Articoli di riviste: "Freedom of informatio"

1

Ion, Diaconu. "Freedom of Information and Racist Speech". Russian Law 2013, n. 1 (1 aprile 2013): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1811-9077/2013-1-119-130.

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Kravchenko, M. "RIGHT TO INFORMATION: COMMUNICATIVE FREEDOM, SCOPE OF CONSTITUTIONAL PROTECTION, GROUNDS FOR RESTRICTIONS". Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Legal Studies, n. 117 (2021): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2195/2021/2.117-8.

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The article is devoted to determining the place of the right to information in the system of communicative freedoms, specifying the scope of constitutional protection and clarifying the criteria for its restriction. During the research a wide range of general scientific and special-legal methods of scientific knowledge was used, in particular: logical, historical, comparative-legal and system-structural methods of research. The analysis of domestic and German legal literature on the right to information was important for achieving the goal of the study. The study of the decisions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine and the decisions of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany devoted to the interpretation of this fundamental human right was of particular cognitive importance. As a result of the study, the author states that the right to information belongs to the system of communicative freedoms. As a separate communicative freedom, it actively interacts with other freedoms, such as freedom of expression, freedom of the press, freedom of cinema, and so on. At the same time, the right to information is subordinated to the general goal of communicative freedoms – to be an instrument of communication of an individual with society, a real opportunity to express and convey his views, beliefs and opinions to other individuals. The right to information protects access to public information not by a particular group of individuals, but by the corresponding right of each individual. In addition, this right should not be construed as a right to restrict access to certain information. Given this, the scope of protection of the right to information is to protect the right of everyone to access information that is in publicly available sources of information. Such information is the source for forming the views and beliefs of individuals. The appropriate approach should be reflected in the following interpretative acts of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on the interpretation of the right to information. This fundamental human right may be restricted. However, such interference in the exercise of this right of individuals should not turn into its complete leveling, turning it into fiction. Therefore, along with the purely normative grounds for restricting the right to information, additional criteria are defined according to which each individual case of restriction of this right of individuals must be assessed. Keywords: information, communication freedom, human rights, sphere of protection, restriction of human rights

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HOGUE, CHERYL. "FREEDOM OF INFORMATION VERSUS ACADEMIC FREEDOM". Chemical & Engineering News Archive 89, n. 46 (14 novembre 2011): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v089n046.p032.

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Bevz, Svitlana. "Confidential Information and the Right to Freedom of Speech". International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (30 aprile 2021): 648–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.75.

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The article is devoted to the problem of ensuring balance in the realization of two fundamental human rights and freedoms in a democratic society – the right to freedom of speech and privacy. It has been concluded that the rights to freedom of speech and privacy are recognized as fundamental human rights that do not conflict with each other but are intangible, inherent in every person. The right to freedom of journalism is a continuation of the right to freedom of speech and information and consists in the collection, storage, and dissemination of socially important information through the mass media. The usage of the rights in question, including in the mass media actions, may not be grounds for restricting or violating the right of everyone to privacy, the confidentiality of correspondence, correspondence, telephone conversations, and entails criminal liability in cases provided by law. In the public interest, the law provides grounds for exempting a journalist from criminal liability for disclosing confidential information, in particular in the case of disclosure of information of public interest or has already been published in other media, or concerns officials of public authorities.

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Bingham, Craig M., e Martin B. Van Der Weyden. "Freedom of information?" Medical Journal of Australia 177, n. 11 (dicembre 2002): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04972.x.

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BIRKINSHAW, P. "Freedom of Information". Parliamentary Affairs 50, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1997): 166–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pa.a028711.

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Dalrymple, Theodore. "Freedom from information". BMJ 335, n. 7625 (25 ottobre 2007): 889.1–889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39377.564525.94.

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Dimond, Bridgit. "Freedom of information". British Journal of Midwifery 11, n. 4 (aprile 2003): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2003.11.4.11213.

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Jasny, B. R. "Information and Freedom". Science 343, n. 6170 (30 gennaio 2014): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.343.6170.463-a.

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Bardy, Ali Henri. "Freedom of information". Lancet 352, n. 9135 (ottobre 1998): 1229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)60576-4.

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Ilube, T. "Freedom of Information". ITNOW 52, n. 2 (1 marzo 2010): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/itnow/bwq144.

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Batchelor, P., A. Crosse, J. Donaghy e S. White. "Freedom of information". British Dental Journal 211, n. 7 (ottobre 2011): 305–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2011.827.

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13

Wilson, C. "Freedom of information". Computer Law & Security Review 22, n. 3 (gennaio 2006): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2006.03.009.

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Wilson, C. "Freedom of information". Computer Law & Security Review 22, n. 5 (2006): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2006.04.004.

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15

Shcherbyna, V. "Freedom of expressıon ın the context of regulatory provısıons and case law used by the European Court of Human Rıghts". Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, n. 5 (30 dicembre 2022): 462–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.05.85.

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The article examines the features ensuring the right to freedom of expression and opinion under national law. The importance of these freedoms is emphasized in view of their enshrinement in international regulatory documents. It was mentioned that the importance of the right to freedom of expression is also emphasized by the fact that these rights are enshrined in legal documents of international level. The author gave attention to such international documents as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The author made a detailed analysis of the Article 10 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. It was noted that Article 10 of the Convention can be structured into two parts. The author stated that the first part is the right to freedom and expression of views, the second is a comprehensive list of legal limitations of the investigated law. The concept of right to freedom to follow ones views, to receive information and to impart information were defined in details. Attention was paid to how the right to freedom of expression is enshrined in the national legislation of Ukraine, espessially in the Constitution of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine “On Information” and the Law of Ukraine “On Printed Mass Media (Press) in Ukraine”. Several landmark decsssons of the European Court of Human Rights were given, for instanse, Nagla versus Latvia and Sunday Times versus United Kingdom (no. 1). Eventually, the author concluded that it is important to establish certain guarantees of the right to freedom of opinion and expression that is, the consolidation of certain conditions

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Avle e Adunbi. "Whose Freedom? Whose Information?: Discourses on Freedom of Information Policies". Journal of Information Policy 5 (2015): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.5.2015.0179.

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Avle, Seyram, e Omolade Adunbi. "Whose Freedom? Whose Information?: Discourses on Freedom of Information Policies". Journal of Information Policy 5, n. 1 (1 marzo 2015): 179–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.5.2015.179.

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Abstract Information policymaking in the contemporary global environment is complex and can be a difficult process. The difficulty lies, partly, in the divergent priorities of the state and civil society organizations (CSOs) and their transnational allies that often push specific laws in the global south. This article uses an analysis of the discourse around Freedom of Information (FOI) policies in Ghana and Nigeria to show how such divergent priorities emerge and their impact on the policymaking process. Specifically, it shows the limitations of key assumptions underlying advocacy for FOI and how the hegemony of the state is ultimately preserved.

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Kuchuk, Andriy. "Freedom of expression and reputation protection in the European Court of Human Rights practice." Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav 3, n. 3 (30 settembre 2021): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2021-3-39-44.

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The article is devoted to the issue of understanding freedom of expression and reputation protection by the European Court of Human Rights. New opportunities to exercise the right to freedom of expression arise and opportunities to implement the right to freedom of expression as well as the possibilities for defamation increase within a democratic and information society. It is emphasized that within a law-based state guarantees provided to the press are of particular importance, as the media should disseminate information and ideas of public interest, and the public has the right to receive such information and ideas. A clear understanding of the content of the right to freedom of expression and the right to reputation protection is the basis for resolving the issue of finding a balance between them, which designates the relevance of the study. The paper elucidates the results of the European Court of Human Rights decisions analysis under Articles 8 and 10 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (the right to privacy and the right to freedom of expression). Emphasis is placed on the various features of these rights and the peculiarities of their implementation in different circumstances. It is pointed out that the domestic judicial system actively uses the European Court of Human Rights practice in resolving cases related to reputation protection. Attention is placed on the fact that freedom of expression does not extend to hate speech. The spread of the right to reputation protection as for defamation of family members and relatives is analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the dynamic approach of the European Court of Human Rights towards the interpretation of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Even before the beginning of 2000, the European Court of Human Rights noted that the protection of reputation does not fall under the protection of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The study describes the genesis of the positions of the European Court of Human Rights on a person’s reputation protection. It is stated that a person’s right to protection of his or her reputation is covered by Article 8 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms as part of the right to respect for private life (provided that causing considerable damage to reputation if it affects a person’s private life).

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Azer Aliyeva, Asmar. "FAKE NEWS AND PROPAGANDA AGAINST FREEDOM OF INFORMATION DURING THE NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT". SCIENTIFIC WORK 65, n. 04 (23 aprile 2021): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/65/191-194.

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Fake news and propaganda are a problem that the whole world is struggling to fight. In particular, it is very difficult for the states to control fake news disseminate on the Internet that harms the interests of the states. The measures taken by states in this area sometimes impede freedom of expression, which is one of the fundamental human rights, and in this connection, access to information. Although fake news and propaganda are used for distinctive purposes in different places, the article highlights the measures taken by Azerbaijan to combat politically motivated fake news and propaganda during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, their causes and consequences. Key words: freedom of expression on the Internet, freedom of information, fake news, propaganda, Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

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20

Medvedskaia, Elena. "Categorization of the Concept of Freedom by the Representatives of Different Information Subcultures". Problems of Modern Psychology : Collection of research papers of Kamianets-Podilskyi National Ivan Ohiienko University, G.S. Kostiuk Institute of Psychology of the National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine, n. 50 (2 novembre 2020): 167–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2227-6246.2020-50.167-187.

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21

Machamer, Peter, e Barbara Boylan. "Freedom, Information and Privacy". Business and Professional Ethics Journal 12, n. 3 (1993): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/bpej19931237.

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Park, Robert L. "Freedom of technical information". Index on Censorship 19, n. 1 (gennaio 1990): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03064229008534752.

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23

Goldwater;, W. H. "Freedom of Information Requests". Science 282, n. 5395 (4 dicembre 1998): 1823b—1823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5395.1823b.

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24

Bindman, Geoffrey. "Freedom of what information?" British Journalism Review 15, n. 4 (dicembre 2004): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956474804050770.

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25

Frankel, Maurice. "Freedom of Information Act". International Review of Law, Computers & Technology 12, n. 1 (marzo 1998): 121–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600869855595.

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26

Relyea, Harold C. "“Freedom of information concerns”". Government Information Quarterly 3, n. 3 (gennaio 1986): 271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0740-624x(86)90078-x.

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MOKLIAK, V. "INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGULATION OF ACADEMIC FREEDOMS AS AN ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTIC OF THE AUTONOMY OF A HIGHER EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENT". ТHE SOURCES OF PEDAGOGICAL SKILLS, n. 20 (22 novembre 2017): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33989/2075-146x.2017.20.209804.

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Academic freedom is a part of international educational law. It is interpreted as the principle on which the activities of leading world universities are built. Academic freedom dates back to the time of the emergence of universities and is closely linked to their autonomy and corporate rights. The University operates in the free influence environment. Its activities are designed to encourage researchers to have their critical and optimistic view of the monolith and unity of knowledge, so that they are aware of the values of human experience from the position of the university, and eventually could participate in people education and upbringing, in the preservation and strengthening of culture, which includes the university too. That is why research on international legal regulation of academic freedoms is relevant.Academic freedom is the provision of certain rights to education workers (faculty members, academics and students of higher education institutions). Means the opportunity for the teacher to teach the subject freely at his own discreption, choose topics and methods for scientific research, and for the student – to receive knowledge according to their inclinations and needs. The provided academic freedom implies the academic responsibility of the educational institution for creating the optimal conditions for the free search of truth.The main study directions of the problem of academic freedoms: philosophical, pedagogical, legal.After analyzing the main international documents in the field of higher education (the Lima Declaration “On Academic Freedom and Autonomy of Higher Educational Institutions”, the Great Charter of European Universities (Magna Charta Universitatum), Recommendation on the status of teaching staff of higher education institutions, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, the Declaration of Academic Freedom (human rights in scientific activities), The “Ethical Code” of the members of the Fulbright Society of Ukraine, the World Declaration on Higher Education for the XXI Century: Approaches and Practical Measures, the Declaration on Science and the Use of Scientific Knowledge, the Convention on the Formation of the Future, the Lisbon Declaration, the Charter of the Universities of Ukraine “Academic Freedoms, Autonomy and education”) it was found that autonomy and academic freedom occupy a prominent place in international documents. These concepts are even the title components of many of them. Summarizing the main provisions of these documents, we see that academic freedom is closely linked to the autonomy of a higher educational establishment. Scientific achievements should be used only for the benefit of humanity, and modern information and communication technologies should contribute to the free dissemination of scientific research results. Academic freedoms in higher education are one of the fundamental human rights regulated by important international law documents that ensure its development, transfer of cultural experience to other generations. The main components of academic freedom are freedom of teaching, learning and research (sometimes we encounter freedom of creativity, knowledge dissemination). Academic freedoms are one of the leading principles of effective activity of higher educational establishment. The necessary condition for academic freedoms is the autonomy of a higher educational establishment.

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Shustenko, S. "MAIN CHALLENGES AND PRIORITIES OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE INFORMATION POLICY IN THE FIELD OF INFORMATION SECURITY AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION". Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. International relations, n. 2 (54) (2021): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2292.2021/2-54/35-39.

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The article analyzes the challenges and priorities of the Council of Europe's information policy in the field of information security and freedom of expression. The analysis is based on the latest research of leading international researchers, specialized bodies of the Council of Europe and universities. The main challenges in the information policy of the Council of Europe are related to information security in the era of global information technology innovations. The basis of all activities of the Council of Europe is a human rights act – the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR), or in short – the European Convention on Human Rights. This regional instrument is a binding act for the regulation of information policy, as well as for the information security of the member states of the Council of Europe, which thereby undertook to protect the rights established therein, including the right to freedom of expression. It should be emphasized that the European Convention on Human Rights is a legally binding treaty, which in most countries of the continent has an almost constitutional status.

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Kosi, Tanja, e Štefan Bojnec. "INSTITUTIONAL BARRIERS TO BUSINESS ENTRY IN ADVANCED ECONOMIES". Journal of Business Economics and Management 14, n. 2 (7 maggio 2013): 317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2011.633348.

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The paper empirically examines the impact of freedom from regulation in different institutional areas on business entry rate in 10 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries over the period 1995–2007. Employing the feasible generalized least squares econometric approach, it discloses a positive association between business entry and the overall institutional freedom. Economic freedom in different institutional areas, however, does not appear to have the same importance for business entry. Institutional freedoms that are the most beneficial for business creation are product market freedom, property rights freedom, and freedom from corruption. This implies that simple and inexpensive administration procedures, competitive product markets, and transparent and effective legal/judicial system help promote business creation. Business entry is also positively associated with macroeconomic prosperity in terms of employment growth and the development of information and communication technology industry.

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Mijović, Ljiljana. "Internet and freedom of expression in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights". Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad 54, n. 3 (2020): 1023–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfns54-24432.

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Internet as a means of communication, whatever the type of information it might be used for, falls within the exercise of the right to freedom of expression, as guaranteed by Article 10 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. As established in the European Court's case law, freedom of expression constitutes one of the essentials of a democratic society, therefore limitations on that freedom foreseen in Article 10 § 2 of the Convention are to be interpreted strictly. In order to ensure effective protection of one's freedom of expression on the Internet, States bear a positive obligation to create an appropriate regulatory framework, balancing the right to freedom of expression on one and the limitations prescribed in Article 10 § 2, on the other hand. Special attention in doing so is to be paid to the risk of harm posed by content and communications on the Internet to the exercise and enjoyment of other human rights and freedoms guaranteed by the European Convention, particularly the right to respect for private life. While it is the fact that the electronic network, serving billions of users worldwide, will never be subject to the same regulations and control, because of the national authorities' margin of appreciation, the European Court established commonly applicable general principles regarding the Internet as a media of exercising right to freedom of expression.

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Ajanović, Enver. "Pravo pristupa podacima u službenoj evidenciji / The Right to Access Official Records Data". Pregled: časopis za društvena pitanja / Periodical for social issues 62, n. 1 (6 luglio 2021): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.48052/19865244.2021.1.75.

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The BiH Parliamentary Assembly adopted the Law on Freedom of Access to Information in BiH in 2000 and amended it in 2006, 2009, 2011 and 2013. In the Law’s preamble, only Article IV paragraph 4 under item a) of the Constitution of BiH is determined as a formal legal basis. The preamble does not contain a substantive legal basis, as there is no clear explicit legal basis for this law in the BiH Constitution. An indirect legal basis is contained in the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in the provision on freedom of expression, as this freedom includes the freedom to receive and impart information. Only the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights contains the true legal basis for this law. In accordance with the administrative work of performing other administrative and professional tasks and the purpose of this general legal act, it is necessary to change its name to the Law on the Right of Access to Data in Official Records.

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Condliffe, Anna. "Freedom of Information: Exemptions for Confidential Information". Business Law Review 28, Issue 7 (1 luglio 2007): 206–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2007034.

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The Information Tribunal has ruled in Derry City Council v The Information Commissioner that contracts are not protected by Freedom of Information Act exemption for confidential information. The case and this article provide important guidance on the scope of the exemptions for con.dential and commercially sensitive information.

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Svärd, Proscovia. "Freedom of information laws and information access". Information Development 33, n. 2 (9 luglio 2016): 190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266666916642829.

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Sierra Leone was engulfed in a destructive civil war between 1991 and 2002. The civil war was partly caused by the non-accountability of the government, endemic corruption, misrule and the mismanagement of the country’s resources. Efforts have been made by the country, with the help of the international community, to embrace a democratic dispensation. To demonstrate its commitment to the democratization agenda, Sierra Leone passed the Right to Access Information (RAI) Act in 2013. The Act guarantees access to government information and also imposes a penalty on failure to make information available. However, Sierra Leone’s state institutions are still weak due to mismanagement and lack of transparency and accountability. Freedom of expression and access to information are cornerstones of modern democracies. Public information/records are a means of power that governments and other political institutions use to exercise control over citizens, but are also a means of citizens’ empowerment. Through access to government information/records, media can play their watchdog role and people can assess the performance of governments and hold them accountable. The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate the fact that it is not enough to enact freedom of information laws (FOIs) if there is no political will to make government information accessible, an information management infrastructure to facilitate the creation, capture, management, dissemination, preservation and re-use of government information and investments in civil education to promote an information culture that appreciates information as a resource that underpins accountability and transparency.

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Johnston, Jane, e Mark Pearson. "Australia’s media climate: Time to renegotiate control". Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 14, n. 2 (1 settembre 2008): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v14i2.945.

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In 2007, Australia was rated by two international media bodies as well down the chain in media freedom. Within its own borders, internal media groups—in particular the Australian Press Council and the Media Entertainment and Arts Alliance, as well as a consortium of major employer groups—have recently released reports investigating the position of media freedoms. This atricle examines a select few of these shrinking freedoms which range from the passive restrcitions on access to documents to the overt threat of imprisonment for publishing sensitive material. In particular, it considers laws relating to freedom of information, camera access to courts, shield laws and whistleblower protection and finally revamped anti-terrorism laws. The article maps the landscape of Australia's downgraded press fredom and suggests that laws controlling media reportage need to be renegotiated.

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Segado-Boj, Francisco, e Jesús Díaz-Campo. "Social media and its intersections with free speech, freedom of information and privacy. An analysis". Revista ICONO14 Revista científica de Comunicación y Tecnologías emergentes 18, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2020): 231–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v18i1.1379.

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Nowadays, there is a growing debate on the impact of social media on society, particularly on its potential negative effects. Therefore, this research is focused on three intersections of social media and fundamental freedoms: free speech, freedom of information and privacy. We begin analyzing social networking sites and social media role and evolution since their birth at the beginning of 21st century and remarking their positive aspects. Our objective is to identify malpractices related to social media and fundamental freedoms. A review of the literature is presented which outlines those malpractices. This review highlights some issues, such as arbitrary censorship, boundaries of free speech, misinformation, diversity of sources, visions and views, user content and privacy settings, and data profiling. Finally, we propose some solutions for each one of those issues.

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Ardekani, Reza Davari. "Sloboda i zakon". Znakovi vremena XXVI, n. 94-95 (1 luglio 2023): 159–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.62125/2303-6826.2023.26.94-95.159.

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The notion of “freedom” in the age of neoliberalism is under the strong influence of technology and in a great measure it is different from the concept of freedom in the age of liberalism. In neoliberalism man’s freedom is projected and defined within the frameworks that are shaped by technology while in an earlier period man was called to shaping the laws of freedom. We always hear about knowledge being one of the basic human rights, but nobody says that which man should know. It seems to be that what is meant by that are the topics which are spoken of on a daily basis, and which presents the basic preoccupation of some people, and that is the relativization and suppression of moral norms. The sentence “knowledge is the right of all people” has become a catchphrase according to which everyone has the right to do as they will and everybody has the right to usurp the private life and intimacy of every individual. It must be said that pure acquaintance with raw information does not represent knowledge. The piling of information is the greatest enemy of common human sense and reasoning. In case freedom has to be connected to the very spirit of one community, the question is posed; whether a general call for freedom comes out of the spirit and need of that community or whether it is the result of the manipulation of others who have tendentious and wicked intentions. In any case, even though democracy presents the manifestation of collective human gravity and will, it is not possible to implement it everywhere or at the very least not until it comes to certain changes in society. The following question is posed: what is freedom’s treatment of the individual and collective rights like and what bears greater meaning in a free society? The possessing of human qualities is a condition for the establishment of the freedom of thought, however in society and in politics personal and collective interests go hand-in-hand. Is political development the precondition for economic growth or is it in reverse? There are arguments which give advantage to the first and the second claim. However, it is visible that the development of any dimension of society influences the development of other dimensions and there are no special rules there. There are certain preconditions which are necessary for the development of society and they are interconnected. Every country that thinks of development must ponder upon the freedoms and civil rights of its inhabitants. Although the claims that humanity is going to the direction of freedom and peace are not correct it should be said that freedom is the question of human honor and that everybody is obliged to fight for it in his own way. Key words: Freedom, development, liberalism, neoliberalism, technology, individual interest and collective interest.

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Slutskiy, Pavel. "Freedom of Expression, Social Media Censorship, and Property Rights". Tripodos, n. 48 (2 dicembre 2020): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.51698/tripodos.2020.48p53-68.

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Sustainable Development Goal 16 stresses the importance of access to information. It is clearly emphasised in target 16.10 —“to ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements”. With social media becoming the default communication platforms, the questions of the extent to which their content moderating models are conducive to the implementation of public access to information and fundamental freedoms are becoming increasingly important. Facebook, Instagram, Tumblr as well as Twitter and other social media platforms have been recently criticised for censorship of user-generated content. This article looks at the controversy surrounding these policies from the property rights perspective —focusing on the role which property rights play in securing the freedom of expression. By recognising the owners’ right to control the legitimately owned property, I conclude that social media are not engaged in “censorship” —they merely exercise property rights. There is a difference between a private platform refusing to carry someone’s ideas on their property and a government prohibiting from speaking on a legitimately owned property. Keywords: SDG 16.10, freedom of expression, censorship, social media, property rights.

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Slutskiy, Pavel. "Freedom of Expression, Social Media Censorship, and Property Rights". Tripodos, n. 48 (2 dicembre 2020): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.51698/tripodos.2020.48p53-67.

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Abstract (sommario):

Sustainable Development Goal 16 stresses the importance of access to information. It is clearly emphasised in target 16.10 —“to ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements”. With social media becoming the default communication platforms, the questions of the extent to which their content moderating models are conducive to the implementation of public access to information and fundamental freedoms are becoming increasingly important. Facebook, Instagram, Tumblr as well as Twitter and other social media platforms have been recently criticised for censorship of user-generated content. This article looks at the controversy surrounding these policies from the property rights perspective —focusing on the role which property rights play in securing the freedom of expression. By recognising the owners’ right to control the legitimately owned property, I conclude that social media are not engaged in “censorship” —they merely exercise property rights. There is a difference between a private platform refusing to carry someone’s ideas on their property and a government prohibiting from speaking on a legitimately owned property. Keywords: SDG 16.10, freedom of expression, censorship, social media, property rights.

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39

Mogre, Joshua, Frederick Adzitey e Gabriel Teye. "Assessment of cattle welfare on Ghanaian farms". Asia Pacific Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, Food and Energy 9, n. 2 (dicembre 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36782/apjsafe.v9i2.113.

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The objective of the study was to assess farm welfare conditions and the observance of welfare by cattle farmers in Ghana. The study applied field approaches to gather and analyze data. Data was collected from farms in the Northern, North East and Savanna regions. A total of three hundred and eighteen (318) cattle farmers were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaire. Observations and focus group discussions were also used to obtain data or verify some of the responses from the cattle farmers. Data collected was classified and summarized on the basis of the information provided. The study found evidence that most farmers were concerned about their animal’s welfare, but did not place equal weight on the five freedoms of animal welfare. Farmers placed the most premium on freedom from hunger, malnutrition and thirst (95%), and freedom from pain, injury and disease (90%). Farmers placed less premium on their animals freedoms from fear and distress (50%), and freedom from physical and thermal discomfort (50%). The freedom to express normal patterns of behaviour (0%) was not considered by the farmers. Observance of animal welfare by cattle farms was relatively below acceptable standards and government interventions are needed to improve animal welfare in Ghana.

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Ireland, Emilienne M. "The Incomplete Domestication of Wauja Women". Cadernos de Campo (São Paulo - 1991) 30, n. 2 (30 dicembre 2021): e193357. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9133.v30i2pe193357.

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In 1981, the Wauja women of Central Brazil, despite burdens they endured due to their gender, nevertheless enjoyed certain freedoms that men did not. Among these were greater freedom of movement around the village, and freedom to speak privately with women from any household. These freedoms were not trivial, and gave women privileged access to information of all kinds (“gossip”). In this way, women were able to shape community perception of events in ways that men could not. Women’s labor and economic contribution, in those days, was considered as essential as that of men. Four decades later, Wauja women no longer exchange news with other women as they walk to the river together to draw water. Instead, access to information is increasingly shaped by digital devices, which many young married women do not own. These women often live as their husbands’ economic dependents, because men earn salaries and control the bank accounts. How did women’s lives change so much in a single generation, and how are Wauja women responding?

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41

Dawson, James. "Freedom of information: The basics". BDJ In Practice 35, n. 5 (9 maggio 2022): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41404-022-1116-1.

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42

Mori, Kazuko. "Freedom of Information and Democracy". TRENDS IN THE SCIENCES 6, n. 4 (2001): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5363/tits.6.4_50.

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43

Schmidt, Richard M., e Robert Clifton Burns. "The Freedom of Information Act". Journal of Library Administration 7, n. 4 (11 giugno 1987): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j111v07n04_02.

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Worthy, Ben, e Gabrielle Bourke. "Freedom of Information and Universities". Political Insight 3, n. 2 (23 agosto 2012): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-9066.2012.00107.x.

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45

Ludbrook, John. "FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ABOUT EXAMINATIONS". ANZ Journal of Surgery 60, n. 12 (dicembre 1990): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-2197.1990.tb07508.x.

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46

Gray, Anthony. "Freedom from Disclosure of Information". Alternative Law Journal 32, n. 1 (marzo 2007): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x0703200104.

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47

Worthy, Benjamin. "Freedom of Information in Britain". Alternative Law Journal 32, n. 4 (dicembre 2007): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x0703200408.

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48

Msafiri. "Who wants freedom of information?" Information Development 33, n. 5 (8 ottobre 2017): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266666917728472.

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49

Dow, John. "The Freedom of Information Act". Journal of Integrated Care 13, n. 2 (aprile 2005): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14769018200500015.

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50

Cawkell, A. E. "Freedom of information and windbaggery". Journal of Information Science 18, n. 1 (febbraio 1992): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016555159201800101.

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