Bibliografie tematiche / Fundamental limitations

Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Fundamental limitations"

Autore: Grafiati
Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021
Ultima modifica: 31 gennaio 2023

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Fundamental limitations"

1

Greene, D. "Fundamental limitations". Physics World 3, n. 11 (novembre 1990): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/3/11/18.

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Lempicki, A., e A. J. Wojtowicz. "Fundamental limitations of scintillators". Journal of Luminescence 60-61 (aprile 1994): 942–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2313(94)90317-4.

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Shamir, Joseph. "Fundamental speed limitations on parallel processing". Applied Optics 26, n. 9 (1 maggio 1987): 1567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.26.001567.

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4

Boyd, Robert W., e Paul Narum. "Slow- and fast-light: fundamental limitations". Journal of Modern Optics 54, n. 16-17 (10 novembre 2007): 2403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500340701639649.

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5

Lobo, Francisco S. N., e Matt Visser. "Fundamental limitations on ‘warp drive’ spacetimes". Classical and Quantum Gravity 21, n. 24 (26 novembre 2004): 5871–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/21/24/011.

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Shahpari, Morteza, e David V. Thiel. "Fundamental Limitations for Antenna Radiation Efficiency". IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 66, n. 8 (agosto 2018): 3894–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2018.2836447.

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Granot, Er’el. "Fundamental limitations of dispersion mitigation filters". Optics Express 28, n. 6 (6 marzo 2020): 8240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.385446.

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Noble, Wendell P., e William W. Walker. "Fundamental limitations on DRAM storage capacitors". IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine 1, n. 1 (gennaio 1985): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcd.1985.6311923.

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Müller, Hermann J., Glyn W. Humphreys, Philip T. Quinlan e Nick Donnelly. "Fundamental design limitations in tag assignment". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12, n. 3 (settembre 1989): 410–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00056946.

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Feuer, A., e G. C. Goodwin. "Linear deterministic adaptive control: fundamental limitations?" Systems & Control Letters 49, n. 1 (maggio 2003): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6911(02)00338-9.

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Tesi sul tema "Fundamental limitations"

1

Rider, Todd H. (Todd Harrison). "Fundamental limitations on plasma fusion systems not in thermodynamic equilibrium". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11412.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1995.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 292-305).
by Todd Harrison Rider.
Ph.D.
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2

Pino, Giorgio. "Fundamental rights and the proportionality principle". Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118697.

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The paper assesses the widespread use of the test of proportionality in fundamental rights adjudication. While constitutional and human rights courts all over the world appear to be consistently engaged in deploying the test of proportionality in order to assess the permissibility of a given rights limitation, this approach is under severe criticism insofar as it is considered an attack to the very idea of fundamental rights. The paper will discuss this criticism of the use of proportionality, and will provide a defense of its use by courts in light of some basic features of the contemporary discourse of fundamental rights.
El artículo evalúa el uso generalizado de la prueba de proporcionalidad en la adjudicación de derechos fundamentales. Mientras que los tribunales constitucionales y de derechos humanos de todo el mundo parecen estar constantemente involucrados en el despliegue de la prueba de proporcionalidad para evaluar la permisibilidad de una determinada limitación de derechos, este enfoque está sometido a severas críticas en tanto que se considera un ataque a la idea misma de Derechos fundamentales. El artículo discutirá esta crítica al uso del principio de proporcionalidad y ofrecerá una defensa de su uso por los tribunales a la luz de algunas características básicas del discurso contemporáneo de los derechos fundamentales.
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Herath, Narmada Kumari. "Fundamental limitations between noise and back-action in bio-molecular networks". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/82396.

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Abstract (sommario):
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-64).
In an interconnection of two components in a bio-molecular network, noise in the downstream component can be reduced by increasing the magnitude of the down-stream signal. However, this method of reducing noise increases the back-effect to the upstream system, called 'retroactivity', thereby increasing the perturbation to the upstream system. In this thesis, we seek to quantify the total error in the system caused by the perturbations due to retroactivity and noise, and to analyze the trade-off between the two errors. We model the system as a set of non-linear chemical Langevin equations and quantify the trade-off for two different approximations of this non-linear model. First we consider a system linearized about a fixed point and quantify the trade-off using transfer functions. Next we use a linear approximation of the propensity functions in the Langevin equation and quantify the error by calculating upper bounds using contraction theory for deterministic and stochastic systems. Future research directions in improving the upper bounds are discussed.
by Narmada Kumari Herath.
S.M.
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Xiao, Chucheng. "An Investigation of Fundamental Frequency Limitations for HF/VHF Power Conversion". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28393.

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The volume reduction in power converters over the past several decades can chiefly be attributed to increases in switching frequency. It is to be expected that the trends towards miniaturization will maintain steady pressure to keep this pace of increasing switching frequencies of power converters. However certain fundamental limits in high frequency power conversion are being reached as frequencies are being pushed deeper into the megahertz range, inhibiting substantial further increases. The work reported in this dissertation is intended to systematically investigate the fundamental frequency limitations, identify some of the solutions for HF/VHF power conversion and to provide guidelines and tools to optimize the performance of power converters by maximizing frequency. A number of multi-megahertz power converters are examined to evaluate the present status and future trend of HF/VHF power conversion. An interesting trend between power level and frequency is observed. A general limitation about the power level and frequency, independent of design details, is derived from the physics of the semiconductor devices, which determines the upper bound of the power levels as frequency increases. A 250 MHz DC-DC power converter (derived from the Class E power amplifier) is analyzed and demonstrated with discrete components, which again verifies the trend between power level and frequency. The power losses in the semiconductor devices are discussed, and optimization criteria for minimizing the power losses of the devices, are discussed. By relating the power losses to the semiconductor materials' properties, a methodology for selecting proper materials is identified for high frequency and high efficiency power conversion. The frequency scaling effects of passive components, still dominating the volume of the modern power converter, is analyzed. A generic multi-disciplinary methodology is developed to analyze and maximize frequency and performance of passive components in terms of power density and efficiency. It is demonstrated how the optimum frequency can be identified, and how power conversion efficiency deteriorates beyond this optimum under a fixed maximum temperature. Power loss measurement is becoming more challenging as higher frequency and higher efficiency power conversion. To achieve an accurate power loss measurement in a high frequency, high efficiency power electronics system or component, limitations of electrical measurement are identified, and various calorimetric methods are surveyed. Calorimetric methods are more accurate due to the direct heat loss measurement. An advanced calorimetric system is proposed, analyzed, and tested, demonstrating about 5% error in total losses up to 25W.
Ph. D.
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Osqui, Mitra M. 1980. "Frequency selective analog to digital converter design : optimality, fundamental limitations, and performance bounds". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79152.

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Abstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2013.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 131-137).
In this thesis, the problem of analysis and design of Analog to Digital Converters (ADCs) is studied within an optimal feedback control framework. A general ADC is modeled as a causal, discrete-time dynamical system with outputs taking values in a finite set. The performance measure is defined as the worst-case average intensity of the filtered input-matching error, i.e., the frequency weighted difference between the input and output of the ADC. An exact analytic solution with conditions for optimality of a class of ADCs is presented in terms of the quantizer step size and range, resulting in a class of optimal ADCs that can be viewed as generalized Delta-Sigma Modulators (DSMs). An analytic expression for the performance of generalized DSMs is given. Furthermore, separation of quantization and control for this class of ADCs is proven under some technical conditions. When the technical conditions needed for establishing separation of quantization and control and subsequently optimality of the analytical solution to ADC design problem are not satisfied, suboptimal ADC designs are characterized in terms of solutions of a Bellman-type inequality. A computational framework is presented for designing suboptimal ADCs, providing certified upper and lower bounds on the performance.
by Mitra M. Osqui.
Ph.D.
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Raabe, Johannes Nils [Verfasser]. "Fundamental Carrier-Envelope Phase Noise Limitations during Pulse Formation and Detection / Johannes Nils Raabe". Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1204926697/34.

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Taylor, Katherine P. "Noise models of A/D and D/A converters for determination of fundamental noise limitations". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16910.

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Sjölin, Martin. "On the Fundamental Limitations of Timing and Energy Resolution for Silicon Detectors in PET Applications". Thesis, KTH, Fysik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-101790.

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9

De, Tathagata. "Systems approach based solution to fundamental limitations in unraveling spatial and temporal regimes in nano-interrogation and nano-positioning". [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.

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Tegling, Emma. "On performance limitations of large-scale networks with distributed feedback control". Licentiate thesis, KTH, Reglerteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-186180.

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We address the question of performance of large-scale networks with distributed feedback control. We consider networked dynamical systems with single and double integrator dynamics, subject to distributed disturbances. We focus on two types of problems. First, we consider problems modeled over regular lattice structures. Here, we treat consensus and vehicular formation problems and evaluate performance in terms of measures of “global order”, which capture the notion of network coherence. Second, we consider electric power networks, which we treat as dynamical systems modeled over general graphs. Here, we evaluate performance in terms of the resistive power losses that are incurred in maintaining network synchrony. These losses are associated with transient power flows that are a consequence of “local disorder” caused by lack of synchrony. In both cases, we characterize fundamental limitations to performance as networks become large. Previous studies have shown that such limitations hold for coherence in networks with regular lattice structures. These imply that connections in 3 spatial dimensions are necessary to achieve full coherence, when the controller uses static feedback from relative measurements in a local neighborhood. We show that these limitations remain valid also with dynamic feedback, where each controller has an internal memory state. However, if the controller can access certain absolute state information, dynamic feedback can improve performance compared to static feedback, allowing also 1-dimensional formations to be fully coherent. For electric power networks, we show that the transient power losses grow unboundedly with network size. However, in contrast to previous results, performance does not improve with increased network connectivity. We also show that a certain type of distributed dynamic feedback controller can improve performance by reducing losses, but that their scaling with network size remains an important limitation.

QC 20160504

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Libri sul tema "Fundamental limitations"

1

Seron, M. Fundamental limitations in filtering and control. London: Springer, 1997.

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2

Seron, María M., Julio H. Braslavsky e Graham C. Goodwin. Fundamental Limitations in Filtering and Control. London: Springer London, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0965-5.

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Seron, María M. Fundamental Limitations in Filtering and Control. London: Springer London, 1997.

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4

Kagaku Gijutsu Shinkō Kikō. Kenkyū Kaihatsu Senryaku Sentā. Nanoerekutoronikusu kiban gijutsu no sōsei: Bisaika, shūsekika, teishōhi denryokuka no genkai toppa o mezashite = Construction of fundamental technologies for nanoelectronics : towards a technological breakthrough overcoming limitations in scaling, integration and power consumption reduction. Tōkyō: Kagaku Gijutsu Shinkō Kikō Kenkyū Kaihatsu Senryaku Sentā, 2009.

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Kagaku Gijutsu Shinkō Kikō. Kenkyū Kaihatsu Senryaku Sentā. Nanoerekutoronikusu kiban gijutsu no sōsei: Bisaika, shūsekika, teishōhi denryokuka no genkai toppa o mezashite = Construction of fundamental technologies for nanoelectronics : towards a technological breakthrough overcoming limitations in scaling, integration and power consumption reduction. Tōkyō: Kagaku Gijutsu Shinkō Kikō Kenkyū Kaihatsu Senryaku Sentā, 2009.

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6

Balabanova, Evgeniya, E. Voynikanis e A. Minbaleev. Permissible limits of copyright restrictions in the context of domestic, foreign and international law. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1859604.

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The monograph is devoted to the study of the problem of determining the permissible limits of copyright restrictions on works of science, literature and art. Limitations of exclusive rights to copyright objects, as well as their protection, have a serious impact on the formation of the general cultural context of the intellectual space and the socio-economic development of society as a whole. The free use of copyright objects acts as one of the key creative incentives and is of fundamental importance for balancing the interests of participants in legal relations arising in connection with the creation and use of works. An attempt has been made to carry out a comprehensive analysis of international, foreign and domestic experience of legal regulation in the field under consideration, covering both theoretical and practical aspects, in the context of historical retrospect and taking into account current trends in the development of modern copyright. A wide range of issues related to the functioning of the mechanism for limiting exclusive copyrights, modeling the system of criteria used to assess the permissibility of restrictions within the Romano-Germanic and Anglo-American legal traditions are considered. Special attention is paid to the development of new approaches to understanding possible ways to adjust the current legal regulation (many proposals for improving civil legislation are reflected). Based on the study of the limits of limitation of exclusive copyrights, the conceptual foundations for the formation of a restrictive mechanism have been developed, as well as a system of factors of fundamental importance for determining the nature of its functioning has been formulated. For a wide range of readers interested in copyright issues. It can be useful for students, postgraduates and teachers of law schools.
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Viljanen, Jukka. The European Court of Human Rights as a developer of the general doctrines of human rights law: A study of the limitation clauses of the European Convention on Human Rights. Tampere: Tampere University Press, 2003.

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Fundamental Limitations in Filtering and Control. Springer, 2011.

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9

Burris, Scott, Micah L. Berman, Matthew Penn, and e Tara Ramanathan Holiday. Constitutional Limitations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190681050.003.0012.

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This chapter introduces the 14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause by discussing its history, judicials interpretations, and application to public health issues. It reviews the fundamental equal protection doctrine—similarly situation person must not receive disparate treatment. It also describes the definitions and usage of suspect and quasi-suspect classes and the levels of scrutiny courts may apply to while reviewing equal protection claims. Using cases such as Craig v. Boren and City of New York v. New St. Mark’s Baths to illustrate, the chapter also examines the application of the equal protection clause to public health issues. The chapter highlights factors that have historically led to equal protection violations by public health officials.
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James A, Green. Part III The Limitations and Role of the Persistent Objector Rule, 8 Maintaining Exemption: ‘Fundamental’ Norms and Extra-Legal Factors. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198704218.003.0009.

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A notable minority critique of the persistent objector rule is that the rule is not supported by actual state practice. The first part of this book dismissed these critiques. This chapter explores the ‘softer’ versions of the persistent objector rule. The first is that persistent objection is not permissible in relation to particularly ‘fundamental’ customary international law norms, even those that have not attained jus cogens status. This claim has most commonly been made with regard to norms of customary international human rights law. The chapter then turns to a related claim made by critics of the persistent objector rule, which is that it is commonly unavailing, not just in the face of especially ‘fundamental’ norms, but in general.
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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Fundamental limitations"

1

Åström, K. J. "Fundamental Limitations of Control System Performance". In Communications, Computation, Control, and Signal Processing, 355–63. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6281-8_20.

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Penetrante, B. M., e E. E. Kunhardt. "Fundamental Limitations of Hydrogen Thyratron Discharges". In Gas Discharge Closing Switches, 451–72. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2130-7_17.

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Long, K. F. "Fundamental Limitations to Achieving Interstellar Flight". In Deep Space Propulsion, 27–38. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0607-5_3.

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Álvarez, Miguel Dovale. "Fundamental Limitations of Cavity-Assisted Atom Interferometry". In Optical Cavities for Optical Atomic Clocks, Atom Interferometry and Gravitational-Wave Detection, 141–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20863-9_6.

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Wang, Xinyuan, e Douglas Reeves. "Fundamental Limitations in Low-Latency Anonymity Systems". In Traceback and Anonymity, 57–74. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3441-6_6.

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Bäumer, Elisa, Matteo Lostaglio, Martí Perarnau-Llobet e Rui Sampaio. "Fluctuating Work in Coherent Quantum Systems: Proposals and Limitations". In Fundamental Theories of Physics, 275–300. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99046-0_11.

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Wakefield, Gregory H. "Fundamental Limitations on Sensory Encoding of Electrical Stimulation". In Cochlear Implants, 311–22. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3256-8_19.

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Radcliffe, Nicholas J., e Patrick D. Surry. "Fundamental limitations on search algorithms: Evolutionary computing in perspective". In Computer Science Today, 275–91. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0015249.

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Brinsmead, Thomas S. "Cheap Control Fundamental Limitations: The Linear Time-Varying Case". In Model Identification and Adaptive Control, 245–66. London: Springer London, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0711-8_12.

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Yngvesson, Sigfrid. "Fundamental Limitations on Power Output from Solid-State Microwave Devices". In Microwave Semiconductor Devices, 127–41. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3970-4_5.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Fundamental limitations"

1

Mikki, Said M., e Yahia Antar. "Critique of antenna fundamental limitations". In 2010 URSI International Symposium on Electromagnetic Theory (EMTS 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ursi-emts.2010.5637128.

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Mikhailichenko, A. A., Steven H. Gold e Gregory S. Nusinovich. "Fundamental Limitations in Advanced LC Schemes". In ADVANCED ACCELERATOR CONCEPTS: 14th Advanced Accelerator Concepts Workshop. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3520355.

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Kosterev, Anatoliy A. "Fundamental Limitations of Photoacoustic Spectroscopy: Thermodynamic Approach". In Laser Applications to Chemical, Security and Environmental Analysis. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lacsea.2012.lw5b.2.

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Weiss, A. J., e B. Friedlander. "Fundamental limitations of diversely polarized antenna arrays". In [Proceedings] ICASSP-92: 1992 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. IEEE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.1992.226339.

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Mynbaev, Djafar K. "Fundamental and Technological Limitations of Optical Communications". In 9th Workshop on Frontiers in Electronics 2015 (WOFE-15). World Scientific, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813220829_0010.

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Tucker, R. S., Pei-Cheng Ku e C. J. Chang-Hasnain. "Fundamental limitations of slow-light optical buffers". In 2005 Optical Fiber Communications Conference Technical Digest. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ofc.2005.192829.

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Ozdemir, Ahmet, Peter Seiler e Gary Balas. "Fundamental Limitations of Preview for Wind Turbine Control". In 50th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2012-1023.

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Kooi, Frank L., Alexander Toet, Maarten A. Hogervorst e Piet Bijl. "Fundamental limitations of AR symbology in accidented terrain". In Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality (XR) Technology for Multi-Domain Operations II, a cura di Mark S. Dennison, David M. Krum, John (Jack) N. Sanders-Reed e Jarvis (Trey) J. Arthur. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2585750.

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Gigli, Carlo, Pierre Chavel e Philippe Lalanne. "Fundamental limitations of ultra-flat resonant dielectric metasurfaces". In High Contrast Metastructures IX, a cura di Connie J. Chang-Hasnain, Weimin Zhou e Andrei Faraon. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2550172.

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Materassi, Donatello, e Murti V. Salapaka. "Reconstruction of Directed Acyclic Graphs and fundamental limitations". In 2016 American Control Conference (ACC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.2016.7526091.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Fundamental limitations"

1

Bergman, Keren. YIP: Fundamental Limitations on Quantum Noise Reduction in Optical Fibers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, dicembre 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada380588.

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Griffiths, Stewart K. Fundamental limitations of LIGA x-ray lithography : sidewall offset, slope and minimum feature size. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), gennaio 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/918215.

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Hutchinson, Jade, Julian Droogan, Lise Waldek e Brian Ballsun-Stanton. Violent Extremist & REMVE Online Ecosystems: Ecological Characteristics for Future Research & Conceptualization. RESOLVE Network, agosto 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/remve2022.5.

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Despite this increasing focus on violent extremist ecosystems in the online sphere, it is unclear the extent to which ecological terms in literature on extremism—and particularly literature focused on the online space—are empirically validated or even consistently used. Indeed, there remain fundamental gaps in understanding and defining what we mean when we discuss the ecology of violent extremism and online violent extremist ecosystems. These gaps have notable implications for defining what an online ecosystem actually is—including its characteristics, impact, scope, and reach—and identifying appropriate policy responses to address them. This is of particular importance in the context of the growing volume of studies looking at racially and ethnically motivated (REMVE) communities online and across multiple platforms. Based on findings from a structured literature review examining the use of terms “ecosystem” and “ecology” in terrorism and violent extremism studies and related disciplines, this research brief presents a list of ten ecological characteristics for further consideration by those working in research, policy, and practice focused on online violent extremist ecosystems. Brief examples are provided of how these characteristics might be conceptualized in research into REMVE online ecosystems, given the increased attention REMVE online ecosystems have garnered in recent years. This review of the literature indicates that the concepts and terms “ecosystem” and “ecology” have potential, if limited, analytical utility for policymakers and academics, beyond their descriptive and currently largely metaphorical use in the literature. Despite the clear limitations which accompany the translation of natural science terminology into terrorism and violent extremism studies, certain characteristics of ecosystems may present specific analytical perspectives useful to those seeking to address or study terrorism and violent extremism online. For instance, although digital environments are not true ecological systems in the biological sense, delineating and defining conceptual components of an ecosystem may provide a shared conception when used to describe how extremist violence emerges from online environments, or when used to interpret these descriptions in a policy and practice setting. Descriptive definitions and the proposed advantages and limitations of using characteristics related to ecosystems are addressed in the following sections.
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4

Hendricks, Kasey. Data for Alabama Taxation and Changing Discourse from Reconstruction to Redemption. University of Tennessee, Knoxville Libraries, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7290/wdyvftwo4u.

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At their most basic level taxes carry, in the words of Schumpeter ([1918] 1991), “the thunder of history” (p. 101). They say something about the ever-changing structures of social, economic, and political life. Taxes offer a blueprint, in both symbolic and concrete terms, for uncovering the most fundamental arrangements in society – stratification included. The historical retellings captured within these data highlight the politics of taxation in Alabama from 1856 to 1901, including conflicts over whom money is expended upon as well as struggles over who carries their fair share of the tax burden. The selected timeline overlaps with the formation of five of six constitutions adopted in the State of Alabama, including 1861, 1865, 1868, 1875, and 1901. Having these years as the focal point makes for an especially meaningful case study, given how much these constitutional formations made the state a site for much political debate. These data contain 5,121 pages of periodicals from newspapers throughout the state, including: Alabama Sentinel, Alabama State Intelligencer, Alabama State Journal, Athens Herald, Daily Alabama Journal, Daily Confederation, Elyton Herald, Mobile Daily Tribune, Mobile Tribune, Mobile Weekly Tribune, Morning Herald, Nationalist, New Era, Observer, Tuscaloosa Observer, Tuskegee News, Universalist Herald, and Wilcox News and Pacificator. The contemporary relevance of these historical debates manifests in Alabama’s current constitution which was adopted in 1901. This constitution departs from well-established conventions of treating the document as a legal framework that specifies a general role of governance but is firm enough to protect the civil rights and liberties of the population. Instead, it stands more as a legislative document, or procedural straightjacket, that preempts through statutory material what regulatory action is possible by the state. These barriers included a refusal to establish a state board of education and enact a tax structure for local education in addition to debt and tax limitations that constrained government capacity more broadly. Prohibitive features like these are among the reasons that, by 2020, the 1901 Constitution has been amended nearly 1,000 times since its adoption. However, similar procedural barriers have been duplicated across the U.S. since (e.g., California’s Proposition 13 of 1978). Reference: Schumpeter, Joseph. [1918] 1991. “The Crisis of the Tax State.” Pp. 99-140 in The Economics and Sociology of Capitalism, edited by Richard Swedberg. Princeton University Press.
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Busso, Matías, Juanita Camacho, Julián Messina e Guadalupe Montenegro. Social Protection and Informality in Latin America during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Inter-American Development Bank, novembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002865.

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Latin American governments swiftly implemented income assistance programs to sustain families' livelihoods during COVID-19 stay-at-home orders. This paper analyzes the potential coverage and generosity of these measures and assesses the suitability of current safety nets to deal with unexpected negative income shocks in 10 Latin American countries. The expansion of pre-existing programs (most notably conditional cash transfers and non-contributory pensions) during the COVID-19 crisis was generally insufficient to compensate for the inability to work among the poorest segments of the population. When COVID-19 ad hoc programs are analyzed, the coverage and replacement rates of regular labor income among households in the first quintile of the country's labor income distribution increase substantially. Yet, these programs present substantial coverage challenges among families composed of fundamentally informal workers who are non-poor, but are at a high risk of poverty. These results highlight the limitations of the fragmented nature of social protection systems in the region.
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Eisemann, Eve, Catherine Thomas, Matthew Balazik, Damarys Acevedo-Mackey e Safra Altman. Environmental factors affecting coastal and estuarine submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), ottobre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42185.

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Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) growing in estuarine and coastal marine systems provides crucial ecosystem functions ranging from sediment stabilization to habitat and food for specific species. SAV systems, however, are sensitive to a number of environmental factors, both anthropogenic and natural. The most common limiting factors are light limitation, water quality, and salinity, as reported widely across the literature. These factors are controlled by a number of complex processes, however, varying greatly between systems and SAV populations. This report seeks to conduct an exhaustive examination of factors influencing estuarine and coastal marine SAV habitats and find the common threads that tie these ecosystems together. Studies relating SAV habitats in the United States to a variety of factors are reviewed here, including geomorphological and bathymetric characteristics, sediment dynamics, sedimentological characteristics, and water quality, as well as hydrologic regime and weather. Tools and methods used to assess each of these important factors are also reviewed. A better understanding of fundamental environmental factors that control SAV growth will provide crucial information for coastal restoration and engineering project planning in areas populated by SAVs.
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Spencer, Thomas E., Elisha Gootwine, Arieh Gertler e Fuller W. Bazer. Placental lactogen enhances production efficiency in sheep. United States Department of Agriculture, dicembre 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586543.bard.

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The key objectives of this BARD project were to: (1) study long-term effects of immunization of prepubertal ewes against recombinant ovine placental lactogen (roPL) on subsequent birth weights of their lambs and their milk production; (2) optimize the anti-roPL immunization protocol using adjuvant preparations acceptable to producers and regulatory agencies; and (3) determine the physiological mechanism(s) whereby immunization against oPL increases fetal growth and development and mammogenesis. These objectives were based on key findings from a previous BARD project that: (a) immunization of ewes against roPL increased lamb birth weight and ewe milk production during lactation; (b) roPL and recombinant ovine growth hormone (roGH) increased the proliferation and differentiated function of endometrial glands that, in turn, would enhance uterine secretions necessary for fetal and placental growth; and (c) exogenous roPL and roGH stimulated mammogenesis and milk production during lactation. The BARD projects address central problems in sheep production, including reproductive failure due to embryonic/fetal mortality, low birth weight of lambs especially in prolific breeds, and reduced milk yields which affect neonatal survival. The sheep placenta secretes both lactogenic (oPL) and somatogenic (oGH) hormones. The receptors for those hormones are present in the fetus and placenta as well as maternal uterus, and mammary gland. Our research has focused on determining the biological role of these placental hormones in development and differentiation of the uterus during gestation and the mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation. Studies conducted in the current BARD project indicated that the effects of anti-roPL immunization were variable in ewes and that commercially available and widely acceptable adjuvant preparations were not effective to produce high anti-roPL titers in pre-pubertal ewes. In the non-prolific Rambouillet ewe in Texas and in the Awassi and the Assaf in Israel, anti-roPL immunization increased lamb birth weight; however, the magnitude of this effect and the inherent variability precluded our ability to determine the physiological mechanism of how the immunization increases fetal growth. Collectively, our findings suggest that anti-roPL immunization is not currently feasible as an easy and efficacious tool for the producer to increase flock reproductive and production efficiency. The variability in response of individual ewes to anti-roPL immunization likely includes modifying the recombinant hormone and the type of adjuvant used for the immunization. In particular, the oPL may need to be modified to ensure maximum antigenicity in a broad range of breed types. Nonetheless, the investigators continue to collaborate on identifying fundamental mechanisms that can be improved by genetics or management to enhance the efficiency of uteroplacental function and, in turn, fetal growth and development. High prolificacy is a desirable trait in intensive sheep production systems. One of the main limitations of using prolific breeds of sheep is that increased litter size is associated with low birth weights and increased mortality of lambs. Further, low birth weight is associated with an increased propensity for adult diseases and decreased production efficiency. Indeed, our recent studies find that the birth weights of lambs born in large litters can be improved by both genetics and management. Future cooperative research will continue to focus on reproductive efficiency of sheep that have broader implications for improving production efficiency in all types of ruminant livestock.
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Sayers, Dave, Rui Sousa-Silva, Sviatlana Höhn, Lule Ahmedi, Kais Allkivi-Metsoja, Dimitra Anastasiou, Štefan Beňuš et al. The Dawn of the Human-Machine Era: A forecast of new and emerging language technologies. Open Science Centre, University of Jyväskylä, maggio 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/jyx/reports/20210518/1.

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New language technologies are coming, thanks to the huge and competing private investment fuelling rapid progress; we can either understand and foresee their effects, or be taken by surprise and spend our time trying to catch up. This report scketches out some transformative new technologies that are likely to fundamentally change our use of language. Some of these may feel unrealistically futuristic or far-fetched, but a central purpose of this report - and the wider LITHME network - is to illustrate that these are mostly just the logical development and maturation of technologies currently in prototype. But will everyone benefit from all these shiny new gadgets? Throughout this report we emphasise a range of groups who will be disadvantaged and issues of inequality. Important issues of security and privacy will accompany new language technologies. A further caution is to re-emphasise the current limitations of AI. Looking ahead, we see many intriguing opportunities and new capabilities, but a range of other uncertainties and inequalities. New devices will enable new ways to talk, to translate, to remember, and to learn. But advances in technology will reproduce existing inequalities among those who cannot afford these devices, among the world’s smaller languages, and especially for sign language. Debates over privacy and security will flare and crackle with every new immersive gadget. We will move together into this curious new world with a mix of excitement and apprehension - reacting, debating, sharing and disagreeing as we always do. Plug in, as the human-machine era dawns.
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Morrison, Mark, e Joshuah Miron. Molecular-Based Analysis of Cellulose Binding Proteins Involved with Adherence to Cellulose by Ruminococcus albus. United States Department of Agriculture, novembre 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695844.bard.

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At the beginning of this project, it was clear that R. albus adhered tightly to cellulose and its efficient degradation of this polysaccharide was dependent on micromolar concentrations of phenylacetic acid (PAA) and phenylpropionic acid (PPA). The objectives for our research were: i) to identify how many different kinds of cellulose binding proteins are produced by Ruminococcus albus; ii) to isolate and clone the genes encoding some of these proteins from the same bacterium; iii) to determine where these various proteins were located and; iv) quantify the relative importance of these proteins in affecting the rate and extent to which the bacterium becomes attached to cellulose. BARD support has facilitated a number of breakthroughs relevant to our fundamental understanding of the adhesion process. First, R. albus possesses multiple mechanisms for adhesion to cellulose. The P.I.'s laboratory has discovered a novel cellulose-binding protein (CbpC) that belongs to the Pil-protein family, and in particular, the type 4 fimbrial proteins. We have also obtained genetic and biochemical evidence demonstrating that, in addition to CbpC-mediated adhesion, R. albus also produces a cellulosome-like complex for adhesion. These breakthroughs resulted from the isolation (in Israel and the US) of spontaneously arising mutants of R. albus strains SY3 and 8, which were completely or partially defective in adhesion to cellulose, respectively. While the SY3 mutant strain was incapable of growth with cellulose as the sole carbon source, the strain 8 mutants showed varying abilities to degrade and grow with cellulose. Biochemical and gene cloning experiments have been used in Israel and the US, respectively, to identify what are believed to be key components of a cellulosome. This combination of cellulose adhesion mechanisms has not been identified previously in any bacterium. Second, differential display, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (DD RT-PCR) has been developed for use with R. albus. A major limitation to cellulose research has been the intractability of cellulolytic bacteria to genetic manipulation by techniques such as transposon mutagenesis and gene displacement. The P.I.'s successfully developed DD RT- PCR, which expanded the scope of our research beyond the original objectives of the project, and a subset of the transcripts conditionally expressed in response to PAA and PPA have been identified and characterized. Third, proteins immunochemically related to the CbpC protein of R. albus 8 are present in other R. albus strains and F. intestinalis, Western immunoblots have been used to examine additional strains of R. albus, as well as other cellulolytic bacteria of ruminant origin, for production of proteins immunochemically related to the CbpC protein. The results of these experiments showed that R. albus strains SY3, 7 and B199 all possess a protein of ~25 kDa which cross-reacts with polyclonal anti-CbpC antiserum. Several strains of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Ruminococcus flavefaciens strains C- 94 and FD-1, and Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 produced no proteins that cross-react with the same antiserum. Surprisingly though, F. intestinalis strain DR7 does possess a protein(s) of relatively large molecular mass (~200 kDa) that was strongly cross-reactive with the anti- CbpC antiserum. Scientifically, our studies have helped expand the scope of our fundamental understanding of adhesion mechanisms in cellulose-degrading bacteria, and validated the use of RNA-based techniques to examine physiological responses in bacteria that are nor amenable to genetic manipulations. Because efficient fiber hydrolysis by many anaerobic bacteria requires both tight adhesion to substrate and a stable cellulosome, we believe our findings are also the first step in providing the resources needed to achieve our long-term goal of increasing fiber digestibility in animals.
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