Tesi: "Freshwater animals"

1

Ross, Jason. "An investigation of the distribution patterns of aquatic vertebrates across four sites in the upper Parramatta River catchment /". View thesis View thesis, 2000. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030429.115844/index.html.

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Thesis (M.Sc. (Hons.)) -- University of Western Sydney, 2000.
"A thesis submitted in part-fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Honours)" Bibliography : leaves 131-152.

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2

Giles, Jacqueline. "The underwater acoustic repertoire of the long-necked, freshwater turtle Chelodina oblonga". Thesis, Giles, Jacqueline (2005) The underwater acoustic repertoire of the long-necked, freshwater turtle Chelodina oblonga. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/39/.

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Abstract (sommario):

The major question addressed by this project was to determine if the long-necked, freshwater turtle Chelodina oblonga, vocalise underwater and whether their vocal activity could be related to behavioural or ecological aspects of their lives. These turtles often live in wetlands where visibility is restricted due to habitat complexity or light limitation caused by factors such as tannin-staining, or turbidity. For many aquatic animals, sound is a useful means of communication over distances beyond their visual acuity. This thesis gives the first detailed account of the underwater vocal repertoire of C. oblonga. In total, over 230 days were spent in the field and more than 500 hours of tape recordings were made for this research. Initially, a number of recordings took place in three wetlands known to support turtle populations: Blue Gum Lake; Glen Brook Dam; and Lake Leschenaultia in Perth, Western Australia; in order to determine the nature of the freshwater sound field and place turtle vocalisations into the context in which they were vocalising. The wetlands differed in terms of degree of enrichment, substrate material, water depth and habitat complexity. Recordings were made over a four-week period in the last month of summer and the first week of autumn (Feb-Mar 2003). Invertebrate sweeps were also taken over a two-week period at each recording site to determine if invertebrate distributions were related to patterns of sonic activity. To determine the influence of wind on ambient noise; recordings were undertaken on winter mornings (June-August, 2003) at Blue Gum Lake and Glen Brook Dam at locations north, south, west and east for four different wind speeds - Beaufort Wind Scale (BWS) 0,1,2 and 3. There were seven distinctive calls recognised in the recordings. The frequency bandwidth most utilised by organisms was between 3 kHz up to around 14 kHz, with the exception of the 'bird-like song'; which extended from 500 Hz up to around 10 kHz. Blue Gum Lake contained a more diverse and abundant assemblage of invertebrates than Lake Leschenaultia and Glen Brook Dam. Correspondingly, a greater diversity of calls was recorded at Blue Gum Lake, as well as the presence of chorus activity, which was not heard at the two less-enriched sites. The periods of greatest diversity and abundance of macroinvertebrates was synonymous with the increased sonic activity at dusk and midnight with noise levels greatest at dusk in particular, and to a lesser extent at midnight. There was no difference in ambient noise at Blue Gum Lake or Glen Brook Dam at wind speeds of Beaufort Wind Scale 0, 1 and 2. Turtles from three populations were recorded in artificial environments: consisting of round, plastic, above-ground ponds (1.8m dia. x 0.65m depth), which were set up to recreate small wetlands. Recordings occurred from September to October, 2003 and from February to December, 2004 as well as January, 2005. Seven hatchling and five juvenile turtles (CL < 10cm) were also recorded in order to ascertain whether very young turtles vocalised. Hatchlings were recorded in a glass aquarium (35.5cm length x 20cm width x 22.0cm depth) and juveniles were placed into a below-ground outdoor pond (1m length x 0.5m width x 0.4m depth). Recordings occurred from as early as 4.30am (dawn recordings) to as late as 1.30am (evening recordings). The recordings revealed that turtles utilise an underwater acoustic communication system (calling at the water's surface was also noted but these were not recorded or a part of this research) involving a repertoire of both complex and percussive sounds with short, medium and potentially long-range propagation characteristics. Complex structures included harmonically related elements (richly or sparsely) and different rates of frequency modulation. Frequency use extended beyond the in-air auditory sensitivity known for a single species of turtle studied from the family Chelidae; with calls ranging from around 100 Hz in some of the percussive displays, to as high as 3.5 kHz in some complex calls, with 'clicks' extending beyond the 20 kHz upper limit of the recording system. However, most of C. oblonga's vocalisations had dominant frequencies below 1 kHz. Turtles were intermittent callers with an extensive vocal repertoire of seventeen (17) vocal categories - highly suggestive of complex social organisation. Vocalisations included: a) clacks; b) clicks; c) squawks; d) hoots; e) short chirps; f) high short chirps; g) medium chirps; h) long chirps; i) high calls; j) cries or wails; k) cat whines; l) grunts; m) growls; n) blow bursts; o) staccatos; p) a wild howl; and q) drum rolling. Also, two sustained 'pulse-bouts' were recorded during the breeding months, hypothesised to function as acoustic advertisement displays - possibly 'calling songs'. Hatchling turtles were not heard to vocalise within the audible range. Only a single complex vocalisation was heard produced by the juvenile turtles, with a number of percussive calls. Preliminary playback trials were conducted under free-field conditions and within an artificial environment, which consisted of a below ground rectangular tank (2.4m length x 0.8m width x 0.6m deep). A number of turtle calls recorded in the artificial ponds were selected for playback. A UW 30 speaker was used for broadcast of calls. The free-field playbacks occurred at Mabel Talbot Lake and Blue Gum Lake during the months of April and May, 2005. Playback using 14 seconds of an artificially constructed sequence from the sustained 'pulse-bout' occurred in the artificial channels. This sequence consisted of some of the first phase pulses followed by a section of the 'vibrato'. The preliminary free-field playback trials indicated that turtles had some interest in the calls being played by responding with an 'alert posture'. Turtles were shown to remain in the alert posture for a significantly longer time than when no sound was played or when white noise was played. The extensive repertoire and initial responses to the free-field playbacks indicated that sound has some biological importance for C. oblonga, although results of playbacks under artificial conditions were inconclusive.

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3

Giles, Jacqueline. "The underwater acoustic repertoire of the long-necked, freshwater turtle Chelodina oblonga". Giles, Jacqueline (2005) The underwater acoustic repertoire of the long-necked, freshwater turtle Chelodina oblonga. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/39/.

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Abstract (sommario):

The major question addressed by this project was to determine if the long-necked, freshwater turtle Chelodina oblonga, vocalise underwater and whether their vocal activity could be related to behavioural or ecological aspects of their lives. These turtles often live in wetlands where visibility is restricted due to habitat complexity or light limitation caused by factors such as tannin-staining, or turbidity. For many aquatic animals, sound is a useful means of communication over distances beyond their visual acuity. This thesis gives the first detailed account of the underwater vocal repertoire of C. oblonga. In total, over 230 days were spent in the field and more than 500 hours of tape recordings were made for this research. Initially, a number of recordings took place in three wetlands known to support turtle populations: Blue Gum Lake; Glen Brook Dam; and Lake Leschenaultia in Perth, Western Australia; in order to determine the nature of the freshwater sound field and place turtle vocalisations into the context in which they were vocalising. The wetlands differed in terms of degree of enrichment, substrate material, water depth and habitat complexity. Recordings were made over a four-week period in the last month of summer and the first week of autumn (Feb-Mar 2003). Invertebrate sweeps were also taken over a two-week period at each recording site to determine if invertebrate distributions were related to patterns of sonic activity. To determine the influence of wind on ambient noise; recordings were undertaken on winter mornings (June-August, 2003) at Blue Gum Lake and Glen Brook Dam at locations north, south, west and east for four different wind speeds - Beaufort Wind Scale (BWS) 0,1,2 and 3. There were seven distinctive calls recognised in the recordings. The frequency bandwidth most utilised by organisms was between 3 kHz up to around 14 kHz, with the exception of the 'bird-like song'; which extended from 500 Hz up to around 10 kHz. Blue Gum Lake contained a more diverse and abundant assemblage of invertebrates than Lake Leschenaultia and Glen Brook Dam. Correspondingly, a greater diversity of calls was recorded at Blue Gum Lake, as well as the presence of chorus activity, which was not heard at the two less-enriched sites. The periods of greatest diversity and abundance of macroinvertebrates was synonymous with the increased sonic activity at dusk and midnight with noise levels greatest at dusk in particular, and to a lesser extent at midnight. There was no difference in ambient noise at Blue Gum Lake or Glen Brook Dam at wind speeds of Beaufort Wind Scale 0, 1 and 2. Turtles from three populations were recorded in artificial environments: consisting of round, plastic, above-ground ponds (1.8m dia. x 0.65m depth), which were set up to recreate small wetlands. Recordings occurred from September to October, 2003 and from February to December, 2004 as well as January, 2005. Seven hatchling and five juvenile turtles (CL < 10cm) were also recorded in order to ascertain whether very young turtles vocalised. Hatchlings were recorded in a glass aquarium (35.5cm length x 20cm width x 22.0cm depth) and juveniles were placed into a below-ground outdoor pond (1m length x 0.5m width x 0.4m depth). Recordings occurred from as early as 4.30am (dawn recordings) to as late as 1.30am (evening recordings). The recordings revealed that turtles utilise an underwater acoustic communication system (calling at the water's surface was also noted but these were not recorded or a part of this research) involving a repertoire of both complex and percussive sounds with short, medium and potentially long-range propagation characteristics. Complex structures included harmonically related elements (richly or sparsely) and different rates of frequency modulation. Frequency use extended beyond the in-air auditory sensitivity known for a single species of turtle studied from the family Chelidae; with calls ranging from around 100 Hz in some of the percussive displays, to as high as 3.5 kHz in some complex calls, with 'clicks' extending beyond the 20 kHz upper limit of the recording system. However, most of C. oblonga's vocalisations had dominant frequencies below 1 kHz. Turtles were intermittent callers with an extensive vocal repertoire of seventeen (17) vocal categories - highly suggestive of complex social organisation. Vocalisations included: a) clacks; b) clicks; c) squawks; d) hoots; e) short chirps; f) high short chirps; g) medium chirps; h) long chirps; i) high calls; j) cries or wails; k) cat whines; l) grunts; m) growls; n) blow bursts; o) staccatos; p) a wild howl; and q) drum rolling. Also, two sustained 'pulse-bouts' were recorded during the breeding months, hypothesised to function as acoustic advertisement displays - possibly 'calling songs'. Hatchling turtles were not heard to vocalise within the audible range. Only a single complex vocalisation was heard produced by the juvenile turtles, with a number of percussive calls. Preliminary playback trials were conducted under free-field conditions and within an artificial environment, which consisted of a below ground rectangular tank (2.4m length x 0.8m width x 0.6m deep). A number of turtle calls recorded in the artificial ponds were selected for playback. A UW 30 speaker was used for broadcast of calls. The free-field playbacks occurred at Mabel Talbot Lake and Blue Gum Lake during the months of April and May, 2005. Playback using 14 seconds of an artificially constructed sequence from the sustained 'pulse-bout' occurred in the artificial channels. This sequence consisted of some of the first phase pulses followed by a section of the 'vibrato'. The preliminary free-field playback trials indicated that turtles had some interest in the calls being played by responding with an 'alert posture'. Turtles were shown to remain in the alert posture for a significantly longer time than when no sound was played or when white noise was played. The extensive repertoire and initial responses to the free-field playbacks indicated that sound has some biological importance for C. oblonga, although results of playbacks under artificial conditions were inconclusive.

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4

Boomker, Jacob Diederik Frederik. "Parasites of some free-living wild animals and freshwater fish species in South Africa". Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-12032009-194518/.

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5

Wishart, Marcus J. "A comparative phylogeographic approach toward defining functional units for the conservation of biodiversity in lotic ecosystems". Connect to this title online, 2002. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20031125.103610/.

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6

Scheuerell, Mark David. "Environmental drivers of spatial and temporal variability in lakes /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5144.

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7

Schilling, Emily Gaenzle. "Effects of Fish Introductions on the Geographic Distribution and Native Invertebrate Biodiversity of Naturally Fishless Lakes in Maine". Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2008. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/SchillingEG2008.pdf.

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8

Rogers, Megan Bryn. "Woody debris and macroinvertebrate community structure of low-order streams in Colville National Forest, Washington". Connect to this title online, 2003. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2003/m%5Frogers%5F121503.pdf.

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9

De, Moor Irene J. "Methods for assessing the susceptibility of freshwater ecosystems in Southern Africa to invasion by alien aquatic animals". Thesis, Rhodes University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005145.

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Two methods for predicting regions susceptible to invasion by alien aquatic animals were developed for southern Africa (excluding Zimbabwe and Mozambique). In the "traditional" (data-poor) approach, distributions of three categories of alien "indicator" species (warm mesothermal, cold stenothermal and eurytopic) were compared to seven existing biogeographical models of distribution patterns of various animals in southern Africa. On the basis of these comparisons a synthesis model was developed which divided southern Africa into seven regions characterised by their susceptibility to invasion by alien aquatic animals with particular habitat requirements. In the "data-rich," geographic information systems (GIS) approach, the distribution of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss and Salmo trutta) in selected "sampled regions" was related to elevation (as a surrogate of water temperature) and median annual rainfall (MAR) (as a surrogate of water availability). Using concentration analysis, optimum conditions for trout were identified. Regions within a larger "predictive area" which satisfied these conditions, were plotted as a digital map using the IDRISI package. Using this method seven models of potential trout distribution were generated for the following regions: northern Natal (two); southern Natal/Lesotho/Transkei (three), eastern Cape (two) and western Cape (two). Since two of the models were used to refine the methods, only five models were considered for the final assessment. In a modification of the GIS method, another model of potential trout distribution, based on mean monthly July minimum air temperature and MAR parameters, was developed for the region bounded by 29º - 34º S and 26 º - 32°E. This model showed marked similarities to another model, developed for the region bounded by 29 º - 32°S and 26º - 32°E, which was based on elevation and MAR parameters. The validity of the models developed was assessed by independent experts. Of the six models considered, four received favourable judgements, one was equivocal and one was judged to be poor. Based on these assessments it was concluded that the GIS method has credibility and could be used to develop a "data-rich" model of the susceptibility of southern Africa to invasion by alien aquatic animals. This method represents an alternative to the bioclimatic matching approach developed by scientists in Australia. The GIS method has a number of advantages over the "traditional" method: it is more amenable to testing, has greater flexibility, stores more information, produces images of a finer resolution, and can be easily updated. The traditional method has the advantage of being less expensive and requiring a less extensive database.

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10

Jokela, Anneli. "Factors affecting the impact of invasive mussels on native freshwater mussels". Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101146.

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Biological invasions are among the leading causes of species diversity loss; however, the impacts of invasion are context-dependent and can vary with the local environment. The mechanisms governing variation in impact and their relationship to specific abiotic and biotic factors remain largely unexplored. Recent local declines in native unionid mussels have been attributed to the invasion of North American lakes and rivers by the Eurasian zebra mussel ( Dreissena polymorpha), as a result of intense fouling of unionid shells by zebra mussels. My research investigated the role of abiotic and biotic factors in mediating the impact of zebra mussels on native mussels. I examined the impact of zebra mussels on unionids in a habitat thought to be suboptimal for zebra mussels and compared this to the impact observed in other invaded habitats. A predictive model relating fouling intensity to local environmental variables (calcium concentration, sediment particle size) was developed, and a predator-exclusion experiment was conducted to investigate the role of predation in mediating fouling intensity. Overall, I found that two abiotic factors of the local environment were significant predictors of fouling intensity and that relationships used to predict the impact of zebra mussels could be extended to a broader range of habitats.

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11

Costa, Shirley Famelli da. "Ecologia reprodutiva e análise de viabilidade de uma população do cágado Hydromedusa maximiliani (Testudines, Chelidae) no Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-26062009-150529/.

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Com o objetivo de obter dados relacionados às estratégias reprodutivas de Hydromedusa maximiliani no Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, SP, fêmeas e jovens foram radiografados entre setembro de 2007 e dezembro de 2008. A estação reprodutiva estendeu-se de setembro a dezembro, com a ocorrência de desovas entre novembro e dezembro, tanto em 2007 como em 2008. Das 33 fêmeas radiografadas, 19 (58%) apresentaram ovos, e, dessas, apenas três (16%) reproduziram-se nos dois anos. O tamanho da ninhada variou entre 1 e 3 ovos, mas a maioria das fêmeas (90%) apresentou dois ovos. O volume da ninhada foi de 22128,01 ± 4939,8 mm³ (10493,422136,12 mm³; N = 44). Houve fortes relações positivas entre o tamanho corpóreo das fêmeas com o tamanho dos ovos e volume da ninhada. Os dados reprodutivos obtidos no presente estudo, em conjunto com os dados populacionais estabelecidos para H. maximiliani na mesma área de estudo por outros autores, permitiram a realização de uma análise de viabilidade da população. As simulações geradas no programa VORTEX (versão 9.92) foram baseadas em dois cenários principais, denominados População Real (PR) e População Hipotética Isolada (PHI). O primeiro foi criado com base nas informações existentes para H. maximiliani, coletadas ao longo de mais de 10 anos, a partir do qual foram feitas alterações de algumas variáveis (aumento de 10% na taxa de mortalidade; aumento em duas vezes no valor de frequência de catástrofes; inclusão de depressão por endogamia com aumento de 10% no valor default do programa e diminuição da capacidade de suporte), gerando o cenário PHI, com o objetivo de avaliar as diferenças entre uma população protegida em uma unidade de conservação e uma população isolada e sujeita a maiores influências negativas. Os resultados das simulações demonstraram existir diferença significativa (p = 0,0005) entre os dois cenários com probabilidade de extinção equivalente a 31% para o cenário real e 90% para o cenário hipotético. Testes de sensibilidade foram realizados com a finalidade de verificar a influência de variações na taxa de mortalidade, catástrofes e depressão por endogamia, e forneceram indicações de que variações em todos os parâmetros testados possuem forte influência na sobrevivência da população. Estudos de longaduração e informações a respeito das espécies de áreas sujeitas a fortes pressões antrópicas, como a Mata Atlântica, são de grande importância para a conservação, já que podem auxiliar na elaboração de análises de viabilidade populacional e no delineamento de estratégias de manejo focadas nos fatores reais que ameaçam as populações.
The reproductive strategies of Hydromedusa maximiliani at the Carlos Botelho State Park, SP, was verified by X-ray in females and juveniles between September 2007 and December 2008. Throughout the study two reproductive seasons were detected, both beginning in September. From a total of 33 X-rayed females, only 19 showed eggs, and three of them showed eggs in the two reproductive seasons. Clutch size varied from 1 to 3 eggs, but only one female presented one egg and another female presented three eggs. Clutch volume was 22128.01 ± 4939.8 mm³ (10493.422136.12 mm³; N = 44). Female body size was positively correlated to clutch volume, a pattern usually detected in chelonians. Reproductive information acquired in the present study together with population data available for H. maximiliani in the study site makes it possible a population viability analysis using the software VORTEX (version 9.92). A principal scenario (Real Population) was created based on life-history data collected throughout 10 years. In order to compare the protected area with an unprotected hypothetical area regarding the persistence of the population, this scenario was modified by altering some variables (10% increasing of mortality rate, 10% increasing of inbreeding depression, decreasing of carrying capacity), which generates a scenario named Hypothetical Isolated Population. Results were compared and sensitivity tests were carried out to verify the influence of variation in mortality ratio, catastrophes and inbreeding depression. There was a significant difference between the two scenarios (p = 0.0005). The extinction risk was 31% for Real Population and 90% for Hypothetical Isolated Population. The sensitivity analysis indicated that mortality ratio, deforestation, forest fires and inbreeding depression strongly influence the population survival. Long-term studies and biological information on species inhabiting areas subjected to anthropogenic impacts, like the Atlantic Rainforest, are vital to conservation actions, since they make it possible population viability analyses and the design of management strategies to threatened populations.

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12

Hanson, John Mark 1955. "Patterns of animal abundance in lakes : the role of competition in the fish-macroinvertebrate relationship". Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=71975.

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Data taken from the literature were used to develop and evaluate models predicting fish biomass and yield, crustacean zooplankton biomass, and profundal macrobenthos biomass in lakes. Total phosphorus concentration and macrobenthos biomass/mean depth were the best univariate predictors of fish biomass and yield. Phosphorus concentration was also the best predictor of zooplankton and macrobenthos biomass. In experiments testing for inter- and intraspecific competition, conducted in situ at densities based on measured natural fish densities, growth of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) reared alone was inversely related to density. Both species primarily ate macroinvertebrates when reared alone. When reared together: perch growth was significantly depressed compared to that of perch reared alone; pumpkinseed growth was equivalent to that of pumpkinseed reared alone; and the diet of perch changed to include food of inferior quality (microcrustaceans) in the presence of the superior competitor, pumpkinseed, whose diet did not change.

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13

Wildsmith, Michelle Deanne. "Relationships between benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages and habitat types in nearshore marine and estuarine waters along the lower west coast of Australia /". Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2007. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20081029.93910.

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14

Bennett, Jewel Kay. "Bioassessment of irrigation drainwater effects on aquatic resources in the Klamath Basin of California and Oregon /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5476.

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15

Mabidi, Annah. "Freshwater invertebrate assemblages of the Eastern Cape Karoo region (South Africa) earmarked for shale gas exploration". Thesis, Nelson Mandela University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13713.

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The Eastern Cape Karoo region is semi-arid with highly variable rainfall. This variability in rainfall sustains a mosaic of surface freshwater bodies that range from permanently to temporarily inundated. These waterbodies provide habitats for diverse invertebrate assemblages. The imminent hydraulic fracturing for shale gas has a potential to modify the water regime, with particular risk of salinisation. Accumulation of salts in freshwater wetlands results in loss of biodiversity, as invertebrate species shift from salt intolerant to salt tolerant species. This study therefore aims to expand on existing knowledge and provide new information on the distribution, diversity and structure of macroinvertebrate assemblages associated with various freshwater bodies in the region prior to shale gas exploration. Limnological and ecological aspects of thirty-three waterbodies (rivers, dams and depression wetlands) were investigated between November 2014 and March 2016. An experimental study on the effects of salinity on hatching success of branchiopod resting eggs was also included in the research. Rivers were characterised by high conductivity and depression wetlands by high turbidity, while dams had relatively higher pH than the other two waterbody types. In terms of global phosphorus interpretation guidelines, the results indicate that freshwater systems in the study region are predominantly eutrophic, indicating that agricultural run-off, particularly from livestock dung (goats, cattle and sheep), is an important source of phosphorus in the freshwater systems studied. Our results revealed new distribution records for branchiopod crustaceans in the Eastern Cape region, including the first record of Laevicaudata. Results showed that the sampled variables were unable to explain the variation in physicochemistry and invertebrate assemblage of several sites. Waterbody type, whether a depression wetland or a river, was the only factor that consistently showed an effect on the composition of both physicochemical data and invertebrate data. Depression wetlands ranged from completely bare to being extensively covered by macrophytes. Therefore, the effect of macrophyte cover in structuring macroinvertebrate assemblages was the focus of further investigation. The results indicated that the macrophyte cover gradient had little influence on the structure of the invertebrate assemblages in the depression wetlands, while only the presence/absence of vegetation significantly influenced the structure of the invertebrate assemblages in these systems. Surface area, dissolved inorganic nitrogen and pelagic chlorophyll-a were the environmental variables that best explained the variation in the macroinvertebrate assemblages among the sites. However, the differences in macroinvertebrate richness, abundance and distribution patterns among sites were only weakly influenced by local and regional environmental factors. These findings suggest that invertebrate in temporary wetland systems are adapted to the highly variable nature of temporary habitats, thus the influence of local variables is negligible. Results of the experimental study, on the effect of salinity on hatching success of branchiopod resting eggs, revealed that hatchling abundance and diversity of large branchiopods was significantly reduced at salinities of 2.5 g L−1 and above. Salt-tolerant taxa such as Copepoda and Ostracoda were the only ones to emerge in the highest salinity of 10 g L−1. Thus, should the region continue to experience increasing aridity and possible shale gas development, which all aggravate the salinisation problem, severe loss of branchiopod diversity (Anostraca, Laevicaudata, Spinicaudata and Notostraca) is likely to occur. This may lead to considerable decline in invertebrate diversity in the region, with cascading effects on food webs and ecosystem functions. The findings of this study can potentially be used in comparative studies on wetland invertebrate ecology in other semi-arid regions and in the formulation of policy and strategies for biodiversity conservation.

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16

Chan, Matthew D. "Fish ecomorphology predicting habitat preferences of stream fishes from their body shape /". Diss., Connect to this title online, 2001. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05242001-183326.

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17

Doran, Bruce R. "The macroinvertebrate community of vernal pools in southwestern Québec /". Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29883.

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Temporary snowmelt pool ecosystems in southwestern Quebec were examined with special emphasis on identifying the macrofauna and determining their spatial distribution, as well as ascertaining temporal changes in community composition. 68 taxa were collected from ten snowmelt pools. Major taxa represented were Diptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Trichoptera, Odonata, Ephemeroptera, Anostraca, Isopoda, Amphipoda, Gastropoda and Bivalvia; the insects dominated the communities and the Culicidae (Diptera) was the most abundant taxon collected. The fauna were unevenly distributed both spatially and temporally amongst the pools. The occurrence of taxa was similar in pools in the same geographic location. The habitat characteristics of each pool, coupled with their proximity to a permanent waterbody and their accessibility to organisms, perhaps influenced the distribution of the various taxa. A successional pattern was observed in which filter-feeders and detritivores appeared first, followed by predators. After drought, a similar pattern was seen in pools that were replenished by summer rains, but taxon diversity was lower. In addition, pools with longer hydroperiods harboured more taxa than shorter-lived pools.

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18

Seymour, Karen. "The influence of salmon presence on benthic communities in three Puyallup-White River tributaries". Online pdf file accessible through the World Wide Web, 2007. http://archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/Accession86-10MES/Seymour_K%20MESThesis.pdf.

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19

Beattie, Molly C. "Diet and familiarity influence on predator recognition by chemical cues in crayfish". Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1521577265172544.

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20

Törnblom, Johan. "A landscape approach towards ecological integrity of catchments and streams /". UUppsala : Dept. of Forest Products, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. http://epsilon.slu.se/200870.pdf.

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21

Kuehnl, Kody F. "Exploring Levels of Genetic Variation in the Freshwater Mussel Genus Villosa (Bivalvia Unionidae) at Different Spatial and Systematic Scales: Implications for Biogeography, Taxonomy, and Conservation". The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1253565660.

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22

Costa, Fabiano Gonçalves. "Testículo de Astyanax altiparanae Garutti e Britski, 2000. Estudo morfológico, ultraestrutural e imuno-histoquímico". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42134/tde-26012012-111709/.

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Abstract (sommario):

O teleósteo Astyanax altiparanae, popularmente conhecido como lambari importância econômica e ecológica. Poucos são os trabalhos que visam demonstrar a morfologia dos testículos de brasileiros. O objetivo deste estudo foi classificar e demonstrar as alterações morfológicas do testículo de Astyanax altiparanae ao longo do ciclo gonadal e quantificar tais alterações. Foram encontrados os estádios: regredido, maturação inicial, maturação média, maturação final e regressão. O estudo ultraestrutural revelou que as células secretoras que revestem os ductos possuem organelas relacionadas à síntese de macromoléculas e gotículas de lipídio. O estudo imuno-histoquímico revelou detalhes da distribuição de receptor de andrógeno, claudina-1, citoqueratina, actina, colágeno do tipo I, laminina e fibronectina neste órgão. O presente trabalho revelou que os machos de Astyanax altiparanae são capazes de desenvolver o intersexo, já que foram encontrados oócitos no interior dos testículos de alguns indivíduos.
The Astyanax altiparanae (Characiformes, Characidae), popularly known as lambari, is a fish that has ecologic and economic importance. Morphological studies on testis of South American teleost species are not frequently found in the appropriated literature. The aim of this work was to show the changes in the morphology of the testis of Astyanax altiparanae occurred through the gonadal cycle. It was found five stages of the gonadal cycle: regressed, early maturation, mid maturation, late maturation and regression. Ultrastructural study, reveals that secretory cells showed a great amount of organelles responsible for macromolecules synthesis, and lipids droplets. Immunohistochemical studies reveal details of the distribution of androgen receptor, claudin-1, actin, cytokeratin, type I collagen fibers, laminin and fibronectin in this organ. This work demonstrated that males of Astyanax altiparanae were able to develop the intersex, once oocytes were found in the testis of some individuals.

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23

Purrenhage, Jennifer Lyn. "Importance of Habitat Structure for Pond-Breeding Amphibians in Multiple Life Stages". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1240957514.

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24

Ginger, Luke J. "ONTOGENETIC CHANGES IN THE STOICHIOMETRY OF BLUEGILL UNDER CONTRASTING LIGHT AND NUTRIENT REGIMES". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1407430829.

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25

Soler, Vilaplana Patricia M. "Efectos de la contaminación sobre la biología y el comportamiento de dos ciprínidos autóctonos de la Península Ibérica". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/674025.

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El objetivo general de esta tesis ha sido evaluar los efectos de determinados contaminantes sobre la reproducción, el estrés fisiológico y el comportamiento dos especies de ciprínidos autóctonas del NE de Cataluña y el SE de Francia. Esta es una tesis que ha buscado analizar, desde un punto de vista multidisciplinar, y combinando trabajos de campo con experimentos de laboratorio, los efectos de la contaminación sobre las poblaciones de peces. Con este propósito general se establecieron los siguientes objetivos específicos: • Evaluar, en un ambiente natural, los posibles efectos de la contaminación de origen industrial, frecuente en los ríos mediterráneos, sobre la biología reproductiva del bagre (Squalius laietanus). A tal efecto se planteó describir el ciclo gonadal, calcular la fecundidad y analizar la posible presencia de histopatologías en ovarios y testículos para determinar cómo la presencia de contaminantes considerados disruptores endocrinos podía alterar la biología reproductiva de este ciprínido autóctono. El estudio fue complementado mediante un análisis por biomarcadores. • Analizar el efecto de la contaminación urbana sobre el estrés fisiológico de S. laietanus mediante el análisis de cortisol en moco epidérmico. El objetivo fue validar una técnica de análisis del cortisol por métodos no invasivos (moco epidérmico) y utilizarla como método para determinar el grado de bienestar de esta especie bajo los efectos de la mencionada contaminación. • Evaluar el efecto de la contaminación por amonio sobre el comportamiento en el barbo de montaña (Barbus meridionalis) en condiciones experimentales de laboratorio. En particular, se analizaría también si la exposición previa de los peces a este contaminante en un ambiente natural podría predisponerlos a una mejor tolerancia después de haber sido detoxificados en el laboratorio. Los peces serían sometidos a diferentes concentraciones subletales de amonio y se analizaría tanto su comportamiento alimentario (voracidad y saciedad) como su actividad de natación. • Determinar el efecto de la contaminación por amonio sobre la personalidad de B. meridionalis en condiciones experimentales de laboratorio. En particular, se investigó sobre su capacidad de retención de memoria tras haber pasado por una experiencia de aprendizaje apetitivo basada en un test de osadía (en ausencia de amonio) y tras haber sido expuesto a diferentes concentraciones subletales de este contaminante en posteriores test.
Mediterranean rivers are subject to intense pollution of anthropic origin. Among the most frequent pollutants are ammonia and emerging compounds such as endocrine system disruptors (EDCs). This thesis has analyzed the effects of some of these pollutants on the reproduction and physiological stress of the Catalan chub (Squalius laietanus) and on the behavior of the Mediterranean barbel (Barbus meridionalis), two cyprinids native to the Iberian Peninsula. In field studies carried out in S. laietanus (Besòs river basin), EDCs such as benzotriazole and benzothiazole (coming from a textile industry) could be responsible for both a decrease in the gonadosomatic index (in both sexes) and a lower fecundity and spawn desynchronization (in females), as well as a smaller diameter in the seminiferous tubules of males. Higher levels of stress (cortisol) found in both blood and epidermal mucus, as well as the abnormalities detected in red and white blood cells of S. laietanus, were attributable to urban pollution from sewage treatment plants. In B. meridionalis, through experimental laboratory studies, it was shown that ammonia (at sublethal concentrations) altered feeding behavior (voracity and satiety), but not swimming activity. However, in fish that had been pre-exposed to ammonia (in the natural environment), these alterations occurred in absence of this compound. In another experiment, also carried out in B. meridionalis and aimed at investigating the effect of ammonia on the cognition, exposed fish were found to have poorer memory retention than non exposed ones. After a learning experience, individuals of this species were able to retain memory for at least 16 days, which is considered long-term memory.

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26

Fabré, Mitjans Noëlle. "Comportamiento reproductor en el blenio de río (Salaria fluviatilis): aspectos relacionados con la estrategia reproductiva del macho". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284359.

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El blenio de río (Salaria fluviatilis) es un pez de agua dulce de distribución circum-mediterránea que se encuentra amenazado en muchos de los países en los que se ha descrito. Con tal de aportar información útil para su conservación, en la presente tesis, se abordaron diferentes aspectos de comportamiento como: las estrategias reproductivas, el desarrollo embrionario en función del cuidado parental, la personalidad y la capacidad de aprendizaje. En cuanto a la estrategia reproductiva, los resultados obtenidos revelan que la ausencia de machos dominantes más grandes promueve el desarrollo en caracteres sexuales secundarios (CSSs) y la adopción de la táctica parental en los machos jóvenes, mientras que su presencia inhibe estos procesos. La escasez de nidos, por su parte, estimula el crecimiento de la cresta cefálica. El estudio de desarrollo embrionario muestra que los embriones mantenidos con los progenitores presentan un mayor volumen de saco vitelino, una menor altura de cabeza y una menor longitud de mandíbula al nacer que los embriones mantenidos sin los progenitores. Ello sugiere que la presencia de ambos padres (especialmente del macho, quién tiene un contacto próximo con las puestas y presenta cuidado parental) podría afectar el desarrollo de los embriones y por tanto debería mantenerse en los programas en cautividad. En el estudio de personalidad se investiga si el tiempo que tardan los machos en emerger de un refugio al estar expuestos a un entorno nuevo se relaciona con el desarrollo en CSSs. Se observa que los machos que tardan menos en asomarse del refugio presentan más tarde, durante la época reproductora, un mayor desarrollo de la cresta cefálica y que los que salen completamente del refugio crecen más en longitud. Por último, en el estudio de aprendizaje espacial, se observa que los machos aprenden el ejercicio antes que las hembras y se relaciona la rapidez de aprender de dichos machos con el desarrollo de su cresta cefálica. Todas estas observaciones permiten comprender mejor cómo se adapta la especie a su entorno y pueden aportar información relevante para la conservación in situ así como en el ámbito de la cría en cautividad y de las reintroducciones.
The river blenny (Salaria fluviatilis) is a freshwater fish inhabiting the circum-Mediterranean region that has been described as threatened in many of the countries where it occurs. In order to provide useful information for its conservation, in the present thesis, different aspects related to behaviour were approached: reproductive strategies, embryo development related to parental care, personality and learning capacity. Results concerning reproductive strategies show that the absence of larger dominant males promotes the secondary sexual characteristics (SSCs) development and the parental status acquisition in young males, while their presence inhibits these processes. Nest limitation, meanwhile, stimulates the cephalic crest growth. Embryo development study reveals that embryos maintained with progenitors have a major yolk sac volume, a minor head height and a minor jaw length at birth than the embryos maintained without progenitors. This suggests that the presence of both parents (specially the male, who has a close contact with clutches and exhibit parental care) could affect embryo development and therefore should be maintained in captivity programs. In the study about personality, it is explored if the time to emerge from a refuge when exposed to a novel environment is related to SSCs development. Males that emerge faster from the refuge present later, during reproductive period, a major development of the cephalic crest, and those who exit completely the refuge grow more in body length. Finally, in the spatial learning study, it is observed that males learn faster the task than females and their rapidity to learn is associated to the cephalic crest development. All these observations allow us to understand better how this species adapts to the environment and might provide relevant information for the conservation in situ, captive breeding and reintroduction programs.

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27

Ligocki, Isaac Young. "Expanding Scales of Influence: Behavioral, Physiological, and Reproductive Implications of Relative Power within Social Groups". The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1428601259.

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28

Ricciardi, Anthony. "The role of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in structuring benthic macroinvertebrate communities in the St. Lawrence River /". Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34438.

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This research examined how an invasive macrofouling organism, the Eurasian zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), alters benthic communities in a riverine ecosystem. Controlled field experiments using artificial substrates showed that macroinvertebrate abundance is significantly enhanced within Dreissena beds, and that the physical habitat provided by mussel shells has a greater impact on macroinvertebrate abundance than biological factors (e.g., food provided by mussel biodeposits). Data collected at field sites before and after the establishment of dense Dreissena colonies suggested that these colonies alter macroinvertebrate communities on hard substrates primarily by enhancing populations of deposit-feeding organisms (e.g., amphipod crustaceans) and predators (e.g., flatworms), and by displacing fauna that are poorly adapted to interstitial substrate (e.g., large gastropods, net-spinning caddisfly larvae). Freshwater sponges were the only organisms found to compete successfully with Dreissena for hard substrate; sponge overgrowth caused significant local mortality of zebra mussels at all sites where sponges were abundant.
The capacity for Dreissena to displace native freshwater mussels (Family Unionidae) in the St. Lawrence River was examined over a four year period by quadrat sampling at selected sites. Dreissena preferentially colonized unionid mussels in the river. Mean infestation loads (number of zebra mussels per unionid mussel) in the St. Lawrence were 10-100 times lower than in the Great Lakes,.but resulted in similar high mortality. Severe declines in unionid species richness and abundance occurred in areas of the river that supported dense Dreissena populations ($>$4,000 mussels/m$ sp2).$ Analysis of data from the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River system suggests that mass mortality and extirpation of unionid populations typically occurs within 4-5 years following initial colonization of unionids by Dreissena, and that Dreissena infestation will increase the future tate of extinction of North American unionids by nearly 10-fold.

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29

au, turtle111@aapt net, e Jacqueline Giles. "The underwater acoustic repertoire of the long-necked, freshwater turtle Chelodina oblonga". Murdoch University, 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20061121.103729.

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The major question addressed by this project was to determine if the long-necked, freshwater turtle Chelodina oblonga, vocalise underwater and whether their vocal activity could be related to behavioural or ecological aspects of their lives. These turtles often live in wetlands where visibility is restricted due to habitat complexity or light limitation caused by factors such as tannin-staining, or turbidity. For many aquatic animals, sound is a useful means of communication over distances beyond their visual acuity. This thesis gives the first detailed account of the underwater vocal repertoire of C. oblonga. In total, over 230 days were spent in the field and more than 500 hours of tape recordings were made for this research. Initially, a number of recordings took place in three wetlands known to support turtle populations: Blue Gum Lake; Glen Brook Dam; and Lake Leschenaultia in Perth, Western Australia; in order to determine the nature of the freshwater sound field and place turtle vocalisations into the context in which they were vocalising. The wetlands differed in terms of degree of enrichment, substrate material, water depth and habitat complexity. Recordings were made over a four-week period in the last month of summer and the first week of autumn (Feb-Mar 2003). Invertebrate sweeps were also taken over a two-week period at each recording site to determine if invertebrate distributions were related to patterns of sonic activity. To determine the influence of wind on ambient noise; recordings were undertaken on winter mornings (June-August, 2003) at Blue Gum Lake and Glen Brook Dam at locations north, south, west and east for four different wind speeds Beaufort Wind Scale (BWS) 0,1,2 & 3. There were seven distinctive calls recognised in the recordings. The frequency bandwidth most utilised by organisms was between 3 kHz up to around 14 kHz, with the exception of the bird-like song; which extended from 500 Hz up to around 10 kHz. Blue Gum Lake contained a more diverse and abundant assemblage of invertebrates than Lake Leschenaultia and Glen Brook Dam. Correspondingly, a greater diversity of calls was recorded at Blue Gum Lake, as well as the presence of chorus activity, which was not heard at the two less-enriched sites. The periods of greatest diversity and abundance of macroinvertebrates was synonymous with the increased sonic activity at dusk and midnight with noise levels greatest at dusk in particular, and to a lesser extent at midnight. There was no difference in ambient noise at Blue Gum Lake or Glen Brook Dam at wind speeds of Beaufort Wind Scale 0, 1 and 2. Turtles from three populations were recorded in artificial environments: consisting of round, plastic, above-ground ponds (1.8m dia. x 0.65m depth), which were set up to recreate small wetlands. Recordings occurred from September to October, 2003 and from February to December, 2004 as well as January, 2005. Seven hatchling and five juvenile turtles (CL <10cm) were also recorded in order to ascertain whether very young turtles vocalised. Hatchlings were recorded in a glass aquarium (35.5cm length x 20cm width x 22.0cm depth) and juveniles were placed into a below-ground outdoor pond (1m length x 0.5m width x 0.4m depth). Recordings occurred from as early as 4.30am (dawn recordings) to as late as 1.30am (evening recordings). The recordings revealed that turtles utilise an underwater acoustic communication system (calling at the waters surface was also noted but these were not recorded or a part of this research) involving a repertoire of both complex and percussive sounds with short, medium and potentially long-range propagation characteristics. Complex structures included harmonically related elements (richly or sparsely) and different rates of frequency modulation. Frequency use extended beyond the in-air auditory sensitivity known for a single species of turtle studied from the family Chelidae; with calls ranging from around 100 Hz in some of the percussive displays, to as high as 3.5 kHz in some complex calls, with clicks extending beyond the 20 kHz upper limit of the recording system. However, most of C. oblongas vocalisations had dominant frequencies below 1 kHz. Turtles were intermittent callers with an extensive vocal repertoire of seventeen (17) vocal categories - highly suggestive of complex social organisation. Vocalisations included: a) clacks; b) clicks; c) squawks; d) hoots; e) short chirps; f) high short chirps; g) medium chirps; h) long chirps; i) high calls; j) cries or wails; k) cat whines; l) grunts; m) growls; n) blow bursts; o) staccatos; p) a wild howl; and q) drum rolling. Also, two sustained pulse-bouts were recorded during the breeding months, hypothesised to function as acoustic advertisement displays possibly calling songs. Hatchling turtles were not heard to vocalise within the audible range. Only a single complex vocalisation was heard produced by the juvenile turtles, with a number of percussive calls. Preliminary playback trials were conducted under free-field conditions and within an artificial environment, which consisted of a below ground rectangular tank (2.4m length x 0.8m width x 0.6m deep). A number of turtle calls recorded in the artificial ponds were selected for playback. A UW 30 speaker was used for broadcast of calls. The free-field playbacks occurred at Mabel Talbot Lake and Blue Gum Lake during the months of April and May, 2005. Playback using 14 seconds of an artificially constructed sequence from the sustained pulse-bout occurred in the artificial channels. This sequence consisted of some of the first phase pulses followed by a section of the vibrato. The preliminary free-field playback trials indicated that turtles had some interest in the calls being played by responding with an alert posture. Turtles were shown to remain in the alert posture for a significantly longer time than when no sound was played or when white noise was played. The extensive repertoire and initial responses to the free-field playbacks indicated that sound has some biological importance for C. oblonga, although results of playbacks under artificial conditions were inconclusive.

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30

Hellmann, Jennifer K. "Neighbor Effects: The Influence of Colony-level Social Structure on Within-group Dynamics in a Social Fish". The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1464129648.

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31

MacKenzie, Wendy Marlene. "The effects of acid-base disturbances on branchial and renal calcium fluxes in the freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9995.

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Abstract (sommario):

Whole body calcium influx, branchial calcium efflux, and renal Ca$\sp{2+}$ excretion were measured in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) either exposed to environmental hypercapnia or infused intra-arterially with NaHCO$\sb3$. These experiments were performed to assess the potential impact on Ca$\sp{2+}$ balance of the changes in gill morphology that are known to accompany acid-base disturbances in this species. After 48 hours of environmental hypercapnia, gill filamental chloride cell fractional area was significantly reduced. Despite this reduction, and the presumed involvement of the chloride cell in calcium influx, whole body calcium influx was increased after 12 hours of hypercapnia and remained elevated for 48 hours. Branchial calcium efflux was unaltered during hypercapnia exposure, whereas renal Ca$\sp{2+}$ excretion was elevated over preflux values only at 6 hours of hypercapnia. Measurement of the kinetics of whole body calcium influx after 48 hours of hypercapnia revealed a significant increase in the maximal uptake rate of Ca$\sp{2+}$ yet the affinity constant of Ca$\sp{2+}$ uptake was unaffected. Measurements of high-affinity. Ca$\sp{2+}$-ATPase activities and ATP-dependent Ca$\sp{2+}$ transport of gill basolateral membrane vesicles revealed that the ATP-dependent Ca$\sp{2+}$ extrusion mechanism of the gills was not affected by hypercapnia. The results of this study clearly show that the reduced chloride cell surface area that accompanies hypercapnia in trout does not impair calcium homeostasis. Whole body Ca$\sp{2+}$ influx was significantly increased after 6 hours of NaHCO$\sb3$ infusion and remained elevated throughout the duration of the experiment. Branchial and renal Ca$\sp{2+}$ effluxes were largely unaffected by NaHCO$\sb3$ infusion. Plasma total Ca$\sp{2+}$ concentrations were significantly decreased after 6 hours of NaHCO$\sb3$ infusion and remained so until 48 hours. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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32

Kitano, Shiori. "Effect of antidepressant fluoxetine on personality in the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-148696.

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Abstract (sommario):

The widespread use of pharmaceutics raises an anthropogenic issue in natural environment. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) used as antidepressants, pass through most wastewater treatment plants and enter natural waters. Their impact on personality of aquatic animals is poorly investigated, especially in invertebrates. In the current study, the impact of fluoxetine (an SSRI) on animal personality was investigated in the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus. To investigate responses, isopods were exposed for 1 day to fluoxetine of 10 ng L-1. Boldness, exploration, activity and escape behaviour (running and freezing) were tested on male and female isopods of two phenotypes of pigmentation (dark and light). The isopods showed consistency of behaviour responses in assays; one of the prerequisites for the existence of personality traits. Fluoxetine exposure reduced activity level, but had no effect on the other personality traits measured. This study thus provides some support for the idea that an environmentally relevant concentration of fluoxetine affects personality in A. aquaticus.

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33

Bannon, Henry James. "Effects of Water Quality Parameters on Prolonged Swimming Ability of Freshwater Fishes". The University of Waikato, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2618.

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Abstract (sommario):

The critical swimming speed (Ucrit) of rainbow trout parr (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and three life stages of Galaxias maculatus, larval (whitebait), postlarval inanga and adult inanga, were tested at temperatures from 5oC to 25oC. All fish were swum at their acclimation temperature under normoxic conditions to determine the optimal aerobic exercise temperature. To determine whether acclimation affected swimming ability, trout parr acclimated to either 10oC or 20oC were swum at 20oC and 10oC, respectively. The potential effect of mild hypoxia (75% saturation) on trout parr and whitebait was also examined at 10oC, 15oC and 20oC, and also tested separately and in combination were the effects of mild hypoxia and severe anaemia on the prolonged swimming ability of trout smolts at temperatures from 10oC to 20oC. For all trout experiments, blood samples were taken from non-exercised and exercised fish by acute caudal venepuncture to determine haematological responses to both acclimation and exercise. Under normoxic conditions, Ucrit max for trout parr (7.0 0.5 cm fork length) was calculated to be 5.8 body lengths per second (BL s-1) at 15.1oC, but declined at lower and higher temperatures. This result implies that swimming performance was limited by temperature below 15oC, whereas performance at higher temperatures was limited by oxygen availability. In support of this hypothesis, mild hypoxia (75% saturation) had no effect at 10oC or 15oC but caused a significant reduction in Ucrit at 20oC. However, fish acclimated at 20oC showed an adaptive elevation in oxygen carrying capacity due to an increase in mean erythrocyte volume and haemoglobin content. Furthermore, acclimation to 20oC improved warm water swimming performance. Trout parr acclimated to 10oC performed significantly worse than fish acclimated to 20oC when swum at 20oC. However, trout parr acclimated to 20oC performed as well as fish acclimated to 10oC when swum at 10oC. Following exercise, haematocrit was elevated under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. However, the primary cause of this apparent increase in oxygen carrying capacity was splenic release of erythrocytes under normoxic conditions, whereas stress-induced erythrocytic swelling contributed to the observed increase in hypoxia. This contrasting response was most pronounced at 10oC. Larval whitebait (4.7 - 5.0 cm total length (TL)) also showed a temperature dependence of prolonged swimming ability with Ucrit max calculated to be 5.1 BL s-1 at 17.7oC. Hypoxia significantly reduced Ucrit at 15oC and 20oC, lowering the optimal aerobic temperature to 13.9oC and reducing Ucrit to 4.2 BL s-1. Mild hypoxia therefore had a more pronounced impact on inanga whitebait than trout. Postlarval inanga (3.9 - 4.0 cm TL) performed poorly at higher temperatures with Ucrit max of 5.6 BL s-1 at 9.4oC indicating an ontogenetic change in swimming ability, possibly resulting from a developmental shift in red muscle kinetics or a greater dependence on anaerobic muscle. Adult inanga (5.5 - 6.8 cm TL) prolonged swimming ability showed similar temperature dependence to that of inanga whitebait but lower relative swimming speeds due to their larger size. The dramatic decline in performance exhibited by juveniles at warmer temperatures was not apparent in adults. Ucrit max for adults was 4.0 BL s-1 at 18.3oC. The critical swimming speed of trout smolts, subjected to mild hypoxia (6.8 mg

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34

Venâncio, Fabrízio Alves. "Population biology of the freshwater crab Trichodactylus petropolitanus in the Córrego da Mina, Caçapava, SP: environmental monitoring from animal population studies". Universidade de Taubaté, 2005. http://www.bdtd.unitau.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=216.

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Abstract (sommario):

The freshwater crab Trichodactylus petropolitanus (Göldi, 1886), is an endemic Brazilian species with occurrence in the States of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina, being its distribution widely coincident with the domain of the almost extinct Mata Atlântica forest. Besides its importance in the trofic web of lotic systems (rivers and streams), few is known on the Brazilian freshwater crabs biology. Knowing of basic requirements of fauna and the specific traits of each system and microhabitat can generate subsides for the establishment of management plans and environmental monitoring. On this way, the present study aim to generate information on the population biology aspects and about the microhabitat inhabiting by T. petropolitanus in a little stream (231037S e 454128W) localized in a farmland at Caçapava city, SP. Monthly samples were carried out from February 2003 to January 2004 during day time. The crabs were found associated to boundary vegetation of the stream, principally, among the Hedychium coronarium rhizomes, an aquatic macrophyte considered an alien and invasive of degraded environments. Some biological aspects of these crabs were detected in the present work as differential behavior (younger individuals are more actives during day time), differential growth rate between males and females being that males reach the sexual maturity in smaller size (15┤18mm carapace width) than females (> 21mm CW). Highest abundance of the species were observed in the warmer and rainner months of the year, period that could be concentrate the reproductive activities due to large availability of water and wetlands in the area. As conclusion of this work, could be say that the population of T. petropolitanus on the study area presents in equilibrium and the alien and invasive macrophytes could be serving as ecological tool to the biodiversity maintenance of streams and rivers, contributing to the establishment of new niches.
O caranguejo de água doce Trichodactylus petropolitanus (Göldi, 1886), é uma espécie endêmica do Brasil com ocorrência nos Estados de Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná e Santa Catarina, sendo que sua distribuição coincide amplamente com os domínios da quase extinta Mata Atlântica. Apesar de sua importância na cadeia trófica de sistemas lóticos (rios e riachos), pouco se conhece sobre a biologia dos caranguejos de água doce no Brasil. O conhecimento das necessidades básicas da fauna e as características peculiares de cada sistema e microhabitat ocupado podem gerar subsídios para o estabelecimento de planos de manejo e monitoramento ambiental. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho visa gerar informações sobre aspectos da biologia populacional e sobre o microhabitat ocupado por esta espécie em um pequeno riacho (231037S e 454128W), localizado em zona rural do município de Caçapava, SP. Coletas mensais foram realizadas de fevereiro de 2003 a janeiro de 2004 no período diurno. Estes caranguejos foram encontrados junto à vegetação marginal do córrego, principalmente entre os rizomas de Hedychium coronarium (lírio-do-brejo), uma macrófita aquática introduzida e considerada invasora de ambientes degradados. No presente trabalho foi detectado alguns aspectos da biologia destes caranguejos como: comportamento diferencial (jovens são mais ativos durante o dia), taxas de crescimento diferencial entre os sexos, sendo que machos alcançam a maturidade sexual (15┤18mm LC) em tamanhos menores que as fêmeas (> 21mm LC). Maior abundância da espécie foi observada nos meses mais quentes e chuvosos do ano, período em que pode estar concentrada as atividades reprodutivas devido à maior disponibilidade de água e áreas alagadas junto ao córrego. Como conclusão do presente trabalho, pode-se dizer que a população de T. petropolitanus apresenta-se estável no local de estudo e as macrófitas aquáticas parecem estar servindo de ferramenta ecológica para a manutenção da biodiversidade de rios e riachos, contribuindo para o estabelecimento de novos nichos.

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35

Ontkos, Alex T. "Habitat Use of Three Abundant Predatory Fish Species in the Freshwater Marshes of the Florida Everglades". FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3873.

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Abstract (sommario):

The Florida Everglades presents a model setting for studying animal-habitat relationships in a dynamic landscape that is heavily influenced by seasonal hydrology and water management. I used dynamic, high-resolution habitat classification maps and radio-telemetry to examine habitat preference of Largemouth Bass, Bowfin, and Florida Gar before and after a field-scale manipulation was established to address uncertainties with Everglades restoration and water management practices. Results indicate preference for the canal habitat by all three species, which represents only a small portion of the submerged landscape even in the driest conditions. Bowfin and Florida Gar were more likely to be relocated within marsh habitats than Largemouth Bass. Preference for the canal habitat increased after landscape alteration and was influenced by water management practices rather than hydrological or environmental factors. Partial canal backfilling may assist with accomplishing restoration goals while maintaining preferred habitat for economically and ecologically valuable predatory fishes.

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36

Vasconi, M. "FRESHWATER FISH OF NORTHERN ITALY: FROM THE VALORIZATION OF WILD UNEXPLOITED SPECIES TO NEW FARMING PERSPECTIVES". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/232724.

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Northern Italy freshwater fish production derive from inland fisheries and mainly from aquaculture. Both of them registered some problems. The number of freshwater fishermen is in a steady reduction, caused by the modification of lakes population, that is switching from the presence of high valued fish to others cheaper species which have a limited market. Freshwater farmers suffer the competition of marine and imported products. It is necessary to find a way to valorize Northern Italian freshwater fish production. In this thesis we analyzed the chemical composition and fatty acid profile of 15 species caught in North Italy lakes, sampling species with a high value and species which are not appreciated by Italian consumers. All of them showed an high nutritional value. Species like rudd, roach or crucian carp, that now have a limited market could represent a good source of protein and lipid of great quality. Fish processing could be a way to increase the value of cheaper fish; across the lake there is the tradition of salting and drying landlocked shad, transforming them in missoltini. We analyzed this product, showing its nutritional characteristics and focusing on the formation of histamine that could occur if the processing is not performed properly. We analyzed missoltino made by seven traditional producers, finding an high histamine content in products made by three of them. We identify 99 bacterial strains, of which the majority (71) showed the ability of produce histamine and 7 were high histamine former bacteria. Despite these results we were not able to identify which bacteria strains was responsible of the histamine presence in our samples. The only parameter that we found linked to the histamine presence was the water content of products. Histamine was formed in missoltini where the drying phase of production had not be able to remove the maximum amount of water from the product. The farming of new fish species, which presence in market is now limited, could be a way to have a higher income to fish farmers. Tench is considered one potential species for the differentiation of freshwater fish productions. We tested the response of this species in intensive aquaculture. Our results were acceptable but not satisfying, probably due to the genetic strain of tench used, which did not fit to intensive farming conditions. The use of spirulina in tench feeding showed promising results, that should be confirmed in further studies.

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37

Waites, Anna R. "Plant-animal interactions and seed output of two insectpollinated herbs". Doctoral thesis, Umeå University, Ecology and Environmental Science, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-576.

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I combined comparative and experimental studies in the field and in the greenhouse to examine factors influencing reproductive success in two insect-pollinated herbs, the tristylous, selfincompatible perennial Lythrum salicaria and the self-compatible, biennial Pedicularis palustris. More specifically, I explored (i) the effects of plant population characteristics on the intensity and outcome of interactions with pollinators and seed predators, (ii) whether flower morphology affects duration of stigma receptivity, and (iii) whether damage-induced reduction in floral display reduces pollinator visitation and increases pollen limitation.

As predicted, the rate of pollinator visitation tended to increase and the number of flowers probed per plant tended to decrease with increasing population size in L. salicaria, but these relationships only approached statistical significance. By taking advantage of the pollen size polymorphism that is typical of many heterostylous plants, I could show that the number of compatible pollen grains received increased with population size, and that this was associated with a reduction in pollen limitation and increased seed output per flower. The deposition of high numbers of incompatible conspecific and heterospecific pollen grains did not appear to reduce seed set.

In P. palustris, fruit set and seed predation varied markedly among populations and years, but this variation could only partly be explained by variation in population size. Fruit set was positively related to population size, and seed predation was negatively related to population size, in one of three years. Similarly, the level of pollen limitation, which was quantified in two years, varied among populations, but was not related to population size, density or isolation.

In L. salicaria, both the duration of stigma receptivity and the effect of prior self-pollination on seed output varied among style morphs. These differences may contribute to morph-specific differences in pollen limitation and seed production documented in the field.

The results of a field experiment demonstrated that damage to the shoot apex may markedly reduce fruit production in L. salicaria, and suggested that this is mainly because damage reduces flower number. I found no evidence that a reduced floral display increased the severity of pollen limitation.

Taken together, the results show that interactions with both pollinators and herbivores may markedly affect reproductive output in the two plant species, and that the intensity of both mutualistic and antagonistic interactions vary considerably in space and time. Moreover, they are consistent with the hypothesis that pollination success should depend less on population size in selfcompatible than in self-incompatible plants.

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38

Blawut, Bryan Joseph. "Assisted Reproduction Techniques’ Effects on Sperm Physiology of the Freshwater Fish, Sauger (Sander canadensis)". The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1607012858031537.

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39

Burnham, Quinton. "Systematics and biogeography of the Australian burrowing freshwater crayfish genus Engaewa Riekk (Decapoda: Parastacidae)". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2014. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1278.

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Abstract (sommario):

The overall aim of this study was to explore the systematics and biogeographic patterns of the freshwater crayfish genus Engaewa Riek, a strongly burrowing freshwater crayfish restricted to the coastal corner of south-western Australia (SWA). The genus Engaewa is a Gondwanan relict with great potential as a marker of historical processes, due to its high habitat specificity and low dispersal ability. This study comprises an extensive taxonomic and phylogenetic revision of the genus Engaewa (using both molecular and morphological data), a detailed study of its distribution and uses the knowledge gained to explore biogeographic patterns in the biodiversity hotspot of SWA. The molecular analyses undertaken in this project support the monophyly of the genus Engaewa. They also, combined with a re-evaluation of morphological characters, support the recognition of (at least) two new species in addition to the five currently described species. Diagnostic morphological characters for the current species and two additional previously undescribed species, along with an updated taxonomic key, are presented. Engaewa species possess a genetic structure that is highly unusual and is characterised by particularly low intra-population diversity, and very high interpopulation diversity on a scale seemingly not observed in freshwater crayfish before. Based on the updated species designations, the ecology, distribution and conservation status of each species level lineage are also reviewed in this study. A biogeographic interpretation of the phylogenetic trees and population analyses/summary statistics from the genetic data is consistent with a scenario wherein lineages within this genus have undergone cyclical periods of expansion followed by contraction into refugia, in response to repeated changes in both climate and sea-level. This cyclical process concurs with the Taxon Pulse Hypothesis and has driven lineage diversification, via vicariant speciation, causing rapid bursts of speciation within the genus. This study has identified a number of refugia (from periods of inhospitable climate) centered on locations within the Cape-to-Cape region of SWA (i.e. between Cape Naturaliste and Cape Leeuwin) and on the south coast (specifically the region around the town of Walpole), which are supported by information from other taxa likewise adapted to mesic habitat, such as other freshwater crayfish, slaters, frogs, orchids and sedges. Not only does this study recognise biogeographic concordance between these taxa in SWA, it highlights a possible central role for Engaewa in creating habitat for other taxa.

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40

Popejoy, Traci Glyn. "Zooarchaeology and Biogeography of Freshwater Mussels in the Leon River During the Late Holocene". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc801918/.

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Abstract (sommario):

The Leon River, a small-medium river in central Texas, is highly impacted by multiple impoundments, enrichment from agricultural runoff, and decreased dissolved oxygen levels. This degraded river contains sixteen unionid species, two of which are both endemic to the region and candidates for the federal endangered species listing (Quadrula houstonensis and Truncilla macrodon). While there is a short historical record for this river basin and a recent modern survey completed in 2011, zooarchaeological data adds evidence for conservation efforts by increasing the time depth of data available and providing another conservation baseline. Zooarchaeological data for the Leon River is available from the two Late Holocene archaeological sites: 41HM61 and the Belton Lake Assemblages. Data generated from these assemblages describe the prehistoric freshwater mussel community of the Leon River in terms of taxonomic composition and structure. By comparing this zooarchaeological data to the data generated by the longitudinal modern survey of the Leon River, long term changes within the freshwater mussel community can be detected. A conceptual model is constructed to evaluate how robusticity, identifiability, and life history ecology affect unionid taxonomic abundances in zooarchaeological data. This conceptual model functions as an interpretive tool for zooarchaeologists to evaluate forms of equifinality in zooarchaeological assemblages. This thesis determines differences between the late Holocene and modern freshwater community of the Leon River, explores how different alternative mechanisms influence zooarchaeological data, and exemplifies of how zooarchaeological data can be used for conservation biology.

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41

Daniels, Savel R. (Savel Regan). "Systematics and population genetics of the South African freshwater crab fauna (Decapoda: Potamonautidae: Potamonautes)". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53078.

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Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the present study, the systematic status, aspects of the evolutionary biology and phylogenetic relationships among species of the African freshwater crab genus Potamonautes in South Africa are examined. Systematic research between allopatric populations of P. brincki, using allozyme and morphometric data has revealed the existence of a new undescribed freshwater crab species occurring in mountain streams of the Cape Peninsula. This species is described in the present study. In addition, the diagnostic value of carapace dentition patterns in the taxonomy of freshwater crabs is explored among two toothed river crab species from South Africa. The latter study utilized P. warreni and P. unispinus where considerable variation in the dentition pattern of the former species has been recorded. Fixed differences in allozyme loci demonstrated that these two taxa should indeed be considered separate, yet closely related species, while the morphometric data failed to reveal this taxonomic separation. The holotype of P. warreni is re-described. The relationship of hybrid taxa between P. depressus and P. clarus populations are investigated. Evident from this study is that populations that occur equidistant from the two parental taxa have undergone extensive introgressive hybridization. Considering the pronounced sequence divergence and the occurrence of fixed allozyme loci between populations, it is postulated that the hybrid populations should be considered to be on a unique evolutionary trajectory worthy of conservation. The population genetic structure of P. calcaratus is examined as this species is unique in its occupation of water holes. Results demonstrate that the genetic population structure is the result of recent colonization and moderate gene flow among populations. Phylogenetic relationships between the southern African freshwater crab fauna is investigated with the use of sequence data from two mitochondial genes (12 S rRNA and 16 S rRNA), allozymes and morphology in an attempt to firstly, test the usefulness of freshwater crabs as biogeographic indicators, secondly to explore the relationship among hybrid taxa, and thirdly to examine Bott's (1955) subgeneric divisions. Results demonstrated that freshwater crabs can be used as biogeographic indicators, that hybrid taxa are phylogenetic ally closely related and that Bott's subgeneric divisions have no systematic basis. Among the three data sets, the sequence data provided the best resolution, while the phylogenetic inferences derived from the allozyme data and the morphology was limited.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie word die sistematiek, aspekte van die evolusionêre biologie en filogenetiese verwantskappe tussen spesies van die varswater krap genus Potamonautes ondersoek in Suid Afrika. Navorsing op geografies geisoleerde populasies van P. brincki word met behulp van allosieme en morfometriese data ondersoek en dui daarop dat daar 'n nuwe onbeskryfde spesie op die berge van die Kaapse Skiereiland voorkom. Die nuwe spesies word beskryf in hierdie studie. Die diagnostiese waarde van tand patrone in varswater krappe word tussen twee spesies P. warreni en P. unispinus ondersoek. Genetiese data dui daarop dat alhoewel P. warreni morfologies baie naverwant is aan P. unispin us, is genoegsame verskille in allosiem lokusse wat daarop dui dat die twee taksa volwaardige spesies is. Die holotipe van P. warreni word herbeskryf. Die verwantkap tussen populasies van twee hibried taksa, P. depressus en P. clarus, word ondersoek. Resultate van hierdie studie dui daarop dat noemenswaardige verskille voorkom tussen die twee hibridie taxa en dat die hibriede populasies geneties verskillend is. 'n Argument word aangevoer vir die beskerming van hibriede taksa. Die populasie genetika van P. calcaratus word ondersoek en vergelyk met vorige studies. Die data dui daarop dat minimale geen vloei tusses populasies is en dat die populasie struktuur waarskynlik die resultaat is van onlangse kolonisasie. Die filogenetiese verwantskap tussen die suider Afrikaanse krappe word ondersoek met DNA, allosieme en morfologiese karakters met drie hoofdoele. Eerstens om die gebruik van varswater krappe as biografiese indikatore te toets. Tweedens om die verwantskap van hibriede taksa te ondersoek, en derdens om die status van Bott (1955) se subgenera te bepaal. Resultate dui daarop aan dat varswater krappe wel gebruik kan word as biografiese indikatore. Hibridieserende taxa naverwant is derdens en dat Bott se subgenera geen taksonomiese basis het nie. Die DNA data het die beste resolusie gebied vir die filogenetiese vrae, terwyl die allosieme en morfologiese data 'n laer resolusie bedied het, en meer beperk was.

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42

Mazzone, Angelica <1992&gt. "New advances in molecular epidemiology of emerging enteric parasites in farmed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and insights into zoonotic parasites of new relevance in Italian freshwater fish". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9665/1/angelica_mazzone_tesi.pdf.

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Fish products are essential to the food and economic security for almost a billion people around the world. Parasitic diseases outbreaks are a major concern for aquaculture and fishery industries, and they may represent a major constraint for sectors’ expansion. Fish-borne parasitic zoonoses due to the consumption of fishery products are an increasing phenomenon in European Countries. This work maps the available information on Enterospora nucleophila and Cryptosporidium molnari presence in gilthead sea bream Mediterranean aquaculture. The existing diagnostic techniques for the detection of E. nucleophila and C. molnari were reviewed and a new in situ hybridization assay for the detection of E. nucleophila developmental stages is provided. Data from a survey involving 17 gilthead sea bream facilities showed a wide distribution pattern of E. nucleophila and C. molnari, with their detection in 41% and 47% farms, respectively. Data also showed a non-homogeneous distribution within different production phases and type of facilities. Parasites were mainly detected in post-weaning production phases, with higher detection of E. nucleophila at ongrowing in-land and cage-based rearing systems, and higher positivity percentages of C. molnari at pre-growing and in-land tanks. The absence of positivity at early production stages including eggs led to consider vertical transmission unlikely and to confirm the role of water in transmitting the infection. This work aimed at shedding light on emerging zoonotic parasites in European freshwater fishery products. This work provided consistent information on Eustrongylides excisus epidemiology in Central Italy lakes and confirmed the presence of infective stages in freshwater fish. A molecular assay for the identification of adult and larval stages of E. excisus is reported. A novel multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous identification of Opisthorchis felineus, Pseudamphistomum truncatum, Metorchis spp., Metagonimus spp. and Apophallus spp., the main zoonotic or potentially zoonotic trematodes described in Europe, is also provided.

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43

Magoba, Rembuluwani Norman Nicholas. "Effect of invasion and clearing of alien riparian vegetation on benthic macroinvertebrate and adult odonata assemblages in Soutpansberg rivers". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1800.

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Thesis (MScAgric (Conservation Ecology and Entomology)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.
Benthic macroinvertebrates (sampled using South African Scoring System, SASS5) and adult male Odonata (sampled with close-focus binoculars) were recorded on two streams and a river of Soutpansberg, with the aim of determining the effect of invasion and removal of alien riparian vegetation on their assemblages. A secondary aim was to establish the importance of dragonflies as indicators of degree of disturbance in rivers. Forty two aquatic macroinvertebrate families and 33 adult Odonata species were recorded at a total of 71 sampling units. Three distinct riparian vegetation types were selected (natural, alien and cleared). Cleared vegetation refers to clearing of invasive alien trees, allowing regrowth of natural vegetation. Natural and cleared vegetation supported more benthic macroinvertebrate families compared to alien vegetation. Certain families that were lost to alien vegetation were recorded from natural vegetation. The highest SASS5 score was recorded from natural vegetation, followed by cleared vegetation, and the lowest was from alien vegetation. The highest number of adult Odonata was recorded at cleared vegetation, with alien and natural vegetation supporting the least number of Odonata species. Vegetation type, stream flow and microhabitats were statistically identified as the most influential variables for benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages. For adult Odonata assemblages, vegetation type, shade and temperature were the most important environmental variables. Species assemblages of adult Odonata can be used as indicators of environmental condition of rivers. The clearing of alien riparian vegetation clearly benefits the indigenous benthic macroinvertebrates as conditions are restored to their natural state. It also benefits dragonfly species richness, but if natural succession proceeds to a shaded tree canopy, the effect becomes similar to that of habitat shaded by alien vegetation. The impact of alien vegetation is to reduce sun-loving invertebrate species, especially dragonflies, with lesser impact on shade-loving species.

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44

Oliveira, Ana Maria Barretto de Menezes Sampaio de. "Substituição de fontes protéicas de origem animal por fontes protéicas de origem vegetal em rações para o "Black Bass" Micropterus salmoides". Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-25092003-082811/.

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Abstract (sommario):

A produção comercial de peixes carnívoros exige o uso de um conjunto complexo de práticas de manejo da produção e alimentação, à redução do impacto ambiental dos alimentos e à minimização do emprego de fontes protéicas de origem animal nas formulações das dietas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o uso de atrativos alimentares em dietas formuladas exclusivamente à base de proteína de origem vegetal (PV), e seus efeitos no desempenho, composição corporal e digestibilidade das dietas pelo carnívoro black bass, Micropterus salmoides, condicionados a aceitar ração seca. Novecentos juvenis (26,54 ± 1,53 g) foram estocados em 60 aquários de polietileno de 90 L (15 peixes/aquário), em delineamento experimental totalmente ao acaso (n=3), e alimentados ad libitum em duas refeições diárias (07h00m e 17h00m), durante 13 dias, com uma dieta basal (100% PV) contendo seis níveis de proteína solúvel de peixe PSP (0,5, 1,0, 1,5, 2,0, 2,5 e 3,0%); Fisharom ® FA (0,02, 0,04, 0,06, 0,08, 0,10 e 0,12%); silagem de peixe SP (1,0, 2,0, 3,0, 4,0, 5,0 e 6,0%); um controle positivo (10% de farinha de peixe) e um controle negativo (dieta basal sem atrativos). Os peixes alimentados com a dieta contendo FA 0,02% apresentaram melhor taxa de crescimento, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar, mas não apresentaram diferenças dos demais tratamentos (P>0,05). Os peixes alimentados com dietas contendo SP como atrativo apresentaram os piores resultados de desempenho. Em uma segunda etapa, foi avaliado o desempenho e a composição corporal de 560 juvenis (3,06 ± 0,20 g) estocados em gaiolas de 60 L, dentro de caixas de polietileno de 1.000 L, instaladas em laboratório com um sistema fechado de recirculação de água com temperatura (27 o C ± 1,07 o C) e fotoperíodo (14L:10E) controlados, em um delineamento experimental totalmente ao acaso (n=4), e alimentados ad libitum em duas refeições diárias (07h00m e 17h00m), durante 43 dias, com 7 dietas isonitrogenadas (40% de PB) e isocalóricas (3.500 kcal/kg), contendo níveis decrescentes de proteína de origem vegetal: 100PV:00PA; 100PV + 0,02% Fisharon ® ; 80PV:20PA; 60PV:40PA; 40PV:60PA; 50PV:50PA (sem farinha de peixe); e uma dieta controle (ração comercial). A inclusão de farinha de peixe e farinha de penas foi limitada em 7%; a inclusão de farinha de vísceras e farinha de carne em 15%. DL-metionina (98%) e L-lisina (80%) foram adicionadas automaticamente através de matriz de aplicativo de formulação de ração. Em uma terceira etapa, foi avaliada a digestibilidade das rações utilizadas no experimento anterior. Para tanto, 1.960 juvenis (14,0 ± 1,0 cm) foram confinados em gaiolas de polipropileno e alimentados durante 40 dias, no período diurno, com as sete dietas do experimento anterior acrescidas de 0,5% de óxido de cromio. No período noturno as gaiolas eram transferidas para aquários cilíndrico-cônicos de 200 L, onde as fezes eram coletadas por sedimentação em recipiente refrigerado. O farelo de soja pode ser utilizado como substituto parcial de fontes protéicas e origem animal em rações formuladas para o black bass; a farinha de vísceras pode ser considerada uma boa opção como fonte protéica de origem animal em rações. Os melhores resultados de desempenho foram relacionados aos tratamentos controle e 50PV:50PA. A necessidade do uso da farinha de peixe na formulação de dietas para espécies carnívoras é no mínimo questionável e a determinação da digestibilidade das rações, visando maior precisão em formulações de custo mínimo para peixes carnívoros, deve ser prática corrente na indústria da alimentação de peixes.
Commercial farming of carnivorous fish demands the use of a complex group of practices of production and feeding management, the reduction of the environmental impact of the feeds and the minimization of the use of animal protein sources in the diets. The present study investigated the use of feed stimulants in diets formulated exclusively out of plant protein, and their effects in growth performance, body composition and digestibility of the feeds for the carnivore largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, conditioned to accept dry feed. Nine hundred juvenile largemouth bass (26.54 ± 1.53 g) were stocked in 60, 90-L polyethylene aquaria (15 fish/aquarium), in a totally randomized experimental design (n=3). Fish were fed ad libitum two daily meals (0700 and 1700), for 13 days, with a basal diet (100% plant protein) containing increasing levels of fish soluble protein FSP (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0%); Fisharom TM FA (0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10 and 0.12%); fish silage FS (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0%); a positive control (10% of fish meal) and a negative control (basal diet without stimulants). Fish fed the diet containing 0.02%FA presented better growth rate, weight gain and feed conversion rate, but did not differ from the other treatments (P>0,05). Fish fed diets containing FS as stimulant presented the poorest performance. Next, the effect of different levels of dietary plant protein in the performance and body composition of the species was evaluated. Five hundred and sixty juvenile largemouth bass (3.06 ± 0.20 g) were stocked in 60-L cages, inside 1,000-L polyethylene tanks, installed at a laboratory with closed water-recirculating system and controled temperature (27 o C ± 1.07 o C) and photoperiod (14L:10D). Fish were fed ad libitum two daily meals (0700 and 1700), for 43 days, with 7 isonitrogenous (40% of PB) and isoenergetic (3,500 kcal/kg) diets, containing decreasing levels of plant protein: 100PP:00AP; 100PP + 0.02% Fisharom®; 80PP:20AP; 60PP:40AP; 40PP:60AP; 50PP:50AP (without fish meal); and a control diet (commercial feed). Inclusion of fish meal and feathers meal was limited to 7%; the inclusion of poultry by-product meal and meat and bone meal to 15%. DL methionine (98%) and L-lysine (80%) were added automatically through feed formulation software matrix. Trial was set up in a totally randomized experimental design (n=4). Finally, digestibility of the diets used in the experiment 2 was studied. One thousand, nine hundred and eighty juvenile largemouth bass (14.0 ± 1.0 cm) conditioned to accept artificial, dry feed were confined in polypropilene cages and fed, for 40 days, in day time, with the seven experimental diets added of 0.5% of cromic oxide. In the night, cages were transferred to cylindrical-conical bottomed, 200-L aquaria, where feces were collected by sedimentation into refrigerated containers. Data were submitted to the ANOVA and Tukeys test of comparison of means through statistical software package SAS (P=0.05). Soybean meal can be used as partial substitute of animal protein in diets for largemouth bass; the poultry by-product meal shows as a good option as animal protein source in these rations. Best performances were related to the control treatments and 50PP:50AP; the need for the use of fishmeal in the formulation of diets for carnivorous species is, at least, questionable. Results of the digestibility trials demonstrated the importance of determining the digestibility of the rations, if precision in the formulation of least-cost feeds for carnivorous fish is the ultimate goal.

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Almeida, Leah Zoe. "Legacies of early-life experiences on individual, cohort, and population performance of Lake Erie Walleye". The Ohio State University, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1614019841185563.

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46

Dairiki, Jony Koji. "Exigência em lisina pelo "black bass" Micropterus salmoides". Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-19072005-144759/.

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Abstract (sommario):

Os elevados custos atribuídos à nutrição na piscicultura ligam a eficiência alimentar ao sucesso da atividade e à redução do impacto ao meio ambiente. Estudos sobre a nutrição e determinação de exigências nutricionais em aminoácidos são, portanto, ferramentas importantes para a consolidação da piscicultura comercial racional e com viabilidade econômica. A determinação da exigência em lisina para o black bass Micropterus salmoides foi feita em ensaio de dose-resposta e os dados coletados foram analisados por meio de três modelos estatísticos: regressão polinomial, regressão segmentada e modelagem matemática específica, para estimar a utilização e exigência dos aminoácidos. Foi utilizada a relação A/E = [(aminoácido essencial ÷ total de aminoácidos essenciais + cistina + tirosina) x 1.000], para estimar as exigências nutricionais dos demais aminoácidos essenciais em relação à lisina determinada no experimento dose-resposta. As unidades experimentais foram constituídas por lotes de 25 alevinos de black bass (1,29 ± 0,03 g; 4,35 ± 0,17 cm) condicionados a aceitar ração seca, alojados em gaiolas de PVC atóxico (abertura de malha 5 mm) com capacidade de 60 L e instaladas em caixas de polipropileno com capacidade de 1.000 L, com troca parcial de água num sistema fechado de recirculação e aeração. Os tratamentos correspondiam aos níveis crescentes de lisina: 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0 e 3,5% na dieta n=4), num delineamento inteiramente aleatorizado (DIA). O modelo estatístico da regressão segmentada foi o modelo mais apropriado para determinação da exigência dietética de lisina para os alevinos de black bass em experimento dose-resposta. A exigência dietética em lisina para peso final, ganho de peso e taxa de crescimento específico foi de 2,1% da dieta ou 4,9% da proteína dietética. A exigência dietética de 1,69% de lisina na dieta ou 3,9% de lisina na proteína condicionou o melhor índice de conversão alimentar. O uso do perfil de aminoácidos corporais do black bass foi adequado como referência para estimar as exigências nutricionais de aminoácidos.
Adequate nutrition of fish stocks interconnects fish feeding efficiency, profitability and mitigation of environmental impact of fish farming. Knowledge on amino acids requirement of farmed fish boosts rationalization and profitability of fish farming systems. This study compares estimation of amino acids requirements of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides from data of lysine dose-response trials, analyzed through different statistical models: polynomial regression, broken-line analysis and specific mathematical modeling. Amino acids requirements were estimated through the A/E relationship [A/E = (essential amino acid ÷ total essential amino acids + cystine + tyrosine) x 1.000]. Groups of 25, feed-conditioned largemouth bass fingerlings (1.29 ± 0.03 g; 4.35 ± 0.17 cm), were stocked in 60-L cages (5 mm mesh) placed in 1,000-L plastic, indoor tanks, closed circulation system, and fed diets containing 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, or 3.5% lysine, in a totally randomized experimental design trial (n = 4). The broken-line analysis method yielded more reliable and precise estimations of lysine requirements 2.1% of diet or 4.9% dietetic protein for final weight, weight gain and specific growth rate. Best feed conversion ratio was attained with 1.69% lysine in the diet or 4.9% lysine in dietetic protein. Body amino acids profile was an adequate reference for estimation of largemouth bass amino acids requirements.

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47

Al-Saffar, Mohammed Abdullah. "Conservation Biology in Poorly Studied Freshwater Ecosystems: From Accelerated Identification of Water Quality Bioindicators to Conservation Planning". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1456926241.

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48

Vogel, Carina. "Estratégias de história de vida de peixes neotropicais em diferentes tipos de habitat". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/60554.

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A reprodução representa um dos aspectos mais importantes da biologia de uma espécie e a manutenção de populações viáveis dependem do seu sucesso. O sucesso alcançado pelos peixes em ambientes distintos deve-se à enorme gama de estratégias reprodutivas desenvolvidas pelo grupo. Nos ambientes aquáticos, a expressão da estratégia reprodutiva de uma espécie depende das interações entre fatores intrínsecos (fisiológicos, genéticos), e fatores extrínsecos como a qualidade do habitat, relações interespecíficas e também fatores físicos e regime de hidrológico. A teoria do “habitat template” propõe que a variabilidade temporal e espacial do habitat físico influencia na evolução da combinação do comportamento, fisiologia e características de história de vida das espécies. O habitat é o modelo contra o qual as pressões evolutivas dão forma à estratégia ecológica de uma espécie. Em contrapartida, as características históricas e filogenéticas limitariam algumas características específicas, independente do habitat. A teoria da história de vida lida com restrições entre variáveis demográficas e características associadas com reprodução e a maneira em que essas limitações, ou trade-offs, moldam as estratégias para lidar com diferentes tipos de ambiente. Sendo assim, o investimento em um atributo causaria a redução dos recursos disponíveis para investimento em outro. Trabalhos procurando vinculares os atributos biológicas de peixes as características ambientais do habitat em peixes propõem a existência de um gradiente entre três estratégias de história de vida em peixes de água doce: a oportunista, a de equilíbrio e a periódica. Contudo, é observado que espécies intimamente aparentadas podem exibir estratégias de história de vida diferentes ao passo que espécies distantes filogeneticamente podem convergir independentemente para estratégias semelhantes. Dentro deste contexto, o objetivo dessa dissertação é a abordagem das relações das estratégias de história de vida em relação à diferentes tipos de habitat em algumas espécies de peixes neotropicais. O primeiro capítulo trata das estratégias reprodutivas de espécies de Characidae em escala local com diferentes distribuições dentro de uma sub-bacia. Seria esperado encontrar diferenças nas estratégias reprodutivas das espécies que habitam ambientes que contrastam na magnitude das flutuações, com espécies de estratégia oportunista presentes a montante na bacia e espécies com estratégia periódica a jusante na bacia. O segundo capítulo analisa, em maior escala, as relações entre as estratégias de história de vida de peixes neotropicais da América do Sul e quatro tipos de habitat e a influência da taxonomia baseada em atributos morfológicos e reprodutivos das espécies. Se as características funcionais (um conjunto de atributos) dos organismos são previsíveis a partir características ambientais então seria esperado encontrar uma convergência desses atributos em organismos habitando o mesmo ambiente. Esse tipo de estudo é importante na busca de padrões de distribuição e na compreensão de quais características fisiológicas permitem as espécies permanecerem em um determinado ambiente ou que colonizem um novo. Esse conhecimento também é importante no manejo da pesca e na conservação dos estoques de peixes e espécies ameaçadas. A utilização de atributos funcionais permite a comparação entre áreas distantes geograficamente e entre espécies filogeneticamente distantes e auxilia na busca de padrões evolutivos. Os resultados sugerem a conservação de alguns atributos dentro de grupos taxonômicos menores, sendo possível observar uma maior afinidade de algumas famílias com alguma das estratégias de história de vida. Também é possível perceber que existe um continuum de espécies entre as estratégias, mostrando que alguns atributos são mais versáteis que outros e podem sofrer maior variação entre populações do que entre espécies. Quando se leva em consideração a diversidade de espécies de peixes neotropicais, ainda são poucos os estudos sobre informações básicas da biologia desses organismos, sendo que maior a representatividade dos estudos concentra-se em alguns grupos taxonômicos. As descrições parciais e a caracterização de forma imprecisa das características reprodutivas entre os trabalhos dificultam a sua utilização em futuros estudos.
Reproduction represents one of the most important aspects of species biology, because the maintenance of viable populations depends on its success. The success achieved by fishes in different environments is partially related to the diverse reproductive strategies developed by this group. In aquatic environments, the expression of the reproductive strategy of a species depends upon the interactions between intrinsic factors (physiological) and extrinsic factors such as the habitat quality, interspecific relationships, physical factors and hydrological regime. The habitat template theory proposes that the temporal and spatial variability of the physical habitat influences evolution of the combination of behavior, physiology and life history characteristics of species. The habitat is the model against which the evolutionary pressures shape the ecological strategy of a species. In contrast, historical and phylogenetic traits limit some specific characteristics regardless of habitat type. Life-history theory deals with constraints among demographic variables and traits associated with reproduction and the way these constraints, or trade-offs, (i.e., investments in one trait leaving fewer resources available for investment in another), shape strategies for dealing with different kinds of environments. Studies seeking to link biological traits of fishes to environmental characteristics of habitat suggest the existence of a gradient between three primary strategies in freshwater fishes: opportunistic, equilibrium and periodic. However, it has been observed that closely related species exhibit different life-history strategies, while phylogenetically distant species converge independently to similar strategies. Within this context, the goal of this study is to address the relationship in life-history strategies of Neotropical freshwater fishes against different types of habitat. The first chapter deals with the reproductive strategies of Characidae species with different distributions within the basin at a local scale. The second chapter examines at a larger scale the relationships between life history strategies of neotropical fishes of South America and four habitat types and the influence of taxonomy based on morphological and reproductive traits of the species. If the functional characteristics (a set of traits) of organisms are predictable from environmental characteristics would be expected a convergence of these traits in organisms inhabiting the same environment. The second chapter analyses the relationships among life-history strategies of Neotropical fish at different types of habitat and the taxonomic influence using a trait-based approach across large spatial scale. This type of study is important in the search for patterns in distribution and understanding which characteristics allows species to remain in a particular environment or in the colonization of a new one. This knowledge is also important in fisheries management and stocks conservation and endangered species. The trait-based approach allows comparison among geographically distant areas and phylogenetically distant species and support research in evolutionary patterns. The results suggest conservation of some attributes within lower taxonomic groups and it is possible to observe a greater affinity with some families and life-history strategies. It is possible to notice that there is a continuum of species among the strategies showing that some attributes are more versatile than others and may experience greater variation between populations than between species. Taking into account the diversity of neotropical fish species, there are few studies on basic information about the biology of these organisms and the representativeness of the studies focus on a few taxonomic groups. The partial descriptions and imprecisely characterization of reproductive characteristics among studies difficult their use in future studies.

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Delgado, Patrick Mathews. "Detecção sorológica de infecção por Toxoplasma gondii e Leptospira spp. em peixes-bois (Trichechus inunguis) de dois centros de preservação da Amazônia brasileira". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42135/tde-04082011-154854/.

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O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii e anti-Leptospira spp. em peixes-bois (Trichechus inunguis) da Amazônia Brasileira. Amostras sanguineas de 74 peixes-bois foram colhidas. Para a pesquisa de anticorpos anti-T. gondii, os soros foram diluídos a 1:25, 1:50 e 1:500 e a presença de anticorpos foi determinada pela técnica de aglutinação modificada (MAT). Para Leptospira spp. a presença de anticorpos foi determinada pela técnica de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM), com ponto de corte na diluição de 1:100. Dos 74 peixes-bois 29 (39,2%) foram positivos para T. gondii apresentando título de 25. Para Leptospira spp. 23 (31,1%) foram reagentes para quatro sorovares com títulos variando de 100 a 1600. Os sorovares foram: Patoc, Castellonis, Icterohaemorrhagiae e Butembo. Houve coaglutinação entre os sorovares Patoc, Castellonis e Icterohaemorrhagiae (títulos 100 e 200) em um animal (n°51). Este foi o primeiro relato da ocorrência de T. gondii e Leptospira spp. em peixes-bois da Amazônia brasileira.
This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of anti-T. gondii and Leptospira spp. in manatees (Trichechus inunguis) from two preservation centers located in the Brazilian Amazon. Blood samples from 74 manatees were taken. For detecting antibodies to T. gondii, sera were diluted 1:25, 1:50 and 1:500 and precense of antibodies was determined by the modified agglutination test (MAT). To Leptospira spp. sera were diluted 1:100 and tested against a collection of 24 antigenic serovars and presence of antibodies was determined by microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Of the 74 manatees 29 (39.2%) were positive to T. gondii with titre at 25. For Leptospira spp. 23 (31.1%) samples were kacted with four serotypes with titers ranging from 100 to 1600. The serovars reagents were Patoc, Castellonis, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Butembo. In one sample, coaglutination of serovars Patoc, Castellonis and Icterohaemorrhagiae (titres 100 and 200) was observed. This is the first report of the occurrence of T. gondii and Leptospira spp. in manatees in the Brazilian Amazon.

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Mazancourt, Valentin de. "Diadromie, dispersion et histoire évolutive des complexes "Caridina nilotica" et "Caridina weberi" (Crustacea - Decapoda - Atyidae) dans les systèmes insulaires de l’Indo-Pacifique". Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MNHN0021/document.

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Les cours d’eau des îles tropicales abritent des organismes qui ont développé un cycle de vie diadrome, partagé entre une phase adulte en eau douce et une phase larvaire marine : l’amphidromie. Parmi ces organismes, dans la zone Indo-Pacifique, on trouve les crevettes du genre Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837. Avec plus de 300 espèces décrites, il s’agit du genre le plus diversifié de l’infra-ordre des Caridea, avec une systématique extrêmement confuse et compliquée. Au sein de ce genre, deux complexes d’espèces sont particulièrement bien représentés dans les systèmes insulaires de l’Indo-Pacifique, le complexe Caridina nilotica et le complexe C. weberi. Grâce au développement de nouvelles techniques de séquençage de nouvelles méthodes de taxonomie dite intégrative sont apparues, permettant de résoudre une partie des problèmes taxonomiques de ces groupes. L’objectif de la thèse était d’appliquer une approche de taxonomie intégrative aux espèces des complexes C. nilotica et C. weberi afin de clarifier leur systématique et, de fait, mieux appréhender leur biologie et fournir les outils aux gestionnaires pour mettre en place une meilleure conservation de ces espèces et de leurs milieux. Après avoir montré que certains caractères morphologiques traditionnellement utilisés pour décrire les espèces étaient influencés par l’environnement et donc fortement variables, l’étude de taxonomie intégrative a été conduite sur 92 espèces, permettant d’obtenir 1682 séquences auxquelles s’ajoutent 32 génomes mitochondriaux complets et 97 partiels, mettant en évidence 43 espèces nouvelles, certaines décrites au cours de la thèse. Les relations phylogénétiques entre les espèces des deux complexes ont été reconstruites à partir d’un grand jeu de données moléculaires, permettant de montrer que les complexes sont des groupes monophylétiques avec des différences en terme d’habitats occupés. Enfin, la faisabilité de l’étude sclérochronologique de l’amphidromie chez une espèce du complexe C. weberi (C. multidentata) a été testée sur la cuticule du pédoncule oculaire, avec une étude de l’ultrastructure de la cuticule, décrite pour la première fois chez cette espèce
Rivers of tropical islands harbor organisms that have developped a diadromous lifecycle, shared between a freshwater adult phase and a marine larval phase: amphidromy. Among these organisms, in the Indo-Pacific area are found shrimps of the genus Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837. With more than 300 described species it is the most speciose genus of the infra-order Caridea, with a most confused and complicated taxonomy. Within this genus, two species complexes are particularly well-represented in insular systems of the Indo-Pacific, the C. nilotica complex and the C. weberi complex. Thanks to the development of new sequencing techniques, new methods of integrative taxonomy appeared, allowing to resolve part of the taxonomic complexity of these taxa. The aim of the thesis was to apply an integrative taxonomy approach to species belonging to C. nilotica and C. weberi complexes in order to clarify their taxonomy and have a better understanding of their biology and provide tools to managers for establishing a better conservation of these species and their environments. After showing that some morphological characters traditionally used to describe species were influenced by the environment and so, highly variable, the integrative taxonomy was led on 92 species, allowing to obtain 1,682 sequences to which are added 32 complete and 97 partial mitochondrial genomes, highlighting 43 new species, some of them described during the thesis. Phylogenetic relationships among the species of the two complexes were reconstructed from a large molecular dataset, allowing to show that the complexes are monophyletic groups, with habitat differences. Finally, the feasibility of a sclerochronological study of amphidromy in a species of the C. weberi complex (C. multidentata) was tested on the eyestalk cuticle, with a study of the ultrastructure of the cuticle, described for the first time in this species

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