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Articoli di riviste sul tema "GALR2"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 11 gennaio 2025

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1

Kiezun, Jacek, Janusz Godlewski, Bartlomiej E. Krazinski, Zygmunt Kozielec, and Zbigniew Kmiec. "Galanin Receptors (GalR1, GalR2, and GalR3) Expression in Colorectal Cancer Tissue and Correlations to the Overall Survival and Poor Prognosis of CRC Patients." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 7 (2022): 3735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073735.

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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer in women and the third in men. The postoperative pathomorphological evaluation of patients with CRC is extremely important for future therapeutic decisions. Although our previous studies demonstrated high galanin (GAL) presence within tumor tissue and an elevated concentration of GAL in the serum of CRC patients, to date, there is a lack of data regarding GAL receptor (GalR) protein expression in CRC cells. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of all three types of GalRs (GalR1, GalR2 and GalR3) within e

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Kramáriková, I., J. Šípková, P. Šída, S. Hynie, and Věra Klenerová. "The Effect of Stress on the Galaninergic System in the Rat Adenohypophysis: mRNA Expression and Immunohistochemistry of Galanin Receptors." Folia Biologica 63, no. 5-6 (2017): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/fb2017063050197.

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The neuropeptide galanin is a widely distributed neurotransmitter/neuromodulator that regulates a variety of physiological processes and also participates in the regulation of stress responses. The effect of stress is dependent on the activity of the hypothalamic- adenohypophyseal-adrenal axis. Although the adenohypophysis is a crucial part of this axis, galanin peptides and their receptors have not yet been identified in this part of the pituitary after activation of the stress response. Since there are many controversies about the occurrence of individual galanin receptor subtypes in the ade

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Gottsch, Michelle L., Hongkui Zeng, John G. Hohmann, David Weinshenker, Donald K. Clifton, and Robert A. Steiner. "Phenotypic Analysis of Mice Deficient in the Type 2 Galanin Receptor (GALR2)." Molecular and Cellular Biology 25, no. 11 (2005): 4804–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.25.11.4804-4811.2005.

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ABSTRACT Galanin is a neuropeptide implicated in the regulation of feeding, reproduction, cognition, nociception, and seizure susceptibility. There are three known galanin receptor (GALR) subtypes (GALR1, GALR2, and GALR3), which bind to galanin with different affinities and have their own unique distributions, signaling mechanisms, and putative functions in the brain and peripheral nervous system. To gain further insight into the possible physiological significance of GALR2, we created mutant mice that were deficient in GALR2 and compared their phenotype to that of wild-type (WT) littermate o

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Kim, Dong-Kyu, Seongsik Yun, Gi Hoon Son, et al. "Coevolution of the Spexin/Galanin/Kisspeptin Family: Spexin Activates Galanin Receptor Type II and III." Endocrinology 155, no. 5 (2014): 1864–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2013-2106.

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The novel neuropeptide spexin (SPX) was discovered using bioinformatics. The function of this peptide is currently under investigation. Here, we identified SPX along with a second SPX gene (SPX2) in vertebrate genomes. Syntenic analysis and relocating SPXs and their neighbor genes on reconstructed vertebrate ancestral chromosomes revealed that SPXs reside in the near vicinity of the kisspeptin (KISS) and galanin (GAL) family genes on the chromosomes. Alignment of mature peptide sequences showed some extent of sequence similarity among the 3 peptide groups. Gene structure analysis indicated tha

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5

Jana, Barbara, Jarosław Całka, and Bartosz Miciński. "Regulatory Influence of Galanin and GALR1/GALR2 Receptors on Inflamed Uterus Contractility in Pigs." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 12 (2021): 6415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126415.

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Uterine inflammation is a very common and serious pathology in domestic animals, the development and progression of which often result from disturbed myometrial contractility. We investigated the effect of inflammation on the protein expression of galanin (GAL) receptor subtypes (GALR)1 and GALR2 in myometrium and their role in the contractile amplitude and frequency of an inflamed gilt uterus. The gilts of the E. coli and SAL groups received E. coli suspension or saline in their uteri, respectively, and only laparotomy was performed (CON group). Eight days later, the E. coli group developed s

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Sun, Jing, Shu Xu, Hui Li, Liang Li, and Zhi-Qing David Xu. "Galanin Protects Rat Cortical Astrocyte from Oxidative Stress: Involvement of GalR2 and pERK1/2 Signal Pathway." Mediators of Inflammation 2019 (May 22, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2716028.

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The neuropeptide galanin and its receptors have been found to have protective effects on neurons. However, the role of galanin on astrocytes is still unclear. The present study is aimed at investigating the effects of galanin on the viability of cultured rat cortical astrocytes after oxidative stress induced by H2O2 and possible receptor and signaling mechanisms involved. Treatment of galanin had significant protective effects against H2O2-induced toxicity in the cultured cortical astrocytes. H2O2 induced an upregulation of phosphorylated extracellular signal-related kinase1/2 (pERK1/2) in ast

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7

Berger, Alexandra, Roland Lang, Kerstin Moritz, et al. "Galanin Receptor Subtype GalR2 Mediates Apoptosis in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells." Endocrinology 145, no. 2 (2004): 500–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2003-0649.

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Abstract Recently we have shown that galanin binding significantly correlates with survival in neuroblastoma patients, indicating a possible modulatory role of galanin receptors in neuroblastic tumor biology. However, the molecular mechanisms beyond this correlation have not been elucidated. Here, the cellular effects on activation of specific galanin receptor subtypes in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were analyzed using a tetracycline-controlled expression system. Pharmacological studies confirmed the inducible expression of high affinity binding sites for galanin in SH-SY5Y cells transfe

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Kiezun, Jacek, Marta Kiezun, Bartlomiej Emil Krazinski, et al. "Galanin Receptors (GALR1, GALR2, and GALR3) Immunoexpression in Enteric Plexuses of Colorectal Cancer Patients: Correlation with the Clinico-Pathological Parameters." Biomolecules 12, no. 12 (2022): 1769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12121769.

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Galanin (GAL) is an important neurotransmitter released by the enteric nervous system (ENS) neurons located in the muscularis externa and submucosa enteric plexuses that acts by binding to GAL receptors 1, 2 and 3 (GALR1, 2 and 3). In our previous studies, the GAL immunoexpression was compared in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissue and the adjacent parts of the large intestine wall including myenteric and submucosal plexuses. Recently we have also found that expression levels of GALR1 and GALR3 proteins are elevated in CRC tissue as compared with their expression in epithelial cells of unchanged mu

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9

Leciejewska, Natalia, Ewa Pruszyńska-Oszmałek, Karolina Mielnik, et al. "Spexin Promotes the Proliferation and Differentiation of C2C12 Cells In Vitro—The Effect of Exercise on SPX and SPX Receptor Expression in Skeletal Muscle In Vivo." Genes 13, no. 1 (2021): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13010081.

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SPX (spexin) and its receptors GalR2 and GalR3 (galanin receptor subtype 2 and galanin receptor subtype 3) play an important role in the regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in human and animal fat tissue. However, little is still known about the role of this peptide in the metabolism of muscle. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of SPX on the metabolism, proliferation and differentiation of the skeletal muscle cell line C2C12. Moreover, we determined the effect of exercise on the SPX transduction pathway in mice skeletal muscle. We found that increased SPX, acting vi

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Zalecki, Michal, Judyta Juranek, Zenon Pidsudko, Marzena Mogielnicka-Brzozowska, Jerzy Kaleczyc, and Amelia Franke-Radowiecka. "Inferior vagal ganglion galaninergic response to gastric ulcers." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (2020): e0242746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242746.

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Galanin is a neuropeptide widely expressed in central and peripheral nerves and is known to be engaged in neuronal responses to pathological changes. Stomach ulcerations are one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders. Impaired stomach function in peptic ulcer disease suggests changes in autonomic nerve reflexes controlled by the inferior vagal ganglion, resulting in stomach dysfunction. In this paper, changes in the galaninergic response of inferior vagal neurons to gastric ulceration in a pig model of the disease were analyzed based on the authors’ previous studies. The study was perfo

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Oliveira Volpe, Caroline Maria, Tatiana Vaz, Fabiana Rocha-Silva, Pedro Henrique Villar-Delfino, and José Augusto Nogueira-Machado. "Is Galanin a Promising Therapeutic Resource for Neural and Nonneural Diseases?" Current Drug Targets 21, no. 9 (2020): 922–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450121666200225112055.

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Background: Galanin (GAL) constitutes a family of neuropeptides composed of four peptides: (i) galanin (GAL), (ii) galanin-message associated peptide (GAMP), (iii) galanin-like peptide (GALP), and (iv) alarin. GAL contains 29/30 amino acids, and its biological action occurs through the interactions with its various receptors (GALR1, GALR2, and GALR3). The neuropeptide GAL regulates several physiological and pathophysiological functions in the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, and the peripheral organs. GAL is secreted mainly by oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and the gastroi

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Constantin, Stephanie, and Susan Wray. "Galanin Activates G Protein Gated Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Channels and Suppresses Kisspeptin-10 Activation of GnRH Neurons." Endocrinology 157, no. 8 (2016): 3197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2016-1064.

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GnRH neurons are regulated by hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons. Recently, galanin was identified in a subpopulation of kisspeptin neurons. Although the literature thoroughly describes kisspeptin activation of GnRH neurons, little is known about the effects of galanin on GnRH neurons. This study investigated whether galanin could alter kisspeptin signaling to GnRH neurons. GnRH cells maintained in explants, known to display spontaneous calcium oscillations, and a long-lasting calcium response to kisspeptin-10 (kp-10), were used. First, transcripts for galanin receptors (GalRs) were examined. Onl

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Hawes, Jessica J., and Marina R. Picciotto. "Characterization of GalR1, GalR2, and GalR3 immunoreactivity in catecholaminergic nuclei of the mouse brain." Journal of Comparative Neurology 479, no. 4 (2004): 410–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20329.

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Kołodziejski, Paweł A., Ewa Pruszyńska-Oszmałek, Marcin Hejdysz, et al. "Effect of Fasting on the Spexin System in Broiler Chickens." Animals 11, no. 2 (2021): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020518.

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Spexin (SPX) is a highly conservative peptide hormone containing 14 amino acids and was discovered in 2007 by bioinformatics methods. However, nothing is yet known about its role in the metabolism of birds, including broilers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term fasting (2, 4, and 8 h) on the concentration of SPX in blood serum and the expression levels of the genes encoding this peptide (SPX1) and its receptors, GALR2 and GALR3, in the tissues involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism (muscles, adipose tissue, and liver). We also analyzed the mRNA expression

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Wąsowicz, Krzysztof, Piotr Podlasz, Małgorzata Chmielewska, et al. "Changes in the expression of galanin and galanin receptors in the wall of the colon in pigs experimentally infected with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae." Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 58, no. 1 (2014): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bvip-2014-0004.

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Abstract The expression of galanin (GAL) and its three receptors (GalR1, GalR2, and GalR3) were studied with real-time PCR in the colonic wall of pigs suffering from experimental colitis caused by the infection with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. The expression was studied in the muscular membrane, mucosa/submucosa layer, and in lymphocytes isolated from mucosa/submucosa. The expression levels were normalized to glyceraldehyde-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) expression and compared to expression levels in control animals. GAL expression was found in all three studied compartments of the colonic

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16

Yue, Hai-Yuan, Tsugumi Fujita, and Eiichi Kumamoto. "Biphasic modulation by galanin of excitatory synaptic transmission in substantia gelatinosa neurons of adult rat spinal cord slices." Journal of Neurophysiology 105, no. 5 (2011): 2337–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00991.2010.

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Although intrathecally administrated galanin modulates nociceptive transmission in a biphasic manner, this has not been fully examined previously. In the present study, the action of galanin on synaptic transmission in the substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons of adult rat spinal cord slices was examined, using the whole cell patch-clamp technique. Galanin concentration-dependently increased the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC; EC50 = 2.0 nM) without changing the amplitude, indicating a presynaptic effect. This effect was reduced in a Ca2+-free, or voltage-gated Ca2

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Whitelaw, Christine Margaret, Jane Elizabeth Robinson, George Ballantine Chambers, et al. "Expression of mRNA for galanin, galanin-like peptide and galanin receptors 1–3 in the ovine hypothalamus and pituitary gland: effects of age and gender." REPRODUCTION 137, no. 1 (2009): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-08-0266.

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The neurotransmitters/neuromodulators galanin (GAL) and galanin-like peptide (GALP) are known to operate through three G protein-coupled receptors, GALR1, GALR2 and GALR3. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in expression of mRNA for galanin, GALP and GALR1–3 in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, of male and female sheep, to determine how expression changed in association with growth and the attainment of reproductive competence. Tissue samples from the hypothalami and pituitary glands were analysed from late foetal and pre-pubertal lambs and adult sheep. Although mRNA for gala

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An, Ke, Yingpeng Cui, Xiaolong Zhong, et al. "Immortalized Bone Mesenchymal Stromal Cells With Inducible Galanin Expression Produce Controllable Pain Relief in Neuropathic Rats." Cell Transplantation 31 (January 2022): 096368972211038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09636897221103861.

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Management of chronic pain is one of the most difficult problems in modern practice. Grafted human telomerase reverse transcriptase–immortalized bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (hTERT-BMSCs) with inducible galanin (GAL) expression have been considered to be a potentially safe and controllable approach for the alleviation of chronic pain. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to assess the feasibility of hTERT-BMSCs/Tet-on/GAL cells secreting GAL under the transcriptional control of doxycycline (Dox) for controllable pain relief. After transplanted into the subarachnoid space of neuropathic

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Wang, Suke, Tanaz Hashemi, Steven Fried, Anthony L. Clemmons, and Brian E. Hawes. "Differential Intracellular Signaling of the GalR1 and GalR2 Galanin Receptor Subtypes." Biochemistry 37, no. 19 (1998): 6711–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi9728405.

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Lu, Xiaoying, and Tamas Bartfai. "Analyzing the validity of GalR1 and GalR2 antibodies using knockout mice." Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 379, no. 4 (2009): 417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00210-009-0394-z.

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Millón, Carmelo, Flores-Burgess Antonio, Narvaez Manuel, et al. "GALR1/GALR2 Knockdown rats block the Depression and Anxiogenic effects induced by GAL(1-15): The Heterodimer GALR1/GALR2 as a target of GAL(1-15)." Neuropeptides 65 (October 2017): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.npep.2017.02.074.

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Ho, John Chi Wang, Tim Jacobs, Yajun Wang, and Frederick C. Leung. "Identification and characterization of the chicken galanin receptor GalR2 and a novel GalR2-like receptor (GalR2-L)." General and Comparative Endocrinology 179, no. 2 (2012): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.09.005.

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Wang, Peng, Hui Li, Swapnali Barde, et al. "Depression-like behavior in rat: Involvement of galanin receptor subtype 1 in the ventral periaqueductal gray." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 32 (2016): E4726—E4735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1609198113.

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The neuropeptide galanin coexists in rat brain with serotonin in the dorsal raphe nucleus and with noradrenaline in the locus coeruleus (LC), and it has been suggested to be involved in depression. We studied rats exposed to chronic mild stress (CMS), a rodent model of depression. As expected, these rats showed several endophenotypes relevant to depression-like behavior compared with controls. All these endophenotypes were normalized after administration of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. The transcripts for galanin and two of its receptors, galanin receptor 1 (GALR1) and GALR2, were

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Kolakowski, Lee F., Gary P. O'Neill, Andrew D. Howard, et al. "Molecular Characterization and Expression of Cloned Human Galanin Receptors GALR2 and GALR3." Journal of Neurochemistry 71, no. 6 (2002): 2239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.71062239.x.

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WANG, SUKE, TANAZ HASHEMI, STEVEN FRIED, ANTHONY L. CLEMMONS, and BRIAN E. HAWES. "Differential G-Protein-Coupling Profiles of the GalR1 and GalR2 Galanin Receptors." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 863, no. 1 GALANIN (1998): 457–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10723.x.

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Wong, Matthew K. H., Yuan Chen, Mulan He, Chengyuan Lin, Zhaoxiang Bian, and Anderson On-Lam Wong. "Spexin as a Satiety Factor in Mouse via Regulatory Actions Within the Hypothalamus." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (2021): A57—A58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.116.

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Abstract Spexin (SPX) is a pleiotropic peptide with highly conserved protein sequence from fish to mammals and its biological actions are mediated by GalR2/GalR3 receptors expressed in target tissues. Recently, SPX was found to be a novel satiety factor in fish models but whether the peptide has a similar function in mammals is still unknown. Using the mouse as a model for mammalian species, the functional role of SPX in feeding control and the mechanisms involved were investigated. After food intake, serum SPX could be up-regulated in mice with parallel elevations of transcript expression and

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Borroto-Escuela, Dasiel O., Patrizia Ambrogini, Manuel Narvaez, et al. "Serotonin Heteroreceptor Complexes and Their Integration of Signals in Neurons and Astroglia—Relevance for Mental Diseases." Cells 10, no. 8 (2021): 1902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10081902.

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The heteroreceptor complexes present a novel biological principle for signal integration. These complexes and their allosteric receptor–receptor interactions are bidirectional and novel targets for treatment of CNS diseases including mental diseases. The existence of D2R-5-HT2AR heterocomplexes can help explain the anti-schizophrenic effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs not only based on blockade of 5-HT2AR and of D2R in higher doses but also based on blocking the allosteric enhancement of D2R protomer signaling by 5-HT2AR protomer activation. This research opens a new understanding of the

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Mirchandani-Duque, Marina, Miguel A. Barbancho, Alexander López-Salas, et al. "Galanin and Neuropeptide Y Interaction Enhances Proliferation of Granule Precursor Cells and Expression of Neuroprotective Factors in the Rat Hippocampus with Consequent Augmented Spatial Memory." Biomedicines 10, no. 6 (2022): 1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10061297.

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Dysregulation of hippocampal neurogenesis is linked to several neurodegenereative diseases, where boosting hippocampal neurogenesis in these patients emerges as a potential therapeutic approach. Accumulating evidence for a neuropeptide Y (NPY) and galanin (GAL) interaction was shown in various limbic system regions at molecular-, cellular-, and behavioral-specific levels. The purpose of the current work was to evaluate the role of the NPY and GAL interaction in the neurogenic actions on the dorsal hippocampus. We studied the Y1R agonist and GAL effects on: hippocampal cell proliferation throug

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Borroto-Escuela, Dasiel O., Manuel Narvaez, Michael Di Palma, et al. "Preferential activation by galanin 1–15 fragment of the GalR1 protomer of a GalR1–GalR2 heteroreceptor complex." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 452, no. 3 (2014): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.08.061.

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Hawes, Jessica J., Darlene H. Brunzell, David Wynick, Venetia Zachariou, and Marina R. Picciotto. "GalR1, but not GalR2 or GalR3, levels are regulated by galanin signaling in the locus coeruleus through a cyclic AMP-dependent mechanism." Journal of Neurochemistry 93, no. 5 (2005): 1168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03105.x.

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Lioudyno, Victoria I., Alexandr G. Ilves, Gennadij N. Bisaga, and Irina N. Abdurasulova. "Multiple sclerosis progression and galanin receptor GALR2: is there evidence for a link?" Medical academic journal 21, no. 2 (2021): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/maj75854.

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BACKGROUND: Given the recently proposed role of the rare galanin receptor-2 (GALR2) genes missense mutation (SNP rs61745847) in the etiology of MS, we genotyped rs61745847 in a group of MS patients that was enriched with an unfavorable disease course cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our study cohort consisted of 100 MS patients selected based on their progressive course, high disease progression rate and pediatric onset. To determine the nucleotide sequence of GALR2 gene fragment, surrounding the rs61745847 area, Sanger sequencing of PCR amplicons was performed. RESULTS: No homozygous

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Anderson, Maria E., Johan Runesson, Indrek Saar, Ülo Langel, and John K. Robinson. "Galanin, through GalR1 but not GalR2 receptors, decreases motivation at times of high appetitive behavior." Behavioural Brain Research 239 (February 2013): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2012.10.045.

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Hall, Jerica R., Mara Hirchert, Kasey R. Maddock Carlin, Carl R. Dahlen, and Alison K. Ward. "PSV-20 The effect of differing implant strategies on the galanin receptor 2 genotype on feed intake, efficiency, and feeding behavior of crossbred Angus finishing steers." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (2020): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.280.

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Abstract Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine how the interaction different implant strategies with the galanin receptor 2 (GALR2) would influence intake, efficiency, and feeding behavior of finishing steers along with carcass characteristics. Angus crossbred steers (n = 93) were selected for this study based on their GALR2 genotype (GG, TT, and TG) and weaning weight with 19 GG, 36 TT, and 38 TG. Calves were blocked by initial body weight and fed a standard feedlot ration for 166 d or 202 d. Body weight data and blood samples were collected every 28 d. Steers were randomly a

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Anderson, Ellie S., Jerica R. Hall, Mara R. Hirchert, et al. "PSIII-11 The effect of GALR2 genotype and differing implant strategies on blood metabolite concentrations in finishing steers." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (2020): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.419.

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Abstract The neuropeptide receptor galanin receptor 2 (GALR2) is involved in appetite regulation and is therefore a potential target for marker-assisted management of finishing cattle. The objective of this study was to determine the interaction between implant strategy and GALR2 genotype on the metabolic status of feedlot steers. Angus crossbred steers (n = 93) were selected for the study based on GALR2 c.-199G &gt;T genotype (n = 19 GG, 36 TT and 38 TG steers). Steers were blocked by initial body weight into two groups (248 ± 50 and 293± 43 kg) and finished for 166 or 202 days. Steers we

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Runesson, Johan, Indrek Saar, Linda Lundström, Jaak Järv, and Ülo Langel. "A novel GalR2-specific peptide agonist." Neuropeptides 43, no. 3 (2009): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.npep.2009.04.004.

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Pang, Ling, Michael Graziano, and Suke Wang. "Membrane Cholesterol Modulates Galanin−GalR2 Interaction." Biochemistry 38, no. 37 (1999): 12003–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi990227a.

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Barreto, Savio G., Charmaine M. Woods, Colin J. Carati, et al. "Galanin inhibits caerulein-stimulated pancreatic amylase secretion via cholinergic nerves and insulin." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 297, no. 2 (2009): G333—G339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00078.2009.

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Abstract (sommario):

Pancreatic exocrine secretion is affected by galanin, but the mechanisms involved are unclear. We aimed to determine the effect and elucidate the mechanism of action of exogenous galanin on basal and stimulated pancreatic amylase secretion in vitro. The effect of galanin on basal-, carbachol-, and caerulein-stimulated amylase secretion from isolated murine pancreatic lobules was measured. Carbachol and caerulein concentration-response relationships were established. Lobules were coincubated with galanin (10−12 M to 10−7 M), carbachol (10−6 M), or caerulein (10−10 M). Lobules were preincubated

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38

Heo, Yunseok, Naito Ishimoto, Ye-Eun Jeon, et al. "Structure of the human galanin receptor 2 bound to galanin and Gq reveals the basis of ligand specificity and how binding affects the G-protein interface." PLOS Biology 20, no. 8 (2022): e3001714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001714.

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Abstract (sommario):

Galanin is a neuropeptide expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, where it regulates various processes including neuroendocrine release, cognition, and nerve regeneration. Three G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) for galanin have been discovered, which is the focus of efforts to treat diseases including Alzheimer’s disease, anxiety, and addiction. To understand the basis of the ligand preferences of the receptors and to assist structure-based drug design, we used cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to solve the molecular structure of GALR2 bound to galanin and a cognate hetero

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39

Hall, Jerica R., Kasey Maddock-Carlin, Carl R. Dahlen, and Alison K. Ward. "168 Effects of GALR2 genotype and differing implant strategies on carcass characteristics of crossbred Angus finishing steers." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (2020): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.230.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine how the interaction of different implant strategies with the galanin receptor 2 (GALR2) genotype would affect carcass characteristics and meat quality in crossbred Angus finishing steers. Angus crossbred steers (n = 93) were selected for this study based on their GALR2c.-199T &gt; G genotype (GG, TT, and TG) and weaning weight with 19 GG, 38 TG, and 36 TT. Calves were blocked by initial body weight and fed a standard feedlot ration for 166 d or 202 d. Body weight data and blood samples were collected every 28 d. Steers were randomly ass

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40

O'Donnell, Dajan, Sultan Ahmad, Claes Wahlestedt, and Philippe Walker. "Expression of the novel galanin receptor subtype GALR2 in the adult rat CNS: Distinct distribution from GALR1." Journal of Comparative Neurology 409, no. 3 (1999): 469–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990705)409:3<469::aid-cne10>3.0.co;2-q.

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41

Lv, Shuangyu, Yuchen Zhou, Yu Feng, et al. "Peripheral Spexin Inhibited Food Intake in Mice." International Journal of Endocrinology 2020 (August 5, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4913785.

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Abstract (sommario):

Spexin (SPX, NPQ), a novel endogenous neuropeptide, was firstly identified by bioinformatics. Spexin gene and protein widely distributed in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues, such as the hypothalamus and digestive tract. The role of spexin in appetite regulation in mammalian is still unclear. The present study was designed to investigate the mechanism and effect of peripheral spexin on food intake in mice. During the light period, an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of spexin (10 nmol/mouse) significantly inhibited cumulative food intake at 2, 4, and 6 h after treatment in fast

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42

Robertson, Charles R., Erika Adkins Scholl, Timothy H. Pruess, Brad R. Green, H. Steve White, and Grzegorz Bulaj. "Engineering Galanin Analogues That Discriminate between GalR1 and GalR2 Receptor Subtypes and Exhibit Anticonvulsant Activity following Systemic Delivery." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 53, no. 4 (2010): 1871–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm9018349.

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43

Borroto Escuela, D. O., F. Calvo, M. Narvaez, et al. "P.1.g.067 The GalR1–GalR2 heteroreceptor complex can be the receptor for galanin fragment 1–15." European Neuropsychopharmacology 24 (October 2014): S242—S243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(14)70378-5.

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44

Encarnacion, Mary, Cecily Q. Bernales, Anthony L. Traboulsee, A. Dessa Sadovnick, and Carles Vilariño-Güell. "Analysis of galanin receptor GALR2 in multiple sclerosis." Pharmacogenomics Journal 19, no. 6 (2019): 499–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41397-019-0100-6.

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45

Zalecki, Michal, Waldemar Sienkiewicz, Amelia Franke-Radowiecka, Magdalena Klimczuk, and Jerzy Kaleczyc. "The Influence of Gastric Antral Ulcerations on the Expression of Galanin and GalR1, GalR2, GalR3 Receptors in the Pylorus with Regard to Gastric Intrinsic Innervation of the Pyloric Sphincter." PLOS ONE 11, no. 5 (2016): e0155658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155658.

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46

Borowsky, Beth, Mary W. Walker, Ling-Yan Huang, et al. "Cloning and characterization of the human galanin GALR2 receptor." Peptides 19, no. 10 (1998): 1771–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-9781(98)00133-8.

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47

Bloomquist, Brian T., Michelle R. Beauchamp, Leonid Zhelnin, et al. "Cloning and Expression of the Human Galanin Receptor GalR2." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 243, no. 2 (1998): 474–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1998.8133.

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48

Šípková, J., P. Šída, N. Kaspříková, I. Kramáriková, S. Hynie, and Věra Klenerová. "Effect of Stress on the Expression of Galanin Receptors in Rat Heart." Folia Biologica 63, no. 3 (2017): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/fb2017063030098.

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Abstract (sommario):

Neuropeptide galanin, galanin-like peptide and galanin receptors 1, 2 and 3 are a crucial part of the so-called galaninergic system. Our previous studies have shown the possible role of this system in mood modulation, especially regarding stress. So far, the galanin receptors have been found in different tissues including brain and heart. Our study deals with changes in expression of galanin receptor subtypes in the heart of Wistar rats exposed to three different types of stress. Galanin receptor subtypes were determined in fluorescently labelled samples using specific primary antibodies, and

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49

Wang, Lu, Andy Tran, Juliette Lee, and Denise D. Belsham. "Palmitate differentially regulates Spexin, and its receptors Galr2 and Galr3, in GnRH neurons through mechanisms involving PKC, MAPKs, and TLR4." Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 518 (December 2020): 110991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2020.110991.

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50

Liu, H. X., P. Brumovsky, R. Schmidt, et al. "Receptor subtype-specific pronociceptive and analgesic actions of galanin in the spinal cord: Selective actions via GalR1 and GalR2 receptors." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98, no. 17 (2001): 9960–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.161293598.

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