Bibliografie tematiche / Free choices

Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Free choices"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 22 giugno 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Free choices":

Stillaway, Jan. "Free Choices". Nursery World 2022, n. 11 (2 novembre 2022): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/nuwa.2022.11.51.

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How can a setting improve its curriculum for autistic children? Thomas Coram Nursery School and Centre, which has thought hard on improving outcomes for children on this diverse spectrum, has some evidence-based approaches. By Jan Stillaway

Hoffmann, Tobias. "Peter Auriol on Free Choice and Free Judgment". Vivarium 53, n. 1 (6 febbraio 2015): 65–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685349-12341291.

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Some medieval authors defend free choice by arguing that, even though human choices are indeed caused by the practical judgment about what is best to do here and now, one is nevertheless able to freely influence that practical judgment’s formation. This paper examines Peter Auriol’s account of free choice, which is a quite elaborate version of this approach and which brings its theoretical problems into focus. I will argue in favor of Auriol’s basic theory, but I will also propose an emendation to his theory in order to respond to some problems he leaves unresolved.

Hirji, Sameer A., Tsuyoshi Kaneko e Sary Aranki. "Valve choices: No free lunch". Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 157, n. 2 (febbraio 2019): 553–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.07.049.

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Yu, Shuying. "Evolutionary Psychology Perspective on Free Will". Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 46, n. 1 (19 aprile 2024): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/46/20230886.

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This essay explores the mechanism behind choice-making and the concept of free will from an evolutionary psychology perspective. The methods consist of a literature review of evolutionary psychology theories related to decision-making and an analysis of how these theories inform the dominant philosophical positions on free will from the lens of determinism, indeterminism, and compatibilism. The literature review finds that evolutionary psychology explains decision-making as the result of evolved cognitive mechanisms that weigh costs and benefits. The analysis suggests that these mechanisms support a compatibilist view that free will can exist within a deterministic universe. Though human actions have antecedent causes, evolutionary psychology indicates humans have adapted limited, pragmatic free will to make choices that aid survival and reproduction. The cognitive mechanisms behind choice-making evolved because they conferred fitness advantages, not because they allowed uncaused choices. In conclusion, evolutionary psychology offers a naturalistic understanding of the origins and limitations of free will.

Campos, Michael, Kari Koppitch, Richard A. Andersen e Shinsuke Shimojo. "Orbitofrontal cortical activity during repeated free choice". Journal of Neurophysiology 107, n. 12 (15 giugno 2012): 3246–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00690.2010.

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Neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) have been shown to encode subjective values, suggesting a role in preference-based decision-making, although the precise relation to choice behavior is unclear. In a repeated two-choice task, subjective values of each choice can account for aggregate choice behavior, which is the overall likelihood of choosing one option over the other. Individual choices, however, are impossible to predict with knowledge of relative subjective values alone. In this study we investigated the role of internal factors in choice behavior with a simple but novel free-choice task and simultaneous recording from individual neurons in nonhuman primate OFC. We found that, first, the observed sequences of choice behavior included periods of exceptionally long runs of each of two available options and periods of frequent switching. Neither a satiety-based mechanism nor a random selection process could explain the observed choice behavior. Second, OFC neurons encode important features of the choice behavior. These features include activity selective for exceptionally long runs of a given choice (stay selectivity) as well as activity selective for switches between choices (switch selectivity). These results suggest that OFC neural activity, in addition to encoding subjective values on a long timescale that is sensitive to satiety, also encodes a signal that fluctuates on a shorter timescale and thereby reflects some of the statistically improbable aspects of free-choice behavior.

Yoo, HaeMi. "Free Choices on the Childcare Policies". Society and Theory 15 (30 novembre 2009): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.17209/st.2009.11.15.297.

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Soon, C. S., A. H. He, S. Bode e J. D. Haynes. "Predicting free choices for abstract intentions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, n. 15 (18 marzo 2013): 6217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1212218110.

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Durham, Ian. "A Formal Model for Adaptive Free Choice in Complex Systems". Entropy 22, n. 5 (19 maggio 2020): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22050568.

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In this article, I develop a formal model of free will for complex systems based on emergent properties and adaptive selection. The model is based on a process ontology in which a free choice is a singular process that takes a system from one macrostate to another. I quantify the model by introducing a formal measure of the ‘freedom’ of a singular choice. The ‘free will’ of a system, then, is emergent from the aggregate freedom of the choice processes carried out by the system. The focus in this model is on the actual choices themselves viewed in the context of processes. That is, the nature of the system making the choices is not considered. Nevertheless, my model does not necessarily conflict with models that are based on internal properties of the system. Rather it takes a behavioral approach by focusing on the externalities of the choice process.

Asmarani, Ratna. "CARELESS CHOICES, DREADFUL CONSEQUENCES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF W.W. JACOBS’ THE MONKEY’S PAW AND RICHARD MATHESON’S BUTTON, BUTTON". HUMANIKA 27, n. 2 (4 dicembre 2020): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/humanika.v27i2.31610.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the theme of free choices and their relation to the stated consequences embodied in the two short stories, one by W.W. Jacobs entitled The Monkey’s Paw and another one by Richard Matheson entitled Button, Button. The analysis focuses on four aspects; namely, the situational triggers of the free choices, the gripping conflicts in the free choices, the ethical consequences, and the purpose of the twisted endings. The concepts borrowed to support the analysis are the concepts concerning situational choices, morality types, and ethical consequences. The research methods applied in the analysis are the combination of the library research, the textual method enriched with the relevant contexts in order to completely dig out the proposed problems The results of the discussion show that every free choice taken under whatever reason will lead to the stated consequence whether it is unbelievable or impossible. The superstitious atmosphere in The Monkey’s Paw and the mysterious atmosphere in the Button, Button, all lead to the inevitability to avoid the temptation to choose resulting in the disastrous consequences.

Kramer, Matthew H. "On Being Free without having any Choices". Journal of Theoretical Politics 15, n. 4 (ottobre 2003): 445–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0951692803154006.

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Tesi sul tema "Free choices":

Dall'Acqua, Tommaso. "Choosing to inhibit: new insights into the unconscious modulation of free-choices". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424583.

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In our daily activities, we all experience a certain degree of control over our behaviours and the more we feel ‘in control’ the more we are likely to describe our behaviours as self-generated or ‘intentional’. Such intentional control refers to the capacity of humans to perform actions based on internal decisions and motivations, rather than external stimulation. Within the psychological debate on free will, this evidence raised the question on how ‘free-choices’ are taken when decisions are not dictated by immediate external imperatives. The core argument concerns whether voluntary actions follow a conscious intention to act or whether the feeling of being in control is just an epiphenomenon of unconscious neural mechanisms that are the true origin of behaviour. Different components of a free-choice can be isolated and investigated. Participants can choose what action to make, when to make an action, or whether to make an action at all (Brass & Haggard, 2008). Each of these refers to a different aspect of free-choice, but all of them involve the presence of a choice between multiple available options. Studying voluntary responses in this manner and comparing them with action or inhibition in response to a specific external stimulus, allow us to obtain useful insights into the origin of endogenous decisions. Among these components, the decision about whether to act – the so called ‘intentional inhibition’ – has received less attention. Such decision can be taken at almost any stage during motor preparation, until a point of no return (Schultze-Kraft et al., 2016). Libet (1983) controversially suggested that last-moment decisions to inhibit an action involved a purely conscious form of ‘free won’t’ (Libet, Gleason, Wright, & Pearl, 1983). However, alike voluntary actions, conscious decisions to inhibit might also depend on unconscious brain processes. For this reason, to what extent intentional decisions to inhibit are necessarily based on a deliberate choice is still an open question (Parkinson & Haggard, 2014). The present thesis will examine how unperceivable – subliminal – information in the environment, physiological states of the body and ongoing pre-conscious fluctuations in brain activity contribute to generate voluntary decisions to act or to inhibit. Starting from the contemporary debate raging around free will and taking into account the most recent cognitive models of voluntary actions, the introductory section of the thesis will provide an overview on the basic concepts linked to volition (Chapter 1). Particular attention will be given to behavioural inhibition and how this component has been studied along a continuum from ‘stimulus-driven inhibition’ to ‘intentional inhibition’. For each concept introduced, I will provide a review of the current state of the art regarding both the neural and behavioural mechanisms involved. In particular, I shall focus on previous research suggesting that making free-choices activate a specific network of brain activity. Chapter 2 will review current evidence regarding how subliminal information in the environment and psychophysiological states act as modulators for free-choice mechanisms both at the behavioural and neural level. Indeed, there is consistent evidence concerned with the ability of subliminal stimuli to bias our free decisions by influencing the activity within the ‘choice network’. Similarly, psychophysiological states such as the arousal have been shown to moderate a number of cognitive tasks including response inhibition. The second part of the thesis will focus on the empirical work I have conducted to investigate some of the theoretical issues previously introduced. The experiment described in Chapter 3 exploits a ‘Go/Nogo’ paradigm assessing the effect of subliminal priming by highlighting the dramatic effect of congruent and incongruent subliminal information on reaction times and free-choices. As the first experiment validated the paradigm as a meaningful tool to disentangle between forced and free components of making choices in relation to subliminal processing, the functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) experiment described in Chapter 4 capitalizes on the same kind of manipulation. A region of interest (ROI) analysis was conducted to test whether the degree of intentionality of the response and the information provided by subliminal information might modulate the activity within the ‘free-choice network’. In Chapter 5 the effect of an increased level of arousal induced by physical exercise on the performance in the same task will be examined. The experimental section of the present thesis will end with Chapter 6 in which the neural underpinnings of the conscious generation of actions by means of multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) has been investigated. The thesis will end with a general discussion (Chapter 7). Here I shall rely on the evidence presented in the preceding experimental chapters to propose that free-choices are determined by the interplay between brain, body, and sensory environment.
Nelle attività quotidiane, tutti noi percepiramo di essere in controllo delle nostre azioni e più ciò viene avvertito, più siamo inclini a descrivere i nostri comportamenti come ‘intenzionali’. Questa sensazione di ‘controllo intenzionale’ si basa sulla nostra capacità di produrre azioni basate più su decisioni e motivazioni interne rispetto a decisioni e motivazioni guidate da eventi esterni. L’evidenza di ciò ha alimentato il dibattito relativo al ‘libero arbitrio’ stimolando la discussione su come sia possibile prendere delle decisioni unicamente endogene e non basate su indicazioni derivanti dall’ambiente circostante. Il problema principale riguarda la definizione dell’origine di questi meccanismi: le nostre azioni, quando eseguite intenzionalmente, sono prodotte da processi decisionali consci, oppure la nostra sensazione di essere ‘in controllo’ è solamente un epifenomeno dovuto a meccanismi neurali inconsci che determinano il successivo svolgimento dell’azione? È possibile differenziare e studiare separatamente diverse componenti decisionali di un’azione intenzionale. Le persone possono scegliere quale azione fare, quando farla e se farla (Brass & Haggard, 2008). Ognuna di queste componenti fa riferimento a diversi aspetti delle azioni intenzionali ma tutte loro sottintendono la capacità di fare una specifica scelta tra molte alternative. Studiando in questo modo le azioni intenzionali e confrontando quest’ultime con le azioni guidate da stimoli esterni, è possibile ottenere utili indicazioni sull'origine delle nostre scelte. Delle tre componenti precedentemente descritte, la componente decisionale del se fare un azione – definita “inibizione intenzionale” – ha ricevuto minor attenzione in letteratura. La scelta di inibire un azione può essere presa a diversi stadi della programmazione motoria, fino a un “punto di non ritorno” dove l’azione non può più essere inibita efficacemente (Schultze-Kraft et al., 2016). Libet (1983) suggerì che la capacità umana di inibire un azione fino all’ultimo momento, sottintendesse la possibilità di una forma consapevole di "libertà di veto" (Libet, Gleason, Wright, & Pearl, 1983). Tuttavia, come per l’origine delle azioni intenzionali, anche l’inibizione intenzionale delle azioni, potrebbe dipendere da processi cerebrali inconsci. Per questo motivo, la possibilità che la decisione d’inibire un’azione intenzionalmente sia necessariamente basata su una libera scelta è ancora argomento di forte dibattito (Parkinson & Haggard, 2014). Alla luce di quanto detto, lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di esaminare il contributo della presenza di stimoli subliminali nell’ambiente circostante, degli stati psicofisiologici del corpo e delle fluttuazioni dell’attività cerebrale precosciente, nelle generazione delle decisioni intenzionali di inibire o produrre un’azione. Partendo dalla descrizione del dibattito sul libero arbitrio e prendendo in considerazione i più recenti modelli teorici sulle azioni intenzionali, il capitolo introduttivo fornirà una panoramica completa dei concetti relativi alla volontarietà nel controllo motorio (Capitolo 1). L’inibizione delle azioni verrà trattata con occhio di riguardo, introducendo la distinzione tra “inibizione intenzionale” e “inibizione guidata da stimoli esterni”. Per ognuno dei concetti introdotti, fornirò una descrizione completa dello stato di avanzamento della ricerca sia dal punto di vista teorico sia dei correlati comportamentali e neurali coinvolti. In particolare mi concentrerò su un network di aree strettamente legate alla produzione di decisioni intenzionali. Il Capitolo 2 esaminerà come gli stimoli subliminali e gli stati psicofisiologici del corpo possano agire da modulatori dei meccanismi legati alla produzione di azioni, sia a livello comportamentale che a livello neurale. Infatti, studi recenti concordano nel dimostrare come gli stimoli subliminali possano manipolare i processi decisionali legati all’azione influenzando l'attività di un specifico network di aree cerebrali. Allo stesso modo, gli stati psicofisiologici come l'arousal hanno dimostrato di moderare numerosi compiti cognitivi tra i quali anche l'inibizione delle azioni. Sull base degli aspetti teorici introdotti nella prima parte della tesi, la seconda parte si focalizzerà sul lavoro sperimentale che ho condotto durante il dottorato di ricerca. L’esperimento descritto nel Capitolo 3 utilizzerà un paradigma di "Go/Nogo" per evidenziare l'effetto drammatico della stimolazione subliminale sui tempi di reazione agli stimoli e sulle scelte volontarie di inibire o produrre un’azione. Poiché il primo esperimento ha potuto validare la fruibilità del paradigma come strumento di analisi delle componenti volontarie dell’azione ed inibizione, in relazione all'elaborazione subliminale, l'esperimento di risonanza magnetica funzionale (fMRI) descritto nel Capitolo 4 capitalizzerà sullo stesso tipo di manipolazione sperimentale. È stata condotta un'analisi su aree cerebrali di interesse (ROI) per verificare se il grado di intenzionalità della risposta e le informazioni fornite dagli stimoli subliminali possano modulare l'attività all'interno network di aree specifico. Nel Capitolo 5 invece, verrà esaminato l'effetto dell’aumento del livello di arousal indotto da esercizio fisico, sulla prestazione allo stesso compito. La sezione sperimentale della tesi terminerà con il Capitolo 6 in cui verranno esplorati i correlati neurali della generazione delle azioni mediante l’analisi multivariata dell’attività cerebrale (MVPA). La tesi terminerà con una discussione generale (Capitolo 7) nella quale, basandosi sui risultati ottenuti nei precedenti capitoli sperimentali, verrà proposto come la capacità di scelta intenzionale tra l’esecuzione e l’inibizione di un’azione sia determinata dall’interazione tra cervello, corpo e l’ambiente circostante.

Olbrecht, Alexandre. "The impact of athletic participation on earnings and life choices". Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2005.

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Harty, Richard J. "The effect of teacher behaviour, and teacher sex, on children's sex-role-stereotyped free play activity choices". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1995. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36492/1/T%28ED%29142_Digitised%20Thesis.pdf.

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It has peen argued that for young boys who are trying to evolve a sex-role differentiated from that of girls, contact on a daily and prolonged basis with male teachers should serve to help clarify their concept of the masculine sex-role (Clyde 1987). It is this traditionally based reasoning, that males are needed to defeminise early childhood centres by modelling masculine behaviours, that has been used by many writers as the basis for calls to include more males as teachers in early childhood education. Lee and Gropper (1974, cited in Fagot 1981) took a non-traditional stance in suggesting that providing male teachers for young children would also help teach young children that males can engage in female-typed activities, thereby increasing the chances of providing a non-sexist environment for young children. Carpenter et al (1986) suggested that to facilitate attempts to thoughtfully and ethically modify the conditions of socialisation of sex-typed behaviours, the optimal strategy might be first to understand the processes by which individual's sex-typed behaviours are socialised, and secondly to use elements of the naturally occurring processes to implement changes. One of those naturally occurring processes is the free play activity choices that children typically make. The present study arises from the premise that children's play experiences can be used as a vehicle of social change, and focuses on the development of gender-role stereotypes in early childhood. Specifically, the effect of teacher modelling of gender appropriate and gender inappropriate behaviour on the free play activity preferences of children will be examined. It is hoped to determine the relative importance of the sex of the teacher, the activity choice, and the sex-typing of the teacher modelled behaviour on children's choice of free play activities in order to better understand the processes by which individual's sex-typed behaviours are socialised. The subjects in the present study were twenty five children from a local pre-school centre. The children ranged in age from four years seven months to five years four months of age. The only criteria used for the selection of the centre was that it had an established male and female teaching team. The present study was conducted in three phases, the first of these involved a pre-test or baseline phase. Observations made during this time were used in three ways 1) to provide definitions of masculine and feminine behaviour for the treatment conditions in the intervention phase, 2) to provide baseline participation levels against which to compare the influence of the interventions and 3) to provide information on the social context of the centre. The second phase of the study was the intervention phase. During this phase the treatments were introduced following a reversal methodology (ABA). By then withdrawing the intervention in the third reversal condition experimental control was increased. Systematic evidence was collected using three event recording check lists. The first of these, the Male and Female Representations Check List (Meade 1981 ), was designed to assess gender-based differences in the number of representations of males and females in pictures, jigsaws, books and dress-up clothes displayed within the centre. The second check list, The Preschool Teachers Interactions with Children Check List (Ebbeck 1985), was designed to record differences in the interactional style of staff towards the children. It also shows the curriculum areas in which the teachers were involved with the children during free play. Finally, the Children's Participation Check List (Lloyd 1989) was used to establish the usage pattern of the centre by the children during the pre-test, intervention and post-test phases of the study. The pre-test observations were made for five days prior to the intervention phase. From these observations, two areas were selected to concentrate on, one area in which the participation rate was dominated by the girls and one area in which the participation rate was dominated by the boys. The activity themes and equipment used in these areas by the girls were coded as feminine, and the activity themes and equipment used by the boys were coded as masculine. Eight treatment conditions were formed from the combination of teacher sex, curriculum area, and activity theme I equipment choice variables. Results of the pre-test phase showed that although there was little in the physical environment to label and reinforce notions of gender appropriate and genderinappropriate behaviours, the daily experiences of the children showed a differentiation based on gender, both in terms of the teacher's interactions with children and their free play activity choices. From these observations the area in which the participation rate was dominated by the girls was the collage area, and the area in which the participation rate was dominated by the boys was the block area. With the introduction of the intervention conditions in the block and collage areas, the girl's participation rate decreased in the presence of the female teacher and increased in the presence of the male teacher. The greatest increase in the girl's participation rate occurred when the male teacher modelled masculine behaviour in the block area and feminine behaviours in the collage area. The boy's participation rate however increased in the presence of both teachers in the collage area and decreased with the presence of both teachers in the collage area. These results are discussed with reference to the prevalent theories on sex-role development, and their implications for the provision of non-sexist learning environments for children. The results of the present study suggest that there is little to discriminate between a male or female teacher in terms of the children's responses to the modelling conditions. Neither teacher was a more effective model because of their sex. Thus the non-traditional stance can be supported from these results, that is that the male teachers contribution consists of disproving the idea that men need to act in some "manly" way.

Wilson, Kenneth Mitchell. "Augustine's conversion from traditional free choice to "non-free free will" : a comprehensive methodology". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:823cd43d-04f5-4c5d-ab0a-43be52ca1077.

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This thesis will explore whether Augustine of Hippo altered his theological views and what influences might have precipitated the alleged modifications. Augustine’s early "De libero arbitrio" argued for an individual’s ability to respond freely to God while his later anti-Pelagian writings rejected any human ability to believe until God infuses grace creating belief as his gift. Does his theology exhibit continuity or discontinuity? Four commonplace assertions within Augustinian studies are questioned in this thesis: 1.) Augustine changed his theology in AD 396; 2.) while he was writing the letter to Bishop Simplicianus (Simpl.); 3.) with his transition occurring through reading scripture (Rom.7, 9;1 Cor.15); 4.) which he developed through merely modifying prevalent doctrines. No scholarly work has researched Augustine’s entire corpus from AD 386–430 specifically analyzing his theology in the five final doctrines of: 1.) God giving initial faith as a gift, 2.) inherited damnable reatus from Adam, 3.) the gift of perseverance, 4.) unilateral pre-determination of persons’s eternal destinies independently of foreknowledge, and 5.) God’s neither desiring nor providing for the salvation of all persons. Only a comprehensive methodological approach—reading systematically, chronologically, and comprehensively through his entire corpus—can legitimately demonstrate changes. Did a Patristic consensus exist regarding post-Adamic free choice? What was Augustine’s contribution to this theology? To what degree did the combination of Stoicism, Neoplatonism, and Manichaeism contribute to his liberum arbitrium captivatum? Chapters include an introduction followed by chapters on free choice versus determinism in the: 1.) ancient philosophical-religious world, 2.) Christian authors AD 95–215, 3.) Christian authors AD 216–430, 4.) Augustine’s works AD 386–395, 5.) Augustine’s works AD 396–411, 6.) Augustine’s works AD 412–426, 7.) Augustine’s works AD 427–430, 8.) sermons and epistles, 9.) Augustine’s exegesis of scripture, and 10.) conclusion. Conclusions will be established via extensive primary quotations and references with supporting secondary sources.

Vlachou, Evangelia. "Free Choice in and out of Context : Semantics and Distribution of French, Greek and English free choice items". Paris 4, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA040084.

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Les Termes de Choix Libre (TCLs) ont souvent été analysés comme des Termes à Polarité. On a souvent supposé, de ce fait, que leur distribution pouvait être analysée au moyen des conditions de légitimation ou d'anti-légitimation. En m'appuyant sur des données du français, du grec et de l'anglais, je soutiens l'hypothèse que cette approche n'est pas correcte. Les TCLs ont une s'emantique lexicale riche exprimant l'élargissement, l'indiscrimination, l'indifférence, l'ignorance, l'indistinction et la d'apréciation. Puisque toutes les valeurs des TCLs peuvent être pragmatiquement bloquées dans tout contexte, je propose que la distribution des TCLs est entièrement libre, sauf dans quelques cas où on a un blocage sémantique
It has often been argued that Free Choice Items (FCIs) are Polarity Items. Consequently, we have analyzed FCI distribution in terms of the conditions of licensing and anti-licensing. Based on French, Greek and English data, I defend the hypothesis that this approach is not correct. FCIs have a very strong lexical semantics. They express widening, indiscriminacy, indifference, ignorance, indistinguishability and low-level. Since all the readings of FCIs can be pragmatically blocked in all contexts, I propose that the distribution of FCIs is entirely free with the exception of certain cases in which we have semantic blocking

Kleppmann, Philipp. "Free groups and the axiom of choice". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2016. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/253759.

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The Nielsen-Schreier theorem states that subgroups of free groups are free. As all of its proofs use the Axiom of Choice, it is natural to ask whether the theorem is equivalent to the Axiom of Choice. Other questions arise in this context, such as whether the same is true for free abelian groups, and whether free groups have a notion of dimension in the absence of Choice. In chapters 1 and 2 we define basic concepts and introduce Fraenkel-Mostowski models. In chapter 3 the notion of dimension in free groups is investigated. We prove, without using the full Axiom of Choice, that all bases of a free group have the same cardinality. In contrast, a closely related statement is shown to be equivalent to the Axiom of Choice. Schreier graphs are used to prove the Nielsen-Schreier theorem in chapter 4. For later reference, we also classify Schreier graphs of (normal) subgroups of free groups. Chapter 5 starts with an analysis of the use of the Axiom of Choice in the proof of the Nielsen-Schreier theorem. Then we introduce representative functions - a tool for constructing choice functions from bases. They are used to deduce the finite Axiom of Choice from Nielsen-Schreier, and to prove the equivalence of a strong form of Nielsen-Schreier and the Axiom of Choice. Using Fraenkel-Mostowski models, we show that Nielsen-Schreier cannot be deduced from the Boolean Prime Ideal Theorem. Chapter 6 explores properties of free abelian groups that are similar to those considered in chapter 5. However, the commutative setting requires new ideas and different proofs. Using representative functions, we deduce the Axiom of Choice for pairs from the abelian version of the Nielsen-Schreier theorem. This implication is shown to be strict by proving that it doesn't follow from the Boolean Prime Ideal Theorem. We end with a section on potential applications to vector spaces.

Farrell, J. P. "Free choice in St. Maximus the confessor". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381819.

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mourton, Stuart. "Response selection processes under free choice task conditions". Thesis, Bangor University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531061.

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Morris, Rebecca. "Free schools in England : choice, admissions and social segregation". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6695/.

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This study examines the issue of school choice in the context of Free Schools in England. It focuses on three different aspects, each one related the Free Schools policy from a social justice and equity perspective. First, the admissions arrangements of secondary Free Schools, are explored. Second, the reasons and strategies that parents reported when choosing a school are considered. Finally, the student compositions of the schools are analysed. The study as a whole takes a multi-method approach, using Annual School Census data, parent questionnaires and interviews and a documentary analysis of admissions policies. The findings show a complex picture, reflecting the heterogeneous and diverse nature of Free Schools. Disadvantaged pupils are under-represented in the majority of Free Schools, but not in all. The admissions policies also suggest that the majority of Free Schools are using similar methods for allocating places as those used by other schools in their area. Parents that had chosen Free Schools tended to report looking for similar features but had taken different routes and encountered varying circumstances during the decision-making process. Many were attracted to the Free School by its promise of quality and used a range of proxy features to determine this, including factors relating to the social composition, comparisons with other school types and a focus on a traditional approach to schooling. Recommendations for how the Free Schools policy (and education policy more widely) could be used to encourage equity of access and opportunity are included at the end of the study.

Laird, Julie Anne 1965. "Young children's explorations of written language during free choice". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282832.

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The purpose of this study was to examine my belief that allowing young children time for free choice engagements and play is not only appropriate but necessary for their development of written literacy. This teacher research study took place in my kindergarten classroom. Data was collected during a daily free choice time when students had access to virtually all materials in the classroom and were responsible for their own engagement decisions. The primary data consists of field notes of my observations while students were involved in free choice engagements, a checklist of their engagements, and artifacts of the written literacy that students engaged in. The data analysis led to the development of a description of the types, functions, and contexts for how written language is integrated into the free choice engagements of the kindergarten students in my class. This analysis is from data on all the children in my classroom. Case studies offered a portrayal of three individual students' explorations of written language during free choice. The case studies give background information about each child, then describe the child as a player, and finally the child's literacy knowledge is described. This study has allowed me to become more acutely aware of what was happening during free choice time in my classroom. Throughout this dissertation I have contended that children come to school with a great deal of knowledge about literacy, and teachers need to value the literacy knowledge that children already have. The same must hold true for play. No doubt children have learned to play long before they come to school. It is the teacher's responsibility to close the gap between the two environments. Teachers need to respect each child's literacy strengths and motivations, and continue to offer invitations for engagements in many functional literacy engagements. I am confident that students will engage in written literacy when they are ready and see the engagements as meaningful and functional in their own lives.

Più fonti

Libri sul tema "Free choices":

Wiener, Valerie. Gang free: Friendship choices for today's youth. Minneapolis, MN: Fairview Press, 1995.

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1949-, Roberts Karen, e Wilson Mark I, a cura di. Policy choices: Free trade among NAFTA nations. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1996.

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Rajapatirana, Sarath. Evaluating Bolivia's choices for trade integration. Washington, DC: World Bank, Operations Policy Dept., Operations Policy Group, 1996.

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J, Barro Robert. Getting it right: Markets and choices in a free society. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1996.

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Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation., a cura di. Housing choices for Canadians with disabilities. [Ottawa]: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corp., 1992.

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Lasky, Janet. Higher choices: An information guide and recipe book for people who choose to eat healthy foods free of wheat, sugar, yeast, and fermented products. [Sparta, N.J.]: J. Lasky, 1998.

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Belnap, Nuel D. Facing the future: Agents and choices in our indeterminist world. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press, 2001.

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Rahkovsky, Ilya. New food choices free of trans fats better align U.S. diets with health recommendations. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 2012.

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Rahkovsky, Ilya. New food choices free of trans fats better align U.S. diets with health recommendations. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 2012.

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Peters, Cheryl D. Thomas. Choices: Meals you can make in 30 minutes or less. Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Pub. Association, 1994.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Free choices":

Jeannet, Jean-Pierre, Thierry Volery, Heiko Bergmann e Cornelia Amstutz. "Production Processes Choices". In Masterpieces of Swiss Entrepreneurship, 165–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65287-6_15.

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AbstractHow SMEs arranged their factory floor and the kind of processes, proprietary, or other, they employed, including the extent of automation in use, are all important aspects of the process practices. Swiss SMEs have realized that reliance on product feature advantages alone, even if protected by patents, is not sufficient to guarantee a lasting competitive advantage. Many companies, over time, have developed proprietary processes that are not available on the open market. This can include proprietary production or custom equipment developed and built in-house for key steps of the production process. Automation and robotization are extensively applied throughout, much of this designed by the companies themselves. The longevity of the companies fosters long-term improvements that are not available on the free market.

Haynes, John-Dylan. "Beyond Libet: Long-Term Prediction of Free Choices from Neuroimaging Signals". In Research and Perspectives in Neurosciences, 161–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18015-6_10.

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Constantin, Sandra V. "Young Adults’ Aspiration for Intimacy in Post-collectivist China". In A Life Course Perspective on Chinese Youths, 117–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57216-6_8.

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AbstractThis chapter delves into the dynamics of marital choices in contemporary China. The chapter presents contrasting responses between men and women regarding parental influence. While men often assert independence, women frequently seek parental advice in their marital decisions. Notably, several women employ strategic approaches to circumvent parental disagreement, reflecting a delicate balance between individual autonomy and familial harmony. The analysis unveils a complex interplay of societal norms and aspirations, indicating that, despite legal emphasis on free choice, familial considerations continue to shape marital decisions.Additionally, the chapter explores social homogamy and hypergamy trends, revealing gendered patterns in the importance placed on education, income, and family background in partner selection.Furthermore, the findings shed light on a growing form of intimacy in post-collectivist China: cohabitation before marriage. Encountering social resistance, particularly from older generations, a new concept surfaced: “trial marriage” (shihun). This strategic term emerged among young adults seeking to legitimize living together before formalizing the union. It bridges the gap between societal norms and evolving practices.The findings reveal a complex interplay between societal expectations, individual choices, and the enduring influence of Confucian values in shaping attitudes towards cohabitation and marriage in contemporary China.

Gozli, Davood. "Free Choice". In Experimental Psychology and Human Agency, 113–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20422-8_6.

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Onaci, Edward. "Revolutionary Name Choices". In Free the Land, 79–112. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469656144.003.0004.

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This chapter focuses primarily on the ideas behind and the practice of naming. It argues that name choices are the most fundamental form of individual and group self-determination developed by New Afrikans (and Black Power activists more generally). This chapter historicizes black naming practices in the United States, covering their importance from the era of racial slavery to the moments when Nation of Islam and Malcolm X, among others, were helping instil Black pride in mid-twentieth century African Americans. Specifically, it examines the ways that individual and group names, identity, cartography, and orthography became effective tools for the mechanics of liberation struggle. Taken for granted by both the name studies scholarship and histories of the Black Power Movement, this consideration of naming encourages scholars and activists to think more deeply and critically about the value of politically conscious naming practices.

"FREE TRADE WITH THE UNITED STATES:". In Painful Choices, 168–215. Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt7s4jw.10.

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"Carbon-Free Transportation Choices". In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95717-3_300014.

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Double, Richard. "How to Frame the Free Will Problem". In Metaphilosophy and Free Will, 99–108. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195107623.003.0006.

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Abstract This chapter provides the groundwork for the argument of part II of this book. When viewed from the species of Philosophy as Worldview Construction that I call Philosophy as Continuous with Science, FREE will is seen as an unprincipled, subjective term that cannot denote a class of objective entities. If we try to view free choices as denoting a class of choices whose freeness is a characteristic of the choices themselves, it becomes logically contradictory. If free choice is not contradictory, its meaning fragments into a multiplicity of subjective senses. This also would prevent the term from denoting a unified objective reference class, inasmuch as the term would denote wildly disparate entities for different speakers.

Goldman, David. "Time out for free will". In Our Genes, our Choices, 263–73. Elsevier, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-443-22161-3.00001-6.

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Goldman, David. "Neurogenetic origins of free will". In Our Genes, our Choices, 289–94. Elsevier, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-443-22161-3.00005-3.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Free choices":

O'Connor, Dee, Christine Robinson McGunnigle, Marlene McCormack e Vicky O'Rourke. "CHILDREN'S CHOICES: THE TECHNOLOGY CHOICES THAT CHILDREN MAKE WITHIN THEIR FREE TIME. INFLUENCES AND IMPLICATIONS". In International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies. IATED, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2016.1662.

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Plant, David V. "Constructing a Free Space Optical Backplane: Challenges and Choices". In Optics in Computing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oc.1997.othb.1.

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Current high performance switching and computing systems rely on an electrical interconnection network to transport information throughout the system for chip-to-chip and board-to-board communications [1]. This network however is limited relative to the bandwidth, connectivity, power consumption, and latency it offers. Because the aggregate bandwidth of the integrated circuits inside these systems continues to increase, so must the system's interconnection capabilities [2], The intrinsic limitations of current and projected electrical interconnection networks has lead system designers to consider optical interconnects deployed "inside the box" as a way of increasing system performance [3]. An optical backplanes is an example of such a system. The identification of critical issues in free-space optical backplanes is being pursued in the form of system demonstrator experiments [4-10]. Through the construction of several system demonstrators an iterative design, analysis, and implementation procedure has been used to address the critical issues associated with deploying optical interconnections at the board-to-board level. This talk will highlight the challenges and choices associated with the demonstrators.

Kirk, Andrew G., e Marc Chateauneuf. "Optical design choices for VCSEL-based free-space optical interconnects". In Photonics Fabrication Europe, a cura di Hugo Thienpont e Jan Danckaert. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.471908.

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Ljung, L. "Choices of Prefilters and Forgetting Factors in Noise-Free Identification". In 1989 American Control Conference. IEEE, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/acc.1989.4790409.

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Zanoni, Andrea, Luca Conti e Pierangelo Masarati. "FRAME-Sim: A Free-Software, Multibody-Based, Pilot in the Loop Rotorcraft Flight Simulator". In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-85289.

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In the context of a modern approach to the design of rotocraft, handling qualities should be the result of careful planning, rather than the output of a multitude of other choices, made primarily focusing on more immediate constraints. For a wide range of flight conditions and mission task elements, the test pilot feedback is the essential measure upon which the design choices are made. Thus, it is becoming of fundamental importance to be able to simulate a representative model of the vehicle in a pilot-in-the-loop environment as early as possible in the design stage. This work is intended to document the development process of one such system currently being realized at the facilities belonging to the Aerospace Science and Technology Department of Politecnico di Milano. Particular attention is given to the software architecture, based on the free and open-source multibody solver MBDyn. The development of a module specifically designed to exploit the environment visualization capabilities of FlightGear, also a free and open-source software, is presented.

Guo, Xiaoxi, Sujoy Sikdar, Lirong Xia, Yongzhi Cao e Hanpin Wang. "First-Choice Maximality Meets Ex-ante and Ex-post Fairness". In Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-23}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/303.

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For the assignment problem where multiple indivisible items are allocated to a group of agents given their ordinal preferences, we design randomized mechanisms that satisfy first-choice maximality (FCM), i.e., maximizing the number of agents assigned their first choices, together with Pareto efficiency (PE). Our mechanisms also provide guarantees of ex-ante and ex-post fairness. The generalized eager Boston mechanism is ex-ante envy-free, and ex-post envy-free up to one item (EF1). The generalized probabilistic Boston mechanism is also ex-post EF1, and satisfies ex-ante efficiency instead of fairness. We also show that no strategyproof mechanism satisfies ex-post PE, EF1, and FCM simultaneously. In doing so, we expand the frontiers of simultaneously providing efficiency and both ex-ante and ex-post fairness guarantees for the assignment problem.

Tsang, Dean Z. "High-Density 300-Gbps/cm2 Parallel Free-Space Optical Interconnection Design Considerations". In Optical Computing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optcomp.1995.othb2.

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A high-density, high-throughput 300-Gbps/cm2 parallel free-space optical interconnection has been designed and demonstrated. The impact of component technology choices and optical, electrical, and mechanical issues will be discussed within the context of this prototype system with implications for future systems. Many of the design considerations for this prototype are common to other optical interconnection and processing systems based on arrays of components. The prototype, a linear array parallel free-space optical interconnection with up to twenty optical data paths, operated at a rate of up to 2.8 Gbps per optical data path with a delay or latency of 200 ps.

Krovi, Venkat, G. K. Ananthasuresh e Vijay Kumar. "Synthesis of Spatial Two-Link Coupled Serial Chains". In ASME 1998 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc98/mech-5890.

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Abstract We address the synthesis of serial chain spatial mechanisms with revolute joints in which the rotations about the joints are coupled via cables and pulleys. Such coupled serial chain mechanisms offer a middle ground between the more versatile and compact serial chains and the simpler closed chains by combining some of the advantages of both types of systems. In particular, we focus on the synthesis of single degree-of-freedom, coupled serial chains with two revolute joints. We derive precision point synthesis equations for two precision points by combining the loop closure equations with the necessary geometric constraints in terms of the unknown mechanism parameters. This system of equations can now be solved linearly for the link vectors after a suitable selection of free choices. We optimize over the free choices to generate an end effector trajectory that closely approximates a desired end effector trajectory for motion generation and path following applications.

Krovi, Venkat, G. K. Ananthasuresh e Vijay Kumar. "Kinematic Synthesis of Spatial R-R Dyads for Path Following Revisited Using the Rotation Matrix Approach". In ASME 1999 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc99/dac-8670.

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Abstract We revisit the dimensional synthesis of a spatial two-link, two revolute-jointed serial chain for path following applications, focussing on the systematic development of the design equations and their analytic solution for the three precision point synthesis problem. The kinematic design equations are obtained from the equations of loop-closure for end-effector position in rotation-matrix/vector form at the three precision points. These design equations form a rank-deficient linear system in the link-vector components. The nullspace of the rank deficient linear system is then deduced analytically and interpreted geometrically. Tools from linear algebra are applied to systematically create the auxiliary conditions required for synthesis and to verify consistency. An analytic procedure for obtaining the link-vector components is then developed after a suitable selection of free choices. Optimization over the free choices is possible to permit the matching of additional criteria and explored further. Examples of the design of optimal two-link coupled spatial R-R dyads are presented where the end-effector interpolates three positions exactly and closely approximates an entire desired path.

Qian, Jin. "Research on the Multiple Free Trade Areas under the Background of the TPP Effect of China's Economy and the Strategy Choices". In 2017 International Conference on Education Science and Economic Management (ICESEM 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icesem-17.2017.36.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Free choices":

Dynarski, Susan, C. J. Libassi, Katherine Michelmore e Stephanie Owen. Closing the Gap: The Effect of a Targeted, Tuition-Free Promise on College Choices of High-Achieving, Low-Income Students. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, dicembre 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w25349.

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McPhedran, R., S. Zhuo, L. Zamperetti e N. Gold. Evaluation of a plant-based meal campaign in workplace cafeterias. An interrupted time series analysis. Kantar Public, settembre 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.eds279.

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Choice and consumption of food is affected by a range of factors and dietary choices can change over time at both an individual and population level. One behaviour to have changed over the last few years is the purchasing of plant-based foods. UK sales of meat-free and plant-based dairy products have roughly doubled between 2016 and 2020 and in 2020 were worth close to £600m each (Glotz, 2021; Wunsch, 2021). Food Standards Agency (FSA) data from 2022 found that 32% of respondents reported eating meat alternatives in the past, although the majority (66%) are not eating them frequently (Armstrong et al, 2022). Reflecting this, the consumption of red meat and pre-cooked meat has gradually fallen (Fuller et al., 2019). In 2021, 41% of respondents in an FSA survey said that they would like to eat less meat (Heard and Bogdan, 2021) In the context of increased sales of plant-based foods, the study aimed to identify the impact of an annual plant-based meal campaign- ‘Plant-Forward’- conducted in cafeterias serviced by a large UK catering company. The campaign sought to influence consumer food choices by: 1) increasing the availability of plant-based meals to customers in a workplace cafeteria and 2) making plant-based meals more salient and attractive to consumers by using promotional materials. This included claims regarding health and sustainability of plant-based foods in general and newly-launched plant-based meals. The study also aimed to determine the duration and speed of the deterioration of any significant treatment effect identified. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate such campaigns which look at immediate as well as long-term effects in a cafeteria setting.

Galiani, Sebastián, Omar O. Chisari e Sebastián J. Miller. Optimal Adaptation and Mitigation to Climate Change in Small Environmental Economies. Inter-American Development Bank, ottobre 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011515.

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This paper compares the optimal dynamic choices between policies of mitigation and adaptation for three economies: Brazil, Chile and the United States. The focus is on the optimal role of mitigation and adaptation for "environmentally small economies", i. e. , economies that are witnessing an exogenous increase in emissions to which they are contributing very little. The simulations lead to three main conclusions. First, small economies should concentrate their environmental efforts, if any, on adaptation. This is not a recommendation that such economies indulge in free-riding. Instead, it is based on considerations of cost effectiveness, ceteris paribus. Second, small economies that are unable to spend enough on adaptation may end up spending less on mitigation owing to their impoverishment as a result of negative climate shocks. Third, higher mitigation expenditures may arise not only as a result of greater optimal adaptation expenditures, but also because of increased adaptation to the incentives for mitigation provided by richer countries.

Lavy, Victor. The Long-Term Consequences of Free School Choice. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, gennaio 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20843.

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Abdulkadiroglu, Atila, Parag Pathak e Christopher Walters. Free to Choose: Can School Choice Reduce Student Achievement? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, dicembre 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21839.

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Gari, Gabriel. The Use of Free Zones for the Promotion of the Offshore Industry in MERCOSUR Countries: A Reasonable Choice? Inter-American Development Bank, dicembre 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008414.

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This paper discusses the suitability of using free zones as a mechanism for the promotion of the offshore industry in MERCOSUR countries, both from a legal and a broader policy perspective. From a legal perspective, the paper examines the consistency of the incentives offered by free zones with WTO disciplines and discusses the implications that stem from this for offshore suppliers that operate within free zones. The paper also discusses the merits of using free zones in light of the attributes sought by multinational corporations when choosing an offshore destination and suggests that, instead of offering goods-biased fiscal incentives, governments should focus on improving IT and communications infrastructure, training the local workforce, encouraging research and development, upgrading the legal framework, and securing a business-friendly environment.

Duryea, Suzanne, Rafael P. Ribas, Breno Sampaio, Gustavo R. Sampaio e Giuseppe Trevisan. Who Benefits from Tuition-Free, Top-Quality Universities?: Evidence from Brazil. Inter-American Development Bank, giugno 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004978.

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This paper investigates the long-term impact on earnings of attending a tuition-free, top-quality university in Brazil. We identify the causal effect through a sharp discontinuity in an admission process based on test scores. If admitted, low-income students are found to increase their earnings by 26% ten years later. However, admission has a small and insignificant effect on high-income students. The difference between income groups is not explained by educational attainment, program choice, or selection into better-paying jobs. The evidence suggests that most low-income applicants, if not admitted, still graduate from college but with much lower returns to education. High-income applicants who just miss the cutoff, however, can find other opportunities such that earnings trajectories are unchanged. Our results underscore the role of affordable higher education in promoting social mobility.

Nicky Kim-McCormack, Nicky Kim-McCormack. A game changer for primate welfare & conservation attitudes: Free-choice digital enrichment & Human-Animal Interaction. Experiment, ottobre 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/8086.

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Lavy, Victor. From Forced Busing to Free Choice in Public Schools: Quasi-Experimental Evidence of Individual and General Effects. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, gennaio 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11969.

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Jimenez Mori, Raul Alberto. Are Blackout Days Free of Charge?: Valuation of Individual Preferences for Improved Electricity Services. Inter-American Development Bank, luglio 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011804.

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Low-quality infrastructure services are persistent in developing countries, a situation mainly affecting the poorest households in contexts of high rates of informal access and heavily subsidized services. This paper exploits choice experiments, specifically designed for formal and informal users, to examine whether households in this situation are willing to pay for electricity service improvements. The analysis takes place in urban Dominican Republic, a country with one of the highest rates of electricity theft and lowest quality of services. The results strongly indicate that households value service improvements, showing average willingness to pay around US$9 for informal users, and 22 percent for formal users with service deficiencies. The estimated valuations are significantly heterogeneous across households, and such variance is mainly explained by household income, satisfaction with the electricity service, and household characteristics, such as family size and dwelling size. These results indicate substantial welfare losses derived from low-quality electricity services equivalent to over 35 percent of the direct fiscal subsidy to the utilities.