Bibliografie tematiche / Fruit trees

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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Fruit trees"

Autore: Grafiati
Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021
Ultima modifica: 31 luglio 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Fruit trees"

1

Fliszkiewicz, Monika, e Karol Giejdasz. "Effect of Pollination by the Osmia Bicornis (syn. O. rufa) Bee on Fruit Set, Seed Set and Yield in Three Apple Cultivars". Journal of Apicultural Science 67, n. 2 (1 dicembre 2023): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jas-2023-0011.

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Abstract Our study tested the pollination effectiveness of the megachilid bee Osmia bicornis L. (syn. Osmia rufa) on three apple cultivars (cv.): Lobo, Piros and Champion. The following pollination treatments were compared for each cultivar: insect pollination - caged trees with Osmia bicornis (syn. Osmia rufa) bees; open pollination - uncaged trees; self-pollination - caged trees without bees. Pollination success was measured based on the percentage of fruit set, the fruit yield per tree (measured as number of fruits and total fruit weight) and the number of seeds per fruit. Generally, there was a higher percentage of initial fruit-set and fruits at harvest on open-pollinated trees than on caged trees without bees, with an intermediate value recorded for caged trees pollinated by O. bicornis (syn. O. rufa). However, the fruit set on trees pollinated by O. bicornis (syn. O. rufa) was high and ranged from 49 to 69%, depending on the cultivar. The cv. Lobo trees pollinated by O. bicornis (syn. O. rufa) and open-pollinated trees produced higher fruit yields than without bees. Furthermore, the number of seeds per fruit was higher. Fruit yield and the number of seeds per fruit were higher for trees pollinated by O. bicornis (syn. O. rufa) than for caged trees without insects but lower than for open pollination trees of cv. Piros and cv. Lobo.
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2

Vanghele, Nicoleta Alexandra, Ancuța Alexandra Petre, Andreea Matache e Dumitru Bogdan Mihalache. "VALORIZATION IN THE AGRO-FOOD INDUSTRY OF WASTE FROM TREES FRUIT TREES". Fruit Growing Research 38 (22 dicembre 2022): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33045/fgr.v38.2022.20.

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In the context of the circular economy, the recovery of wood waste from fruit trees as well as fruit residues contribute greatly to sustainable development. The main bioactive products from fruits and fruit trees have multiple properties including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, biostimulant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective anticarcinogenic. From an economic and ecological point of view, the implementation of the concept of biological recovery of waste and its incorporation into a sustainable and renewable cycle is possible, but this requires integrated technology and systematic management. This work highlights various applications, methods and effective solutions for the recovery of waste from fruit trees in the agro-food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
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Šubíková, V., E. Kollerová e Ľ. Slováková. "Occurrence of nepoviruses in small fruits and fruit trees in Slovakia". Plant Protection Science 38, SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (31 dicembre 2017): 367–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10493-pps.

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A survey of nepoviruses in small fruits and fruit trees in thirteen localities of Slovakia was undertaken during the last three years. The samples of spontaneously infected small fruits and fruit trees with symptoms such as leaf yellowing, mottling, chlorotic spotting, vein clearing, chlorosis, dwarfing, and in some cases even plant dying, were analysed. Virus identification in collected samples from affected crops was performed by ELISA using polyclonal antibodies. The following quarantine nepoviruses were detected: Tobacco ringspot nepovirus, Tomato ringspot nepovirus, Tomato black ring nepovirus, Raspberry ringspot nepovirus, Cherry leafroll nepovirus and Arabis mosaic nepovirus. Screening of virus vector nematodes in the rhizosphere of infected plants was also undertaken. Three Longidorus (L. elongatus, L. picenus and L. leptocephalus) and four Xiphinema phytonematode species (X. vuittenezi, X. diversicaudatum, X. taylori and X. pachtaicum) were recorded in localities tested.
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Stančić, Ivica, Jelica Živić, Saša Petrović e Desimir Knežević. "THE EFECTS OF A CULTIVATION METHOD ON TOMATO YIELD SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM L." International Conference on Technics, Technologies and Education, ICTTE 2019 (2019): 434–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ictte.2019.07.008.

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Investigated the effect of different forms of training system the yield of tomatoes in greenhouses. The study involved the genetic forms of tomatoes with one, two and three trees. The influence of training system on the number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, fruit yield per plant and fruit yield per m2. The highest average yield per plant was achieved by growing tomatoes in the three trees, planting a tree in the form given by the average large fruit, and the highest number of fruits per plant was obtained with the training system with three trees, and the lowest in the training system on a tree. When growing on a tree reaches maturity at the earliest, and larger fruits, and the growing maturation of the two trees is a little later, the fruits are slightly smaller, but higher total yield of tomatoes. Growth on three trees achieved the highest yield, but the fruit is considerably smaller, which reduces their market value.
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BORDEANU, Bianca, Ioan OROIAN, Antonia ODAGIU, Ioan BRASOVEAN e Cristian IEDERAN. "Main Pathogens Affecting the State of Health of Fruit Tree Nurseries in Transylvania Region". Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 70, n. 2 (25 novembre 2013): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:9755.

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Transylvania Region, due to its climatic conditions represents a propitious region for fruit trees nurseries that produce fruit planting material. Prospects for fruit tree nurseries are huge considering the very large areas of sloping lands, often with bound soils for perennial crops, as trees and shrubs. Currently in Transylvania Region, fruit tree nurseries occupy a percentage of 15.78 % reported to the percentage of tree nurseries in Romania.   The main pathogens identified in Transylvania region at apple and pear nurseries: for Apple nurseries: Apple scab (Venturia Inaequalis), Apple Brown Rot (Monilinia fructigena), Apple powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) and for pear nurseries: Pear scab (Venturia pirina),  Pear leaf spot (Mycosphaerella sentina), Pear blossom blast (Pseudomonas syringae). This paper aims toi dentify the main pathogens in fruit nurseries in Transylvania, in the context of climate change, and to develop a conceptual model of prevention and control of pathogens attack.
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Keller, George. "Trees without Fruit". Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning 17, n. 1 (febbraio 1985): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00091383.1985.9940513.

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7

Chen, Hong, Greg McCollum, Elizabeth Baldwin e Jinhe Bai. "Impacts of Huanglongbing Symptom Severity on Fruit Detachment Force and Mechanical Properties of Sweet Oranges (Citrus sinensis)". HortScience 51, n. 4 (aprile 2016): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.51.4.356.

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This study evaluated the effects of huanglongbing (HLB) symptom severity on fruit detachment force (FDF) and fruit mechanical properties in sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis) as indicators of potential HLB-influenced preharvest fruit drop and postharvest damage and breakdown. FDF for fruit from HLB-asymptomatic trees (AS) was substantially greater than for fruits from HLB-symptomatic trees or branches. Fruit hardness, resilience, springiness, and cohesiveness values, measured by texture profile analysis (TPA), represent various aspects of fruit firmness and recovery capacity once compressed, and were lower in HLB-symptomatic fruits in comparison with AS fruits. On the other hand, puncture force, toughness, and deformation values, measured by a puncture test and representing peel toughness, were higher in HLB-symptomatic fruits than in the AS fruits. The results indicate that fruits from severely HLB-symptomatic sweet orange trees are more likely to have problems with preharvest fruit drop, and postharvest pressure damage and breakdown, but may have less puncture damage in harvesting, transportation, packing, and juice processing.
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TODESCHINI, Felipe, José Julio de TOLEDO, Luis Miguel ROSALINO e Renato Richard HILÁRIO. "Niche differentiation mechanisms among canopy frugivores and zoochoric trees in the northeastern extreme of the Amazon". Acta Amazonica 50, n. 3 (settembre 2020): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392202000732.

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ABSTRACT Frugivores and zoocoric trees represent an important proportion of tropical rainforest biodiversity. As niche differences favor species coexistence, we aimed to evaluate morphological and temporal niche segregation mechanisms among zoochoric trees and canopy frugivores in a tropical rainforest in the northeastern extreme of the Brazilian Amazon. We tested the effects of fruit morphology, tree size, frugivore body size and time of day on fruit consumption. We recorded the frugivore species that fed on 72 trees (44 species, 22 genera) and whether these frugivores swallowed the seeds. We monitored trees only once from 07:00 to 17:00 h between January and September 2017. We observed fruit consumption in 20 of the 72 trees. Seventy-three frugivore individuals from 22 species visited the trees. Heavier fruits were consumed by larger frugivores, while seed size was inversely correlated with frugivore size. Narrower fruits and fruits with smaller seeds had greater probability of having their seeds ingested, and larger frugivores were more prone to ingest seeds. Trees bearing fruits with smaller seeds were visited by a greater number of frugivores. Taxonomic groups differed in the time of arrival at fruiting trees. None of the evaluated variables (fruit weight and size, and seed size) affected the richness of frugivores that visited the trees. We concluded that, in the studied forest, fruit morphology (weight, size and seed size) is a niche segregation mechanism among zoochoric trees, while body size and time of day are niche segregation mechanisms among frugivores.
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M.M.S., Saleh, A. S. E. Abd-Allah, Aml R. M. Yousef e E. A. M. Mostafa. "The beneficial effects of overhead shading net on fruit cracking control, productivity and quality of pomegranate fruits". International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science XII, n. VI (2023): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.51583/ijltemas.2023.12601.

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A field experiment was carried out during 2020 and 2021 seasons to examine the effects of different overhead shading net colors (white and blue) on fruit cracking percentage, productivity, leaf chlorophyll and leaf mineral content, also fruit quality of M 116 pomegranate trees grown under sandy soil conditions compared with the farm treatment (coving fruits with Kraft paper) and the untreated trees (control). The obtained results showed that shading pomegranate trees with blue or white net significantly increased number of fruits per tree, the total yield (kg), fruit weight (g) and reduced fruit cracking percentage when compared with the control and farm treatments. Blue and white colors surpassed the other treatments including the untreated trees in the most parameters under investigation. Finally, it could be recommended that shading pomegranate trees with blue followed by the white one are beneficial for maintaining good fruit quality with high yield. Additionally these treatments reduced the fruit cracking percentage compared with the other ones.
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Ward, Daniel, e Richard Marini. "Ethephon Alters the Physiology of Young Apple Fruits". HortScience 33, n. 3 (giugno 1998): 497b—497. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.497b.

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Methods are needed to quickly assess the efficacy of chemical thinning treatments, so, if needed, additional treatments can be applied. When fruit diameter averaged 19 mm, `Smoothee' trees were sprayed with Ethrel at the rate of 3.7 ml formulation/L to induce abscission of most fruits on the tree. The diameter of 10 fruit/tree were measured daily and fruits were sampled 2, 4, and 6 days after treatment (DAT) to evaluate fruit development. Fruit on nontreated trees increased in diameter at the rate of about 0.7 to 0.9 mm/day. Fruit growth on treated trees was normal for 1 day, slowed to 0.5 mm for 2 days, and grew <0.1 mm/day thereafter. Fruit water potential was less negative for treated trees 2 DAT. Fresh and dry mass of treated fruit ceased increasing after 4 DAT. Percent dry mass of control fruit declined on each sampling date, but did not decline for treated fruit after 4 DAT. Cellulase was active in the abscission zone 4 DAT for treated fruit, but not control fruit. Compared to control fruit 6 DAT, treated fruit had elevated respiration and less starch accumulation. Fruits began to abscise 6 DAT. Following Ethrel application. The first indication that a fruit is destined to abscise are reduced fruit growth and changes in water potential 2 DAT.
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Tesi sul tema "Fruit trees"

1

DeGomez, Tom. "Training and Pruning Newly Planted Decidous Fruit Trees". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/559564.

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6 pp.
Training and pruning newly-planted deciduous fruit trees is one of the most important steps in developing trees with a strong framework (scaffold branches). Trees with a good framework of branches can support heavy crops without limb breakage and will help to bring the young tree into production at an early age. Selection and arrangement of these branches determines the type of development and growth in later years. The goal of pruning and training is to balance vegetative and fruiting wood growth.
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Marte, Susan Plantier. "Fruit-tree borer (Maroga melanostigma) : investigations on its biological control in prune trees". Thesis, View thesis, 2007. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/31976.

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Fruit-tree borer, Maroga melanostigma (Wallengren), is a native Australian pest in many species of trees. It is of particular economic importance in prune (Prunus domestica) trees because the presence of this wood boring insect can reduce productivity by an average of 5% per tree. Large areas of orchards can be affected. There are currently no chemicals registered for control of this pest. Young, New South Wales is the second largest prune-growing district in Australia and the area most seriously affected by M. melanostigma. Prune growers in the district utilise integrated pest management and were supportive of a project to investigate biological control options for this economically damaging pest. The two main objectives of the project were 1) to understand the life cycle of M. melanostigma, so biological controls could be timed appropriately; and 2) to investigate biological control options for this pest. Life cycle studies were commenced in the first season (2003/04) using field cages and light trapping. These investigations continued throughout the project. In Young, moths were found to emerge from wood over a two month period (December and January). Oviposition was assumed to be during this period however, even after extensive searches of trees, no eggs were observed. Historical data were collated to determine locations and timings of moth emergence elsewhere in Australia. The data showed that M. melanostigma has been found in every state and territory Australia, with moths observed from October through to March. The biological control options reviewed were egg parasitoids (Trichogramma species only), entomopathogenic nematodes and entomopathogenic fungi. Trichogramma were favoured because of previous research undertaken against the same pest in pecans in Moree, NSW. Entomopathogenic nematodes were also investigated due to research indicating their effectiveness in cryptic situations, such as borer tunnels in trees. Fungi were considered but dismissed due to lack of literature supporting their effectiveness in reducing lepidopteran pest damage in trees. A major field trial was designed with the assistance of a biometrician and the trial blocks laid out based on this advice. There were three trial sites, each containing four blocks of approximately 200 trees (~800 trees/site). Two blocks were designated as release blocks and two as non-release blocks to correspond with the trial’s two treatments. In the first season (2003/04) an initial visual assessment of borer damage was undertaken after leaf fall on each of the trees in the trial. This information was used as baseline data, to compare against damage levels following biological control releases in the second and third years of the project. Natural parasitism in the field was assessed using cultured eggs of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) before and between Trichogramma carverae (Oatman and Pinto) releases. Temperature and relative humidity were recorded in each of the trial sites, for the duration of the trial, using commercially available data loggers. In the second season (2004/05), Trichogramma releases were made during the period of moth activity and H. armigera eggs were used to monitor parasitism in the trial orchards. Parasitised eggs were reared through and all parasitoids were identified as T. carverae. Damage assessments were again carried out after leaf fall to compare release versus non-release blocks, as well as to determine if there was any change in borer activity. Early instar larvae were collected from non-trial blocks and exposed to the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae in a laboratory investigation. Results from this limited bioassay were inconclusive. In the third season (2005/06), Trichogramma releases were again made during the period of moth activity and H. armigera eggs were used to monitor parasitism in the trial orchards. Parasitised eggs were reared through to emergence. The emerged parasites were identified as T. carverae, T. pretiosum and T. nr brassicae. Damage assessments were again made of all the trees in the trial. Results were statistically analysed to detect any differences between treatments. There was no statistically significant evidence that the releases of T. carverae reduced damage from M. melanostigma over the duration of the trial. Although damage increased across both release and non-release treatments in most blocks during the trial investigations, the increase was slightly lower in trees in which Trichogramma had been released. It should be noted that the experiments were affected by serious drought conditions which prevailed during the three seasons of the trial.
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Marte, Susan Plantier. "Fruit-tree borer (Maroga melanostigma) investigations on its biological control in prune trees /". View thesis, 2007. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/31976.

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Thesis (M.Sc.(Hons.)) -- University of Western Sydney, 2007.
A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Hons) to the University of Western Sydney, College of Health and Science, Centre for Plant and Food Science. Includes bibliography.
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Ledwaba, Charlotte Ramasela. "Baseline of selected essential nutrient elements of an indigeneous fruit tree (mimusops zeyheri) under natural conditions". Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/824.

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Thesis (M.Sc. Agric. (Horticulture)) --University of Limpopo, 2008
The mineral nutrition of indigenous crop species is not well documented like other known crop species, thus making it difficult for one to know how to plant and maintain the crops. Mmupudu (Mimusops zeyheri), which, happens to be a wild crop, is one of the indigenous trees of interest to the Discipline of Plant Production, University of Limpopo. The current study gives baseline information that will be important in various environmental physiology studies of this plant. Physiological studies will be necessary to assess the importance of “limiting” mineral nutrients in the accumulation of certain mineral nutrients in Mmupudu in relation to its productivity. The experiment was arranged as a 2 x 3 factorial in RCBD, with the first and second factors being time of sampling and location, respectively. The three locations where data were collected were Chuenespoort, Bochum and Sekgosese. In each location, the experiment was replicated 10 times. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and means were separated using the least significant difference test. The two-factor interaction was nonsignificant (P ≥ 0.10) for both pH and electrical conductivity. Soil pH was not affected by time in all three locations suggesting that abscised flowers and fruitlets have no effect on pH. Leaf K experienced an increase of 65% at Chuenespoort and a decrease of soil K after fruiting by 44%. Leaf and soil P decreased after fruiting in all locations as was the case with Cu. Chuenespoort and Sekgosese experienced a decrease in leaf Mn after fruiting while soil Mn decreased in all whereas leaf Mg decreased in all locations.
the National Research Foundation and the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
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Brookbank, George. "Deciduous Fruit Trees at the Tucson Extension Garden Center". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215748.

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Xue, Yao. "Accessing Chilling Conditions For Perennial Fruit Crop Production in Kentucky". TopSCHOLAR®, 2015. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1486.

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Temperate Region fruit and nut trees, and many other perennial plants, require cool winter temperatures (chilling hours) to ensure leaf and flower bud production in the following season. Temperate Regions are characterized by variable winter and spring temperatures. Failure of meeting sufficient chilling requirement results in deformed fruits, unequal maturation, and other plant deformities, thereby reducing quality and yields. Chilling requirements are expressed as number of accumulated hours within a range of approximately 32º to 45ºF or 0º to 7.2ºC. These requirements are specific for level of temperature, length of temperature period, and species and cultivar of plants. Information on chilling hour production by the diverse Kentucky environments and chilling requirements of its plants is limited. Global warming is reducing the occurrence and length of chilling conditions, thereby negatively impacting perennial fruit production (IPCC, 2014). There is increasing interest in fruit crops by the state’s producers and consumers. The Kentucky Mesonet Weather System provides temperature data, which can readily be converted to chilling units. Also, commercial nurseries are beginning to publish chilling requirement data for their fruit stocks. The present study included data collected over A 5-years period at 33 Mesonet sites. The average number of chilling hours overall years and sites was 1544, year means ranged from 1427 to 1842, sites means ranged from 1422 to 1682. Chilling hour production exceeded chilling requirements of fruit and nut crops commonly grown in Kentucky.
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Robbie, Francis Anne. "Studies into factors affecting fruit production in young apple trees". Thesis, University of Bath, 1989. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329559.

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Kalaba, Felix Kanungwe. "The role of indigenous fruit trees in rural livehoods : a case of the Mwekera area, Copperbeld province, Zambia /". Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/649.

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Ngulube, Mzoma R. "Ecology and management of Uapaca kirkiana in southern Africa". Thesis, Bangor University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320397.

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Farooq-Ahmad, Khawaja. "Population studies of arthropods on apple trees in North-East England, with particular reference to mussel scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.)". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284223.

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Libri sul tema "Fruit trees"

1

H, Thomas H. Pruning fruit trees. London: Cassell, 1997.

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Hau, Vu Cong. Fruit-trees in Vietnam. Hanoi: Thé̂ Giới Publishers, 1995.

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Ontario. Dept. of Agriculture., a cura di. Insects attacking fruit trees. Toronto: Dept. of Agriculture, 1997.

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4

Qureshi, Nusra Latif. A garden of fruit trees. New Delhi: Anant Art Gallery, 2007.

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5

Food, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and. Winter Injury in Fruit Trees. S.l: s.n, 1990.

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D, Jarvis Tennyson, e Ontario. Dept. of Agriculture., a cura di. Common insects affecting fruit-trees. Toronto: Dept. of Agriculture, 1997.

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7

Tehrani, G. Training and pruning fruit trees. Toronto, Ont: Ministry of Agriculture and Food, 1988.

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8

Goodwin, Paul R. Guide for spraying fruit trees. Toronto, Ont: Ministry of Agriculture and Food, 1994.

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9

Somerville, Warren. Pruning and training fruit trees. [Victoria?, Australia]: Inkata Press, 1996.

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Ontario. Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Rules For Pruning Fruit Trees. S.l: s.n, 1990.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Fruit trees"

1

Druart, Ph, R. Gruselle, J. Ivanička, A. PreŤová, F. Hammerschlag, R. M. Skirvin, M. Kouider et al. "Fruit Trees". In Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, 130–273. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70576-2_9.

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DeJong, T. M. "Integration of tree source and sink activities." In Concepts for understanding fruit trees, 96–113. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620865.0011.

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Abstract Tree crop modeling could be instrumental in facilitating integration of numerous aspects of the development, growth and physiology of fruit tree crops and provide a valuable tool for testing concepts for understanding how fruit trees work, if it could be achieved. This chapter presents a synopsis of how modeling of fruit trees was approached. It focuses on the development of a mechanistic, compartmental model of mature peach tree carbon partitioning over a growing season. The model was termed a compartmental model because carbohydrates were only distributed to the collective compartments of fruits, leaves, stems and large branches, and the trunk according to their relative demand functions as the season progressed. Roots were only given carbohydrates when the demands of all of the other organs were fulfilled. This model demonstrated that carbohydrate partitioning in trees could be modeled without deterministic, empirically derived, partitioning coefficients and was useful for indicating periods of the growing season when calculated photosynthetic assimilation was not adequate to supply calculated carbohydrate demands of growing organs. The development of the described model is so complex that the modeling work will never be fully completed. However, to demonstrate the utility of this modeling approach, it was decided to develop an L-Almond model using the same approach.
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DeJong, T. M. "Application of shoot growth rules for understanding responses to pruning." In Concepts for understanding fruit trees, 54–58. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620865.0007.

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Abstract Knowledge of fruit tree shoot types is helpful to explain why pruning is often not successful in reducing tree size. In many horticultural circumstances, epicormic shoot growth can be considered as being almost exclusively stimulated by severe pruning of large branches (older than one year old) or strong water shoots in which sylleptic shoots have previously grown and "used up" the locations in close proximity to the pruning cut where proleptic buds would have been present in a less vigorous shoot. The strong growth response to heavy pruning is natural and is the primary reason why pruning cannot be relied upon exclusively to control tree size when trees are grown in highly fertile soils without size-controlling rootstocks. This chapter deals with understanding responses to pruning of fruit trees by application of shoot growth rules.
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DeJong, T. M. "Understanding the shoot sink." In Concepts for understanding fruit trees, 35–53. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620865.0006.

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Abstract To more fully understand how all the major organs of a tree interact in the semi-autonomous scheme of assimilate distribution and tree functioning, it is important to understand their development and growth behavior. This chapter presents a general description of the development and growth characteristics of the major organs (shoot and leaf) of fruit trees, including shoot structure, morphology and orientation; diurnal patterns of shoot growth; seasonal growth patterns of shoot growth and dormancy; as well as tree aging.
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DeJong, T. M. "Understanding the fruit sink." In Concepts for understanding fruit trees, 67–91. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620865.0009.

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Abstract This chapter deals with understanding the fruit sink by studying the floral development and structures; pollination, fertilization, fruit set and types; limitations of fruit growth; thinning effects on fruit growth, size and yield; spring temperature effects on fruit size; nut development and growth; and the condition of alternate bearing.
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Nyczepir, Andrew P., e J. Ole Becker. "Fruit and Citrus Trees". In Plant and Nematode Interactions, 637–84. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr36.c26.

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Sato, Mamoru. "Transport of 137Cs into Fruits After External Deposition onto Japanese Persimmon Trees". In Agricultural Implications of Fukushima Nuclear Accident (IV), 85–111. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9361-9_10.

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AbstractPrior to the Fukushima Daiichi accident, radiocesium released during previous nuclear accidents was deposited in periods when fruit was growing on fruit trees and radiocaesium deposited onto surface of soil and leaf was assumed to be the main route of transfer into fruit trees. In contrast, fruit trees in Japan were in their dormancy phase, so radiocesium was deposited onto external branches of the trees and onto orchard soils after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident in March 2011. While data had previously been compiled on root to fruit transfer, there were few studies identifying and quantifying the relative importance of external deposition and translocation compared with root to fruit transfer. This study quantified the transfer rate (TRf) of 137Cs applied to leaves and calyx into Japanese persimmon, which is an important fruit crop in Fukushima prefecture. The study examined the effects of leaf position on branches where radiocesium was administered and of fruit load on the transport of 137Cs into fruit before bud burst. When 137Cs was applied to leaves, derived TRf were higher after radiocesium application at the fruit growing stage than at the young fruit stage. There was no significant difference in TRf in mature fruit when contamination occurred via calyx or via leaves. However, the TRf via calyx contamination was higher at the young fruit stage, whereas the TRf via leaves result in an opposite trend. The TRf was dependent on the distance between fruit and the contaminated leaves. The effect of fruit thinning was verified contaminating the central of 5 consecutive fruiting shoots (bearing one fruit per each). The TRf of 137Cs from leaves into fruit on the contaminated fruiting shoot was higher where fruits on the shoots adjacent to the central one were picked off (fruit thinning) than where no fruit thinning was applied. The TRf of 137Cs into fruit on the uncontaminated fruiting shoot was lower than in fruits of contaminated shoots. There was a significant correlation between the amount of 137Cs and 40K as well as the concentration in the fruit on the contaminated fruiting shoot. TRf and aggregated transfer factors (Tagf-b) of 137Cs into fruits were also studied after application of radiocesium at dormancy to apical fruiting mother shoots or to 2-year-old lateral branches. When the apical fruiting mother shoot was contaminated, the TRf of the combined mature fruits collected from uncontaminated fruiting mother shoots was less than a quarter of the TRf of fruit growing on the contaminated apical mother shoot (on the same 2-year-old lateral branch). In contrast, when the 2-year-old lateral branch was contaminated, the TRf and Tagf-b into fruit were similar for both the fruit on both the apical and other fruiting mother shoots. These results indicate that the transfer of 137Cs to other parts of the fruit from the apical fruiting mother shoot is limited, whereas from the 2-year-old lateral branches, the transfer of 137Cs to fruit is similar on all the fruiting mother shoots. The results as well as the comparative experiment of fruit loads were consistent with the hypothesis that the transfer of 137Cs was controlled by the sink strength and activity of fruits. Tagf-b values of 137Cs applied to apical fruiting mother shoot and 2-year-old lateral branch into fruits before bud burst were about 10−3 to 10−4 m2 kg−1 based on dry and fresh weights, respectively. A significantly higher concentration of 137Cs and Tagf-b values were derived when fruit thinning was carried out than when fruits were not thinned. Refraining from intensive fruit thinning may be a useful remediation option that could reduce 137Cs activity concentrations in Japanese persimmon fruits.
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DeJong, T. M. "The carbohydrate economy of fruit trees." In Concepts for understanding fruit trees, 27–34. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620865.0005.

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Abstract Since lack of water is a commonly occurring condition in nature, plants have developed many physiological responses to help them survive periods of water stress. Most of these responses cause changes in the carbohydrate economy of the tree through reduced photosynthesis, tree growth or cropping, but some of these effects can be managed to have minimal impact on overall tree productivity. Whether these responses influence economic production depends on: (i) the processes occurring at the time of a stress; (ii) how important these processes are to tree yield; and (iii) whether these processes rely heavily on the current level of photosynthesis or can use stored carbohydrates, like starch, to compensate for the lack of current photosynthesis in the leaves. This chapter discusses the carbohydrate economy of fruit trees. An outline is provided for how assimilates are distributed and used within a fruit or nut tree.
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Takata, Daisuke. "Progress Toward Managing Radiocesium Contamination in Orchards". In Agricultural Implications of Fukushima Nuclear Accident (IV), 113–32. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9361-9_11.

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AbstractIn this chapter, we introduce the effects of radiocesium spread by the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident on fruit trees, especially the change of radiocesium in soil, trees, and fruits after accident. Investigation of the dynamics of radioactive cesium in fruit trees before the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, and points verified after the accident at Chernobyl. As the occurrence of the accident and radioactive contamination of the orchard, the radioactive Cs localized in the bark and the transfer process to the fruit were discussed. We will explain the implementation status of the cases investigated in Japan after the accident, the actual investigation in the field, and the verification test using potted trees in Japan. It also introduces estimates of the concentration of radioactive cesium in fruits and measures to reduce radioactive cesium that have been implemented in Fukushima Prefecture. Finally, we will discuss our thoughts on the resumption of shipping of Anpo-gaki, the social implementation of research results so far, and future challenges.
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DeJong, T. M. "The structure of trees." In Concepts for understanding fruit trees, 22–26. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620865.0004.

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Abstract Trees are, by definition, the tallest land plants. To grow tall over multiple years they must solve several problems: structural strength; carbohydrate and nutrient storage capacity to survive and regrow after periods of stress; and conductive capacity for water, carbohydrates and nutrients must be increased/renewed over time to keep pace with increases in canopy size. Additionally, apical meristems must be capable of surviving through periods of stress (especially over winter or during drought). Structural strength, storage capacity and water, carbohydrate and nutrient conductive capacity are provided by cells derived from a sheath of meristematic cells (vascular cambium) that surround the body of trees (shoots, stems, branches, trunk, perennial roots). This chapter describes the structure of fruit trees.
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Atti di convegni sul tema "Fruit trees"

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Zaica, Ana, Radu Ciuperca e Alexandru Zaica. "Research on process of cutting superficial roots in trees". In 22nd International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2023.22.tf180.

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The subject of this work resides in the current challenges in the field of fruit growing, stipulated in a series of documents developed at the European level, on the one hand, and the existing situation at world level, on the other hand, according to which the fruit growing field is continuously developing in accordance with the market requirements, the development trends and the level of endowment with technical means of the addressed sector. Another aspect is the need, for the distribution chain of fruit to the consumer, for the quantities delivered to be constant, a situation that is satisfied by the level of annual fruit production. For this, a series of maintenance works must be applied to fruit crops, in accordance with the latest technologies adopted by the world’s major fruit producers. Recent research in fruit growing has demonstrated that the sectioning of a part of the root system of the trees, correlated with the cuts made in the crown, is beneficial, it contributes to keeping the small size of the trees and to maintaining the growth of the roots within the limit of the nutrition space of each tree. The application of cutting the roots to trees is one of the works that leads to the achievement of an optimal management of the annual fruit production, the mechanical removal of the roots being necessary when the yield of the fruit plantations is reduced. The paper presents a brief presentation of the current state regarding the provision of technical means for cutting at the root level, adopted solutions and a presentation of the work process of the existing equipment. It also presents an innovative equipment for cutting tree roots, the adopted technical solutions, the work process and a mathematical calculation to optimize it, results and conclusions.
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STARKUS, Aurelijus, Dalia GELVONAUSKIENĖ, Birutė FRERCKS, Vidmantas BENDOKAS, Audrius SASNAUSKAS e Vidmantas STANYS. "RELATION BETWEEN APPLE-TREE YIELD SELF-REGULATION AND METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS DURING FRUIT SET". In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.066.

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Apple has a tendency to bear huge amount of flowers or inflorescences. Plants have ability to eliminate excess number of fruitlets. Frequently fruit trees eliminate insufficient number of fruitlets to grow good quality fruits. Most processes related to yield self-regulation varies significantly between different apples varieties. Also meteorological conditions influenced flower buds differentiation and fruit growth during blooming and other development stages. The investigations were carried out in 2015 – 2016 at the Institute of Horticulture. The main aim was to evaluate yield self-regulation peculiarity in various apple varieties in different meteorological conditions. In our experiment we made fruit self – thinning evaluation of 15 different varieties. Meteorological conditions were varying. In 2015 there was lack of rainfall, while 2016 year was rainy. After each fruit-drop period the number of developed and undeveloped seeds were counted of self-sheded and normally growing fruits. Amount of developed seeds as auxins source is one of the most important factor for yield self-regulation. Varieties of apple which are blooming abundantly and eliminate high amount of fruitlets, grows fruits until maturity with stabile amount of developed seeds and produces permanent harvest annually, independently from meteorological conditions during vegetation. Such apple varieties need higher amount of developed seeds to inhibit abscission. Apple varieties tended to bloom abundantly and eliminate small amount of fruitlets depending on meteorological conditions. Demand of auxins to carry fruits depends on meteorological conditions therefore these apple-trees develop different amount of seeds, when weather conditions changes. We may presume, that different apple varieties need different amount of phytohormones or their ratio to hold fruitlets on the apple. Therefore apple trees with smaller amount of seeds in fruits grow more fruits to its normal size.
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Fron, Arcadie. "Zeuzera pyrina: the threatening leopard moth damaging fruit trees". In Scientific International Symposium "Plant Protection – Achievements and Perspectives". Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/ppap2023.06.

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This article provides a comprehensive overview of Z. pyrina, including its life cycle, behavior, impact on fruit tree health, and management strategies. Through a thorough review of credible sources and scientific research, this article highlights the destructive nature of Z. pyrina larvae, which burrow into the wood, disrupting the flow of water and nutrients and weakening the tree's structure. The article emphasizes the importance of early detection, cultural practices, biological control, and judicious use of chemicals in managing Z. pyrina infestations. By presenting a concise summary of relevant information, this article aims to enhance understanding and support effective strategies for combating the detrimental effects of Z. pyrina on fruit tree cultivation.
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Ozdemir, Murat Can, Erchan Aptoula e Berrin Yanikoglu. "Fruit detection with binary partition trees". In 2016 24th Signal Processing and Communication Application Conference (SIU). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/siu.2016.7496082.

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Sato, Hibiki, Masaki Ishii, Hidekatsu Ito e Kohji Dohsaka. "Determining Fruit Set Density and Spatial Arrangement of Fruit Trees for Fruit Picking Operations". In 2022 Joint 12th International Conference on Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems and 23rd International Symposium on Advanced Intelligent Systems (SCIS&ISIS). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/scisisis55246.2022.10002107.

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Whitney, Jodie D. "Florida Citrus Freeze Losses and Recovery in the Field". In ASME 1985 Citrus Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cec1985-3101.

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Freezes have had and will continue to have a significant impact on the conduct of the Florida citrus industry. A viable industry and all its associated suppliers and services depend very heavily on the consistent and continued production of fruit in the field. The main reason that fruit production has been inconsistent is the fruit and tree losses associated with damaging freezes. This paper will discuss a brief history of the freezes, the economics of several options of rehabilitating freeze-damaged trees, and cultural practices, etc. in the field which can minimize freeze losses. Paper published with permission.
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Deleon, Ruben, Diego Medina, Gabriel Vicente, Roberto Zoppolo e Matias Miguez. "Smart Nozzle: Application of phytosanitaries in fruit trees according to tree's electronic analysis". In 2017 IEEE URUCON. IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/urucon.2017.8171870.

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Prabhu, Akshatha, e N. Shobha Rani. "Semiautomated Segmentation Model to Extract Fruit Images from Trees". In 2021 International Conference on Intelligent Technologies (CONIT). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/conit51480.2021.9498501.

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Rohmah, Nur, Tirto Prakoso e Tatang Hernas Soerawidjaja. "Biomimetic delignification of empty fruit bunches from palm trees". In THE 7TH BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING’S RECENT PROGRESS IN BIOMATERIALS, DRUGS DEVELOPMENT, AND MEDICAL DEVICES: The 15th Asian Congress on Biotechnology in conjunction with the 7th International Symposium on Biomedical Engineering (ACB-ISBE 2022). AIP Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0194254.

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Hussein Ayoub AL-JABISH, Bassam, Ibtisam N. AL-ASSAF e Iman Radha JASIM. "SIMILARITY AND DISSIMILARITY OF PHENOTYPIC AND GENOTYPIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PRUNUS DEMOSTICA (L.) ROSACEAE IN NORTH OF IRAQ (NINAVAH)". In VI.International Scientific Congress of Pure,Applied and Technological Sciences. Rimar Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/minarcongress6-20.

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Prunus domestica is recognized as a species of fruit tree grown all over the world. It is used locally for various commercial purposes. In this research, we determined of the morphological and genetic diversity present for 5 samples of P. domestica cultivars from the governorate of Ninavah (Northern,Iraq).Five categorical fruit properties assist us to detect the varieties under phenotypic study. Five plum cultivars identified, they referred by P. domistica Santa Rosa(SR),P. domistica,Black Diamond(BD);P. domistica, Black Beauty(BB);P. domistica Angeleno(AG) and P. domistica Red Heart(RH). Morphological diagnosis were included shape, diameter, color and indumentum for fruits were depended to differentiate among the cultivars in this study, molecular diversity was detected by using universal primers represent mtK(Maturase) gene. The results showed that there were significant difference among the specimens morphologically, whereas alleles of maturase K(matK)gene, revealed significance outcomes for detection of each cultivar with specific amplification products(BD-mtK414bp.,SR-mtK344bp.,AG-mtK271 bp., RH-mtK263bp.andBB-mtK 258bp).We concluded that molecular screening is a significance diagnostic and confirmative tool for classify of economic fruited trees.
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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Fruit trees"

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Shoseyov, Oded, Steven A. Weinbaum, Raphael Goren e Abhaya M. Dandekar. Biological Thinning of Fruit Set by RNAase in Deciduous Fruit Trees. United States Department of Agriculture, agosto 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568110.bard.

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Fruit thinning is a common and necessary practice for commercial fruit production in many deciduous tree fruit species. Fruit thinning in apple may be accomplished with a variety of chemical thinning agents, but the use of these chemicals is a subject of environmental concern. It has been shown recently that RNase enzyme, secreted from the stigma and the style, inhibits pollen germination and pollen tube elongation. In this study we have been able to show that Aspergillus niger B-1 RNase can effectively inhibit peach and apple pollen germination, and tube elongation in-vitro, as well as thin fruit in peach and apple, and reduce the number of seeds in citrus. The objectives of the research were to detrmine the conditions for effective thinning of (USA and Israel), develop fermentation process for cost effective production of RNase from A. niger. (Israel), and clone apple S-RNase cDNA (USA). All the objectives of the research were addressed. We have determined the optimal fermentation conditions for cost effective production of the A. niger at a 20,000 liters scale. TheA. niger B1 RNase was isolated to homogeneity and its kinetic and biochemical properties including its N-terminal sequence were fully characterized. The field test results both in Israel and California have shown variability in effectiveness and more work is needed to define the RNase concentration necessary to completely inhibit pollen development. Plant transformation vectors expressing anti-sense apple S-RNase genes were constructed (USA) with an attempt to produce self compatible transgenic apple trees. Bovine S-Protein cDNA was cloned and successfully expressed in E. coli (Israel). Plant transformation vector expressing the S-Protein gene was constructed (USA) with an attempt to produce transgenic plants expressing S-protein in the style. Exogenous application of S-peptide to these plants will result in active RNase and consequently prevention of fertilization.
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Erez, Amnon, M. W. Williams, Yosef Ben-Tal, B. Avidan, E. A. Curry e A. N. Reed. Chemical Control of Excessive Vegetative Growth of Fruit Trees with Emphasis on Stone Fruit Species. United States Department of Agriculture, settembre 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1985.7566573.bard.

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Napier, Bruce, Robert Fellows e Leah Minc. Transfer Factors for Contaminant Uptake by Fruit and Nut Trees. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), novembre 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1149245.

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Sarah Richdon, Sarah Richdon. Building family trees in the Critically Endangered Livingstone's fruit bat. Experiment, ottobre 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/8216.

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Shahak, Yosepha, e Donald R. Ort. Physiological Bases for Impaired Photosynthetic Performance of Chilling-Sensitive Fruit Trees. United States Department of Agriculture, maggio 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575278.bard.

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Chilling-sensitivity is an important agricultural problem in both the U.S. and Israel. Most research attention has focused so far on herbaceous crop plants, even though the problem is also acute in the fruit tree industry. Under BARD funding we made substantial progress in identifying the mechanisms involved in the disruption of photosynthesis following a chill in mango. Our investigation with fruit trees has been substantially accelerated by drawing on our knowledge and experience with herbaceous crops. The four original research objectives, focused or discovering the underlying mechanisms of chill-induced inhibition of photosynthesis in fruit trees, and the main achievements are listed below. [1] Separating stomatal from non-stomatal components of chilling on photosynthesis in fruit trees. We found evidence that the dark chill-induced inhibition of photosynthesis in mango was E combination of both stomatal and mesophyll components. [2] Differentiating photo damage from light-induced photo protection of photosystem II (PSII). Dark chilling exacerbate high light photoinhibition, as a result of primary inhibition in the carbor reduction cycle. Nevertheless, in Israeli orchards we observed chronic photoinhibition of PSII photochemistry in the winter. This photo damage was reversible over a few days if sunlight was attenuated with filters or night temperature rose. Practical implications of this finding deserve further investment. Additional achievement was the development of a new biophysical tool to study macro-structural changes of LHCII particles in intact, attached leaves. [3] Determine the role of oxidative stress in the dark-chilling-induced inhibition, with emphasis on oxygen radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation and redox-controlled carbon-cycle enzymes. We found an increase in lipid peroxidation following a dark chill, and partial protective effects or an antioxidant. However, the photoinhibition observed in mango orchards in Israel during the winter did not appear to be a general oxidative stress. [4] Investigate whether chilling interferes with the diurnal and circadian rhythm of gene expression of key photosynthetic proteins as has been shown for chilling-sensitive crop plants. The results indicated that most of the circadian rhythm in photosynthesis was due to reduced lea: internal CO2 concentrations during the subjective night, as a result of rhythmic stomatal closure Chilling-induced interference with circadian timing in mango, does not play the central role in chilling inhibition of photosynthesis that has previously been demonstrated in certain chilling sensitive herbaceous plants. Practical implications of the research achievements are feasible, but require few more years of research.
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Ben-Tal, Yosef. Involvement of Different Gibberellins in Flowering of Biennial Bearing Fruit Trees. United States Department of Agriculture, novembre 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7603834.bard.

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Simelton, Elisabeth, Rachmat Mulia, Clement Rigal, Tuan Minh Duong, Phuong Mai Nguyen, Hanna North e Xuan Hieu Le. Beyond carbon sequestration – local knowledge about tree functions. Case study from male and female Arabica coffee farmers in Vietnam. World Agroforestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp21025.pdf.

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Estimates of carbon sequestration for timber trees is well documented, while fruit trees are understudied. The few existing estimates indicate that fruit trees and fertiliser management on them, can substantially sequester carbon in coffee monocultures, albeit unlikely to the same extent as timber trees. A carbon investor may thus favour timber. In this light, as programs for planting billions and trillion trees are launched “to save the climate”, a wide range of gender, social, justice and environmental concerns are voiced. To challenge the mitigation perspective, we contrasted two hypothetical tree planting strategies: a mitigation (carbon finance) perspective and a livelihoods-centred (local) perspective and explored what a rapid, gender and social inclusion-oriented livelihoods perspective could bring to the process of tree selection. The survey documents indigenous knowledge of trees’ potential (dis)benefits in coffee agroforestry systems among 106 female and male arabica-growers in northwest Vietnam. The results display many similarities between women and men in term of perceived benefits from trees. Women and men prioritized trees based on their economic benefits, impacts on coffee production and improved soil fertility. However, in determining the preferred species, women considered more factors, including consequences for pest and disease (on host tree or coffee), microclimate regulation and shade provision. These findings resemble those by others from the same region and demonstrate that consulting both women and men can result in a more diverse shortlist of potential trees for agroforestry/afforestation that reflect both genders’ economic and labour contributions to the household. Furthermore, tree planting projects would benefit from seeking collaboration for bundled ecosystem services, rather than merely from carbon finance. Conversely, carbon investors can rely on farmers’ preferences and rest assured that they also contribute to sequestering carbon.
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Flaishman, Moshe, Herb Aldwinckle, Shulamit Manulis e Mickael Malnoy. Efficient screening of antibacterial genes by juvenile phase free technology for developing resistance to fire blight in pear and apple trees. United States Department of Agriculture, dicembre 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7613881.bard.

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Objectives: The original objectives of this project were to: Produce juvenile-free pear and apple plants and examine their sensitivity to E. amylovora; Design novel vectors, for antibacterial proteins and promoters expression, combined with the antisense TFL1 gene, and transformation of Spadona pear in Israel and Galaxy apple in USA. The original objectives were revised from the development of novel vectors with antibacterial proteins combined with the TFL-1 due to the inefficiency of alternative markes initially evaluated in pear, phoshomannose-isomerase and 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate phosphatase and the lack of development of double selection system. The objectives of project were revised to focus primarily on the development additional juvenile free systems by the use of another pear variety and manipulation of the FT gene under the control of several promoters. Based on the results creation of fire blight resistance pear variety was developed by the use of the juvenile free transgenic plant. Background: Young tree seedlings are unable to initiate reproductive organs and require a long period of shoot maturation, known as juvenile phase. In pear, juvenile period can last 5-7 years and it causes a major delay in breeding programs. We isolated the TFL1 gene from Spadona pear (PcTFL1-1) and produced transgenic ‘Spadona’ trees silencing the PcTFL1 gene using a RNAi approach. Transgenic tissue culture ‘Spadona’ pear flowered in vitro. As expected, the expression of the endogenous PcTFL1 was suppressed in the transgenic line that showed precocious flowering. Transgenic plants were successfully rooted in the greenhouse and most of the plants flowered after only 4-8 months, whereas the non-transformed control plants have flowered only after 5-6 years of development. Major achievements: Prior to flower induction, transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ plants developed a few branches and leaves. Flower production in the small trees suppressed the development of the vegetative branches, thus resulting in compact flowering trees. Flowering was initiated in terminal buds, as described for the Arabidopsis tfl1 mutant. Propagation of the transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ was performed by bud grafting on 'Betulifolia' rootstock and resulted in compact flowering trees. The transgenic flowering grafted plants were grown in the greenhouse under a long photoperiod for one year, and flowered continuously. Pollination of the transgenic flowers with ‘Costia‘ pear pollen generated fruits of regular shape with fertile F1 seeds. The F1 transgenic seedling grown in the greenhouse formed shoots and produced terminal flowers only five months after germination. In addition, grafted F1 transgenic buds flower and fruit continuously, generating hybrid fruits with regular shape, color and taste. Several pear varieties were pollinated with the transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ pollen including `Herald Harw` that was reported to have resistance to fire blight diseases. The F-1 hybrid seedlings currently grow in our greenhouse. We conclude that the juvenile-free transgenic ‘Spadona’ pear enables the development of a fast breeding method in pear that will enable us to generate a resistance pear to fire blight. Implications: The research supported by this grant has demonstrated the use of transgenic juvenile free technology in pear. The use of the juvenile free technology for enhancement of conventional breeding in fruit tree will serve to enhance fast breeding systems in pear and another fruit trees.
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Yuval, Boaz, e Todd E. Shelly. Lek Behavior of Mediterranean Fruit Flies: An Experimental Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, luglio 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575272.bard.

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The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a ubiquitous pest of fruit trees, causing significant economic damage both in the U.S. and in Israel. Control efforts in the future will rely heavily on the sterile insect technique (SIT). Success of such operations hinges on the competitive ability of released males. The mating system of the medfly is based on leks. These are aggregations of sexually signaling males that attract females (who then select and copulate a courting male). A major component of male competitiveness is their ability to join existing leks or establish leks that are attractive to wild females. Accordingly, we identified leks and the behaviors associated with them as critical for the success of SIT operations. The objectives of this proposal were to determine 1. what makes a good lek site, 2. what are the energetic costs of lekking, 3. how females choose leks, and finally 4. whether the copulatory success of sterile males may be manipulated by particular pre-release diets and judicious spatial dispersal. We established that males choose lek sites according to their spatial location and penological status, that they avoid predators, and within the lek tree choose the perch that affords a compromise between optimal signalling, micro-climatic conditions and predation risk (Kaspi & Yuval 1999 a&b; Field et al 2000; Kaspi & Yuval submitted). We were able to show that leks are exclusive, and that only males with adequate protein and carbohydrate reserves can participate (Yuval et al 1998; Kaspi et al 2000; Shelly et al 2000). We determined that females prefer leks formed by protein fed, sexually experienced males (Shelly 2000). Finally, we demonstrated that adding protein to the diet of sterile males significantly enhances their probability of participating in leks and copulating wild females (Kaspi & Yuval 2000).
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Thuan, V. V., C. Harwood, V. D. Toan, D. D. Lan, L. Nguyen e S. Carsan. Growth and fruit yield of seedlings, cuttings and grafts from selected son tra trees in Northwest Vietnam. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp16046.pdf.

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