Articoli di riviste: "Free choices"

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Stillaway, Jan. "Free Choices". Nursery World 2022, n. 11 (2 novembre 2022): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/nuwa.2022.11.51.

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How can a setting improve its curriculum for autistic children? Thomas Coram Nursery School and Centre, which has thought hard on improving outcomes for children on this diverse spectrum, has some evidence-based approaches. By Jan Stillaway

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Hoffmann, Tobias. "Peter Auriol on Free Choice and Free Judgment". Vivarium 53, n. 1 (6 febbraio 2015): 65–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685349-12341291.

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Some medieval authors defend free choice by arguing that, even though human choices are indeed caused by the practical judgment about what is best to do here and now, one is nevertheless able to freely influence that practical judgment’s formation. This paper examines Peter Auriol’s account of free choice, which is a quite elaborate version of this approach and which brings its theoretical problems into focus. I will argue in favor of Auriol’s basic theory, but I will also propose an emendation to his theory in order to respond to some problems he leaves unresolved.

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Hirji, Sameer A., Tsuyoshi Kaneko e Sary Aranki. "Valve choices: No free lunch". Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 157, n. 2 (febbraio 2019): 553–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.07.049.

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Yu, Shuying. "Evolutionary Psychology Perspective on Free Will". Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 46, n. 1 (19 aprile 2024): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/46/20230886.

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This essay explores the mechanism behind choice-making and the concept of free will from an evolutionary psychology perspective. The methods consist of a literature review of evolutionary psychology theories related to decision-making and an analysis of how these theories inform the dominant philosophical positions on free will from the lens of determinism, indeterminism, and compatibilism. The literature review finds that evolutionary psychology explains decision-making as the result of evolved cognitive mechanisms that weigh costs and benefits. The analysis suggests that these mechanisms support a compatibilist view that free will can exist within a deterministic universe. Though human actions have antecedent causes, evolutionary psychology indicates humans have adapted limited, pragmatic free will to make choices that aid survival and reproduction. The cognitive mechanisms behind choice-making evolved because they conferred fitness advantages, not because they allowed uncaused choices. In conclusion, evolutionary psychology offers a naturalistic understanding of the origins and limitations of free will.

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Campos, Michael, Kari Koppitch, Richard A. Andersen e Shinsuke Shimojo. "Orbitofrontal cortical activity during repeated free choice". Journal of Neurophysiology 107, n. 12 (15 giugno 2012): 3246–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00690.2010.

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Neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) have been shown to encode subjective values, suggesting a role in preference-based decision-making, although the precise relation to choice behavior is unclear. In a repeated two-choice task, subjective values of each choice can account for aggregate choice behavior, which is the overall likelihood of choosing one option over the other. Individual choices, however, are impossible to predict with knowledge of relative subjective values alone. In this study we investigated the role of internal factors in choice behavior with a simple but novel free-choice task and simultaneous recording from individual neurons in nonhuman primate OFC. We found that, first, the observed sequences of choice behavior included periods of exceptionally long runs of each of two available options and periods of frequent switching. Neither a satiety-based mechanism nor a random selection process could explain the observed choice behavior. Second, OFC neurons encode important features of the choice behavior. These features include activity selective for exceptionally long runs of a given choice (stay selectivity) as well as activity selective for switches between choices (switch selectivity). These results suggest that OFC neural activity, in addition to encoding subjective values on a long timescale that is sensitive to satiety, also encodes a signal that fluctuates on a shorter timescale and thereby reflects some of the statistically improbable aspects of free-choice behavior.

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Yoo, HaeMi. "Free Choices on the Childcare Policies". Society and Theory 15 (30 novembre 2009): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.17209/st.2009.11.15.297.

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Soon, C. S., A. H. He, S. Bode e J. D. Haynes. "Predicting free choices for abstract intentions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, n. 15 (18 marzo 2013): 6217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1212218110.

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Durham, Ian. "A Formal Model for Adaptive Free Choice in Complex Systems". Entropy 22, n. 5 (19 maggio 2020): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22050568.

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In this article, I develop a formal model of free will for complex systems based on emergent properties and adaptive selection. The model is based on a process ontology in which a free choice is a singular process that takes a system from one macrostate to another. I quantify the model by introducing a formal measure of the ‘freedom’ of a singular choice. The ‘free will’ of a system, then, is emergent from the aggregate freedom of the choice processes carried out by the system. The focus in this model is on the actual choices themselves viewed in the context of processes. That is, the nature of the system making the choices is not considered. Nevertheless, my model does not necessarily conflict with models that are based on internal properties of the system. Rather it takes a behavioral approach by focusing on the externalities of the choice process.

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Asmarani, Ratna. "CARELESS CHOICES, DREADFUL CONSEQUENCES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF W.W. JACOBS’ THE MONKEY’S PAW AND RICHARD MATHESON’S BUTTON, BUTTON". HUMANIKA 27, n. 2 (4 dicembre 2020): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/humanika.v27i2.31610.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the theme of free choices and their relation to the stated consequences embodied in the two short stories, one by W.W. Jacobs entitled The Monkey’s Paw and another one by Richard Matheson entitled Button, Button. The analysis focuses on four aspects; namely, the situational triggers of the free choices, the gripping conflicts in the free choices, the ethical consequences, and the purpose of the twisted endings. The concepts borrowed to support the analysis are the concepts concerning situational choices, morality types, and ethical consequences. The research methods applied in the analysis are the combination of the library research, the textual method enriched with the relevant contexts in order to completely dig out the proposed problems The results of the discussion show that every free choice taken under whatever reason will lead to the stated consequence whether it is unbelievable or impossible. The superstitious atmosphere in The Monkey’s Paw and the mysterious atmosphere in the Button, Button, all lead to the inevitability to avoid the temptation to choose resulting in the disastrous consequences.

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Kramer, Matthew H. "On Being Free without having any Choices". Journal of Theoretical Politics 15, n. 4 (ottobre 2003): 445–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0951692803154006.

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Kramer, Matthew H. "On being free without having any choices". Journal of Theoretical Politics 15, n. 4 (1 ottobre 2003): 445–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09516298030154006.

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Ludwig, David. "Ontological Choices and the Value-Free Ideal". Erkenntnis 81, n. 6 (14 dicembre 2015): 1253–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10670-015-9793-3.

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Bridgeman, Bruce. "Hyperbolas and hyperbole: The free will problem remains". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28, n. 5 (ottobre 2005): 652–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x05240116.

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Hyperbolic theories have the fatal flaw that because of their vertical asymptote they predict irresistible choice of immediate rewards, regardless of future contingencies. They work only for simple situations. Theories incorporating intermediate unconscious choices are more flexible, but are neither exponential nor hyperbolic in their predictions. They don't solve the free will paradox, which may be just a consistent illusion.

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Shinkawa, Hiroaki, Nicolas Chauvet, Guillaume Bachelier, André Röhm, Ryoichi Horisaki e Makoto Naruse. "Optimal Preference Satisfaction for Conflict-Free Joint Decisions". Complexity 2023 (17 febbraio 2023): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/2794839.

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When presented with multiple choices, we all have a preference; we may suffer loss because of conflicts arising from identical selections made by other people if we insist on satisfying only our preferences. Such a scenario is applicable when a choice cannot be divided into multiple pieces owing to the intrinsic nature of the resource. Earlier studies examined how to conduct fair joint decision-making while avoiding decision conflicts in terms of game theory when multiple players have their own deterministic preference profiles. However, probabilistic preferences appear naturally in relation to the stochastic decision-making of humans, and therefore, we theoretically derive conflict-free joint decision-making that satisfies the probabilistic preferences of all individual players. To this end, we mathematically prove conditions wherein the deviation of the resultant chance of obtaining each choice from the individual preference profile (loss) becomes zero; i.e., the satisfaction of all players is appreciated while avoiding conflicts. Further, even in scenarios where zero-loss conflict-free joint decision-making is unachievable, we present approaches to derive joint decision-making that can accomplish the theoretical minimum loss while ensuring conflict-free choices. Numerical demonstrations are presented with several benchmarks.

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Conti, Daniele. "Against an Argument for Objective Probabilities of Undetermined Choices". American Philosophical Quarterly 61, n. 2 (1 aprile 2024): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/21521123.61.2.03.

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Abstract According to libertarianism about free will, at least some of the choices we make are free and undetermined. Many libertarians also accept the thesis that, before we make an undetermined choice, there is a nontrivial objective probability that we will make that choice. In the literature on free will, the ascription of objective probabilities is sometimes justified via an “Argument from Motivation,” which adverts to the fact that typically, in situations of choice, we are more motivated to choose some options over others. In this paper, I will examine this argument and I will argue that it is unsound, as one of its premises is at odds with a widely accepted principle governing the evolution of objective probabilities over time.

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Gao, Weihua. "Analysis of Humbert’s Ethical Choices". English Language and Literature Studies 11, n. 4 (24 settembre 2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v11n4p30.

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Humbert’s mumbling in prison shows the readers his true inner world and his tragic fate. Throughout Lolita, it is evidently clear that Humbert’s ethical choice is inextricably linked with his depressed heart and tragic fate. Based on ethical literary criticism proposed by Professor Nie Zhenzhao, this paper analyzes Humbert’s life, which is a life full of ethical choices. This article, based on Humbert’s ethical choice of Charlotte Haze, Lolita and Quilty, and his ultimate ethical redemption, reveals his ethical dilemma in ethical choice, his Sphinx Factors, the interweaving of his free will and rational will, and his ultimate ethical choice. Humbert’s ethical choices eventually led to his tragic fate.

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Naefgen, Christoph, Michael Dambacher e Markus Janczyk. "Why free choices take longer than forced choices: evidence from response threshold manipulations". Psychological Research 82, n. 6 (3 agosto 2017): 1039–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00426-017-0887-1.

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KITTLE, SIMON. "Heavenly freedom, derivative freedom, and the value of free choices". Religious Studies 56, n. 4 (16 ottobre 2018): 455–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034412518000689.

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AbstractSennett (1999) and Pawl and Timpe (2009; 2013) attempt to show how we can praise heavenly agents for things they inevitably do in heaven by appealing to the notion of derivative freedom. Matheson (2017) has criticized this use of derivative freedom. In this article I show why Matheson's argument is inconclusive but also how the basic point may be strengthened to undermine the use Sennett and Pawl and Timpe make of derivative freedom. I then show why Matheson is mistaken to claim that the value of free choice depends on an agent retaining the ability to change their mind; in so doing I demonstrate that some choices which result in fixed outcomes – a feature of the choices leading to impeccability – can indeed be valuable even if they cannot be undone.

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Hinarejos, Alicia. "FREE MOVEMENT, FEDERALISM AND INSTITUTIONAL CHOICE: A CANADA-EU COMPARISON". Cambridge Law Journal 71, n. 3 (novembre 2012): 537–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197312000815.

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Although very different in many respects, the EU and Canada nevertheless confront common problems in certain areas. One such common problem is how to manage inter-state regulatory diversity within a federal (or federal-like), multinational system. This paper compares the different ways in which the EU and Canada have chosen to address the problem of national barriers to trade within their internal markets, and the consequences of these choices. It is somewhat counterintuitive for EU lawyers that a full-fledged state may have an internal market that is less integrated than that of the EU; and yet that is the case in Canada. The comparison is illuminating as to the different possible approaches of federal polities to the problem of state regulatory choices and barriers to trade, the paramount importance of institutional choice, and the significance of historical and political circumstances.

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Douglass, Joseph H. "Is Man Free To Make Choices for Health?" American Journal of Health Education 41, n. 6 (novembre 2010): 322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2010.10599159.

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Dall’Acqua, Tommaso, Chunting Li, Francesco Ceccarini, Davide Grigoletto, Giuseppe Marcolin, Antonio Paoli e Umberto Castiello. "Exercise-induced arousal affects free-choices to inhibit". Psychology of Sport and Exercise 35 (marzo 2018): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.11.012.

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Müller, Mayara T., e Fernando Seabra. "Partner Country Choices in China’s Free Trade Agreements". Chinese Economy 52, n. 3 (4 maggio 2019): 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10971475.2018.1548143.

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Lawton, Graham. "Without free will, what do our choices mean?" New Scientist 213, n. 2856 (marzo 2012): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(12)60712-x.

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Busse, Anna, e Christina Gathmann. "Free daycare policies, family choices and child development". Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 179 (novembre 2020): 240–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2020.08.015.

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van Leeuwen, Barend. "Euthanasia and the Ethics of Free Movement Law: The Principle of Recognition in the Internal Market". German Law Journal 19, n. 6 (novembre 2018): 1417–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200023099.

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AbstractThe free movement provisions enable EU citizens to follow their own ethical preferences by going to a Member State that has made a different ethical choice from their home Member State. However, UK citizens who have assisted suicide or euthanasia abroad could be criminally prosecuted on their return to England. This possibility of a criminal prosecution constitutes a restriction on free movement. Nevertheless, the free movement provisions have so far not been used to challenge the English prohibition of euthanasia. The aim of this article is to show that, based on its ultimate aim, free movement law does have a legitimate role to play in ethical issues. The internal market is based on a principle of recognition, which forces Member States to engage with regulatory choices made by other Member States. This also applies to ethical issues. Member States are not required to justify the existence of different ethical choices. However, if they decide to restrict free movement, they have to be able to show that these differences in fact exist. This approach achieves a balance between the right of citizens to make their own ethical choices, and the ability of Member States to protect their legislation on ethical issues.

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Kraft, John R., William M. Baum e Mark J. Burge. "Group choice and individual choices: modeling human social behavior with the Ideal Free Distribution". Behavioural Processes 57, n. 2-3 (aprile 2002): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-6357(02)00016-5.

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Pailhès, Alice, e Gustav Kuhn. "Influencing choices with conversational primes: How a magic trick unconsciously influences card choices". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, n. 30 (13 luglio 2020): 17675–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2000682117.

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Past research demonstrates that unconscious primes can affect people’s decisions. However, these free choice priming paradigms present participants with very few alternatives. Magicians’ forcing techniques provide a powerful tool to investigate how natural implicit primes can unconsciously influence decisions with multiple alternatives. We used video and live performances of the mental priming force. This technique uses subtle nonverbal and verbal conversational primes to influence spectators to choose the three of diamonds. Our results show that a large number of participants chose the target card while reporting feeling free and in control of their choice. Even when they were influenced by the primes, participants typically failed to give the reason for their choice. These results show that naturally embedding primes within a person’s speech and gestures effectively influenced people’s decision making. This raises the possibility that this form of mind control could be used to effectively manipulate other mental processes.

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Sweeting, Paul. "Tax-Efficient Pension Choices in the UK". Annals of Actuarial Science 4, n. 2 (settembre 2009): 177–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1748499500000701.

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ABSTRACTThe special tax treatment of United Kingdom pensions means that the decision on how to use pension assets is particularly involved. In particular, the ability to take up to 25% of pension assets as a tax-free cash lump sum at retirement, offers retirees opportunities to enhance their pension above that possible through the purchase of a compulsory purchase annuity (“CPA”). The tax-free cash lump sum can be used to buy a tax-efficient purchased life annuity (“PLA”), or in a phased retirement strategy. Income withdrawal can also be used to defer the purchase of an annuity until age 75 and, potentially, to generate a higher income. In this paper I compare the options available to retirees using stochastic modelling. I compare the expected excess pension and expected shortfall, both relative to the alternative risk-free pension available, to assess the various options. I find that if the maximum amount of tax-free cash is available to be used to enhance retirement income, then phased retirement offers the best risk/reward trade off. The advantage is greatest for higher-rate tax payers. As the level of tax-free cash falls, income withdrawal becomes more attractive to those wishing to take greater risks.

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ROGERS, KATHERIN A. "The necessity of the present and Anselm's eternalist response to the problem of theological fatalism". Religious Studies 43, n. 1 (15 gennaio 2007): 25–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034412506008742.

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It is often argued that the eternalist solution to the freedom/foreknowledge dilemma fails. If God's knowledge of your choices is eternally fixed, your choices are necessary and cannot be free. Anselm of Canterbury proposes an eternalist view which entails that all of time is equally real and truly present to God. God's knowledge of your choices entails only a ‘consequent’ necessity which does not conflict with libertarian freedom. I argue this by showing that if consequent necessity does conflict with libertarian freedom then God's knowledge in the present would conflict with the freedom of a present choice. Absurd.

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Plowman, Kenneth D. "Mormonism, Free Agency, and Free Press/Speech: A Study of Consequences and Choices". Journal of Media and Religion 13, n. 1 (2 gennaio 2014): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15348423.2014.871968.

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Naefgen, Christoph, Michael Dambacher e Markus Janczyk. "Author Correction: Why free choices take longer than forced choices: evidence from response threshold manipulations". Psychological Research 82, n. 6 (11 ottobre 2017): 1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00426-017-0926-y.

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Hoque, Mohammed Ziaul. "Default Options to Foster Policy Ratings and their Attractiveness on People's Preferences". International Journal of Applied Behavioral Economics 6, n. 1 (gennaio 2017): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijabe.2017010101.

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The present study explains how default choices are easy when compared with the alternate and free choices based on three survey design. In doing so, the study examines the effects of the default option on people's preferences towards various issues concerning governmental and marketing policy. Three-hundred respondents were randomly selected and interviewed with the structured questionnaire. To test the hypotheses of the study, the study has used the tools of descriptive statistics, combined means, and correlation of the data. The results of the study show that status-quo-labelled (current) policies are preferred over a change of setting, but negatively phrased policies do not show this status quo (SQ) effect. The results also demonstrate that the default setting, or SQ, has enhanced a policy's rating and attractiveness over the free and active choice. If people have to choose a policy when there is no default available, they experience difficulty in choosing and it takes them more time. In the case of the free choice option, people report more pros and cons of the policy issue than in the SQ and NSQ setting.

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Prakash, Elapulli Sankaranarayanan. "How about including free-standing, open-ended questions for readiness assessment and application activities in team-based learning, in addition to MCQs?" Advances in Physiology Education 44, n. 1 (1 marzo 2020): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00168.2019.

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In conventional team-based learning (TBL), readiness assurance test (RAT) items must be formatted as free-standing multiple-choice questions (MCQs). Even in the application phase of TBL, all teams must work on the same, significant problem and be required to make a specific choice and simultaneously report them to the whole class, which the MCQ format with predetermined answer choices allows. However, the founders of the TBL method rightly emphasize that the intended learning outcomes of a course using TBL underlie the design of the various components of TBL. The main point of this brief essay is to suggest that, if the ability to generate solutions to problems without predetermined answer choices is an intended learning outcome, it is advantageous to include carefully constructed free-standing, open-ended questions (OEQ) for both RAT and application activities in courses using TBL as the primary instructional method, in addition to the use of MCQs. Free-standing OEQs are OEQs not linked to an MCQ used for RAT or application activities. How this might be incorporated in what one may envision as TBL is discussed.

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Hoffmann, Tobias. "Deliberation and Rival Accounts of Free Choice in Medieval Philosophy". History of Philosophy Quarterly 40, n. 2 (1 aprile 2023): 132–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/21521026.40.2.03.

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Abstract Later medieval theories of free choice differ fundamentally as to the importance they assign to deliberation. Some thinkers hold that the will's choices necessarily agree with the intellect's judgment, obtained by deliberation, of what is most worth choosing in a particular circumstance. They thus think that deliberation provides the object of choice. In addition, they take the control that is essential to free choice to be rooted in deliberation. Others object that deliberation cannot ground free choice since it is itself not originally in our control. They think that one can choose differently from what appears most choiceworthy upon deliberation, and so they deny that the object of choice is exclusively given by deliberation. This paper considers theories of the role of deliberation in free choice held by prominent thirteenth and early fourteenth-century thinkers. It will be shown that there are significant theoretical difficulties on both sides.

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Jensen, Greg, Yelda Alkan, Vincent P. Ferrera e Herbert S. Terrace. "Reward associations do not explain transitive inference performance in monkeys". Science Advances 5, n. 7 (luglio 2019): eaaw2089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw2089.

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Most accounts of behavior in nonhuman animals assume that they make choices to maximize expected reward value. However, model-free reinforcement learning based on reward associations cannot account for choice behavior in transitive inference paradigms. We manipulated the amount of reward associated with each item of an ordered list, so that maximizing expected reward value was always in conflict with decision rules based on the implicit list order. Under such a schedule, model-free reinforcement algorithms cannot achieve high levels of accuracy, even after extensive training. Monkeys nevertheless learned to make correct rule-based choices. These results show that monkeys’ performance in transitive inference paradigms is not driven solely by expected reward and that appropriate inferences are made despite discordant reward incentives. We show that their choices can be explained by an abstract, model-based representation of list order, and we provide a method for inferring the contents of such representations from observed data.

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Habeek, Muaaz, Charaf Eddine Dridi e Mohamed Badeche. "Automatic Correction of Free Format MCQ Tests". International Journal of Software Innovation 8, n. 1 (gennaio 2020): 50–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsi.2020010103.

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Although the technology for the automatic grading of multiple-choice exams exists, it is neither efficient nor as automatic as it claims to be. All proposed methods have a predefined answer sheet format that looks like a crosswords table or a chessboard. Because of this format, all questions must have the same number of choices. Such an answer sheet is not clear, and candidates taking the exam can and will accidentally mark the wrong cell in the table. Most of them assume that there is only one possible answer for every question. This article proposes an algorithm that does not require any special format, works with all scanning resolutions and is actually fast.

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PIGGOTT, ADAM, e KIM RUANE. "NORMAL FORMS FOR AUTOMORPHISMS OF UNIVERSAL COXETER GROUPS AND PALINDROMIC AUTOMORPHISMS OF FREE GROUPS". International Journal of Algebra and Computation 20, n. 08 (dicembre 2010): 1063–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218196710006035.

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We explicitly construct Markov languages of normal forms for the groups in the title of the paper and closely related groups. A Markov language of normal forms is a choice of "preferred spelling" for each group element such that the collection of choices is particularly simple in a language theoretic sense.

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Barton, Jack, Kathrine Sofia Rallis, Amber Elyse Corrigan, Ella Hubbard, Antonia Round, Greta Portone, Ashvin Kuri et al. "Medical students’ pattern of self-directed learning prior to and during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic period and its implications for Free Open Access Meducation within the United Kingdom". Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions 18 (6 aprile 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2021.18.5.

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Purpose: Self-directed learning (SDL) has been increasingly emphasized within medical education. However, little is known about the SDL resources medical students use. This study aimed to identify patterns in medical students’ SDL behaviors, their SDL resource choices, factors motivating these choices, and the potential impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on these variables.Methods: An online cross-sectional survey comprising multiple-choice, ranked, and free-text response questions were disseminated to medical students across all 41 UK medical schools between April and July 2020. Independent study hours and sources of study materials prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic were compared. Motivational factors guiding resource choices and awareness of Free Open Access Meducation were also investigated.Results: The target sample was 75 students per medical school across a total of 41 medical schools within the United Kingdom (3,075 total students), and 1,564 responses were analyzed. University-provided information comprised the most commonly used component of independent study time, but a minority of total independent study time. Independent study time increased as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic (P<0.001). All sub-cohorts except males reported a significant increase in the use of resources such as free websites and question banks (P<0.05) and paid websites (P<0.05) as a result of the pandemic. Accessibility was the most influential factor guiding resource choice (Friedman’s μrank=3.97, P<0.001).Conclusion: The use of learning resources independent of university provision is increasing. Educators must ensure equitable access to such materials while supporting students in making informed choices regarding their independent study behaviors.

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Osman, Gulseven, e Wohlgenant Michael. "What are the factors affecting the consumers’ milk choices?" Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 63, No. 6 (13 giugno 2017): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/335/2015-agricecon.

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There is an increasing interest in specialty milk products such as soymilk, cholesterol free/lactose free (CFLF) milk and organic milk. While the market shares of these milk types are still small, specialty milk consumption is one of the fastest growing consumer segments in the dairy industry. Therefore, it is of interest to producers, consumers as well as the policy-makers to identify the consumer profile of these products and to determine policies based on the consumer choices. In the article, there are utilised the actual consumer sales data to see whether the USDA’s dairy policy follows the consumers’ milk preferences. The results indicate that the household demographics significantly affect milk preferences. Race is by far the most striking factor in the consumers’ decision process. Minority households have a much higher probability of purchasing specialty milk types than the white households. They are also loyal customers of the specialty milk types and are less responsive to the changes in factors that affect their purchase decision. Based on these findings, there is recommend an alternative policy to the USDA’s one-size-fits-all type of dairy guidelines.

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Cowen, Tyler. "RULE CONSEQUENTIALISM MAKES SENSE AFTER ALL". Social Philosophy and Policy 28, n. 2 (31 maggio 2011): 212–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052510000270.

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AbstractIt is commonly claimed that rule consequentialism (utilitarianism) collapses into act consequentialism, because sometimes there are benefits from breaking the rules. I suggest this argument is less powerful than has been believed. The argument requires a commitment to a very particular (usually implicit) account of feasibility and constraints. It requires the presupposition that thinking of rules as the relevant constraint is incorrect. Supposedly we should look at a smaller unit of choice—the single act—as the relevant choice variable. But once we see feasibility as a matter of degree, there is no obvious cut-off point for how broadly we should think about the constraints on our choices. Treating “a bundle of choices” as a relevant free variable is no less defensible than treating “a single act” as the relevant free variable. Rule utilitarianism, rule consequentialism, and other rules-based approaches are stronger than their current reputation.

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Clune, Michael. "“Everything We Want”: Frank O'Hara and the Aesthetics of Free Choice". PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 120, n. 1 (gennaio 2005): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/003081205x36930.

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The accumulation of contingent personal details characterizing Frank O’Hara's poetry should be read in relation to his representation of personal choice. Examining O’Hara's poetic and critical texts in the context of American economic and political theory of the fifties, this essay suggests that the question of how personal choice becomes the ordering principle of a poem is identical to the urgent contemporary question of how personal choice becomes the ordering principle of a nation. Cold war discourse depicts personal choice as the guiding principle of a liberal society directed by the sovereign individual citizen. In his personal poetics, O’Hara reverses the liberal dynamic. Instead of reflecting the interiority of the chooser, O’Hara's choices are open to the contingencies of the social environment. Through this radical representation of choice, O’Hara raises the utopian specter of a collective national subject.

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Porter, Christine M. "‘Choice’: what we mean by it, and what that means for preventing childhood obesity". Public Health Nutrition 16, n. 1 (6 marzo 2012): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012000596.

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AbstractObjective(i) To map how US adults value ‘choice’ in the context of obesity policy and (ii) to discuss implications for obesity prevention in children.DesignSemi-structured interviews (n 105) were conducted between 2006 and 2009 about causes of and solutions to childhood obesity. Quotes captured in field notes from community meetings (n 6) on childhood obesity prevention were also analysed. Each use of the word ‘choice’ and its variants was identified in these texts. Content and discourse were analysed to identify the implied values and meaning in each use.SettingNorth-eastern USA.SubjectsOne hundred and five adults, some involved in childhood obesity prevention initiatives.ResultsThree distinct frames of ‘choice’ emerged: (i) having choices (choice as freedom), (ii) making choices (choice as responsibility) and (iii) influencing choices (contextual constraints and impacts on choice). Many speakers used more than one frame over the course of an interview. Most people using the third frame seemed to share the values behind the first two frames, but focused on conditions required to enable people to be accountable for their choices and to make truly free choices. A small subset thought outside the frame of individual choice, valuing, as one person put it, a ‘social contract’.ConclusionsPublic debate in the USA about responsibility for and solutions to rising obesity rates often hinges on notions of ‘choice’. These frames, and the values underlying them, are not mutually exclusive. Respecting the values behind each ‘choice’ frame when crafting obesity prevention policy and employing all three in public communications about such policy may facilitate greater consensus on prevention measures.

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Polar, Vivian, Jaqueline A. Ashby, Graham Thiele e Hale Tufan. "When Is Choice Empowering? Examining Gender Differences in Varietal Adoption through Case Studies from Sub-Saharan Africa". Sustainability 13, n. 7 (26 marzo 2021): 3678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073678.

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This paper examines the question of what makes choice empowering and critiques prevalent approaches to empowerment focused narrowly on agency as the ability of individuals to make their own free choices and act independently. The implications of a narrow focus on agency are illustrated with the examples of technology choice in agriculture, specifically choices involved in the adoption of improved plant varieties. This example elucidates the limits of individual agency and permits an analysis of how choices may be structured to be either empowering or disempowering, with examples from specific plant breeding cases. In view of the importance given to equitable choice of technology for closing the gender gap in agricultural productivity and sustainability, the paper explores what practical steps can be taken towards a balanced approach to empowerment. An approach to designing a new plant variety by constructing choice differently is illustrated, using information on gender relations. The paper derives lessons from the plant breeding cases to inform other kinds of interventions, so that work on how choices are defined is given as much importance for empowerment as creating the option to choose. Agents who exercise power over rules and resources can either reproduce the status quo or innovate; thus, a balanced approach to empowerment requires careful analysis of the elements of choice.

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Ferreira, Mauricio. "Exploring Substitutability Within College Sports through Hierarchical Choice Processes". Journal of Sport Management 23, n. 2 (marzo 2009): 182–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.23.2.182.

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Understanding how spectators make decisions among the multiplicity of sport alternatives is important to the development of marketing strategies. In this study, a hierarchical choice framework was adopted to help illuminate theprocessin which individuals deal with sport substitution decisions within one university setting. In a forced-choice experiment, 419 college students were presented with existing sport offerings and asked, under constraint-free conditions, to make attendance choices with and without the most preferred alternative available. By observing students’ choices, the choice process was inferred based on the degree of switching that occurred between the two scenarios and tested whether it followed a hierarchical scheme. Results supported a “tree” structure for attendance choices, in which students consider the specific sport before considering the alternatives within the sport. Thus, under the conditions tested substitution was more likely to occur between alternatives of the same sport than either between different sports with the same sex of participants or proportionally across all alternatives.

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Parker, Christine. "Voting with Your Fork? Industrial Free-Range Eggs and the Regulatory Construction of Consumer Choice". ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 649, n. 1 (2 agosto 2013): 52–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716213487303.

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Labeling and information disclosure to support consumer choice are often proposed as attractive policy alternatives to onerous mandatory business regulation. This article argues that choices available to consumers are constructed and constrained by actors in the chains of production, distribution, and exchange who bring products to retail. It traces how “free-range” eggs come to market in Australia, finding that the “industrial free-range” label dominating the market is not substantially different from caged-egg production in the way that it addresses animal welfare, public health, and agro-ecological values. I show how the product choices available to consumers have been constructed not just by the regulation (or nonregulation) of marketing and labeling, but also by the regulatory paths taken and not taken all along the food chain.

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Lee, Eric, e Constantinos Mavroidis. "Solving the Geometric Design Problem of Spatial 3R Robot Manipulators Using Polynomial Homotopy Continuation". Journal of Mechanical Design 124, n. 4 (26 novembre 2002): 652–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1515796.

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In this paper, the geometric design problem of serial-link robot manipulators with three revolute (R) joints is solved using a polynomial homotopy continuation method. Three spatial positions and orientations are defined and the dimensions of the geometric parameters of the 3-R manipulator are computed so that the manipulator will be able to place its end-effector at these three pre-specified locations. Denavit and Hartenberg parameters and 4×4 homogeneous matrices are used to formulate the problem and obtain eighteen design equations in twenty-four design unknowns. Six of the design parameters are set as free choices and their values are selected arbitrarily. Two different cases for selecting the free choices are considered and their design equations are solved using polynomial homotopy continuation. In both cases for free choice selection, eight distinct manipulators are found that will be able to place their end-effector at the three specified spatial positions and orientations.

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Sit, Cindy H. P., Jessica W. K. Lam e Thomas L. McKenzie. "Children's Use of Electronic Games: Choices of Game Mode and Challenge Levels". International Journal of Pediatrics 2010 (2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/218586.

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Introduction. Interactive electronic games are popular and are believed to contribute to physical activity accrual. The purpose of this study was to examine children's electronic game use during conditions in which they had free access to selecting interactive and seated screen-based versions of electronic games and during the interactive versions had free choice in making adjustments to the activity intensity.Methods. We systematically observed 60 Hong Kong primary school children during two 60-minute game sessions while simultaneously recording their game mode choices and physical activity levels using SOFIT (System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time).Results. When given free choice, children spent more than half of their available time participating in interactive versions of games. These versions of games provided significantly more moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and greater energy expenditure than the computer screen versions. Children with the opportunity to modify intensity levels spent more time playing the interactive versions and accrued more physical activity.Conclusions. The tenets of behavioral choice theory were supported. Access to new-generation interactive games, particularly those with modifiable intensity levels, may facilitate children's participation in physical activity.

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Cheviron, B., e R. Moussa. "Determinants of modelling choices for 1-D free-surface flow and erosion issues in hydrology: a review". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, n. 9 (8 settembre 2015): 9091–155. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-9091-2015.

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Abstract. This review paper investigates the determinants of modelling choices, for numerous applications of 1-D free-surface flow and erosion equations, across multiple spatiotemporal scales. We aim to characterize each case study by its signature composed of model refinement (Navier-Stokes: NS, Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes: RANS, Saint-Venant: SV or Approximations of Saint-Venant: ASV), spatiotemporal scales (domain length: L from 1 cm to 1000 km; temporal scale: T from 1 second to 1 year; flow depth: H from 1 mm to 10 m), flow typology (Overland: O, High gradient: Hg, Bedforms: B, Fluvial: F) and dimensionless numbers (Dimensionless time period T*, Reynolds number Re, Froude number Fr, Slope S, Inundation ratio Λz, Shields number θ). The determinants of modelling choices are therefore sought in the interplay between flow characteristics, cross-scale and scale-independent views. The influence of spatiotemporal scales on modelling choices is first quantified through the expected correlation between increasing scales and decreasing model refinements, identifying then flow typology a secondary but mattering determinant in the choice of model refinement. This finding is confirmed by the discriminating values of several dimensionless numbers, that prove preferential associations between model refinements and flow typologies. This review is intended to help each modeller positioning his (her) choices with respect to the most frequent practices, within a generic, normative procedure possibly enriched by the community for a larger, comprehensive and updated image of modelling strategies.

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Myers, C. Mason. "Free Will and the Problem of Evil". Religious Studies 23, n. 2 (giugno 1987): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034412500018783.

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Hume after arguing for the compatibility of liberty and necessity, a view now known as soft determinism or compatibilism, noted that it is not ‘possible to explain distinctly, how the Deity can be the mediate cause of the actions of sin and moral turpitude’. It seems that Hume is correct if the explanation must show specifically why an omnipotent and omnibenevolent deity must permit certain actions that to human reason seem to be unnecessary evils. On the other hand if such specifity is not required, the soft determinist who also happens to be a theist can argue that it is possible that the actual world is the best of all possible worlds even though the reason for any specific apparent evil cannot be known. If seemingly evil choices are free in the soft determinist's sense but determined by an omnipotent and omniscient deity, then either that deity is not omnibenevolent or that deity has determined the world to have the maximum possible goodness through including seemingly evil choices in the scheme of things. Consequently if, as the traditional theist believes, the creator is omnibenevolent as well as omnipotent and omniscient, the occurrence of seemingly evil choices are necessary for maximizing the goodness of the whole.

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Charles, Lucie, e Patrick Haggard. "Feeling free: External influences on endogenous behaviour". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, n. 4 (22 novembre 2019): 568–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021819888066.

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When we are presented with two equally appealing options, how does the brain break the symmetry between them and make a choice? Recent research has proposed that when no clear information can guide decisions, we use irrelevant noise to tip the scale in favour of one alternative and decide how to act. In the present study, we investigated this issue exploring how human decisions were influenced by noise in a visual signal that cued instructed or free choice. Participants were presented with random-dot kinematograms, moving unidirectionally either upwards or downwards (in instructed trials) or both upwards and downwards simultaneously (free-choice trials). By varying the coherence of dot motion, we were able to test how moment-to-moment fluctuations in motion energy could influence action selection processes. We also measured participants’ awareness of such influence. Our results revealed three novel findings: Participants’ choices tended to follow fluctuations in dot motion, showing that sensory noise biased “free” selection between actions, irrespective of the clarity of the free cue. However, participants appeared to remain unaware of that influence, because subjective ratings of freedom did not correlate with the degree of sensory biasing. In one exception to this general rule, we found that, when participants resisted the bias and made a choice opposite to the one suggested by the stimulus, they reported strong subjective sense of having chosen independently of the stimulation. This result suggests that inhibitory control is tightly linked to the sense of freedom of choice.

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