of these gasifiers range from 0.1 to 1000 metric tonnes per day (3 kWth - 240 MWth). Sensitivity analysis was performed to identify the parameters most important to ROM accuracy. The most important parameters are found to be those that determine RNM geometry, particle physical and kinetic properties, and slagging. The ROM was used to simulate the steady-state and dynamic performance of a full-scale EFG system. In steady-state mode, the ROM was used to establish base case and fluxant requirements. The base case performance agreed with design specifications. Steady-state simulation was also used to determine important states for dynamic simulation. Six cases were examined in dynamic mode, including gasifier cold start. Dynamic results showed agreement with industrial experience for gasifier start-up times.
by Rory F. D. Monaghan.
Ph.D.

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Double, J. M. "The design, evaluation and costing of biomass gasifiers". Thesis, Aston University, 1988. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/9702/.

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The objective of this study has been to enable a greater understanding of the biomass gasification process through the development and use of process and economic models. A new theoretical equilibrium model of gasification is described using the operating condition called the adiabatic carbon boundary. This represents an ideal gasifier working at the point where the carbon in the feedstock is completely gasified. The model can be used as a `target' against which the results of real gasifiers can be compared, but it does not simulate the results of real gasifiers. A second model has been developed which uses a stagewise approach in order to model fluid bed gasification, and its results have indicated that pyrolysis and the reactions of pyrolysis products play an important part in fluid bed gasifiers. Both models have been used in sensitivity analyses: the biomass moisture content and gasifying agent composition were found to have the largest effects on performance, whilst pressure and heat loss had lesser effects. Correlations have been produced to estimate the total installed capital cost of gasification systems and have been used in an economic model of gasification. This has been used in a sensitivity analysis to determine the factors which most affect the profitability of gasification. The most important influences on gasifier profitability have been found to be feedstock cost, product selling price and throughput. Given the economic conditions of late 1985, refuse gasification for the production of producer gas was found to be viable at throughputs of about 2.5 tonnes/h dry basis and above, in the metropolitan counties of the United Kingdom. At this throughput and above, the largest element of product gas cost is the feedstock cost, the cost element which is most variable.

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Alonso, Lozano Alvaro. "Coal gasification in entrained flow gasifiers simulation & comparison". Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-12726.

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Mirmoshtaghi, Guilnaz. "Biomass gasification in fluidized bed gasifiers : Modeling and simulation". Doctoral thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Framtidens energi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-33426.

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Using woody biomass as a resource for production of biofuel, heat and power through gasification has been studied for years. In order to reduce the cost of operating and to design the full-scale gasification plant developing a general model to be applicable for different ranges of input data with acceptable level of accuracy, is needed. In order to develop such model for the gasifier, as the main component in the process, three major models have been studied in this thesis; theoretical model (Equilibrium model), semi-empirical model (modified equilibrium model, kinetic combined with hydrodynamic model) and empirical model (statistical model). Equilibrium model (EM), shows low accuracy in predicting the content ofmajor components in product gas especially CH4 and CO. Therefore to improve the accuracy of prediction modification of EM is needed. Analyzing the semi-empirical approaches show that although the accuracy of EM can be improved, the generality of the modified models are still low. Therefore two new modified models have been developed. The first model is based on including data from wider range of operating condition to develop the empirical equation. The second model is based on combining QET and reaction kinetics for char gasification approaches. The first model decreases the overall error from 44% to 31% while the overall error of second model is decreased from 36% to 8%. Other semi-empirical model for fluidized bed gasifiers which is not equilibrium-based is developed by combining reaction kinetics with hydrodynamic equations. Investigating different hydrodynamic models show that combining two-phase-structure model with reaction kinetics for bubbling fluidized bed gasifiers improves the accuracy of the kinetic-only model. The third type of approaches, investigated in this thesis, towards developing a general model is the empirical model. This model has been developed based on Partial least square (PLS) approach. The PLS-R model show high level of accuracy within the specific range of empirical data used for developing the model. Further analysis on the experimental dataset by PLS-R model show that equivalence ratio (ER) is the operating parameter with the most significant impact on the performance of fluidized bed gasifiers. Optimizing the operation of fluidized bed gasifiers based on this model shows that high gas quality (high volume fraction of H2, CO and CH4 and low volume fraction of CO2), high carbon conversion and low tar yield is achieved when ER≈0.3, Steam to Biomass ratio≈0.7, moisture content≈9% and particle size≈3mm and olivine is the bed material.

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Puig, Arnavat Maria. "Performance modelling and validation of biomass gasifiers for trigeneration plants". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/51880.

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Esta tesis desarrolla un modelo sencillo pero riguroso de plantas de trigeneración con gasificación de biomasa para su simulación, diseño y evaluación preliminar. Incluye una revisión y estudio de diferentes modelos propuestos para el proceso de gasificación de biomasa.Desarrolla un modelo modificado de equilibrio termodinámico para su aplicación a procesos reales que no alcanzan el equilibrio así comodos modelos de redes neuronales basados en datos experimentales publicados: uno para gasificadores BFB y otro para gasificadores CFB. Ambos modelos, ofrecen la oportunidad de evaluar la influencia de las variaciones de la biomasa y las condiciones de operación en la calidad del gas producido. Estos modelos se integran en el modelo de la planta de trigeneración con gasificación de biomasa de pequeña-mediana escala y se proponen tres configuraciones para la generación de electricidad, frío y calor. Estas configuraciones se aplican a la planta de poligeneración ST-2 prevista en Cerdanyola del Vallés.
This thesis develops a simple but rigorous model for simulation, design and preliminary evaluation of trigeneration plants based on biomass gasification. It includes a review and study of various models proposed for the biomass gasification process and different plant configurations. A modified thermodynamic equilibrium model is developed for application to real processes that do not reach equilibrium. In addition, two artificial neural network models, based on experimental published data, are also developed: one for BFB gasifiers and one for CFB gasifiers. Both models offer the opportunity to evaluate the influence of variations of biomass and operating conditions on the quality of gas produced. The different models are integrated into the global model of a small-medium scale biomass gasification trigeneration plant proposing three different configurations for the generation of electricity, heat and cold. These configurations are applied to a case study of the ST-2 polygeneration plant foreseen inCerdanyola del Valles.

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Gustafsson, Eva. "Characterization of particulate matter from atmospheric fluidized bed biomass gasifiers". Doctoral thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för teknik, TEK, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-11473.

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Through biomass gasification, biomass can be converted at high temperature to a product gas rich in carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and methane. After cleaning and upgrading, the product gas can be converted to biofuels such as hydrogen; methanol; dimethyl ether; and synthetic diesel, gasoline, and natural gas. Particulate matter (PM) is formed as a contaminant in the gasification process, and the aim of this work was to develop and apply a method for sampling and characterization of PM in the hot product gas. A particle measurement system consisting of a dilution probe combined in series with a bed of granular activated carbon for tar adsorption was developed, with the aim of extracting a sample of the hot product gas without changing the size distribution and composition of the PM. The mass size distribution and concentration, as well as the morphology and elementary composition, of PM in the size range 10 nm to 10 µm in the product gas from a bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) gasifier, a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) gasifier and an indirect BFB gasifier using various types of biomass as fuel were determined. All gasifiers and fuels displayed a bimodal particle mass size distribution with a fine mode in the <0.5 µm size range and a coarse mode in the >0.5 µm size range. Compared with the mass concentration of the coarse mode the mass concentration of the fine mode was low from all gasifiers. The evaluation of the results for the fine-mode PM was complicated by condensing potassium chloride for the CFB gasifier when using miscanthus as fuel and by condensing tars for the indirect BFB gasifier when using wood C as fuel. The mass concentration of the coarse-mode PM was higher from the CFB gasifier than from the two BFB gasifiers. The coarse-mode PM from the BFB gasifier when using wood A as fuel was dominated by char. In the CFB gasifier the coarse-mode PM was mainly ash and bed material when using all fuels. The coarse-mode PM from the indirect BFB gasifier when using wood C as fuel was mainly ash.

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Silaen, Armin. "Comprehensive Modeling and Numerical Investigation of Entrained-Flow Coal Gasifiers". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2010. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1148.

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Numerical simulations of coal gasification process inside a generic 2-stage entrainedflow gasifier are carried out using the commercial CFD solver ANSYS/FLUENT. The 3-D Navier-Stokes equations and eight species transport equations are solved with three heterogeneous global reactions, three homogeneous reactions, and one thermal cracking equation of volatiles. Finite rates are used for the heterogeneous solid-gas reactions. Both finite rate and eddy-breakup combustion models are calculated for each homogeneous gas-gas reaction, and the smaller of the two rates is used. Lagrangian-Eulerian method is employed. The Eulerian method calculates the continuous phase while the Lagrangian method tracks each coal particle. Fundamental study is carried out to investigate effects of five turbulence models (standard k-ε, k-ω, RSM, k-ω SST, and k-ε RNG) and four devolatilization models (Kobayashi, single rate, constant rate, and CPD) on gasification simulation. A study is also conducted to investigate the effects of different operation parameters on gasification process including coal mixture (dry vs. slurry), oxidant (oxygen-blown vs. air-blown), and different coal distributions between two stages. Finite-rate model and instantaneous gasification model are compared. It is revealed that the instantaneous gasification approach can provide an overall evaluation of relative changes of gasifier performance in terms of temperature, heating value, and gasification efficiency corresponding to parametric variations, but not adequately capture the local gasification process predicted by the finite rate model in most part of the gasifier. Simulations are performed to help with design modifications of a small industrial demonstration entrained-flow gasifier. It is discovered that the benefit of opening the slag tap on the quench-type gasifier wider by allowing slag to move successfully without clogging is compromised by increased heat losses, reduced gasification performance, downgraded syngas heating value, and increased unburned volatiles. The investigation of heat transfer on fuel injectors shows that blunt tip fuel injector is less likely to fail compared to conical tip fuel injector because the maximum high temperature on the injector is scattered. Two concentric fuel/oxidant injections provide better fuel-oxidant mixing and higher syngas heating value than four separate fuel and oxidant injections.

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Pallay, Krista Joy. "Surface Modifications to Mitigate Refractory Degradation in High-Temperature Black Liquor Gasifiers". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10488.

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Ceria (CeO2), chromia (Cr2O3), yttria-stabilized zirconia (Y2O3-ZrO2), and sodium cerium oxide (Na2CeO3) were used as barrier coatings on Ufala, an alumina-based ceramic refractory, to determine if they were effective at increasing the life of the refractory in a high-temperature black liquor gasification environment. The ceria, chromia, and yttria-stabilized zirconia coatings were applied at atmospheric pressure using a coating applicator at the Institute of Paper Science and Technology at the Georgia Institute of Technology. The sodium cerium oxide coatings in addition to the three other coating types were applied under atmospheric pressure at C3 International Technologies in Alpharetta, GA. The coated refractory, as well as a set of uncoated refractory used for baseline analysis, were tested using molten synthetic smelt at 1000C for 36 hours. Uncoated refractory samples were also tested for 12, 72, 120, and 168 hours in order to make a kinetic reaction rate determination. The refractory were analyzed using gravimetric and dimensional analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to determine the severity of the physical changes that occurred after exposure to molten smelt. The data gathered from these experiments were not able to conclude that barrier coatings are sufficient to impede corrosion of the Ufala refractory material in molten smelt.

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Libri sul tema "Gasifiers"

India. Central Pollution Control Board. Comprehensive industrial document for producer gas plants and biomass gasifiers. New Delhi: Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment & Forests, 2010.

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Stassen, Hubert E. Small-scale biomass gasifiers for heat and power: A global review. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1995.

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Kuznecov, Vyacheslav, e Oleg Bryuhanov. Gasified boiler units. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1003548.

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The textbook gives the basic concepts of gasified heat generating (boiler) installations and the terminology used in boiler technology, the principle of operation and device of gasified heat generating (boiler) installations. The types and device of heat generators (boilers) of their furnace devices are considered; types and device of gas-burning devices, the number and places of their installation in furnace devices; auxiliary equipment-devices for air supply and removal of combustion products, devices for water treatment, steam supply and circulation of the coolant of hot water boilers; device for thermal control and automatic regulation of the boiler installation. The issues of operation and efficiency of gasified heat generating (boiler) installations and their gas supply systems; requirements for conducting gas-hazardous and emergency recovery operations of gas supply systems are considered. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of secondary vocational education of the latest generation. For students of secondary vocational education in the specialty 08.02.08 "Installation and operation of equipment and gas supply systems".

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Hoi, Why Kong. Gasification of rubberwood in a downdraft gasifier. Birmingham: Aston University. Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry., 1991.

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Castaldi, Frank J. Biological treatability of KRW energy systems gasifier PDU wastewaters. Research Triangle Park, N.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1985.

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Evans, Geraint Devenport. Development and operation of an open-core downdraft gasifier system. Birmingham: Aston University. Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, 1992.

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Sorbo, N. W. Fate of selected metals and emissions from a sludge/wastepaper gasifier. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Engineering Research Laboratory, 1986.

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Sorbo, N. W. Fate of selected metals and emissions from a sludge/wastepaper gasifier. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Engineering Research Laboratory, 1986.

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Hartill, I. J. The application of the British Gas/Lurgi Slagging Gasifier to combined cycle production of power. London: Institution of Gas Engineers, 1986.

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Buekens, A. G. Commercial and Marketing Aspects of Gasifiers. European Communities / Union (EUR-OP/OOPEC/OPOCE), 1990.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Gasifiers"

Litvinenko, Vladimir, e Bernd Meyer. "Fundamentals of Gasification and Gasifiers". In Syngas Production: Status and Potential for Implementation in Russian Industry, 7–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70963-5_3.

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Kwong, Kyei-Sing, James Bennett, Rick Krabbe, Hugh Thomas e Cynthia Powell. "Engineered Refractories for Slagging Gasifiers". In Ceramic Transactions Series, 295–304. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118144091.ch28.

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Bacon, D. W., J. Downie, J. C. Hsu e J. Peters. "Modelling of Fluidized Bed Wood Gasifiers". In Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, 717–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4932-4_37.

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Hargrave, Robert H., Dale A. Lundgren e Lawrance N. Shaw. "Gas Cleaning Systems for Small Scale Gasifiers". In Biomass Energy Development, 389–95. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0590-4_32.

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La Fontaine, Harry. "Simple Inexpensive Gasifiers for Emergency Use Applications". In Biomass Energy Development, 397–413. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0590-4_33.

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Loha, Chanchal, Malay K. Karmakar, Santanu De e Pradip K. Chatterjee. "Gasifiers: Types, Operational Principles, and Commercial Forms". In Coal and Biomass Gasification, 63–91. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7335-9_3.

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Panaka, Petrus, e B. P. Trisaksono. "Operating Experiences with Biomass Gasifiers in Indonesia". In Advances in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, 392–402. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1336-6_30.

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Nikrityuk, Petr A., Thomas Förster e Bernd Meyer. "Modeling of Gasifiers: Overview of Current Developments". In Gasification Processes, 1–28. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527673186.ch1.

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Massi, Erica, Hary Devianto e Katia Gallucci. "Digesters, Gasifiers and Biorefineries: Plants and Field Demonstration". In Fuel Cells in the Waste-to-Energy Chain, 81–94. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2369-9_5.

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Chee, C. S., W. P. Walawender e L. T. Fan. "Material Balance Analysis of Prototype Commercial Downdraft Gasifiers". In Research in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, 1034–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2737-7_78.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Gasifiers"

Siefert, Nicholas, Dushyant Shekhawat e Thomas Kalapos. "Integrating Catalytic Coal Gasifiers With Solid Oxide Fuel Cells". In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2010-33206.

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A review was conducted for coal gasification technologies that integrate with solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) to achieve system efficiencies near 60% while capturing and sequestering >90% of the carbon dioxide [1–2]. The overall system efficiency can reach 60% when a) the coal gasifier produces a syngas with a methane composition of roughly 25% on a dry volume basis, b) the carbon dioxide is separated from the methane-rich synthesis gas, c) the methane-rich syngas is sent to a SOFC, and d) the off-gases from the SOFC are recycled back to coal gasifier. The thermodynamics of this process will be reviewed and compared to conventional processes in order to highlight where available work (i.e. exergy) is lost in entrained-flow, high-temperature gasification, and where exergy is lost in hydrogen oxidation within the SOFC. The main advantage of steam gasification of coal to methane and carbon dioxide is that the amount of exergy consumed in the gasifier is small compared to conventional, high-temperature, oxygen-blown gasifiers. However, the goal of limiting the amount of exergy destruction in the gasifier has the effect of limiting the rates of chemical reactions. Thus, one of the main advantages of steam gasification leads to one of its main problems: slow reaction kinetics. While conventional entrained-flow, high-temperature gasifiers consume a sizable portion of the available work in the coal oxidation, the consumed exergy speeds up the rates of reactions. And while the rates of steam gasification reactions can be increased through the use of catalysts, only a few catalysts can meet cost requirements because there is often significant deactivation due to chemical reactions between the inorganic species in the coal and the catalyst. Previous research into increasing the kinetics of steam gasification will be reviewed. The goal of this paper is to highlight both the challenges and advantages of integrating catalytic coal gasifiers with SOFCs.

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Larson, Eric D., e Wendy E. M. Hughes. "Performance Modeling of Aeroderivative Steam-Injected Gas Turbines and Combined Cycles Fueled From Fixed or Fluid-Bed Biomass Gasifiers". In ASME 1996 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-gt-089.

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First-generation biomass integrated-gasifier/gas turbine (BIG/GT) technology, based on combined cycles and fluid-bed gasifiers, is likely to be commercially ready by the turn of the century, with ten or more commercially-oriented demonstration projects presently ongoing worldwide. In development and demonstration efforts to date, relatively little attention has been given to alternative cycle configurations or gasifier designs. Performance modeling is described here for steam-injected and combined cycle systems built around gas turbines resembling the GE LM2500, with fuel delivered from integrated fluid- or fixed-bed gasifiers. Some features of fixed-bed gasification appear to offer benefits, particularly for steam-injected cycles. A primary motivation for examining steam injection is expected capital cost savings compared to combined cycles, especially at total power plant capacities below 100 MW. (due to scale economies associated with steam bottoming cycles). Because of the inherently dispersed nature of biomass production, first-generation BIG/GT applications in the sub-100 MW. range will be common.

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Kandassamy, K., E. Natarajan e S. Renganarayanan. "Comparative Analysis of Biomass Gasifiers for Thermal and Power Applications". In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-058.

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Gasifiers are viable alternative for producing heat and power with minimal adverse impact on the environment. The gasification technology is now considered to be in an advanced stage of development. Hence there is huge expectation from the user industry for its application. For a country like India with its vast agricultural residues, there is a huge requirement for an efficient power generation system. In this regard careful studies are required to select an appropriate gasification technology to suit the available fuels. In this paper different types of gasifiers namely updraft, downdraft, bubbling fluidized bed and entrained bed are compared and their suitability for various applications are evaluated. The technological developments achieved so far and requirements of further developments are also analyzed. A systematic comparison of the performance of various gasifiers is carried out and their unique features are discussed. From the comparative study, specificity of gasifier design is brought out highlighting their merits and possible application potential. The study also brought-out the fact that a universal design concept cannot be achieved to meet the requirements of all possible applications for gasification process.

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Lu, Xijia, e Ting Wang. "Effect of Radiation Models on Coal Gasification Simulation". In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-86997.

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Adequate modeling of radiation heat transfer is important in CFD simulation of coal gasification process. In an entrained-flow gasifer, the non-participating effect of coal particles, soot, ashes, and reactive gases could significantly affect the temperature distribution in the gasifier and hence affects the local reaction rate and life expectancy of wall materials. For slagging type gasifiers, radiation further affects the forming process of corrosive slag on the wall which can expedite degradation of the refractory lining in the gasifier. For these reasons, this paper focuses on investigating applications of five different radiation models to coal gasification process, including Discrete Transfer Radiation Model (DTRM), P-1 Radiation Model, Rosseland Radiation Model, Surface-to-Surface (S2S) Radiation Model, and Discrete Ordinates (DO) Radiation Model. The objective is to identify the pros and cons of each model’s applicability to the gasification process and determine which radiation model is most appropriate for simulating the process in entrained-flow gasifiers. The Eulerian-Lagrangian approach is applied to solve the Navier-Stokes equations, nine species transport equations, and seven global reactions consisting of three heterogeneous reactions and four homogeneous reactions. The coal particles are tracked with the Lagrangian method. Six cases are studied—one without the radiation model and the other five with different radiation models. The result reveals that the various radiation models yield uncomfortably large uncertainties in predicting syngas composition, syngas temperature, and wall temperature. The Rosseland model does not yield reasonable and realistic results for gasification process. The DTRM model predicts very high syngas and wall temperatures in the dry coal feed case. In the one-stage coal slurry case, DTRM result is close to the S2S result. The P1 method seems to behave stably and is robust in predicting the syngas temperature and composition; it yields the result most close to the mean, but it seems to underpredict the gasifier’s inner wall temperature.

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Fang, Mengxiang, Qinghui Wang, Chunjiang Yu, Zhenglun Shi, Zhongyang Luo e Kefa Cen. "Development of Gas Steam and Power Multi-Generation System". In 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2005-78021.

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A new system using combined coal gasification and combustion has been developed for clean and high efficient utilization of coal. The coal is first gasified by air/steam or recycle gas and the produced fuel gas is then used for industrial purpose or as a fuel for gas turbine. The char residue from the gasifier is burned in a circulating fluidized bed combustor to generate steam for power generation. A 1MW pilot plant test facility has been erected, which consists of a fluidized bed gasifier, a CFB combustor, flue gas and fuel gas clean and cool system, data acqisition and control system. The primary results show that the system can produce 12–14MJ/Nm3 middle heating value gas by using recycle gas or steam as gasification mediaand bed temperature and solid circulation rate are main parameters. On bases of this, a 25 MW gas steam and power multi-generation system has been designed. In this system, a fluidized bed gasifiers are combined with a 130t/h circulating bed boiler to realize gas and steam cogeneration. The system can produce 7800 M3/h gas with heating value 10–14 Mj/Nm3 and 25 MW Power.

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Monaghan, Rory F. D., Mayank Kumar, Simcha L. Singer, Cheng Zhang e Ahmed F. Ghoniem. "Reduced Order Modeling of Entrained Flow Solid Fuel Gasification". In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12985.

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Reduced order models that accurately predict the operation of entrained flow gasifiers as components within integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) or polygeneration plants are essential for greater commercialization of gasification-based energy systems. A reduced order model, implemented in Aspen Custom Modeler, for entrained flow gasifiers that incorporates mixing and recirculation, rigorously calculated char properties, drying and devolatilization, chemical kinetics, simplified fluid dynamics, heat transfer, slag behavior and syngas cooling is presented. The model structure and submodels are described. Results are presented for the steady-state simulation of a two-metric-tonne-per-day (2 tpd) laboratory-scale Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) gasifier, fed by two different types of coal. Improvements over the state-of-the-art for reduced order modeling include the ability to incorporate realistic flow conditions and hence predict the gasifier internal and external temperature profiles, the ability to easily interface the model with plant-wide flowsheet models, and the flexibility to apply the same model to a variety of entrained flow gasifier designs. Model validation shows satisfactory agreement with measured values and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results for syngas temperature profiles, syngas composition, carbon conversion, char flow rate, syngas heating value and cold gas efficiency. Analysis of the results shows the accuracy of the reduced order model to be similar to that of more detailed models that incorporate CFD. Next steps include the activation of pollutant chemistry and slag submodels, application of the reduced order model to other gasifier designs, parameter studies and uncertainty analysis of unknown and/or assumed physical and modeling parameters, and activation of dynamic simulation capability.

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Dechamps, P. J., e Ph Mathieu. "Phasing the Construction of an IGCC Plant for Fuel Flexibility". In ASME 1992 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/92-gt-144.

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The Integrated Coal Gasification in Combined Cycle technique allows a come back to coal: starting with a Combined Cycle plant, it is possible to add gasification units several years later and hence to switch from natural gas to coal. However, the price to pay will be capital cost but also a loss of performances of the resulting plant compared to a genuine Integrated Coal Gasification in Combined Cycle. In this paper, we investigate the phasing option starting with a new Combined Cycle plant, optimized on natural gas operation, and ending with an Integrated Coal Gasification in Combined Cycle plant. We calculate the performances of the resulting plants with four types of gasifiers based on Texaco, Shell, Dow and British-Gas-Lurgi processes. We then compare the performances of these four plants with the performances of new Integrated Coal Gasification in Combined Cycle plants, optimized on coal operation and fully integrated, comprising the same four gasifiers. We finally compare the loss of performances in the four cases and recommend the selection of a gasifier type for such a phasing strategy.

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Green, Alex E. S., e James P. Mullin. "Feedstock Blending Studies With Laboratory Indirectly Heated Gasifiers". In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-574.

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To support the further development of indirectly heated gasifiers, intended to provide fuels for advanced gas turbines, several laboratory indirectly heated gasifiers were constructed. During many comparative tests advantages and problems with each system were observed. The most useful systems make use of laboratory tube furnaces in conjunction with temperature, time and pressure or volume yield measuring systems and a gas chromatograph with a thermal conductivity detector. In this paper high temperature pyrolysis results obtained with the latest system are presented. Contrasting feedstocks suitable for commercial systems separately or in blends are used. Yield vs. time measurements are used to determine relevant rate constants and outputs. Since the rate constants are mainly reflective of heat transfer effects, cylindrical dowel sticks of varying radii were volatilized. The data set leads to an analytic heat transfer model that considers the hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin components of the dowels. Also developed from the dowel experiments is an approximate procedure for estimating the proportionate releases of CO, CO2, CH4 and H2 for any type of biomass whose component proportions are known.

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Ramirez, Orlando M., e Lesme Corredor. "Technical, Economical and Environmental Evaluation of Large Scale Commercial Coal Gasifiers". In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-62586.

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Coal is the most interesting gasification resource in commercial application due to its wide reserves and low prices, therefore numerous commercial coal gasification technologies have been developed. The features of the most important have been studied in this paper. The gasifiers considered are the British Gas Lurgi, Siemens, General Electric, Conoco Phillips and Shell; principal parameters have been taken into account such as the cold gas efficiency, the production capacity, oxygen, electricity and steam consumption, effect of coal type, syngas produced for the desired final product, capital, operation costs, and environmental performance. From assessment of the latter features for each gasifier, one can conclude that although the BGL has the lowest production capacity with 1000 tons/day, it represents the best technology option due to its highest cold gas efficiency of 89%, the lowest oxygen and electricity consumption and the lowest capital costs with 50 million dollars per unit.

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Deza, Mirka, Francine Battaglia e Theodore J. Heindel. "Computational Modeling of Biomass in a Fluidized Bed Gasifier". In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43097.

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Computational modeling of fluidized beds can be used to predict operation of biomass gasifiers after extensive validation with experimental data. The present work will focus on computational simulations of a fluidized bed gasifier with a multifluid Eulerian-Eulerian model to represent the gas and solid phases as interpenetrating continua. The simulations described in this paper will model cold-flow fluidized bed experiments, and consider factors such as particle sphericity, coefficient of restitution, and drag coefficient calibration. Hydrodynamic results from the simulations will be qualitatively compared with X-ray flow visualization studies of a similar bed.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Gasifiers"

Robert E. Moore, William L. Headrick e Alireza Rezaie. Refractory for Black Liquor Gasifiers. US: University Of Missouri, marzo 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/898976.

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William L. Headrick, Musa Karakus e Alireza Rezaie. Refractory for Black Liquor Gasifiers. US: University Of Missouri, marzo 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/898977.

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William L. Headrick Jr e Alireza Rezaie. Refractory for Black Liquor Gasifiers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), dicembre 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/885292.

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William L. Headrick Jr e Alireza Rezaie. Refractory for Black Liquor Gasifiers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), ottobre 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/885293.

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William L. Headrick Jr e Alireza Rezaie. Refractory for Black Liquor Gasifiers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), agosto 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/885294.

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William L. Headrick Jr, Alireza Rezaie, Xiaoting Liang, Musa Karakus e Jun Wei. Refractory for Black Liquor Gasifiers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), dicembre 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/885489.

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William L. Headrick Jr, Musa Karakus, Xiaoting Liang e Alireza Rezaie. REFRACTORY FOR BLACK LIQUOR GASIFIERS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), luglio 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/833753.

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William L. Headrick Jr, Musa Karakus, Xiaoting Liang e Alireza Rezaie. REFRACTORY FOR BLACK LIQUOR GASIFIERS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), ottobre 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/835184.

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William L. Headrick Jr, Musa Karakus, Xiaoting Liang e Jun Wei. REFRACTORY FOR BLACK LIQUOR GASIFIERS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), gennaio 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/837645.

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William L. Headrick Jr, Musa Karakus e Jun Wei. REFRACTORY FOR BLACK LIQUOR GASIFIERS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzo 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/839112.

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