Tesi: "Fruit set"

1

Satti, S. M. F., e N. F. Oebker. "Fruit Set Studies in Tomato Under High Temperatures". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214141.

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2

Sharifani, M. Mehdi. "Pollination, fruit set and identification studies in pear". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AHH/09ahhs531.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 190-211. Research was carried out to evaluate pollination efficiency, gene flow by pollen and fruit set in Packham Triumph cultivar pear trees located in a mixed planting of pear cultivars in a commercial orchard in the Coromandel Valley region of South Australia.

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3

Dreyer, Carlien. "Fruit set and fruit size studies on ‘Forelle’ and ‘Abate Fetel’ pear (Pyrus communis L.)". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79870.

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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Maintaining constant high yields in „Abate Fetel‟ and „Forelle‟ orchards in South Africa is challenging. Improving productivity in these orchards could be achieved by increasing fruit set and fruit size. Fruit size is an important marketing and quality parameter and has a significant effect on the economic value of fruit. Various protocols to improve fruit set are used by South African producers but these are not well researched. We therefore evaluated different combinations of plant growth regulators including gibberellic acid (GA3), gibberellins 4+7 (GA4+7), GA4+7 combined with 6-benzyladenine (6-BA), aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and prohexadione-calcium (P-Ca) in combination with trunk girdling during flowering on „Forelle‟ and „Abate Fetel‟ to determine the best fruit set strategy. All applied growth regulators improved fruit set relative to an untreated control over two consecutive seasons, but GA3 and P-Ca reduced return bloom and AVG resulted in smaller fruit size relative to the other treatments. The application of synthetic cytokinins are believed to enhance fruit size by stimulating and extending the cell division period in fruit when applied at the correct stage of fruit growth. In addition, combination of P-Ca with GA4+7 was used successfully on Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) and „Bing‟ sweet cherry to improve fruit size. This combination of GA4+7 and P-Ca was evaluated and combined with 6-BA treatments on European pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars, Forelle and Abate Fetel, to see if a similar effect on fruit size could be achieved under South African growing conditions. On both „Forelle‟ and „Abate Fetel‟ the combination of GA4+7 and P-Ca increased fruit size, but was more pronounced in „Abate Fetel‟. Growth regulators N-phenyl-N‟ -1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea (TDZ), N (2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N‟ -phenylurea (CPPU), 6-BA and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) successfully increased fruit size in pear cultivars Coscia and Spadona in Israel. These growth regulators were applied to „Forelle‟ and „Abate Fetel‟ to determine if a similar effect could be achieved. None of the synthetic cytokinins applied had a significant effect on increasing fruit size in these two cultivars over two consecutive seasons although 6-BA increased return bloom and 2,4-D application resulted in increased fruit set. The stage when the cell division period in „Forelle‟ and „Abate Fetel‟ ends was also determined as 34 and 45 days after full bloom respectively, which can be used in the future to better plan the timing of fruit size enhancement treatments. Based on results from various fruit set and fruit size improvement trials, it can be recommended to use GA4+7 or AVG to increase fruit set on „Forelle‟ and „Abate Fetel‟, depending on the fruit set history of the orchard. Results from fruit size improvement trials were variable, and emphasises the fact that a balance between yield and fruit size must be determined for an orchard to achieve good fruit size and maximum return.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die handhawing van konstante, hoë opbrengste in „Abate Fetel‟ en „Forelle‟ boorde in Suid-Afrika is 'n uitdaging. Produktiwiteit in hierdie boorde kan verhoog word deur vrugset en vruggrootte te verbeter. Vruggrootte is 'n belangrike bemarkings- en kwaliteitsparameter en het 'n betekenisvolle effek op die ekonomiese waarde van vrugte. 'n Verskeidenheid protokolle om vrugset te verbeter word deur Suid-Afrikaanse produsente gevolg, maar hierdie protokolle is nog nie goed nagevors nie. Verskillende kombinasies van plantgroeireguleerders insluitend gibberelliensuur (GA3), gibberellien 4+7 (GA4+7), GA4+7 in kombinasie met 6-bensieladenien (6-BA), aminoetoksievinielglisien (AVG) en prohexadioon-kalsium (P-Ca) in kombinasie met stamringelering is aan „Forelle‟ en „Abate Fetel‟ bome gedurende blomtyd toegedien om die beste vrugsetstrategie te bepaal. Alle plantgroeireguleerdes wat toegedien is het vrugset verbeter relatief tot 'n onbehandelde kontrole oor twee opeenvolgende seisoene, maar GA3 en P-Ca het die aantal blomme in die daaropvolgende seisoen verlaag en AVG het kleiner vruggrootte gelewer relatief tot alle ander behandelings. Dit is wel bekend dat die toediening van sintetiese sitokiniene vruggrootte verbeter deur die stimulering en bevordering van seldeling in vrugte wanneer dit in die regte groeifase toegedien word. Die kombinasie van P-Ca en GA4+7 was suksesvol om vruggrootte te verbeter toe dit aan Japanese pere (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) en „Bing‟ kersies toegedien is. Hierdie kombinasie van GA4+7 en P-Ca is geëvalueer en gekombineer met 6-BA-behandelings op die Europese peer (Pyrus communis L.) kultivars, Forelle en Abate Fetel, om te bepaal of dieselfde effek op vruggrootte bereik kan word onder Suid-Afrikaanse groei kondisies. Op beide „Forelle‟ en „Abate Fetel‟ het die kombinasies van GA4+7 en P-Ca vruggrootte verbeter, maar dit was meer opmerklik in die geval van „Abate Fetel‟. Die groeireguleerders N-feniel-N‟ -1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea (TDZ), N (2-chloro-4-piridiel)-N‟ -fenielurea (CPPU), 6-BA en 2,4- dichloorfenoksieasynsuur (2,4-D) het vruggrootte verbeter in „Coscia‟ en „Spadona‟ pere in Israel. Hierdie plantgroeireguleerders is toegedien aan „Forelle‟ en „Abate Fetel‟ om vas te stel of dieselfde effek verkry kon word. Nie enige van die sintetiese sitokiniene wat toegedien is het 'n betekenisvolle effek op die verbetering van vruggrootte in hierdie twee kultivars oor twee opeenvolgende seisoene getoon nie, alhoewel 6-BA die verbetering van blom in die daaropvolgende seisoen tot gevolg gehad en 2,4-D vrugset verbeter het. Die stadium waar seldeling in „Forelle‟ en „Abate Fetel‟ eindig is vasgestel as 34 en 45 dae na volblom, onderskeidelik, wat in die toekoms gebruik kan word om die beplanning en tydsberekening van vruggrootte behandelings te verbeter. Na verskeie vrugset en vruggroote verbeterings proewe, kan aanbeveel word dat GA4+7 of AVG gebruik kan word om vrugset in „Forelle‟ en „Abate Fetel‟ te verbeter, afhangende van die vrugset geskiedenis van die boord. Resultate van vruggrootte verbeterings proewe het gevarieër en beklemtoon net weer die feit dat 'n balans tussen opbrengs en vruggrootte bepaal moet word om optimale vruggrootte te handhaaf en so hoë winste te verseker.
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4

Prasad, Pagadala Venkatat Vara. "The effect of heat stress on fruit-set and fruit yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)". Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287379.

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Groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) grown in the semi-arid tropics are commonly exposed to air and soil temperatures> 35°C. This research in controlled environments has shown that continuous exposure of plants to hot air (day/night, 38°/22°C) and/or hot soil (38°/30°C) temperatures during the reproductive .phase (from flower bud appearance until reproductive maturity) significantly reduces total dry matter production, the partitioning of dry matter to pods and seed yields. The effects of hot air and hot soil temperature were additive and without interaction. Hot air temperature had no effect on flower production but significantlyreduced the proportion of flowers setting pegs (fruit-set) and hence the number of fruits. In contrast, hot soils significantly reduced flower production, the proportion of pegs forming pods and 100 seed weight. There was no evidence that plants dependent on symbiotic N2 fixation were more susceptible to heat stress than those dependent on inorganic N. Sensitivity to short (6 d) episodes of hot air temperature (38°/22°C) was acute during the period between 6 d before until 15 d after first flowering (OAF). The magnitude of that sensitivity depended on the number of floral buds exposed to heat stress before anthesis. In the Spanish cv. ICGV 86015, daytime air temperatures ~34°C imposed for only 6 d beginning at 9 DAF, significantly reduced flower number, pollen production and viability, fruit-set and seed yield. Fruit-set was most sensitive to heat stress during the first 6 h of the daylight period (AM). Warmer nights (28° cl 22°C) had no effect on flower numbers, but significantly reduced both pollen production and viability, and hence fruit-set. There were negative quantitative relations between flower number and day temperatures between 28° and 48°C. In contrast, reductions in fruit-set were quantitatively related to AM temperature >37.3°C. Pollen production and viability were also linearly reduced when day temperature was >34°C. These data will help plant breeders to screen germplasm and identify heat-tolerant cultivars, and should also improve simulation models of groundnut crops in the semi-arid tropics.

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5

Luz, Alberto Ramos. "Fitorreguladores em pereiras europeias: fruit set, produtividade e qualidade de frutos". Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2012. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/1140.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV12MA094.pdf: 1832158 bytes, checksum: 12087c58319ad6a4e92485eaff5983f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-16
The pear is the third most temperature fruit consumed in Brazil, representing the largest percentage of total frsh fruit imports by country (50.7% of the amount). Brazilian production is not significant, with low fruit set as one of the main problems of low productivity of pear trees in southern Brazil. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the main growth regulators (Promalin®, Viviful®, Retain®, and TDZ) for the cultivation of the pear growing in different locations in southern brazil and its effect on fruit ser and yield of pear Packam s Triumph and William s . The experiments were conducted in the regions of São Joaquim, SC, Rio Rufino, SC and São Francisco de Paula, RS, during the growing seasons 2009/2010 and 2010/2011, with cultivars Packam s Triumph and William s. We evaluate the fruit set, number of fruits per plant, yield per plant, estimated yield, fruit diameter, deformation, flesh firmness, number of viable and unviable seeds, soluble solids, pH and titratable acidity. The results indicate that cv. Packam s Triumph is more responsive to the action of growth regulators than cv. William s. Since, Promalin® (1 ml L-1) applied at the full bloom + Retain® (2 g L-1) applied 15 days after the full bloom increases the productivity of pear Packham s Trimph, and pear William s, the increase only happened in the counties of São Joaquim and São Francisco de Paula. The use growth regulators did not increase the productivity of the pear tree William s in the experimental area of São Joaquim. The application of Viviful® increased the productivity of pear William s in the experimental area of San Francisco de Paula. The use growth regulators Retain®, Viviful®, TDZ and Promaline® + Retain® increase the fruit set of pear Packham s Triumph, emphasizing the application of Promaline® (1 ml L-1) applied at full bloom + Retain® (2 f L-1) applied 15 days after full bloom, which increased fruit set and productivity
A pera é a terceira fruta de clima temperado mais consumida no Brasil, representando a maior porcentagem no total dos frutos in natura importados pelo país (50,7% da quantidade). A produção brasileira é pouco expressiva, apresentando baixo pegamento de frutos como um dos principais problemas da baixa produtividade das pereiras no sul do Brasil. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo, avaliar os principais fitorreguladores (Promalin®, Viviful®, Retain® e Thidiazuron) para a cultura da pereira em diferentes locais de cultivo no sul do Brasil e o seu efeito na fruit set e produtividade das pereiras Packham‟s Triumph e William‟s . Os experimentos foram conduzidos nas regiões de São Joaquim, SC, Rio Rufino, SC e São Francisco de Paula, RS durante as safras 2009/2010 e 2010/2011, com as cultivares Packham‟s Triumph e William‟s. Foram avaliados a fruit set, nº de frutos por planta, produtividade por planta, produtividade estimada, diâmetro de frutos, deformação, firmeza de polpa, nº de sementes viáveis e inviáveis, sólidos solúveis, pH e acidez titulável. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a cv. Packham‟s Triumph responde mais à ação dos fitorreguladores do que a cv. William‟s. Sendo que, Promalin® (1 ml L-1) aplicado no estádio de plena floração + Retain® (2 g L-1) aplicado 15 dias após a plena floração aumentam a produtividade da pereira Packham‟s Triumph, e na pereira William‟s, o aumento só aconteceu nos municípios de São Joaquim e São Francisco de Paula. O uso de fitorreguladores não aumentou a produtividade da pereira William‟s na área experimental de São Joaquim. A aplicação de Viviful® aumentou a produtividade das pereiras William‟s na área experimental de São Francisco de Paula. O uso dos fitorreguladores Retain®, Viviful®, TDZ e Promalin® + Retain® aumentam a fruit set da pereira Packham‟s Triumph, destacando-se a aplicação de Promalin® (1 ml L-1) aplicado no estádio de plena floração + Retain® (2 g L-1) aplicados 15 dias após a plena floração, o qual aumentou a fruit set e a produtividade

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6

Champagne, Linda. "Floral development and fruit set of tomato as influenced by mini-tunnels". Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59949.

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Field experiments were established during the 1988 and 1989 growing seasons, to determine the effect of mini-tunnel management systems on floral development and fruit set of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Two types of floral abnormalities reported to be caused by temperatures above 30$ sp circ$C were observed, namely: style exsertion and splitting of the antheridial cone. Clear vented and white non-vented mini-tunnels reduced the incidence of both these abnormalities compared to the controls in 1988. As a consequence these two types of mini-tunnels also had the greatest percentage fruit set and total marketable yield of the first three clusters. In 1989, none of the mini-tunnels tested significantly increased percentage fruit set or marketable yield. The cultivar Springset produced ripe fruits an average of 4 days before Hope#1 and 7 days before Celebrity in both 1988 and 1989.

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7

D'Asaro, Antonio. "NUTRITIONAL AND HORMONAL FACTORS AFFECTING FRUIT SET IN AVOCADO (Persea americana Mill.)". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/79875.

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Under favourable conditions, the avocado sets more fruits than the tree is able to bring to maturity, so that the plant adjusts, during the early stages of development, its ability to nourish them by modifying their number, that is, causing the fruit drop of those who can not maintain their growth rate. Accordingly, carbohydrate availability could be a key factor in the physiological abscission of these fruits. Since this species presents dichogamy, the abscission of fruits has also been attributed to the absence of pollination, but at the same time it has been related to failures in seed development, embryo abortion, seed coat collapse, and with the effect of an environmental stress, especially by cold or heat. In order to demonstrate if in avocado the competition between flowers is responsible for fruit set and initial development of the fruit, it has been determined the influence of the flowering intensity in the time course of carbohydrate and hormonal content, in the rate of fruits abscission and its evolution, and finally, on percentage of fruits set. For this purpose experiments have been designed in order to: 1) reduce flowering, and with it the competition between flowers, 2) reduce vegetative growth, and 3) promote fruit set. The experiments were carried out in commercial orchards of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) cv. Hass (group A flowering), located in Torrent and Llaurí (Valencia), Spain, and in Caronia Marina (Messina), Italy. Adult trees (5-8 years), planted at a distance of 5 x 6 m. In all of them there were cv. Fuerte (flowering group B) to ensure pollination. The results showed that gibberellic acid applied during the floral bud inductive period delayed sprouting, reduced the number of flowers per panicle, increased apical shoot length, and delayed fruitlet abscission. Gibberellic acid applied at anthesis enhanced fruit set and delayed fruitlet abscission. It correlated with an immediate and temporary increase of GA1, IAA and tZ content. But the GA1 immeditely derived in its catabolite GA8. Since IAA synthesis precedes fruit set and tZ increasing content, the possibility that fertilization triggers the tZ synthesis mediated by auxin cannot be discarded. Gibberellic acid applied at the beginning of fruit set also, temporarily, increased the endogenous concentration of GA1 and GA8, As well as the number of fruits that initiated the development and delayed their abscission. Paclobutrazol applied at anthesis reduced the growth of the terminal shoot y anticipated flowers abscission, but did not affect initial fruit set. In no case it was possible to increase the total number of fruits per panicle, so that the competition between developing organs is not the cause of the lack of fruit set in this species.
En condiciones favorables, el aguacate cuaja más frutos de los que el árbol es capaz de llevar a la madurez, de modo que la planta ajusta, durante las primeras fases del desarrollo, su capacidad de nutrirlos modificando su número, esto es, provocando la caída de los que no pueden mantener su tasa de crecimiento. De acuerdo con ello, la disponibilidad de carbohidratos podría ser un factor clave en la abscisión fisiológica de estos frutos. Dado que esta especie presenta dicogamia, la abscisión de frutos también se ha atribuido a la ausencia de polinización, pero al mismo tiempo se ha relacionado con fallos en el desarrollo de la semilla, el aborto del embrión, el colapso de la cubierta seminal, y con el efecto de un estrés ambiental, especialmente por frío o calor. Con el fin de demostrar si en el aguacate la competencia entre flores es responsable del cuajado y desarrollo inicial del fruto, se ha determinado la influencia que la intensidad de floración tiene en la evolución del contenido en carbohidratos y hormonas, en la tasa de abscisión de frutos y su evolución, y, finalmente, sobre porcentaje de frutos cuajados. Para ello se han diseñado experimentos para 1) reducir la floración, y con ello la competencia entre flores, 2) reducir el desarrollo vegetativo, y 3) promover el cuajado de frutos. Los experimentos se llevaron a cabo en huertos comerciales de aguacate cv. Hass (grupo A de floración), localizados en Torrent y Llaurí (Valencia), España, y en Caronia Marina, Messina, Italia. Se utilizaron árboles adultos (5-8 años de edad), plantados a una distancia de 5 x 6 m. En todos ellos había árboles del cv. Fuerte (grupo B de floración) para asegurar la polinización. Los resultados demuestran que la aplicación de ácido giberélico durante la inducción floral retrasó la brotación, redujo el número de flores por panícula, aumentó la longitud del brote desarrollado a partir de la yema terminal de la panícula, y retrasó la abscisión fisiológica de frutos. Su aplicación en antesis promovió el cuajado de frutos y retrasó su abscisión. Ello se corresponde con un aumento inmediato y temporal de la síntesis endógena de GA1, IAA y tZ. Pero la GA1 derivó inmediatamente en su catabolito GA8. Puesto que la síntesis de IAA precedió al cuajado y al contenido creciente de tZ, la posibilidad de que la fecundación desencadene la síntesis de tZ mediada por la auxina no puede ser descartada. La aplicación de ácido giberélico al inicio del cuajado también aumentó, temporalmente, la concentración endógena de GA1 y GA8, así como el número de frutos que iniciaron el desarrollo, y retrasó su abscisión. La aplicación de paclobutrazol en antesis redujo el crecimiento del brote terminal y anticipó la abscisión de las flores, pero no afectó el cuajado inicial. En ningún caso se consiguió aumentar el número total de frutos por panícula, de modo que la competencia entre órganos en desarrollo no es la causa de la falta de cuajado en esta especie.
En condicions favorables, l'alvocat qualla més fruits dels que l'arbre és capaç de portar a la maduresa, de manera que la planta s'ajusta, durant les primeres fases del desenvolupament, la capacitat de nodrir-modificant el nombre, és a dir, provocant la caiguda dels que no poden mantenir la seva taxa de creixement. D'acord amb això, la disponibilitat de carbohidrats podria ser un factor clau en la abscisió fisiològica d'aquests fruits. Atès que aquesta espècie presenta dicogàmia, la abscisió de fruits també s'ha atribuït a l'absència de pol·linització, però al mateix temps s'ha relacionat amb errors en el desenvolupament de la llavor, l'avortament de l'embrió, el col·lapse de la coberta seminal, i amb l'efecte d'un estrès ambiental, especialment per fred o calor. Per tal de demostrar si en l'alvocat la competència entre flors és responsable del quallat i desenvolupament inicial del fruit, s'ha determinat la influència que la intensitat de floració té en l'evolució del contingut en carbohidrats i hormones, en la taxa d'abscisió de fruits i la seva evolució, i, finalment, sobre percentatge de fruits quallats. Per això s'han dissenyat experiments per a 1) reduir la floració, i amb això la competència entre flors, 2) reduir el desenvolupament vegetatiu, i 3) promoure el quallat de fruits. Els experiments es van dur a terme en horts comercials d'alvocat cv. Hass (grup A de floració), localitzats a Torrent i Llaurí (València), Espanya, i en Caronia Marina, Messina, Itàlia. Es van utilitzar arbres adults (5-8 anys d'edat), plantats a una distància de 5 x 6 m. En tots ells hi havia arbres del cv. Fort (grup B de floració) per assegurar la pol·linització. Els resultats demostren que l'aplicació d'àcid giberèlic durant la inducció floral retardar la brotada, va reduir el nombre de flors per panícula, va augmentar la longitud del brot desenvolupat a partir del rovell terminal de la panícula, i va retardar la abscissió fisiològica de fruits. La seva aplicació en antesi va promoure el quallat de fruits i va retardar la seva abscisió. Això es correspon amb un augment immediat i temporal de la síntesi endògena de GA1, IAA i tZ. Però la GA1 va derivar immediatament en el seu catabolit GA8. Ja que la síntesi de IAA va precedir al quallat i al contingut creixent de tZ, la possibilitat que la fecundació desencadeni la síntesi de tZ intervinguda per l'auxina no pot ser descartada. L'aplicació d'àcid giberèlic a l'inici del quallat també va augmentar, temporalment, la concentració endògena de GA1 i GA8, així com el nombre de fruits que van iniciar el desenvolupament, i va retardar la seva abscisió. L'aplicació de paclobutrazol en antesi va reduir el creixement del brot terminal i va anticipar la abscisió de les flors, però no va afectar el quallat inicial. En cap cas es va aconseguir augmentar el nombre total de fruits per panícula, de manera que la competència entre òrgans en desenvolupament no és la causa de la manca de quallat en aquesta espècie.
D'asaro, A. (2017). NUTRITIONAL AND HORMONAL FACTORS AFFECTING FRUIT SET IN AVOCADO (Persea americana Mill.) [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/79875
TESIS

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Kilby, Michael W., e Robert Call. "Foliar Applications of Boron to Pecan Trees Does Not Affect Fruit Set". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220575.

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Boron was applied as a foliar spray to pecan trees in a pecan orchard located in Cochise County. Single or repeated application prior to pollination did not affect nutlet set. Leaf analysis indicated that the boron levels in all trees were in the sufficient range for optimum growth and production.

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9

Howpage, Daya, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture e Centre for Horticulture and Plant Sciences. "Pollination biology of kiwifruit : influence of honey bees, Apis mellifera L, pollen parents and pistil structure". THESIS_FEMA_HPS_Howpage_D.xml, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/338.

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The importance of European honey bees in improving fruit set, yield and fruit weight of kiwifruit on the central east coast of Australia was investigated. Field investigations were carried out using different bee saturations and different types of male pollen parents. These investigations confirmed the importance of honey bees in kiwifruit fruit set, yield and fruit weight. However, the results suggested that increasing bee activity alone may not increase pollination of kiwifruit by honey bees. Many factors need to be understood before introducing bees into the orchard. Bees were more effective during the early part of the flowering period, and bee activity varied according to the sex of the vine, planting design and the time of day. The type of male pollen parents also influenced fruit size and quality. Flowers pollinated by different pollen parents were assessed for pollen tube growth and histochemical changes. The resulting fruit were also examined for weight and seed numbers. Honey bees play the major role in the size and yield of kiwifruit, but the design of male vines, their age and type of male pollen may also contribute. The kiwifruit pistil also possesses important features that can be considered as adaptations to insect pollination.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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10

Dheim, M. A. "Effects of paclobutrazol on flower initiation and fruit set in Pyrus communis L". Thesis, University of Reading, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378481.

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11

Barstow, Ben. "Fruit Set Response of Cotton Varity DP-90 to Early Season Insecticide Application". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219767.

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The 1985 and 1986 Cotton Reports have the same publication and P-Series numbers.
Nodes to first square and number of fruit in early fruiting positions were evaluated in Pinal County early season insecticide trials. Acephate treatments increased the number of fruit in early fruiting positions at three of four locations. Two of these same locations also received sidedressed aldicarb applications, but no significant response to aldicarb was observed.

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12

Sheard, Andrew Grant. "Factors leading to poor fruit set and yield of sweet cherries in South Africa". Thesis, Link to the online version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/904.

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13

Wunnachit, Wijit. "Floral biology of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) in relation to pollination and fruit set". Adelaide Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/21622.

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Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Horticulture, Viticulture and Oenology, 1991

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Wunnachit, Wijit. "Floral biology of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) in relation to pollination and fruit set". Thesis, Adelaide Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/21622.

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15

Ramongalo, Boipelo Kgomotsego. "Influence of polliniser position and honeybee colony distance in the set and quality of deciduous fruit in the Western Cape". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5466.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2010.
Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Zoology at Stellenbosch University.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Most modern deciduous fruit cultivars are self-incompatible, and require polliniser trees to be planted in the orchard to provide the pollen necessary for cross-pollination, fertilization and fruit set. Polliniser trees are either non-commercial cultivars interspersed in the orchard solely to provide pollen, or crosscompatible cultivars inter-planted in the same orchard. 90% of the commercial crops dependent on bee pollination are courtesy of a single species, Apis mellifera. Both polliniser planting pattern and honey bee colony distance are known to influence crop production and crop quality, resulting in a rapid decrease in fruit weight, fruit set and seed number with increasing distance from the polliniser or honeybee colonies. However, the response of different crops and cultivars to polliniser and pollinator proximity on optimal crop yield is not known for deciduous fruit crops in the Western Cape, South Africa. The effect of polliniser position and honeybee colony distance on fruit set and weight was investigated in plums, apples and pears on the Lourensford Estate. The relationship between fruit set and fruit weight was investigated for deciduous fruit cultivars. In addition, fruit weight and seed number was also investigated in apples and pears. Fruit set tended to increase on sides of trees closer to the polliniser but not significantly so, except for apples. This suggests that there is probably better pollination closer to the pollinisers but this does not equate to increased yield. In fact, smaller fruit was produced on the sides of the trees closer to the polliniser for all orchards and significantly so for plum and for ‘Packham’s Triumph’ in Hillside 1. This negative relationship between fruit set and weight may indicate ‘over-set’ beyond the physiological limits of the trees. Fruits closer to the polliniser had significantly more seeds for both pear and apple cultivars indicating sufficient pollination. A significant relationship was found between the seed number in any particular fruit and the weight of the fruit in all the cultivars except ‘Packham’s Triumph’ where the relationship was negative, suggesting that ‘Packham’s Triumph’ set parthenocarpically. Colony distance had no effect on fruit weight, fruit set and on seed number indicating that colonies were adequately distributed and that there was no “pollination depression” in the centre of the orchards at Lourensford. In conclusion, the fact that we did not get a yield gradient with increased distance from the colonies suggested that the orchards at Lourensford Estate were sufficiently pollinated.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geen opsomming beskikbaar

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Masciarelli, Stefano. "Effects of different intensity of early leaf removal on vegetative and productive activity and grape quality (cv. Nero d'Avola, Vitis vinifera)". Master's thesis, ISA-UL, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/12219.

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Mestrado Vinifera Euromaster - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL
The trial wants to study the characteristics of c.v. Nero d’Avola in the Eastern part of Sicily after early leaf removal. Axiom to create high quality wine is to have high quality grapes. This can be possible only with right management of vineyard. The objective is to understand how the early leaf removal can change the productive and vegetative balance of vine and micro-climate of the cluster region. Specifically this research wants to highlight the process that some variables can cause during the leaf out process of the cv Nero d’Avola in the area of Hyblaean Mountains (Monti Iblei). This study show like early leaf removal at fruit set stimulates the increase of the length of lateral shoots. The early defoliation influenced the fruit-set processes, in terms of lower berry number and a higher percentage of chicken berries. The sugar content was positively influenced by early defoliation .Probably related to the greater leaf area per gram of grapes at harvest , younger canopy in the last stage of ripening and also for greater exposure of luster to light. The percentage of light interception is higher in the defoliated treatments ,especially, in the south-east side of canopy. About anthocyanin accumulation we can confirm that early defoliation lead to a more rapid build-up, thanks to the exposure to light, which stimulates the metabolites synthesis. Defoliation remains a very effective way to diversify agronomic management and the types of grapes obtainable from a same variety in the same environment. In conclusion we can say ,the defoliation at different times and different intensity, depending on the climate and the environment, can control the yield, especially in high-yielding varieties, and can improve the sugar accumulation, and increase the concentration of polyphenols in the short term. The early defoliation in hot climate is a agronomic practice in developing ,but is important to understand which are the most limits and advantages

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Domingos, Sara Nobre Gonçalves. "Flower abscission and fruit set on table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.): unraveling physiological and molecular mechanisms". Doctoral thesis, ISA-UL, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/12041.

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Doutoramento em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL
Despite the importance of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) as one of the most cultivated species, the molecular events occurring during the critical period of fruit set, are far from elucidated. Aiming at providing a new insight on flower-to-fruit transition and flower abscission regulation, transcriptomic (RNA-Seq) and metabolomic analyzes were performed in the inflorescences and vine physiological alterations were investigated. Regarding flower-to-fruit transition regulation the results showed involvement of nutrient transport regulation and alterations on carbohydrates, secondary and hormone metabolism. In particular, induction of indole-3-acetic acid accumulation and activation of ethylene and sugar signaling were hypothesized to induce bioactive gibberellins biosynthesis, stimulating cell division within inflorescences. Assays with gibberellic acid (GAc) spraying and reduction of light interception during bloom allowed to promote flower abscission and suggested that growth regulator application and C-starvation resulted in distinct effects on inflorescence metabolism. GAc response involved stimulation of photosynthetic and respiratory machinery, nucleotide biosynthesis and carbon metabolism. Conversely, shading repressed photosynthesis, induced carbon/nitrogen imbalance and comprehensive alterations on hormone-related pathways, resulting in repression of cell division and induction of senescence. Candidates as common pathways leading to abscission were putrescine catabolism regulation, auxin biosynthesis induction, gibberellin biosynthesis repression and ROS signaling/detoxification although often through changes on specific transcripts and metabolites levels. Aiming at optimizing thinning methods, mandatory on table grapes production for guarantee bunch quality, GAc spray and shading during bloom were tested in seedless and seeded cultivars growing under field and greenhouse conditions. 'Thompson Seedless' showed to be sensitive to both thinning methods resulting in increased flower drop and reduced bunch compactness, but only GAc spray enhanced berry quality. Both treatments induced flower abscission in 'Black Magic' growing in late cycle on greenhouse production system, whereas during early cycle, only shade enhanced flower drop, bunch aspect and berry quality, resulting in an effective thinning method

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Silva, Adriana de Castro Correia da [UNESP]. "Produção e qualidade de frutos de pitaya (Hylocereus undatus)". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96942.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:58:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_acc_me_jabo.pdf: 662789 bytes, checksum: 2b185ee7df4afd2dda1bcd07f0bcee1a (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
A procura cada vez maior por uma alimentação saudável e balanceada tem levado a um aumento no consumo de frutas e verduras, e a uma maior diversificação pelos consumidores. Em virtude disso, o consumo de frutas exóticas tem aumentado nos últimos anos, destacando-se, entre os produtos comercializados, a pitaya. Por ser uma cultura ainda incipiente no país, há a necessidade de estabelecimento de pesquisas quanto ao seu cultivo para dar suporte aos produtores. Neste sentido, este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de realizar a caracterização do ciclo de produção da pitaya vermelha (Hylocereus undatus) na região de Jaboticabal, SP e a frutificação e qualidade de frutos em função da fonte de pólen, do ambiente de cultivo e da época de produção. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3X2X2 (três espécies doadoras de pólen: H. undatus, H. polyrhizus e Selenicereus setaceus, dois ambientes – condução sob tela plástica branca e preta, e duas épocas de polinização: março e abril), com quatro repetições. Observou-se que a emissão de gemas e o florescimento na cultura da pitaya ocorrem com a associação de altas temperaturas e precipitação, havendo constante emissão de botões florais durante os meses de novembro a abril, com pico de florescimento no mês de dezembro. O clone avaliado mostrou-se auto-incompatível, sendo necessária polinização cruzada, com pólen de outras espécies de pitaya para garantir a frutificação. As condições climáticas influenciaram diretamente do desenvolvimento e na qualidade dos frutos obtidos
The increasing demand for a healthy and balanced diet has led to an increased on fruits and vegetables expenditure, and greater diversification by the consumer. As a result, consumption of exotic fruits has increased in recent years, especially the dragon fruit. Due of the fact that is a new crop in Brazil country, researches are needed about their cultivation to support their producers. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of assess the phenology of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) on Jaboticabal, Brazil, and the effect of pollen source, environment for cultivation, and time on fruit set and fruit quality. The experimental design was entirely randomized, in a 3 X 2 X 2 (three pollen sources: H. undatus, H. polyrhizus and Selenicereus. setaceus X two environment for cultivation – under plastic screen black or white, X two times of pollination: March and April) factorial arrangement, with 4 replicates. It was observed that the issue of floral buds and the bloom on dragon fruit culture occurs with a combination of high temperatures and rainfall, with constant emission of flower buds during the months from November to April, with peak bloom in December. The clone evaluated demonstrated self-incompatible, requiring cross-pollination with foreign pollen to ensure fruit set. The environmental conditions influences directly on fruit development and quality

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Poulsen, Kristian Wermuth. "Effect of pre-bloom leaf defoliation on cluster morphology and disease pressure". Master's thesis, ISA-UL, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/12214.

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Mestrado Vinifera Euromaster - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL
Defoliation of grapevines have been shown to impact fruit set and fruit development, although the extent to and timing of which defoliation impacts fruit set and development is still being investigated. This is useful for the purpose of managing crop load and can be a useful tool for disease management. Currently, the understanding is that removal of leaves from the fruiting zone alters the source-sink balance, forcing the grapevine to down-prioritize flowering resulting in reduced fruit set, smaller clusters and less rot (Incidence x Severity). The purpose of this project is to investigate how pre-bloom removal of the six basal leaves on Riesling (clone 49) grapevines alters fruit set, cluster morphology and berry composition. The experiment was conducted in 2014 at Michigan State University’s Southwest Michigan research and Extension Center in Benton Harbor, MI (lat. 42005’10.55” N, long. 86021’03.68”W). Our experiments show that there is a significant impact on fruit set as a consequence of defoliation, where defoliated vines showed a lower percentage of fruit set compared to control (43% vs. 63.4%) and the lower fruit set percentage also yielded less rot within the clusters (21.3% vs. 31.5%). Differences were noted in the rachis development (rachis were heavier and thicker with longer lateral branches in the control), but no significant changes were observed in berry composition and the proportions of successfully to unsuccessfully seeded berries as a result of the treatment

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Soveral, Marta de Agrela Cabral. "Fatores que afetam o vingamento em oliveira (Olea europaea L.) cv. Tosca: efeito da polinização cruzada e da aplicação de um extrato de algas". Master's thesis, ISA/UL, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/8303.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
Aiming at an improvement of fruit set in olive tree cv. Tosca, a very early flowering variety, a field trial involving artificial cross pollination was carried out in a hedgerow olive orchard nearby Cartaxo, with pollinators 'Negrinha', 'Cordovil', 'Azeiteira' and 'Maçanilha', early flowering cultivars as well (free pollination as control), and with five other pollinators, 'Arbequina', 'Carrasquenha', 'Galega Evora', 'Maçanilha Carrasquenha' and 'Blanqueta', later flowering, on an exploratory basis. The viability and pollen germination ability of each of these varieties, including ‘Tosca’ was subsequently tested in the laboratory. In complement to this trial, the effect of a biostimulant derived from a seaweed extract in fruit set was evaluated in 'Tosca', as well as the evolution of chlorophyll levels. Overall, the fruit set of ‘Tosca’ revealed values above average, between 3% and 5%, showing better results in open-pollination than in artificial cross-pollination. Among the tested pollinators, the one which showed to be the most promising, regarding fruit set, was 'Negrinha', despite having revealed average percentages of pollen germination and viability (45-47%). The application of the biostimulant did not benefit the fruit set of 'Tosca', even though chlorophyll levels were shown higher in the area where the biostimulant was applied

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Queirós, Rui Jorge Lôro Valadares de. "Estudo de alternativas à monda de frutos em ameixeira japonesa (Prunus salicina L.) na qualidade e pós-colheita dos frutos". Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/18425.

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As ameixas são maioritariamente consumidas em fresco, pelo que as condições de conservação em pós-colheita e o estado fisiológico dos frutos quando é realizada a colheita assumem elevada importância na sua comercialização. Este estudo sobre alternativas à monda de frutos em ameixeira japonesa (Prunus salicina L.), compara quatro práticas culturais de regulação de carga, a extinção de esporões, o desbaste mecânico de flores, a monda manual de frutos e a aplicação de GA3 (monda química), e os seus efeitos na qualidade final dos frutos. No presente estudo faz-se ainda uma comparação dos efeitos de duas colheitas desfasadas no tempo sobre a qualidade final dos frutos quando conservados em câmara de frio, à temperatura de 4ºC e humidade relativa alta, durante 15 dias; Abstract: Evaluation of alternatives methods to hand-thinning in Japanese plum (Prunus salicina L.) and its effects on final fruit quality Plums are mostly consumed in fresh, therefore, the ripening period and the postharvest conditions are important parameters that influence fruit quality and assume high importance in fruit commercialization. The aim of this research work was to search for alternatives to fruit hand-thinning in Japanese plum (Prunus salicina L.). Four cultural practices of yield regulation were implemented: bud extinction, mechanical flower thinning, fruit hand thinning and GA3 application and it was evaluated its effects on the final quality of fruits. In this research it is also compared the effect of the harvest date in fruit quality, to reach this aim fruits were harvested in two different periods (early harvest with 12% SSC and regular harvest with 16% SSC), stored at 4˚C and high Relative Humidity, and quality was evaluated during a 15 days period.

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Greenfield, Cassandra Joyce. "Low Fruit Set, Pollen Limitation and the Roles of Birds and Insects in Pollination of Native New Zealand Plants". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5182.

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Pollination and fruit set of four species of native New Zealand flowering plant species were examined through two field seasons. Bird exclusion, pollinator exclusion, natural and supplemental pollination treatments were initiated on individuals of Cordyline australis (Cabbage tree), Phormium tenax (Flax), Kunzea ericoides (Kanuka), and Pseudopanax arboreus (Five-finger). The species differed in the self-compatibility as well as in their floral syndrome. No species showed any evidence of pollen limitation, and two species. K. ericoides and P. arboreus set fruit from more than 70% of their flowers. The response of fruit set to treatment in C. australis varied from season to season, with birds appearing important to pollination in the first but not the second field season, while birds were important in pollination across both seasons for P. tenax. K. ericoides was resilient to treatment, setting high fruit set in every treatment, compared to P. arboreus which set high fruit set when pollinators had access, but low when all pollinators were excluded. No trends relating to fruit set or PLI and self-compatibility or floral syndrome were found. That there was no evidence of pollen limitation for any species, despite variation in fruit set from some treatments, indicates that these species are performing well and not at risk of decreased population size due to pollen limitation.

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García, Pérez Eliseo. "Influência de temperatura, anelamento e reguladores de crescimento, sobre a floração e frutificação de lichieiras /". Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105175.

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Orientador: Antonio Baldo Geraldo Martins
Banca: José Antônio Alberto da Silva
Banca: Carlos Ruggiero
Banca: Dalmo Lopes de Siqueira
Banca: João Alexio Scarpare Filho
Resumo: O trabalho foi realizado nas Fazendas Santo Antônio e Jurupema, localizadas no Município de Taquaritinga -SP, Brasil, de abril de 2003 a dezembro de 2005, com o objetivo de estudar a influência da temperatura, anelamento e alguns reguladores de crescimento sobre a floração e a produção de lichieiras cultivar Bengal. Foram registrados dados de produção e temperaturas, precipitação e horas acumuladas com temperaturas inferiores a 15,5° C, e correlacionados para entender o grau de interação. Foi realizado anelamento de ramos de diferentes diâmetros, para conhecer o seu efeito sobre a floração e a frutificação. O anelamento não teve efeito sobre a brotação vegetativa após a colheita, mas as maiores concentrações de PBZ reduziram significativamente a brotação vegetativa e o comprimento dos ramos. O uso de ANA provocou queimaduras nas inflorescências e queda de frutos, mas os que permaneceram, não apresentaram alterações nas características físicas e nos sólidos solúveis. Não foi observado efeito significativo da aplicação de GA3, sobre a fixação de frutos. A queda de frutos, a partir de uma massa de 2 g até a colheita, é de 50%.
Abstract: The work was carried through on Santo Antonio and Jurupema farms, located in Taquaritinga, São Paulo State, Brazil, in the period from April 2003 to December 2005, with the objective to study the influence of temperature, girdling and some growth regulators on the flowering, fruiting and production of lychee trees cultivar Bengal. It was registered production data and temperatures, precipitation and accumulated hours with inferior temperatures to 15.5°C, and correlated to understand the interaction degree. Girdling of branches of different diameters was carried through, to know its effect on the flowering and fruiting. The girdling didn't have effect on the vegetative flushes after the harvest, but the biggest concentrations of PBZ reduce the vegetative flushes and the length of shoots significantly. Spray with NAA provoked burns in the panicles and drop of fruits, but the ones that had remained did not have present alterations in the characteristics and in the soluble solids. Beneficial effect of the application of GA3 on the fruit set was not observed. The drop of fruits, starting from a weight of 2 g to the harvest, is of 50%.
Doutor

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Humphries, Shelley Ann. "Partner regulation in the mutualism between yuccas and yucca moths, the role of fruit set patterns and surplus flowers". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ34377.pdf.

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Roselino, Ana Carolina. "Polinização em culturas de pimentão - Capsicum annuum por Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides e Melipona scutellaris e de morango -Fragaria x ananassa por Scaptotrigona aff. depilis e Nannotrigona testaceicornis (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini)". Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59131/tde-10072007-105132/.

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Foram realizados experimentos de polinização em casas de vegetação, com culturas de Capsicum annuum (pimentão) e as abelhas sem ferrão, Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides e Melipona scutellaris, e com culturas de Fragaria x ananassa (morango) e as espécies de abelhas Scaptotrigona aff. depilis e Nannotrigona testaceicornis. Os resultados comprovaram a alta eficiência destas abelhas como polinizadoras de tais culturas, fenômeno totalmente notório, através dos frutos desenvolvidos, a partir da polinização cruzada realizada por estas abelhas, tais frutos apresentaram-se mais pesados e com maior quantidade de sementes, além de bem formados (sem deformidades), quando comparados com àqueles produzidos nas casas de vegetação controle, na qual a autopolinização ocorreu.
Experiments of pollination were performed in green houses with Capsicum annuum (sweet pepper) and the stingless bees, Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides and Melipona scutellaris, and with Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry) and Scaptotrigona aff. depilis and Nannotrigona testaceicornis. The results demostrate that these bees are highly efficient for pollination of these crops. The fruits developed from cross pollination by these bees had higher weight and more seeds than the control group, additionally, the fruits had no deformation compared to those fruits produced in a control green house, where exclusively self-pollination occurred.

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Lopes, João Pedro da Ponte Soares. "Polinização em oliveira cvs. Galega e Cobrançosa: avaliação do vingamento em ensaios de polinização controlada e do efeito da aplicação de um bioestimulante". Master's thesis, ISA/UTL, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/4122.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
Three pollination methods were tested in olive cultivars Galega and Cobrançosa: auto-pollination, free pollination and cross-pollination (using pollen from cultivar Maçanilha). At the same time the application of a biostimulant based in seaweed was studied. The field trial was conducted in an olive orchard near Santarém. Due to heavy winds and rain it was not possible to carry out the cross-pollination experiments and the autopollination assay for „Cobrançosa‟. Although the cross-pollination experiments were not done, the quality of the Maçanilha pollen was tested and showed good quality. It was possible to establish a fast test to analyse the pollen viability in the farm. Biostimulant action was analysed in terms of fruit set and activity of enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism (NR and GS) in leaves and in reproductive organs. Results showed that the biostimulant significantly improved fruit set in „Galega‟ and the enzymatic activity in reproductive organs of „Cobrançosa‟. It was concluded that the biostimulant effects on enzymatic activity was more expressive in the reproductive organs and in trees grown under suboptimal conditions.

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Hu, Guojian. "Hormonal and epigenetic control of pollination-dependent and pollination-independent fruit-setting in tomato". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/18575/1/HU.pdf.

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The flower-to-fruit transition, so-called fruit setting, is triggered by flower pollination and this process is essential for plant reproductive success, seed formation and crop yield. The underlying molecular mechanisms controlling this developmental transition remain unclear. Histone marking and DNA methylation are the main epigenetic modes for genetic reprogramming, however, their respective contribution to the fruit set-associated transcriptomic reprogramming is also unknown. To address the contribution of the two types of epigenetic regulation to fruit set, genome-wide transcriptomic profiling, ChIP-sequencing and DNA bisulfite sequencing were applied to tomato, a major economic crop and a model system for fleshy fruit. The study emphasizes the tight correlation between histone repositioning and gene expression changes revealing that H3K9ac and H3K4me3 histone marks synergistically promote gene transcription, whereas H3K27me3 marking has a repressive effect. We concluded that changes in histone marks rather than in DNA methylation are the main drivers of genetic reprogramming associated with the fruit set transition in tomato, and H3K9ac and H3K4me3 marking is the primary players in this control mechanism. Consistently, the expression level of fruit set-associated genes such as those related to hormone metabolism, cell division, and embryo development correlated with changes in H3K9ac or H3K4me3 marking, but not with DNA methylation. In addition, comparative study of transcriptomic profiling between pollination-dependent and -independent fruit set, uncovered the complex intervention of multiple hormone signaling pathways involved in the flower-to-fruit transition. Auxin appears as the central hormone triggering the extensive transcriptomic reprogramming associated with the initiation of early fruit growth. Altogether, the study provides new insight into the control of gene reprogramming underlying fruit the shift from flower to fruit and uncovers a set of genes encoding modifiers of epigenetic marks which may provide new targets for breeding programs aiming to improve fruit setting, a major process impacting crop yield.

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Melia, Roberta. "Effects of viticultural practices on the characteristics of berries and grape seeds in threee grape varieties". Master's thesis, ISA/UL, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/8634.

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Mestrado Vinifera EuroMaster - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
The characteristics of the berries and the seeds of two Sicilian cultivars compared to an international variety have been studied to gain a better understanding of some aspects concerning the reproductive process and fruit set in grapevine. Particularly, the empty-seededness phenomenon and its impact have been investigated by performing some viticultural practices in a randomized complete block in a wine grape vineyard located in the North-West Sicily, South Italy. This phenomenon led to empty seeds due to the embryo that aborts later becoming very small and endosperm that shrivel and degenerate, leaving them more or less hollow. It was evaluated how the performed treatments may affect these aspects evaluating their impact on the vegetative growth and productive activity. The leaf removal appeared suitable to prevent empty-seededness phenomenon decreasing floater seeds number in cultivars Grillo and Merlot, whereas in cv Nero D’Avola the tipping treatment was particularly relevant reducing the floater seed percentage

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Lybbert, Andrew Hollis. "Fire and Ungulate Herbivory Differentially Affect the Sexual Reproduction of Generalist and Specialist Pollinated Plants". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4323.

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Currently the size and frequency of wildfires are increasing at a global scale, including arid ecosystems that exhibit great sensitivity to disturbance. Fire effects on plant pollination and reproductive success in deserts are largely unknown. Plant dependence on animal pollinators for reproduction can increase the risk of reproductive failure if pollination services are hindered or lost. Species that depend on few taxonomically related pollinator species are expected to be most negatively affected by disturbances that disrupt pollination interactions. To assess fire and isolation effects on reproductive success in desert plant communities, and how wildfire influences the pollination success of generalist and specialist pollinated plants, the number of flowers, fruits, and viable seeds produced by plants surviving in burned and unburned desert landscapes were compared. Fire increased flower production for wind and generalist pollinated plants, and did not affect specialist plant flower production. Increases may be associated with positive physiological responses exhibited by plants surviving in burned areas. Fire did not affect pollination services. Wildfire effects on fruit production were neutral or positive, and overall seed:ovule ratios varied by 3% or less in burned and unburned areas for each pollination strategy. Increasing isolation within burned areas did not affect fruit production for generalist or specialist pollinated plants, suggesting that pollination services are functional across expansive burned desert landscapes. Annual reproductive output varied between years in burned and unburned areas, and shifts likely resulted from variation in annual precipitation patterns. Reductions in landscape reproductive output may be partially compensated by increased per plant fruit and seed production and maintaining pollinator services across burned landscapes, providing native shrub communities the possibility to naturally recover from fire disturbances. Habitat disturbances can influence plant interactions with herbivores, in addition to pollinators. To understand how fire and ungulate herbivory affect reproductive success of specialist pollinated desert plants, reproductive effort, floral herbivory, and pollinator visitation and success, were compared for Yucca baccata, and Yucca brevifolia in burned and unburned areas of the Mojave Desert. Fire increased Y. baccata flowering from 12% to 22% of plants in burned areas, but had no effect on the number of flowers or fruits produced per plant. Fruit set and pollinator collection failed at all sampled Y. baccata individuals, while fire and herbivory had no effect on Y. brevifolia flower, fruit, and pollinator collection. Herbivores consumed 50% and 67% of floral stalks produced by Y. baccata in unburned and burned areas. Herbivores pose a clear threat to successful sexual reproduction for Y. baccata. Removal of ungulate herbivores during important flowering periods may still result in failed fruit and seed production if local pollinator reserves have been drastically reduced or lost.

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30

Howpage, Daya. "Pollination biology of kiwifruit : influence of honey bees, Apis mellifera L, pollen parents and pistil structure". Thesis, Richmond, N.S.W. : Centre for Horticulture and Plant Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/338.

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The importance of European honey bees in improving fruit set, yield and fruit weight of kiwifruit on the central east coast of Australia was investigated. Field investigations were carried out using different bee saturations and different types of male pollen parents. These investigations confirmed the importance of honey bees in kiwifruit fruit set, yield and fruit weight. However, the results suggested that increasing bee activity alone may not increase pollination of kiwifruit by honey bees. Many factors need to be understood before introducing bees into the orchard. Bees were more effective during the early part of the flowering period, and bee activity varied according to the sex of the vine, planting design and the time of day. The type of male pollen parents also influenced fruit size and quality. Flowers pollinated by different pollen parents were assessed for pollen tube growth and histochemical changes. The resulting fruit were also examined for weight and seed numbers. Honey bees play the major role in the size and yield of kiwifruit, but the design of male vines, their age and type of male pollen may also contribute. The kiwifruit pistil also possesses important features that can be considered as adaptations to insect pollination.

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31

Hickey, Cain C. "Refining Fruit-Zone Leaf Removal for Red-Fruited Bordeaux Grape Varieties Grown in a Humid Environment". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/81407.

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Current fruit-zone management recommendation in the eastern US aims for 1-2 basal shoot leaf layers after fruit set to limit fungal disease and sunburn incidence, and prevent extreme heating of grapes. The goal of this work was to assess if fruit-zone leaf removal to an uncommonly greater extent, and/or at an earlier phenological stage, would favorably alter yield components or fruit composition in three popularly grown, red-fruited, Bordeaux varieties – Cabernet franc, Petit Verdot, and Cabernet Sauvignon. Pre-bloom leaf removal to various extents reduced crop yield by 41-78% when compared to no leaf removal across seasons and varieties. Pre-bloom leaf removal implementation in consecutive seasons tended to further reduce crop yield components compared to implementation in the first year. Pre-bloom leaf removal tended to reduce cluster compactness and bunch rot incidence when compared to post-fruit set and no leaf removal. Basal leaf removal to the greatest extents inconsistently reduced soluble solids and titratable acidity across varieties and seasons. Pre-bloom and post-fruit set leaf removal to the greatest extent consistently increased total grape phenolics and anthocyanins compared to no leaf removal in Cabernet Sauvignon, but inconsistently increased total grape phenolics compared to no leaf removal in Cabernet franc and Petit Verdot. Basal leaf removal to the greatest extents tended to increase the synthesis and degradation of carotenoids more consistently than no leaf removal, and this was particularly true for zeaxanthin. Petit Verdot and Cabernet franc wine color and aroma were inconsistently distinguishable between leaf removal treatments, and color intensity was rated higher in wines made with fruit from pre-bloom leaf removal compared to modest post fruit-set leaf removal plots. Waiting until after fruit set to remove fruit-zone leaves maintained crop yield and offered comparable improvements in fruit composition to pre-bloom leaf removal. Pre-bloom leaf removal of no more than four leaves is recommended to limit crop yield reduction, and modestly improve fruit composition. This work showed that fruit-zone leaf removal does not need to be conservative in the eastern US, particularly because the climate does not appear to be detrimental to fruit composition, and open fruit-zones reduce grape fungal disease incidence.
Ph. D.

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32

Bobiwash, Kyle. "Pollination ecology of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) - The role of introduced pollinator communities, self-fertilization and somatic mutations on fruit set response". Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=114589.

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This thesis examines fruit yield variation and its causes in the lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium). I found that yields exhibits significant variability in fruit within and between fields. An experiment involving controlled introductions of the three pollinator species commonly used in blueberry production—the honeybee (Apis mellifera), the bumblebee (Bombus spp.) and leafcutter bee (Megachile rotundata)—was also conducted. Increasing the abundance or diversity of the introduced pollinator community did not systematically increase fruit set across the experimental populations. There is weak evidence to suggest the combination of bumblebee and leafcutter bee may be more effective at increasing fruit yield than honeybee alone. The behaviour of introduced pollinator species differed between fields depending on the combination of pollinator species present, however, none of these changes was correlated with increased fruit set. As part of this work, self-pollinations and cross-pollinations were conducted in a large number of clones and variation in inbreeding depression of yield was detected among clones. To evaluate whether differences in accumulated deleterious mutations among clones were responsible for variation in inbreeding depression, a follow-up experiment manipulating access to self pollen was undertaken. In addition, differential genetic load was measured, using clone size as a proxy for somatic cell division. Neither clonal size nor self pollen access sufficiently explained the interclonal variation in self fruit set. Within the same fields, geitonogamously-pollinated fruit set was greater than autogamously-pollinated fruit set. These differences suggest the presence of somatic mutations, cell lineage selection, mitotic recombination, or epigenetic changes within lowbush blueberry clones, and they mirror results from studies of several perennial plant species that have revealed autogamy depression to be a significant factor in plant fertility. These results suggest that self-fertilization is an important element limiting fruit set that should be addressed in attempts to increase lowbush blueberry yield.
Ce thèse explore la variance du rendement de fruit et les causes des différences dans le rendement vue dans l'espèce de bleuet Vaccinium angustifolium. J'ai trouvé qu'il existe une variabilité dans le rendement de fruit entre les champs et entre les individus du champs. Une expérience visant l'introduction des trois espèces pollinisateur utilisé le plus fréquement (Apis mellifera, Bombus spp., Megachile rotundata) au Nouveau-Brunswick a aussi eu lieu. Lors de l'augmentation de la diversité ou l'abondance il n'y avait aucun gain conséquent dans le rendement de fruit. Il y a un faible temoignage qui suggère que le rendement de fruit est plus élevé dans les champs qui inclut la combinaison pollinisateur de Bombus et Megachile comparé au champs seulement avec Apis introduit. Les mesures de comportement des pollinisateur introduit ont aussi varié entre les champs dépendant des espèces présent dans les champs, mais ces changements en comportement n'ont pas été lié au différences dans le rendement de fruit. Comme partie de cette recherche, des auto- pollinisations et des pollinisations croisée ont eu lieu dans plusieurs clones, avec une variabilité dans la dépression de consanguinité vue entre individus. Pour evaluer si des différences dans l'accumulation des mutations somatiques entre individus sont responsable pour la variabilité dans la dépression de consanguinité, une expérience qui a but de modifié accès de auto pollen a suivie. Pour mésurer la différence en charge génétique, la taille des clones a été utilisé pour représenter la division cellulaire somatique. Ni la taille des clones ou l'accès à l'auto pollen fut capable d'expliquer la variation de rendement de fruit entre les clones. Ces mêmes champs on aussi produit un taux de rendement de fruit plus élevé dans les fleurs fécondé avec le pollen geitonogamous comparé au fleurs fécondé avec le pollen autogame. Ces différences suggèrent la présence des mutations somatiques, la sélection lignée cellulaire, la recombinaison mitotique, ou des changement épigénétique dans les clones de bleuets, et ces résulats reflète d'autres études des espèces de plantes vivaces qui indique que la dépression autogame est une force significative dans la fertilié des plantes. Nos résultats suggèrent que l'auto pollinisation joue un rôle important dans la limitation du rendement de fruit et dois être considéré lorsqu'on essai d'augmenter le rendement de fruit chez le bleuet V. angustifolium.

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松田, 大志. "温度がチェリモヤの生殖器官に及ぼす影響". Kyoto University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199535.

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Matsuda, Hiroshi. "Effects of Temperature on Cherimoya Reproductive Organs". Kyoto University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199367.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第19043号
農博第2121号
新制||農||1032(附属図書館)
学位論文||H27||N4925(農学部図書室)
31994
京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻
(主査)教授縄田栄治, 教授田中千尋, 教授北島宣
学位規則第4条第1項該当

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35

Fu, Yongyao. "Characterization of tomato SIARF family and SIARF8A variants reveals a selective transcriptional control of arf8 by alternative splicing and mirna stress in auxinmediated fruit set". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013INPT0143/document.

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La formation des fruits charnus est un processus de développement impliquant trois stades principaux : (i) la transition fleur/fruit ou nouaison, (ii) la croissance et enfin (iii) la maturation des fruits. Chacune de ces étapes correspond à une transition développementale associée à d’importants changements physiologiques et structurels. Parmi toutes les hormones, l’auxine est connue pour jouer un rôle important dans l‟initiation et la coordination du processus de nouaison et des phases précoces de développement du fruit. La mise en place de la réponse à l‟auxine nécessite l‟intervention de facteurs de transcription appartenant à la famille des ARF (Axin Response Factor) connus pour réguler l‟expression des gènes de réponse précoce à l‟hormone en se liant aux Cis-éléments de type AuxRE (Auxin Response Element) possédant le motif conservé de réponse à l‟auxine. Les ARF sont de ce fait des candidats forts pour faire partie du mécanisme moléculaire par lequel l’auxine intervient dans le processus de nouaison. Le projet de recherche réalisé au cours de la thèse a permis d‟isoler et de caractériser au total 22 gènes Sl-ARF chez la tomate (Solanum lycopersicum), la plante modèle pour l’étude du développement et de la maturation des fruits charnus. Les gènes Sl-ARF montrent des profils d‟expression distincts selon les tissus et organes considérés, suggérant des fonctions spécifiques pour les membres de cette famille multigénique. Il est de plus montré que certains gènes Sl-ARF sont régulés à la fois par l’auxine et par l’éthylène, suggérant qu‟ils participent potentiellement au dialogue entre les voies de signalisation des deux hormones. L’expression transitoire a révélé la capacité des Sl-ARF à agir comme activateur ou répresseur transcriptionnel des gènes de réponse à l’auxine. L‟étude des profils d’expression globale, réalisée par RNA-seq à l‟échelle du génome entier, a révélé pour la première fois l‟existence d‟un niveau important de régulation par épissage alternatif des ARFs pendant la transition fleur-fruit. La localisation nucléaire des protéines Sl-ARF8A / B a été déterminée par fusion avec le gène rapporteur GFP puis expression dans un système "signle cell". L‟étude d’expression a révélé des profils distinctifs entre ARF8A et ARF8B avec une augmentation notable des transcrits Sl-ARF8A suite à la pollinisation des fleurs. Le rôle physiologique du gène Sl-ARF8A a été par la suite abordé par une approche de génétique inverse fournissant un nouvel éclairage sur les événements moléculaires qui sous-tendent la mise à fruit. La surexpression de Sl- ARF8 dans la tomate engendre des phénotypes pléiotropiques touchant la croissance - 4 - végétative (réduction de la taille des plantes, altération du développement racinaire et des tiges latérales) et l‟appareil reproducteur avec la formation de fruits parthénocarpiques (absence de graines). L’analyse histologique a révélé une modification notable du placenta et des ovules chez les lignées de sur-expression de Sl-ARF8 et les études par RNA-Seq ont identifié plus de 2632 gènes différentiellement exprimés chez les surexpresseurs par comparaison avec les lignées non transformées. Au total, l‟étude réalisée au cours de la thèse fournit une description exhaustive de la famille des ARF chez la tomate et une caractérisation fonctionnelle du gène Sl-ARF8 qui souligne son rôle comme figure centrale du mécanisme de contrôle de la nouaison des fruits
The making of a fleshy fruit is a developmental process involving three main stages known as (i) fruit set, (ii) fruit growth and (ii) fruit ripening each corresponding to a transition step associated with major physiological and structural changes. Among other hormones, auxin is known to play a dynamic role in triggering and coordinating the changes associated with the process of fruit set and early fruit development. Auxin responses are mediated at the transcriptional level by Auxin Response Factors (ARFs) which regulate early auxin-responsive genes by specific binding to TGTCTC Auxin Response Elements (AuxREs). ARFs are therefore good candidates for being among the components of the molecular mechanism by which auxin mediates the fruit set. In the present study, a total of 22 Sl-ARF genes have been isolated and characterized in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), a model plant for the study of fleshy fruit development and ripening. Expression profiling revealed distinctive patterns for Sl-ARF genes in different tomato tissues. Hormone treatment indicated that Sl-ARFs can be regulated both by auxin and ethylene with Sl-ARF2B, 5 and 9 likely to be involved in the cross-talk between the two hormones. Transient expression using a single cell system uncovered the ability of Sl- ARFs to act either as transcriptional activator or repressor in regulating the expression of auxin-responsive genes. Genome-wide expression profiling performed by deep RNASequencing revealed for the first time the importance of the alternative splicing mode of regulation of ARF genes during tomato fruit set. The physiological significance of two closely related Sl-ARFs, Sl-ARF8A and Sl-ARF8B, was addressed in the present study via a reverse genetics approach providing new insight on the molecular events underlying tomato fruit set. Fusion to GFP reporter gene indicated that both Sl-ARF8A/B proteins are nuclear localized. Expression analysis by RT-qPCR revealed some distinctive features between Sl-ARF8A and Sl-ARF8B with a notable increase in Sl-ARF8A transcript upon flower pollination. Over-expression of Sl-ARF8A/B in tomato resulted in pleiotropic phenotypes, including dwarf plants, altered root and lateral shoot development and parthenocarpic fruits (seedless). Histological analysis revealed altered placenta and ovules development in SlARF8A-OX flowers and RNA-Seq profiling identified over 2632 differentially expressed (DE) genes in SlARF8A-OX flower buds compared to wild type control plants. Considering the dramatic change in gene expression of genes related to auxin, jasmonate and ethylene displayed in SlARF8A-OX lines, these phytohormones are likely to play an active role in coordinating the fruit set process. Altogether, the present - 6 - study provided a comphensive description of the tomato ARF gene family and a functional characterization of Sl-ARF8 defining this ARF member as a central figure of the control mechanism of the fruit set process

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García, Pérez Eliseo [UNESP]. "Influência de temperatura, anelamento e reguladores de crescimento, sobre a floração e frutificação de lichieiras". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105175.

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Colegio de Postgraduados de Mexico
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
O trabalho foi realizado nas Fazendas Santo Antônio e Jurupema, localizadas no Município de Taquaritinga -SP, Brasil, de abril de 2003 a dezembro de 2005, com o objetivo de estudar a influência da temperatura, anelamento e alguns reguladores de crescimento sobre a floração e a produção de lichieiras cultivar Bengal. Foram registrados dados de produção e temperaturas, precipitação e horas acumuladas com temperaturas inferiores a 15,5° C, e correlacionados para entender o grau de interação. Foi realizado anelamento de ramos de diferentes diâmetros, para conhecer o seu efeito sobre a floração e a frutificação. O anelamento não teve efeito sobre a brotação vegetativa após a colheita, mas as maiores concentrações de PBZ reduziram significativamente a brotação vegetativa e o comprimento dos ramos. O uso de ANA provocou queimaduras nas inflorescências e queda de frutos, mas os que permaneceram, não apresentaram alterações nas características físicas e nos sólidos solúveis. Não foi observado efeito significativo da aplicação de GA3, sobre a fixação de frutos. A queda de frutos, a partir de uma massa de 2 g até a colheita, é de 50%.
The work was carried through on Santo Antonio and Jurupema farms, located in Taquaritinga, São Paulo State, Brazil, in the period from April 2003 to December 2005, with the objective to study the influence of temperature, girdling and some growth regulators on the flowering, fruiting and production of lychee trees cultivar Bengal. It was registered production data and temperatures, precipitation and accumulated hours with inferior temperatures to 15.5°C, and correlated to understand the interaction degree. Girdling of branches of different diameters was carried through, to know its effect on the flowering and fruiting. The girdling didn't have effect on the vegetative flushes after the harvest, but the biggest concentrations of PBZ reduce the vegetative flushes and the length of shoots significantly. Spray with NAA provoked burns in the panicles and drop of fruits, but the ones that had remained did not have present alterations in the characteristics and in the soluble solids. Beneficial effect of the application of GA3 on the fruit set was not observed. The drop of fruits, starting from a weight of 2 g to the harvest, is of 50%.

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Faria, João Pedro Bernardes. "Alterações hormonais no mutante ovate de tomateiro (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv Micro-Tom) e seu impacto na morfologia, qualidade do fruto, produtividade e partenocarpia". Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11144/tde-25062014-092501/.

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Os frutos do tomateiro (Solanum lycopersicum) apresentam elevada diversidade fenotípica, grande parte da qual deve-se a mutações em cinco genes, SUN (SUN), OVATE (O), LOCULE NUMBER (LC), FRUIT SHAPE 8.1 (FS8.1) e FASCIATED (FAS). Enquanto mutações em LC, O e FAS são responsáveis pela alteração no número de lóculos no fruto, mutações em FS8.1, SUN e O resultam em frutos mais alongados, sendo a última mutação o foco de estudo do presente trabalho. Apesar de ovate ser uma mutação importante tanto do ponto de vista agronômico quanto biológico, não é conhecido ainda o efeito exato da nova classe de gene regulatório codificado por esse locus. Por promover a drástica alteração no formato do fruto, característica esta que pode influenciar a preferência do consumidor, essa mutação é de grande interesse agronômico. Sob o ponto de vista biológico, o maior conhecimento da função desse gene resultaria em um maior entendimento do processo de frutificação. A análise de duplos mutantes ovate DR5::GUS e ovate ARR5::GUS mostrou que essa mutação altera o padrão de resposta a auxina e citocinina, respectivamente, durante o desenvolvimento do fruto. Além disso, foram realizados estudos que mostraram seu impacto no teor de sólidos solúveis, produtividade, tempo de prateleira, teor de matéria seca, peso das sementes e partenocarpia. Tais resultados não somente contribuíram para um melhor entendimento do efeito gênico da nova classe de genes regulatórios codificado por OVATE, como também fornecem importantes implicações agronômicas, já que a mutação ovate vem sendo utilizada na obtenção de variedades e híbridos do tipo \"grape\".
The fruits of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) present a high phenotypic diversity, most of which can be attributed to mutations in five genes: SUN (SUN), OVATE (O), LOCULE NUMBER (LC), FRUIT SHAPE 8.1 (FS8.1) and FASCIATED (FAS). Whereas mutations in LC, O and FAS alter fruit locule number, mutations in FS8.1, SUN and O result in elongated fruits. The latter is the focus of the present work. ovate is a biologically and agronomically relevant mutation, however, the exact effect of the new class of regulatory gene it represents is unknown. The drastic alteration in fruit shape produced by the mutation can influence consumer preference, thus rendering it agronomically important. Biologically, a thorough characterization of its gene function would result in deeper understanding of fruit formation. Crosses to the marker lines DR5::GUS and ARR5::GUS showed that ovate alters the response pattern of auxin and cytokinin, respectively, during fruit development. Furthermore, studies are described showing its effect on total soluble solids content, yield, shelf life, dry mass rate, seed weight and parthenocarpy. The results contribute not only to a better understanding of the effect of the new class of regulatory genes encoded by OVATE, but also have important agronomic implications, given that the ovate mutation has been used in the obtention of \'grape/plum\' tomato varieties and hybrids.

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Pavanello, Alexandre Pozzobom. "ÁCIDO 2-CLOROETILFOSFÔNICO NO RALEIO DE AMEIXEIRAS EM PÓS FLORADA". UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA, 2012. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/2224.

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Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Paraná
Fruit thinning is one of the main practice to produce good quality fruit today. It promotes a balance between vegetative growth and production, increases fruit size and avoids alternation of production. Thinning can be done during flowering, but its often done later after fruit set, which can be defined best fruiting. Manual thinning of large number of plants is not practical or economical. An alternative is chemical thinning, which involves the application of chemicals on flowering or right after flowering and leads to fruit abscission, reducing or eliminating manual thinning. The objectives of this trial was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic) in chemical thinning of plum cvs. Irati, Reubennel during the harvest of 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 and its economic feasibility in Arapoti-PR. East central region of Paraná. The following characteristics were evaluated, number of fruits per branch, per plant, production, medium weight, firmness, soluble solids, pH, acidity and color. In the season 2010/2011, it was observed that increased concentration of ethephon linearly decreased the number of fruit caliber I, II, III, since the gauge IV had a higher number of fruits on the estimated concentration of 0.093 mL L ethephon and necessary to drive studies at lower concentrations, which were made in 2011/2012 harvest. In this harvest, the estimated concentration of 0.07 mL L ethephon, cv. Irati produced 23 kg/plant and the cv. Reubennel 73 kg/plant having satisfactory quantity of fruit size III and IV. The use of ethephon decreased the firmness of the fruits for cv. Irati and did not influenced the cv. Reubennel. None of the concentrations of ethephon affected the physical and chemical quality of fruits in relation to total soluble solids, pH and acidity for both crops and cvs. Economical evaluation of both cvs., showed that productivity and net income of treatment with etehephon gave better results than other treatments. Manual thinning showed a higher percentage gave better results than other treatments. Manual thinning showed a higher percentage of fruit size III and IV but at higher cost, which is difficult to sustain in time, due to high cost and availability of skilled labor force in the region, which indicates that chemical thinning will be a good economical alternative.
O raleio de frutos é uma das práticas mais importantes para se produzir frutos de qualidade. Promove equilíbrio entre o crescimento vegetativo e produtivo, aumento no tamanho dos frutos e evita alternância da produção. O raleio pode ser realizado durante a floração, mas é frequentemente feito mais tarde, após a fixação dos frutos, onde pode se definir melhor a frutificação. O raleio manual de um grande número de plantas não é prático nem econômico. A alternativa é o raleio químico, o qual consiste na aplicação de produtos químicos na floração ou logo após, provocando a abscisão de frutos, diminuindo ou eliminando, a atividade do raleio manual. Nesse contexto, os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de ethephon (ácido 2-cloroetilfosfônico), para o raleio químico das ameixeiras cvs. Irati e Reubennel, nas safras 2010/2011 e 2011/2012 e sua viabilidade econômica, no município de Arapoti – PR, região centro leste do Paraná. As seguintes características foram avaliadas: número de frutos por ramo, por planta, produção, massa médio, firmeza, sólidos solúveis, pH, acidez e coloração. Na safra 2010/2011, concluiu-se que o aumento na concentração de ethephon diminuiu linearmente o número de frutos de calibre I, II e III, já o calibre IV apresentou maior número de frutos na concentração estimada de 0,093 mL Lˉˡ de ethephon, sendo necessário realizar estudos com menores concentrações, as quais foram feitas na safra 2011/2012. Nesta safra, a concentração estimada de 0,07 mL Lˉˡ de ethephon, a cv. Irati produziu 23 kg/planta e a cv. Reubennel 73 kg/planta, apresentando quantidade satisfatória de frutos calibre III e IV. A utilização de ethephon diminui a firmeza dos frutos para cv. Irati e não influenciou a cv. Reubennel. Nenhuma das concentrações de ethephon afetou a qualidade física e química dos frutos, em relação ao teor de sólidos solúveis, pH e acidez, para ambas cvs e safras. Na análise econômica, em ambas cvs., a produtividade e a receita líquida para o tratamento com ethephon, foi superior aos demais. O tratamento com raleio manual apresentou maior porcentagem de frutos calibre III e IV, porém o alto custo, a dificuldade e disponibilidade de mão-de-obra para o raleio manual, fazem com que o raleio químico venha a ser usado cada vez mais.

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39

Docema, Matheus Luís. "Fixação de frutos de caqui, sua relação com o acúmulo de graus-dia e a aplicação de ácido giberélico". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-10082016-144051/.

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A produção de caqui no estado de São Paulo vem aumentando, sendo o seu cultivo uma boa alternativa para a diversificação de plantas frutíferas pelos produtores. O conhecimento sobre a fenologia e fixação de frutos das principais cultivares de caquizeiros em clima subtropical é de grande importância para o desenvolvimento de práticas culturais que visam uma boa produção, uma vez que em clima temperado a produção é instável pelas altas quedas fisiológicas de flores e frutos. Para isso avaliou-se o acúmulo de graus-dia em diferentes fases fenológicas das principais cultivares plantadas em São Paulo, em clima Cwa, e o efeito da aplicação de ácido giberélico na fixação dos frutos. Para atingir o ponto de colheita, a cultivar Fuyu necessita, após a poda, um acúmulo de 3650 graus-dia, Giombo e Rama-Forte 4559 graus-dia e Taubaté 4280 graus-dia. A queda fisiológica de frutos das quatro cultivares ocorre em até três meses após a antese, com o acúmulo médio de 2074 graus-dia. No período de queda fisiológica, para as quatro cultivares, há dois picos acentuados de abscisão de frutos, o primeiro após a queda de pétalas, com 298 graus-dia e o segundo 50 dias após a antese, com 913 graus-dia. A aplicação exógena de ácido giberélico incrementa a fixação de frutos de caqui nas cultivares Fuyu, Giombo, Rama-Forte e Taubaté, quando há ensacamento de flores. Para as cultivares Fuyu, Giombo e Rama-Forte a aplicação de 100 mg L-1 de ácido giberélico na florada, aumenta a fixação dos frutos em mais de 20%. Para a cultivar Taubaté a aplicação de 300 mg L-1 de ácido giberélico incrementa a fixação em mais de 30%.
The production of persimmon in the Brazilian state of São Paulo is increasing, as its cultivation is a good alternative for the diversification of fruit plants for farmers. The knowledge about the phenology and fruit set of the main persimmon cultivars in subtropical climates is of great importance to the development of agricultural practices aiming for a good production, as in temperate climates the production is instable due to the large physiological flower and fruit drop. Therefore, the accumulation of degree-days in different phenological phases of the main cultivars planted in São Paulo state, in a Cwa climate, was evaluated, as well as the effect of applying gibberellic acid on the fruit set. To reach the point of harvest, the cultivar Fuyu requires 3650 degree-days after pruning, Giombo and Rama-Forte 4559 degree-days and Taubaté 4280 degree-days. The phenological fruit drop of the four cultivars occurs up to three months after the anthesis, with a mean of 2074 degree-days. In the period of physiological fruit drop of the four cultivars, there are two accentuated peaks of fruit abscission, the first after the drop of petals, with 298 degree-days and the second 50 days after the anthesis, with 913 degree-days. The exogenous application of gibberellic acid increases the fruit set of the persimmons for the cultivars Fuyu, Giombo, Rama-Forte and Taubaté, with flowers being bagged. For the cultivars Fuyu, Giombo and Rama-Forte the application of 100 mg L-1 of gibberellic acid during blooming, increases the fruit set by more than 20%. For the cultivar Taubaté the application of 300 mg L-1 of gibberellic acid increases the fruit set by more than 30%.

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40

Berry, Eric J. "Population ecology of the harvested understory palm Chamaedorea radicalis pollination biology, female fecundity, and source-sink population dynamics /". Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1151350945.

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41

Nicodemo, Daniel [UNESP]. "Características florais e dependência por polinizadores de cinco cultivares de pepino e manejo de colméias em estufas". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104899.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
O cultivo em estufas propicia a obtenção de produtos de excelente qualidade, porém, os agentes polinizadores que contribuem na maximização da produção não são adaptados a ambientes fechados. Utilizando três cultivares tipo Japonês e duas tipo Aodai de pepino (Cucumis sativus L.) foram realizados dois experimentos em três estufas localizadas na USP/Ribeirão Preto. Os objetivos foram estudar a biologia floral das cultivares no que se refere ao número de flores produzidas por planta, período de antese, porcentagem de açúcares do néctar, produção e viabilidade dos grãos de pólen, receptividade do estigma e atratividade de flores e, a importância das abelhas Jataí (Tetragonisca angustula), Iraí (Nannotrigona testaceicornis) e Africanizadas (Apis mellifera) quanto a freqüência das abelhas nas flores, tempo e tipo de coleta e produção de frutos quanto ao peso, comprimento e diâmetro. O manejo das abelhas africanizadas foi estudado e um modelo de núcleo com dois alvados desenvolvido. As flores das cultivares avaliadas têm antese de, aproximadamente, 10 horas. A viabilidade dos grãos de pólen e a receptividade do estigma não são limitantes na polinização de pepino Japonês e Aodai. Os índices de frutificação de pepino Japonês por partenocarpia são altos (78 %), porém há aumento de 19% quando ocorre polinização por abelhas. A cultivar Aodai depende dos insetos para produção de frutos, sendo que flores visitadas até às 10h30 originaram frutos mais pesados. As abelhas Africanizadas se adaptaram a colméia com dois alvados, visitando flores em parte do dia dentro da estufa, promovendo a polinização, e o restante fora, ambiente com maior oferta de recursos.
The cultivation in greenhouses allows obtaining products of excellent quality, however, the pollinators that contribute maximizing the production are not adapted to the indoor environment. Using three Japanese and two Aodai cultivars of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were conducted two experiments in three greenhouses located in USP / Ribeirão Preto. The aims were to study the cultivars floral biology with regard to the number of flowers produced per plant, anthesis period, the percentage of sugars in nectar, production and viability of pollen grains, stigma receptivity and attractiveness of flowers, and the importance of Jataí (Tetragonisca angustula), Iraí (Nannotrigona testaceicornis) and Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera) with regard to the frequency of bees in the flowers, time and type of collection and fruit weight, length and diameter. The management of Africanized bees has been studied and a hive with two entrances was developed. The anthesis period was approximately of 10 hours. The viability of pollen grains and the receptivity of stigma did not limit the pollination of Japanese cucumber and Aodai. The parthenocarpy fruit set of Japanese cucumber was high (78%), but there is an increase of 19% in fruit set when the flowers were pollinated by bees. The cultivar Aodai depends on the insects for production of fruits. Flowers visited until 10h30 originated the heaviest ones. Africanized bees adapted itself to the hive with two entrances, visiting flowers in part of the day inside the greenhouse, promoting pollination, and the rest outside, the environment with greater supply of resources.

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42

Nicodemo, Daniel. "Características florais e dependência por polinizadores de cinco cultivares de pepino e manejo de colméias em estufas /". Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104899.

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Abstract (sommario):

Resumo: O cultivo em estufas propicia a obtenção de produtos de excelente qualidade, porém, os agentes polinizadores que contribuem na maximização da produção não são adaptados a ambientes fechados. Utilizando três cultivares tipo Japonês e duas tipo Aodai de pepino (Cucumis sativus L.) foram realizados dois experimentos em três estufas localizadas na USP/Ribeirão Preto. Os objetivos foram estudar a biologia floral das cultivares no que se refere ao número de flores produzidas por planta, período de antese, porcentagem de açúcares do néctar, produção e viabilidade dos grãos de pólen, receptividade do estigma e atratividade de flores e, a importância das abelhas Jataí (Tetragonisca angustula), Iraí (Nannotrigona testaceicornis) e Africanizadas (Apis mellifera) quanto a freqüência das abelhas nas flores, tempo e tipo de coleta e produção de frutos quanto ao peso, comprimento e diâmetro. O manejo das abelhas africanizadas foi estudado e um modelo de núcleo com dois alvados desenvolvido. As flores das cultivares avaliadas têm antese de, aproximadamente, 10 horas. A viabilidade dos grãos de pólen e a receptividade do estigma não são limitantes na polinização de pepino Japonês e Aodai. Os índices de frutificação de pepino Japonês por partenocarpia são altos (78 %), porém há aumento de 19% quando ocorre polinização por abelhas. A cultivar Aodai depende dos insetos para produção de frutos, sendo que flores visitadas até às 10h30 originaram frutos mais pesados. As abelhas Africanizadas se adaptaram a colméia com dois alvados, visitando flores em parte do dia dentro da estufa, promovendo a polinização, e o restante fora, ambiente com maior oferta de recursos.
Abstract: The cultivation in greenhouses allows obtaining products of excellent quality, however, the pollinators that contribute maximizing the production are not adapted to the indoor environment. Using three Japanese and two Aodai cultivars of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were conducted two experiments in three greenhouses located in USP / Ribeirão Preto. The aims were to study the cultivars floral biology with regard to the number of flowers produced per plant, anthesis period, the percentage of sugars in nectar, production and viability of pollen grains, stigma receptivity and attractiveness of flowers, and the importance of Jataí (Tetragonisca angustula), Iraí (Nannotrigona testaceicornis) and Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera) with regard to the frequency of bees in the flowers, time and type of collection and fruit weight, length and diameter. The management of Africanized bees has been studied and a hive with two entrances was developed. The anthesis period was approximately of 10 hours. The viability of pollen grains and the receptivity of stigma did not limit the pollination of Japanese cucumber and Aodai. The parthenocarpy fruit set of Japanese cucumber was high (78%), but there is an increase of 19% in fruit set when the flowers were pollinated by bees. The cultivar Aodai depends on the insects for production of fruits. Flowers visited until 10h30 originated the heaviest ones. Africanized bees adapted itself to the hive with two entrances, visiting flowers in part of the day inside the greenhouse, promoting pollination, and the rest outside, the environment with greater supply of resources.
Orientador: Euclides Braga Malheiros
Coorientador: David de Jong
Banca: Leomam Almeida Couto
Banca: Luis Carlos Marchini
Banca: Roque Takahashi
Banca: Jeffrey Frederico Lui
Doutor

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43

Apaza, Quevedo Amira Elvia [UNESP]. "Fenologia e sucesso reprodutivo de Attalea geraensis e Syagrus petraea (Arecaceae) na borda e interior de um fragmento de cerrado". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87901.

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Os efeitos de borda incluem mudanças abióticas e bióticas nas condições ambientais, as quais afetam os padrões fenológicos das plantas. Comparamos a fenologia reprodutiva (quanto a data, duração, amplitude e sincronia) e o sucesso reprodutivo (medido pela conversão de flores em frutos fruit set) de Attalea geraensis e Syagrus petraea, entre borda e interior em um fragmento de Cerrado sensu stricto em Itirapina, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Considerando as mudanças tanto abióticas quanto bióticas nos ambientes de borda em relação aos de interior, esperamos encontrar diferenças fenológicas entre ambientes. A caracterização do microclima local apresentou diferenças entre borda e interior na temperatura, umidade relativa, intensidade luminosa e abertura do dossel, tanto na estação úmida quanto na seca (exceto para abertura do dossel na estação seca, possivelmente pela queda de folhas no Cerrado). Attalea geraensis floresceu principalmente na estação úmida e frutificou o ano todo. Syagrus petraea floresceu e frutificou continuamente, com um pico de floração e frutificação em Outubro e Dezembro respectivamente. Ambas as espécies não apresentaram diferenças temporais significativas na fenologia reprodutiva entre borda e interior, o mesmo ocorrendo para duração, sincronia e sucesso reprodutivo. A reprodução vegetativa pode ter atenuado as diferenças entre as condições de borda e interior em Syagrus. A maior produção de inflorescências estaminadas em Attalea na borda pode estar relacionada com a elevada intensidade de luz neste ambiente. Características da borda tais como uma vegetação mais aberta, um baixo contraste em relação ao ambiente adjacente e, por outro lado, uma elevada abundância de indivíduos e longa duração das fenofases reprodutivas nestas espécies, poderia ter conduzido à resposta neutra observada.
Edge effects include both abiotic and biological changes on environmental conditions that affect plant phenological patterns. We compared the reproductive phenology (in terms of time, duration, amplitude and synchrony), and the reproductive success (fruit set) of Attalea geraensis and Syagrus petraea, between the edge and interior of a fragment of Cerrado sensu estricto (a savanna vegetation), at Itirapina, São Paulo State, Brazil. Considering both abiotic and biological changes on the edge in relation to the interior, we hope to find phenological differences between these environments. A local microclimatic characterization showed differences between edge and interior on temperature, relative humidity, light intensity and canopy openness in both wet and dry seasons (except for canopy openness in the dry season possibly due to the leaffall in the Cerrado). Attalea flowered mainly in the wet season and fruited all year round. Syagrus flowered and fruited continually, with a flower and fruit peak in October and December, respectively. Both species did not present temporal significant differences between edge and interior with regard to the reproductive phenology, duration, synchrony and fruit set. Any differences between edge and interior conditions could have been buffered by the vegetative reproduction in Syagrus. With regard to Attalea, the higher production of staminate inflorescences on the edge may be related to the greater light intensity in this environment. Edge characteristics such as the open structure of the vegetation and the low contrast with the adjacent environment, as well as the high abundance of individuals and long duration of the reproductive phenophases in these species, could have led to the neutral response observed.

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44

Apaza, Quevedo Amira Elvia. "Fenologia e sucesso reprodutivo de Attalea geraensis e Syagrus petraea (Arecaceae) na borda e interior de um fragmento de cerrado /". Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87901.

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Abstract (sommario):

Orientador: Leonor Patricia Cerdeira Morellato
Banca: Vânia Regina Pivello
Banca: Marco Antonio de Assis
Artigo seguindo as normas da revista Journal of Tropical Ecology
Artigos em inglês e português
Resumo: Os efeitos de borda incluem mudanças abióticas e bióticas nas condições ambientais, as quais afetam os padrões fenológicos das plantas. Comparamos a fenologia reprodutiva (quanto a data, duração, amplitude e sincronia) e o sucesso reprodutivo (medido pela conversão de flores em frutos fruit set) de Attalea geraensis e Syagrus petraea, entre borda e interior em um fragmento de Cerrado sensu stricto em Itirapina, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Considerando as mudanças tanto abióticas quanto bióticas nos ambientes de borda em relação aos de interior, esperamos encontrar diferenças fenológicas entre ambientes. A caracterização do microclima local apresentou diferenças entre borda e interior na temperatura, umidade relativa, intensidade luminosa e abertura do dossel, tanto na estação úmida quanto na seca (exceto para abertura do dossel na estação seca, possivelmente pela queda de folhas no Cerrado). Attalea geraensis floresceu principalmente na estação úmida e frutificou o ano todo. Syagrus petraea floresceu e frutificou continuamente, com um pico de floração e frutificação em Outubro e Dezembro respectivamente. Ambas as espécies não apresentaram diferenças temporais significativas na fenologia reprodutiva entre borda e interior, o mesmo ocorrendo para duração, sincronia e sucesso reprodutivo. A reprodução vegetativa pode ter atenuado as diferenças entre as condições de borda e interior em Syagrus. A maior produção de inflorescências estaminadas em Attalea na borda pode estar relacionada com a elevada intensidade de luz neste ambiente. Características da borda tais como uma vegetação mais aberta, um baixo contraste em relação ao ambiente adjacente e, por outro lado, uma elevada abundância de indivíduos e longa duração das fenofases reprodutivas nestas espécies, poderia ter conduzido à resposta neutra observada.
Abstract: Edge effects include both abiotic and biological changes on environmental conditions that affect plant phenological patterns. We compared the reproductive phenology (in terms of time, duration, amplitude and synchrony), and the reproductive success (fruit set) of Attalea geraensis and Syagrus petraea, between the edge and interior of a fragment of Cerrado sensu estricto (a savanna vegetation), at Itirapina, São Paulo State, Brazil. Considering both abiotic and biological changes on the edge in relation to the interior, we hope to find phenological differences between these environments. A local microclimatic characterization showed differences between edge and interior on temperature, relative humidity, light intensity and canopy openness in both wet and dry seasons (except for canopy openness in the dry season possibly due to the leaffall in the Cerrado). Attalea flowered mainly in the wet season and fruited all year round. Syagrus flowered and fruited continually, with a flower and fruit peak in October and December, respectively. Both species did not present temporal significant differences between edge and interior with regard to the reproductive phenology, duration, synchrony and fruit set. Any differences between edge and interior conditions could have been buffered by the vegetative reproduction in Syagrus. With regard to Attalea, the higher production of staminate inflorescences on the edge may be related to the greater light intensity in this environment. Edge characteristics such as the open structure of the vegetation and the low contrast with the adjacent environment, as well as the high abundance of individuals and long duration of the reproductive phenophases in these species, could have led to the neutral response observed.
Mestre

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45

Rocha, Moacir da Silva. "COMPORTAMENTO FENOLÓGICO E PRODUTIVO DAS CULTIVARES DE PESSEGUEIRO CHIMARRITA E GRANADA EM DIFERENTES PORTAENXERTOS NOS TRÊS PRIMEIRO ANOS DE IMPLANTAÇÃO". Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2006. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/2111.

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The peach crop in Brazil is spread from Rio Grande do Sul to Minas Gerais states. It has adapted to different environmental conditions, being cultivated in temperate and sub-tropical zones, since it develops in areas with latitudes between 30º S and 45º N. In Rio Grande do Sul, the regions that are outstanding on peach production are: Pelotas; Porto Alegre; and Serra Gaúcha. In the Serra Gaúcha besides peaches for fresh market, are also grown vine grapes and apples. In Porto Alegre, There are peach and plum productions supplying the local market. In Pelotas, most of the peaches produced are for the local industry. However, the canning peaches produced in Pelotas, has worsen the quality and lowered productivity in the last years due to the very variable winter temperature, low chilling hours and severe draught during summer and fall seasons. A way that may contribute for production regularity and to overcome damaging abiotic factors is the right choice of the rootstock. The objectives for this study were: a) to evaluate the agronomical behavior of cultivar Chimarrita on the rootstocks Aldrighi, Capdeboscq, GF305, Okinawa and Tsukuba 1; b) to evaluate the agronomical and phonological behavior of peach trees cultivar Granada on the rootstocks cvs. Aldrighi, Capdeboscq, and Okinawa, originated from both, seeds and air layering. It were observed that the trees of cultivar Chimarrita: on either rootstocks Capdeboscq or Okinawa had greater size and vigor; on Okinawa had higher fruit production, whereas on Capdeboscq had larger fruits, and delayed leaf fall, and had later bloom; the trees cultivar Granada independent of the rootstock cultivar had earlier fruit ripening as that on the same rootstock cultivars, originated from seeds (seedlings). Regarding to cultivar Granada, the trees on Capdeboscq seedling were of larger size, whereas those on Okinawa produced more fruits in the first bearing season. In general, the Granada trees on rootstocks originated from air layering had earlier harvesting, independent of the rootstock cultivar.
O pessegueiro é uma espécie cultivada desde o Rio Grande do Sul até o Estado sul da Bahia, adaptando-se às diferentes condições ambientais, sendo cultivada em zonas temperadas e subtropicais. Esta cultura se desenvolve em regiões com latitudes entre 32º S e 45º N. Dentre as regiões produtoras do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul têm-se destacado as regiões de Pelotas, Porto Alegre e da Serra gaúcha. Na região da Serra Gaúcha cultiva-se a videira principalmente para a industrialização de vinhos e derivados: a macieira destinada para o mercado interno e exportação e o pêssego mesa. Na grande Porto Alegre, a produção de pêssego de mesa e ameixa é destinada aos mercados locais. Na região de Pelotas, a mais de cinqüenta anos, a cultura do pessegueiro tem se direcionado à produção de pêssegos para atender a indústria regional. Pela falta de regularidade da temperatura e de chuvas nos últimos anos, principalmente no período que antecede a floração, entre o final do outono e início inverno, tem-se observado floração e brotação desuni forme, baixa qualidade das frutas e a baixa produtividade de pêssego na Região de Pelotas. Os programas de melhoramento genético do pessegueiro tem-se concentrado no desenvolvimento de variedades copa e deixado à questão do porta-enxerto a segundo plano. A escolha dos porta-enxerto pode contribuir para a regularidade da produção e para superação de fatores abióticos. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos: a) avaliar o desenvolvimento vegetativo, peso médio das frutas, eficiência produtiva, sólidos solúveis totais (SST), firmeza de polpa e coloração das frutas da cultivar Chimarrita enxertada nos porta-enxerto Aldrighi , Capdeboscq , GF305 , Okinawa e Tsukuba 1 ; b) avaliar a época da queda das folhas, época de brotação, período de floração, frutificação efetiva e período de colheita de pêssego da cultivar Chimarrita enxertada em cinco diferentes porta-enxerto; c) avaliar o desenvolvimento vegetativo da cultivar Granada enxertada em três diferentes porta-enxerto ( Adrighi , Capdeboscq e Okinawa ) obtidos por alporquia e por sementes; e d) avaliar a época de queda das folhas, início de brotação, período de floração, densidade floral, frutificação efetiva, início da colheita, intervalo de maturação e período de colheita das frutas da cultivar Granada enxertadas em três porta-enxerto obtidos por sementes e alporquia. Os resultados obtidos nos quatro experimentos permitem concluir que: a) o porta-enxerto Capdeboscq e Okinawa induziram maior desenvolvimento vegetativo na cultivar Chimarrita. O porta-enxerto Okinawa induziu maior rendimento produtivo na cultivar Chiamarrita, enquanto que Capdeboscq apresentou frutas de maior tamanho. (O porta-enxerto GF305 induziu o menor desenvolvimento vegetativo e mais baixa produtividade na cultivar e o porta-enxerto Tsukuba 1 proporcionou frutas de melhor coloração em Chimarrita nas condições em que foi instalado experimento b) Os porta-enxerto Capdeboscq e Okinawa prolongaram a permanência de folhas e o início de brotação mais tardia na cultivar Chimarrita. O porta-enxerto Okinawa retardou a plena floração e obteve a maior eficiência produtiva da cultivar Chimarrita no ano de 2005, enquanto que os porta-enxerto Aldrighi , GF305 e Okinawa anteciparam o iníncio da colheita das frutas da cultivar Chimarrita; c) O porta-enxerto Capdeboscq obtido de semente proporcionou maior crescimento vegetativo na cultivar Granada, enquanto que o Okinawa teve a maior produtividade no primeiro ano de colheita de pêssegos. Os porta-enxerto Capdeboscq e Okinawa apresentaram a melhor resposta no retardamento da queda das folhas; d) Os porta-enxerto obtidos por alporquia antecipou a colheita, com exceção de Aldrigui quando comparado aos obtidos de sementes. portaenxerto obtidos por alporquia mostrou melhor resposta na relação entre a floral e a frutificação efetiva em relação aos porta-enxerto de sementes.

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46

Silveira, João Paulo Generoso. "Crescimento vegetativo, potencial produtivo e qualidade dos frutos de macieiras tratadas com reguladores de crescimento". Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2011. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/1122.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of spraying apple trees with prohexadione-calcium (ProCa) (na inhibitor of gibberellins synthesis) and gibberellin (GA₃) on vegetative growth, yield potential, fruit quality, and occurrence of bitter pit in the fruit. The experimente was conducted in na orchard located in São Joaquim, Santa catarina State (Southern Brazil), in 2009/2010. catarina and Fuji apple trees were sprayed with water (control), ProCa and gibberellin (both products at the dose of 319 mg L¯¹), at the petal fall stage (October 15, 2009), when shoots were 5-10 cm long, with treatments repeated after 20 days. Leaves were assessed (in termsmof chlorophyll contente, área, dry mater and specific área) in January/2010, and length of current season shoots and weight of shoots removed by winter pruning were assessed in May/2010. The number of flower buds ando f fruit per flower bud were assessed in October/2009 and November/2010, respectively. Fruit were harvest at comercial maturity and then assessed for percentage of red skin área, skin color, density, weight, skin and pulp textures, flesh firmness, titratable acidity (TA), solids soluble contente (SSC) and starch index. Fruit were cold stored (0±0.5°C/90-95% RH) for four months, followed seven days for simulate marketing (20±4°C/60-70% RH) for four months, same evaluation carried out at harvest, as well as for incidence (%) and index of bitter pit. Trees treated with ProCa had higher leaf chlorophyll contente and lower specific leaf área in Fuji , lower leaf área in Catarina , lower shoot growth in both cultivars, and lower weight of shoots removed by winter pruning in Catarina , in the year following the treatment of the trees, both cultivars sprayed with ProCa had lower fruit set. the ProCa incresead the red color in Catarina apples. At harvest, the force for pulp penetratoon in the red side of the fruit was incresead in apple trees of both cultivars sprayed with ProCa. After cold stored, Fuji apples of trees sprayed with GA₃ had lower flesh firmness, while Catarina apples of trees sprayed with ProCa had higher firmness. Fruit Ca contente was not diferente between ProCa and GA₃ and between ProCa e the control in both cultivars. Fuji apples from trees treated with ProCa had lower N/Ca ratio in the skin tissue. Teh treatment with ProCa incresead the flesh firmness in the reddish fruit side and reduced the index of bitter pit during cold storage in both cultuivars. The use of ProCa in apples orchards might represent a new technology to reduce trees vegetative growth and the occurrence of bitter pit in the fruit. The GA₃ sprayed after full bloom increases trees vegetative growth and might cause changes in fruit quality atributes, leading to advanced maturiry, as well as increases the development of bitter pit
Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo avaliar os efeitos da pulverização de macieira com um inibidor da síntese de giberelinas, o prohexadiona-cálcio (ProCa), e com giberelina (GA₃), no crescimento vegetativo e potencial produtivo das plantas, e na qualidade e ocorrência de bitter pit nos frutos. O experimento foi conduzido em um pomar localizado no município de São Joaquim, SC, na safra 2009/2010. Macieiras Catarina e Fuji foram pulverizadas com água (tratamento controle), ProCa e GA₃ (ambos os produtos na dose de 319 mg L¯¹), na queda das pétalas (15/10/2009), quando as brotações do ano estavam com 5-10 cm de comprimento, sendo repetidas após 20 dias. Foram feitas avaliações foliares (teor de clorofila, área, matéria seca e área específica), em janeiro/2010, e de comprimento dos ramos do ano e de peso dos ramos podados, em maio/2010. A contagem dos cachos florais e do números de frutos por cacho floral ocorreram em outubro/2009 e novembro/2010, respectivamente. A colheita foi realizada na maturação comercial, ocasião em que foram feitas análises nos frutos do índice de cor vermelha, cor da epiderme, densidade, peso, atributos de textura (força para a penetração da casca e força para a penetração da polpa), firmeza de polpa, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis totais (SS) e índice de iodo-amido. Os frutos foram armazenados em câmara fria convencional (0±0,5°C/90-95% UR), durante quatro meses, seguido de sete dias de comercialização simulada (20±4°C/60-70 UR), e após submetido as mesmas avaliações feitas na colheita, bem como de incidência (%) e índice de bitter pit . O tratamento com ProCa aumentou o teor de clorofila e reduziu a área foliar específica em macieira Fuji , reduziu a área foliar em Catarina , reduziu o comprimento dos ramos do ano nas duas cultivares e o peso dos ramos podados em Catarina . No ano subsequente ao da aplicação dos tratamentos, macieiras pulverizadas com o ProCa, de ambas as cultivares, apresentaram menor frutificação. O tratamento com ProCa proporcionou maior coloração vermelha em maçãs Catarina . No momento da colheita, maçãs Fuji e Catarina provenientes de plantas pulverizadas com ProCa apresentaram maior força para a penetração da polpa no lado mais vermelho dos frutos. Após o armazenamento, maçãs Fuji de plantas pulverizadas com GA₃ apresentaram menor firmeza de polpa e maçãs Catarina de plantas pulverizadas com ProCa apresentaram maior firmeza de polpa. O teor de Ca nos frutos não diferiu entre os tratamentos ProCa e GA₃ e entre ProCa e controle, em ambas as cultivares. Maçãs Fuji apresentaram menor relação N/Ca no tecido da casca quando pulverizadas com ProCa. O tratamento com ProCa proporcionou aumento na firmeza no lado mais vermelho do fruto e reduziu o índice de bitter pit durante o armazenamento refrigerado em ambas as cultivares. A utilização do ProCa na cultura da macieira pode ser uma nova alternativa para o controle do crescimento vegetativo de da manifestação do bitter pit nos frutos. O GA₃, pulverizado em pós-floração, em macieiras aumenta o crescimento vegetativo e pode ocasionar algumas modificações nos atributos de qualidade nos frutos, indicando um avanço na maturação, e na manifestação do bitter pit

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47

Jeppsson, Niklas. "Genetic variation and fruit quality in sea buckthorn and black chokeberry /". Alnarp : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5709-2.pdf.

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48

Hawari, Aliah H. "Metabolic modelling of tomato fruit ripening". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a5e98a25-cdfa-4371-8d08-e6305c61f517.

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Tomatoes are the fourth most valuable commodity in agriculture after rice, wheat and soybeans globally with 151 million tonnes of fruit being produced in 2012. The tomato fruit is also a model system for fleshy fruit development. During ethylene-regulated fruit ripening there are complex changes in fruit chemical composition due to degradation and synthesis of a number of soluble and volatile metabolites. Ultimately, these changes control the composition of the ripe fruit and dictate its flavour and texture. It is known that ripening can proceed when mature green fruit are removed from the plant (and indeed this is standard commercial practice) but the extent to which metabolic changes are sustained when fruit are ripened in this way has yet to be established. A modelling approach such as constraints-based modelling can provide system-level insights into the workings of the complex tomato metabolic network during ripening. The first aim of this thesis was therefore to construct a genome-scale metabolic network model for tomato and to use this model to explore metabolic network flux distributions during the transitions between the stages of fruit ripening. The flux distributions predicted provided insight into the production and usage of energy and reductants, into routes for climacteric CO₂ release, and the metabolic routes underlying metabolite conversions during ripening. The second aim of this thesis was to use the model to explore metabolic engineering strategies for increased production of lycopene in tomato fruit. The model predictions showed that rearrangement of dominant metabolic fluxes were required to cope with the increased demand for reductants at high lycopene accumulation, which came at a cost of a lower accumulation of other secondary metabolites. Overall the thesis provides an approach to connect underlying metabolic mechanisms to the known metabolic processes that happen during ripening.

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49

Bihan, Hélène. "Précarité et impact sur les comportements de santé : consommation de fruits et légumes, et prise en charge du diabète". Phd thesis, Conservatoire national des arts et metiers - CNAM, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00631236.

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La précarité est une dimension plus vaste que la pauvreté atteignant presque 15 % de la population française. Les personnes précaires ont plus de risques de développer certaines pathologies, dont des pathologies liées à l'alimentation, le diabète. Une étude d'intervention randomisée a été réalisée auprès d'une population de personnes précaires sur une durée de 12 mois. Les volontaires recevaient des conseils diététiques et/ou des chèques afin de favoriser la consommation de fruits et légumes. D'une consommation initiale d'environ 2,5 portions par jour, avec 30 % de sujets consommant en moyenne moins d'un fruit et légume par jour, l'augmentation moyenne est de 0,7 portions de fruits et légumes par jour, identique dans les deux groupes. Les chèques ont permis une diminution significative du pourcentage de très petits consommateurs. L'impact de la précarité a également été évalué chez des patients diabétiques au cours de trois études transversales. La précarité s'associe à un risque de déséquilibre glycémique et secondairement de rétinopathie, mais sans lien démontré entre la précarité et le stade d'une rétinopathie diabétique. L'une de ces études suggère un lien entre la précarité et le risque de néphropathie diabétique, et démontre une moins bonne qualité de vie des patients. Ces travaux soulèvent des questions sur les multiples freins à une alimentation saine ou à une prise en charge de la maladie pour des personnes précaires et orientent vers des perspectives : cibler les populations, envisager des éducations répétées et il doit être aussi possible de faire mieux avec les mêmes moyens.

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50

Mason, Steven D. "The Jewish concept of fruit a study in the Apocrypha, Pseudepigrapha, and Dead Sea scrolls /". Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2002. http://www.tren.com.

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Tesi sul tema "Fruit set"

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