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Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 8 giugno 2024

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1

Milman, Boris L., e Zeev B. Alfassi. "Detection and Identification of Cations and Anions of Ionic Liquids by Means of Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry and Tandem Mass Spectrometry". European Journal of Mass Spectrometry 11, n. 1 (febbraio 2005): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/ejms.663.

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Electrospray ionization (ESI) and collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra of nine ionic liquids have been measured. The main fragmentations of most of these ionic liquid cations were due to the loss of a butene molecule. In contrast to tetraalkylammonium ions, CID spectra of aromatic cations may represent insufficient information for unambiguous identification due to their only partial fragmentation. CID spectra of ionic liquid anions, however, allowed their reliable recognition, since isomers/isobars of such inorganic species are rare. Detection limits of cations and anions in a mixture of different ionic liquids seemed to depend on their surface activity as determined by the hydrophobicity of these species.

2

Blink, James A., e William G. Hoover. "Fragmentation of suddenly heated liquids". Physical Review A 32, n. 2 (1 agosto 1985): 1027–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.32.1027.

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3

Mazid, Romiza R., R. Vijayaraghavan, Douglas R. MacFarlane, Christina Cortez-Jugo e Wenlong Cheng. "Inhibited fragmentation of mAbs in buffered ionic liquids". Chemical Communications 51, n. 38 (2015): 8089–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc01877c.

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4

Planchette, C., E. Lorenceau e G. Brenn. "The onset of fragmentation in binary liquid drop collisions". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 702 (1 maggio 2012): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.94.

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AbstractBinary collisions of drops of immiscible liquids are investigated experimentally at well-defined conditions of impact. In the experiments we vary all relevant properties of an aqueous and an oil phase, the impact parameter, the drop size and the relative velocity. The drops observed after the collisions exhibit three main phenomena: full encapsulation, head-on fragmentation, and off-centre fragmentation. The regimes characterized by these phenomena replace the ones observed in binary collisions of drops of the same liquid: coalescence, reflexive separation, and stretching separation. Our aim is a universal description of the two fragmentation thresholds of such collisions. Based on the capillary instability and an energy balance, we establish for head-on collisions a scaling law for the evolution of the threshold impact velocity with the properties of the liquids and the droplet size. The fragmentation threshold for off-centre collisions is compared to established models from the literature, which appear unsatisfactory. Introducing an effective impact parameter, which accounts empirically for the deformation and rotation of the drops upon impact, we describe this fragmentation threshold in a universal way. For both fragmentation thresholds, the agreement between experimental data and their theoretical representation is very good. Our work yields new insight into binary collisions of drops and proposes a perspective to develop a more general description with implications for binary collisions of drops of a single liquid as well.

5

Milne, A., A. Longbottom, D. L. Frost, J. Loiseau, S. Goroshin e O. Petel. "Explosive fragmentation of liquids in spherical geometry". Shock Waves 27, n. 3 (8 luglio 2016): 383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00193-016-0671-y.

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6

Planchette, C., H. Hinterbichler, M. Liu, D. Bothe e G. Brenn. "Colliding drops as coalescing and fragmenting liquid springs". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 814 (3 febbraio 2017): 277–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.852.

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A universal modelling approach of drop fragmentation after head-on drop collisions is presented. In this approach, the colliding drops are seen as liquid springs that coalesce, compress and relax, leading the merged drop to break up if it reaches a critical aspect ratio. Combining energetic balance of the compression and relaxation phases with a Rayleigh-like criterion, we deduce the fragmentation threshold velocity for the collision of two and three drops of the same liquid and of two drops of immiscible liquids. Predictions and experimental results obtained for these three kinds of collisions using various liquids and drop sizes are found to be in good agreement over a wide domain whose boundaries are discussed.

7

Schaumberg, Christian Alexander, Markus Wollgarten e Klaus Rademann. "Fragmentation mechanism of the generation of colloidal copper(i) iodide nanoparticles by pulsed laser irradiation in liquids". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, n. 27 (2015): 17934–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp01153a.

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8

Conrad, Justin A., Shinae Kim e Mark S. Gordon. "Ionic liquids from a fragmented perspective". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, n. 31 (2019): 16878–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp02836f.

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9

Landeau, M., R. Deguen e P. Olson. "Experiments on the fragmentation of a buoyant liquid volume in another liquid". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 749 (16 maggio 2014): 478–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.202.

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AbstractWe present experiments on the instability and fragmentation of volumes of heavier liquids released into lighter immiscible liquids. We focus on the regime defined by small Ohnesorge numbers, density ratios of the order of one, and variable Weber numbers. The observed stages in the fragmentation process include deformation of the released fluid by either Rayleigh–Taylor instability (RTI) or vortex ring roll-up and destabilization, formation of filamentary structures, capillary instability, and drop formation. At low and intermediate Weber numbers, a wide variety of fragmentation regimes is identified. Those regimes depend on early deformations, which mainly result from a competition between the growth of RTI and the roll-up of a vortex ring. At high Weber numbers, turbulent vortex ring formation is observed. We have adapted the standard theory of turbulent entrainment to buoyant vortex rings with initial momentum. We find consistency between this theory and our experiments, indicating that the concept of turbulent entrainment is valid for non-dispersed immiscible fluids at large Weber and Reynolds numbers.

10

Aiyyzhy, K. O., E. V. Barmina, V. V. Voronov, G. A. Shafeev, G. G. Novikov e O. V. Uvarov. "Laser ablation and fragmentation of Boron in liquids". Optics & Laser Technology 155 (novembre 2022): 108393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2022.108393.

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11

Blink, James A., e William G. Hoover. "Fragmentation of Suddenly Heated Liquids in ICF Reactors". Fusion Technology 8, n. 1P2B (luglio 1985): 1844–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/fst85-a40029.

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12

Jeżewski, Wojciech. "Aggregation and fragmentation in liquids with dispersed nanoparticles". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, n. 27 (2018): 18879–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp01594e.

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Nanoparticle-induced aggregation and fragmentation phenomena in liquid media are investigated by applying a model of preferential attachment of dispersing molecules to randomly chosen nanoparticles and larger particles, each containing a single nanoparticle.

13

Keiser, Ludovic, Hadrien Bense, Cyril Sturtz, Pierre Colinet, Benoît Roman, José Bico e Étienne Reyssat. "Fragmentation de Marangoni : les gouttes qui s’éclatent". Reflets de la physique, n. 59 (settembre 2018): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/refdp/201859032.

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Une goutte d'eau déposée à la surface d'un bain d'huile de tournesol forme une lentille liquide flottante. Une goutte d'alcool, au contraire, s'étale à la surface de l'huile. Un mélange d'eau et d'alcool produit un spectaculaire phénomène d'étalement et de fragmentation spontanée. Si la goutte contient suffisamment d'alcool, elle donne naissance en quelques secondes à une myriade de gouttelettes dont la taille dépend fortement de la composition initiale. La combinaison de l'hydrodynamique, du mouillage et de l'évaporation est à l'origine de cette instabilité originale.

14

Chong Zhang, Chong Zhang, Jiaqi Ma Jiaqi Ma, Dongdong Zhu Dongdong Zhu, Liang Liu Liang Liu, Dameng Wang Dameng Wang, Xiangdong Liu Xiangdong Liu e and Ming Chen and Ming Chen. "Tadpole-shaped Au nano-particles fabricated by laser fragmentation of Au nano-spheres in liquid". Chinese Optics Letters 14, n. 8 (2016): 081403–81406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201614.081403.

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15

MENCHACA-ROCHA, A., F. HUIDOBRO, A. MARTINEZ-DAVALOS, K. MICHAELIAN, A. PEREZ, V. RODRIGUEZ e N. CÂRJAN. "Coalescence and fragmentation of colliding mercury drops". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 346 (10 settembre 1997): 291–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002211209700640x.

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Coalescence and fragmentation of equal and unequal liquid-drop pairs are studied using a new experimental technique in which mercury drops collide while sliding on a horizontal glass surface. The limits for coalescence measured as a function of the incident relative velocity and impact parameter are found to be similar to what has been reported for free-moving drops of other liquids, while new correlations are found to occur among the number, size, speed and angular distribution of fragmentation residues. The predictions of various models, including a dynamic theory originally developed for nuclear reactions, and specifically modified by us for macroscopic applications, are compared with the observations.

16

Titov, D. Yu, E. Yu Titov e I. V. Bordikov. "Fragmentation of Toluene by Non-Thermal Plasmas in Liquids". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 666, n. 4 (1 marzo 2021): 042078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/666/4/042078.

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17

Bühler, Rolf E. "Geminate-ion kinetics with competing ion fragmentation in nonpolar liquids with halocarbons". Canadian Journal of Physics 68, n. 9 (1 settembre 1990): 918–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p90-129.

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The semi-empirical rate law for geminate-ion recombination by van den Ende, Warman, and Hummel, which predicts a linear dependence of the ion concentration with t−0.6, is modified to include simultaneous ion fragmentation. The theory is applied to the kinetics, as observed by pulse radiolysis of liquid methylcyclohexane (MCH) solutions of N2O, CHCl3, or tert-butylchloride (t-BuCl) at low temperatures. In MCH saturated with N2O (−130 °C), the solvent cation (MCH+, λmax = 550 nm) moves about 400 times faster than prediced by diffusion. With the known conductivity data at room temperature, an activation energy of about 2.7 kJ/mol can be derived. The solvent cation MCH+ does not appear to fragment. With t-BuCl added to MCH (−134 °C), MCH+ (λmax = 550 nm) and t-BuCl− (λmax = 450 nm) are observed simultaneously. The initial kinetics corresponds to the parent ion (MCH+) recombination with t-BuCl−. Then the MCH+ fragmentation with k1(−134 °C) = 3 × 105 s−1 is observed, followed by the geminate recombination of some fragment cation with t-BuCl−. The fragment cation recombines 300 times slower than the parent cation. With CHCl3 added to MCH (−130 °C), the MCH+ absorption is hidden within the [Formula: see text] band (λmax = 470 nm); however, the fragmentation is detected from kinetic analysis to occur in about 2 × 106 s−1. The modified t−0.6 rate law appears to be a very useful tool to study simultaneous ion recombination and ion fragmentation.

18

Chen, Sen, Hai-Wei Chai, An-Min He, Thomas Tschentscher, Yang Cai e Sheng-Nian Luo. "Resolving dynamic fragmentation of liquids at the nanoscale with ultrafast small-angle X-ray scattering". Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, n. 5 (1 agosto 2019): 1412–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057751900732x.

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High-brightness coherent ultrashort X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) are promising in resolving nanoscale structures at the highest temporal resolution (∼10 fs). The feasibility is explored of resolving ultrafast fragmentation of liquids at the nanoscale with single-shot small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) on the basis of large-scale molecular dynamics simulations. Fragmentation of liquid sheets under adiabatic expansion is investigated. From the simulated SAXS patterns, particle-volume size distributions are obtained with the regularization method and average particle sizes with the weighted Guinier method, at different expansion rates. The particle sizes obtained from simulated SAXS are in excellent agreement with direct cluster analysis. Pulse-width effects on SAXS measurements are examined. The results demonstrate the feasibility of resolving the nanoscale dynamics of fragmentation and similar processes with SAXS, and provide guidance for future XFEL experiments and data interpretation.

19

Gelesky, Marcos A., Alexandre P. Umpierre, Giovanna Machado, Ricardo R. B. Correia, Wictor C. Magno, Jonder Morais, Gunter Ebeling e Jairton Dupont. "Laser-Induced Fragmentation of Transition Metal Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids". Journal of the American Chemical Society 127, n. 13 (aprile 2005): 4588–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja042711t.

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20

Bundaleski, Nenad, Stefano Caporali, Sergey P. Chenakin, Augusto M. C. Moutinho, Orlando M. N. D. Teodoro e Alexander Tolstogouzov. "Ion-induced fragmentation of imidazolium ionic liquids: TOF-SIMS study". International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 353 (novembre 2013): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2013.05.029.

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21

Sholokhova, Anastasiya Yu, Svetlana A. Borovikova, Sergey A. Prikhod'ko e Alexey K. Buryak. "Ionization of ionic liquids under laser desorption/ionization". Сорбционные и хроматографические процессы 20, n. 5 (25 novembre 2020): 565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17308/sorpchrom.2020.20/3048.

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Despite various studies of ILs as MALDI matrices, however, so far no relationship has been foundbetween the composition of ILs and their ability to serve as «good» matrices. For a preliminary experiment,in order to evaluate the characteristics of ILs before being used as a matrix in MALDI-MS, it is necessary tostudy the mass spectral behavior for the matrices themselves under LDI conditions. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to analyse ion liquids based on the cation imidazolium in combination with different types ofanions by the LDI method. Ionic liquids were synthesized in the Laboratory of catalytic processes for thesynthesis of organoelement compounds of G.K. Boreskov Institute of catalysis SB RAS (Novosibirsk). Itshould be noted that this ionic liquid was first synthesized in this Laboratory. Analyses were performed usinga Bruker UltraFlex II time of-flight mass spectrometer. Eleven ion liquids based on substituted cation imidazolium in combination with different types of anions were analysed by method laser desorption/ionization in the paper. In all mass spectra of ionic liquids obtained in the positive ion mode, cation produced a major peak and its fragmented ions. Homologous series characterized by the loss of the methyl group have been recorded. According to the more stable carbon-carbon or nitrogen bond in the heterocyclic system than in the carbon-carbon bond in the aliphatic, ion peaks are observed in the mass spectra, characteristic of the loss of methyl fragments from the aliphatic chain. In the LDI spectra obtained in the negative ion mode, the signals of the anions of ionic liquids and their fragments were observed. The combined use of the spectra obtained in positive and negative mode makes it possible to increase the reliability of identification. This makes it possible to use the revealed patterns of fragmentation for the structural analysis of ionic liquids. The analyzed ILs can be used as MALDI matrices, because they do not form dimers, assassinates, are characterized by the absence of adducts with metal ions, which is important for their further use as matrices. BMIMC6F5BF3 was first described by the LDI-MS method. It was shown that the observed fragmentation of the molecular ion of this IL is typical for most ILs with similar cations.

22

Nesterov, V. Yu, O. I. Sokolovskaya, L. A. Golovan, D. V. Shuleiko, A. V. Kolchin, D. E. Presnov, P. K. Kashkarov et al. "Laser fragmentation of silicon microparticles in liquids for solution of biophotonics problems". Quantum Electronics 52, n. 2 (1 febbraio 2022): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qel17984.

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Abstract The possibility of manufacturing silicon nanoparticles by picosecond laser fragmentation of silicon microparticles in water is analysed. It is shown that for fragmentation duration of 40 min, the dependence of the average sizes of particles on the initial mass concentration of the micropowder varied in the range of 0.5 – 12 mg mL−1 is nonmonotonic, with the maximum average size of 165 nm being achieved at a concentration of 5 mg mL−1. To explain the obtained result, the simulation of propagation of a focused laser beam in a scattering suspension of silicon microparticles is performed for their different mass concentrations. It is demonstrated that at concentrations not exceeding 5 mg mL−1, fragmentation occurs in the paraxial region of the beam when it propagates deep into the cuvette with a suspension, while at higher concentrations it occurs primarily in the superficial layer owing to strong extinction. Calculations results allow the experimental features of the formation of silicon nanoparticles to be explained. Spectrophotometry measurements on suspensions of nanoparticles obtained at the initial concentration of microparticles of 12 mg mL−1 are compared with the theoretical estimates of the absorption and scattering coefficients obtained in the framework of the Mie theory. Measured optical properties indicate the potential of using fragmented nanoparticles as scattering and/or absorbing contrast agents in optical imaging of biological objects.

23

Nakurte, Ilva, Peteris Mekss, Kristaps Klavins, Andris Zicmanis, Galina Vavilina e Svetlana Dubrovina. "Collision-Induced Dissociation of Imidazolium-Based Zwitterionic Liquids". European Journal of Mass Spectrometry 15, n. 4 (agosto 2009): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/ejms.997.

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Fragmentation pathways of some imidazolium based zwitterionic liquids—3-(3-alkyl-1-imidazolio)-propane sulfonates and 3-(2-methyl-3-alkyl-1-imidazolio)-propane sulfonates—have been studied by tandem electrospray mass spectrometry and collision-induced dissociation. The relative abundances of the lowest energy fragment ions depend on the length of the alkyl chain at the IIN of the imidazolium ring and the cone voltage. The first fragment ions originate from the scission of Cnon aromatic–N bond of compounds investigated, but with increasing collision energy, scission of C–C bonds occurs. Aggregates of the general formula [(M + H) x + (M) y]+ ( x;y = 1–2) formed. Methyl substituted zwitterionic liquids show higher molecular stability than 3-(3-alkyl-1-imidazolio)-propane sulfonates.

24

Van Overschelde, O., e G. Guisbiers. "Photo-fragmentation of selenium powder by Excimer laser ablation in liquids". Optics & Laser Technology 73 (ottobre 2015): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2015.04.020.

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25

Boyer, Paul, David Ménard e Michel Meunier. "Nanoclustered Co−Au Particles Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser Fragmentation in Liquids". Journal of Physical Chemistry C 114, n. 32 (27 luglio 2010): 13497–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp1037552.

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26

Priyadarshi, Abhinav, Tungky Subroto, Marcello Conte, Paul Prentice, Koulis Pericleous, Dmitry Eskin, John Durodola e Iakovos Tzanakis. "Ultrasound induced fragmentation of primary Al3Zr crystals". MATEC Web of Conferences 326 (2020): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032604002.

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Ultrasonic cavitation melt treatment (UST) of aluminium alloys has received considerable attention in the metal industry due to its simple and effective processing response. The refined primary intermetallic phases formed in the treated alloys during controlled solidification, govern alloy structural and mechanical properties for applications in the automotive and aerospace industries. Since the UST is performed close to the liquidus temperatures of the alloys, understanding the refinement mechanism of the primary intermetallic phases has been beset by difficulties in imaging and handling of liquid metals. In this paper, the sonofragmentation behaviour of primary intermetallic Al3Zr crystals extracted from the matrix of an Al-3 wt% Zr alloy and fixed on a solid substrate was investigated. The intermetallics were exposed to cavitation action in deionized water at 24 kHz of ultrasound frequency. The fragmentation mechanism from the nearby collapsing cavitation bubbles was studied with in-situ high speed imaging. Results revealed that the main fragmentation mechanism is associated with the propagation of shock wave emissions from the collapsing bubble clouds in the vicinity of the crystal. The mechanical properties of the Al3Zr phase determined previously were used for the fracture analysis. It was found that an Al3Zr intermetallic undergoes low cycle fatigue fracture due to the continuous interaction with the shock wave pressure. The magnitude of the resulting shear stress that leads to intermetallic fragmentation was found to be in the range of 0.6 – 1 MPa.

27

Lesimple, Alain, Orval Mamer, Weishi Miao e Tak Hang Chan. "Electrospray mass spectral fragmentation study of N,N′-disubstituted imidazolium ionic liquids". Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 17, n. 1 (gennaio 2006): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasms.2005.09.002.

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28

Avellone, Giuseppe, David Bongiorno, Silvestre Buscemi, Leopoldo Ceraulo, Serena Indelicato, Andrea Pace, Ivana Pibiri e Nicolò Vivona. "Characterization of Isomeric 1,2,4-Oxadiazolyl-N-Methylpyridinium Salts by Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry". European Journal of Mass Spectrometry 13, n. 3 (giugno 2007): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/ejms.877.

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The mass spectrometric behavior of 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl- N-methylpyridinium salts has been investigated. These substances are of current interest as perspective ionic liquids, compounds used as green solvents for synthesis, and for their catalytic properties. The studies have been developed through electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) experiments. The obtained results demonstrate a ready distinction between the two isomeric classes, 3- N-methylpyridinium- and 5- N-methylpyridinium-1,2,4-oxadiazoles, is possible through ESI-MS/MS experiments. A deeper investigation on the principal fragmentation pathways of characteristic ions has been also developed.

29

Antonov, Dmitrii, e Pavel Strizhak. "Explosive disintegration of two-component droplets in a gas flow at its turbulization". Thermal Science 23, n. 5 Part B (2019): 2983–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180804065a.

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The experimental results shown that the mode of droplet disintegration dominates in the laminar flow, and the intensive fragmentation is prevalent in the turbulent flow during almost the entire time of heating. Typical dependences of the time of droplet heatup before disintegration or fragmentation on the temperature, flow rate, structure and regime (laminar and turbulent) are established. The studies are conducted with heated air and flue gases to ensure the application of the research results in the technology of thermal and flame cleaning of liquids from irregular impurities. It is shown that in the flow of combustion products the droplet disintegration occurs 15-20% faster than in the air-flow. In this case, the explosive puffing is more often realized. At high-temperatures (more than 400?C) the characteristics of the explosive droplet disintegration in the studied flows are almost identical (differences in disintegration times do not exceed 5% at different flow turbulization). At lower temperatures, the disintegration times differ 3-4 times for the range Re = 2200-3400. In this case, the more Reynolds number is, the more intense is the fragmentation of two-component droplets throughout the heating time. Due to explosive disintegration of intensely evaporating two-component droplets the growth of the relative area of evaporation was 10-25 times.

30

Delfour, Laure, e Tatiana E. Itina. "Mechanisms of Ultrashort Laser-Induced Fragmentation of Metal Nanoparticles in Liquids: Numerical Insights". Journal of Physical Chemistry C 119, n. 24 (9 giugno 2015): 13893–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b02084.

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31

Li, Chenming, Rajesh Bhandary, Anja Marinow, Dmitrii Ivanov, Mengxue Du, René Androsch e Wolfgang H. Binder. "Synthesis and Characterization of Quadrupolar-Hydrogen-Bonded Polymeric Ionic Liquids for Potential Self-Healing Electrolytes". Polymers 14, n. 19 (29 settembre 2022): 4090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14194090.

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Within the era of battery technology, the urgent demand for improved and safer electrolytes is immanent. In this work, novel electrolytes, based on pyrrolidinium-bistrifluoromethanesulfonyl-imide polymeric ionic liquids (POILs), equipped with quadrupolar hydrogen-bonding moieties of ureido-pyrimidinone (UPy) to mediate self-healing properties were synthesized. Reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization was employed using S,S-dibenzyl trithiocarbonate as the chain transfer agent to produce precise POILs with a defined amount of UPy and POIL-moieties. Kinetic studies revealed an excellent control over molecular weight and polydispersity in all polymerizations, with a preferable incorporation of UPy monomers in the copolymerizations together with the ionic monomers. Thermogravimetric analysis proved an excellent thermal stability of the polymeric ionic liquids up to 360 °C. By combining the results from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS), and rheology, a decoupled conductivity of the POILs from glass transition was revealed. While the molecular weight was found to exert the main influence on ionic conductivity, the ultimate strength and the self-healing efficiency (of up to 88 %) were also affected, as quantified by tensile tests for both pristine and self-healed samples, evidencing a rational design of self-healing electrolytes bearing both hydrogen bonding moieties and low-molecular-weight polymeric ionic liquids.

32

Yang, Yongqi, Xiawei Li, Youjun Yan, Rongkai Pan, Jun Liu, Meng Lian, Xin Luo e Guangyao Liu. "RAFT polymerization-induced self-assembly of poly(ionic liquids) in ethanol". e-Polymers 22, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2022): 803–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2022-0069.

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Abstract Poly(ionic liquids) (PILs) exhibit better durability, processability, and mechanical stability than ionic liquids. PIL self-assembly in green solvents is a well-established strategy for preparing polyelectrolytes. Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) has proven to be the most controllable method for synthesizing polyelectrolytes. However, there have been few reports on preparing high-order morphology PILs by RAFT-PISA. A new type of ionic monomer, 1-butyl-3-(4-vinylbenzyl)imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BVBIm][PF6]), was prepared from substitution reaction and ion exchange reaction of 1-butylimidazole and 4-vinylbenzyl chloride. Herein, various morphologies, including spheres, worms, and vesicles, were easily obtained via RAFT ethanolic dispersion polymerization using poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA43) as the macromolecular chain transfer agent and [BVBIm][PF6] as the monomer. Dispersion polymerization kinetic experiments, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry were used to investigate the PDMA43-b-P([BVBIm][PF6]) x block nanoparticles. This efficient RAFT-PISA method for preparing functionalized PIL nano-objects with controlled morphologies represents significant progress in this field.

33

Aiyyzhy, K. O., E. V. Barmina, I. I. Rakov, V. V. Voronov e G. A. Shafeev. "Laser synthesis of ruby and its nanoparticles for photo-conversion of solar spectrum". Laser Physics Letters 20, n. 4 (14 febbraio 2023): 046001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1612-202x/acb708.

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Abstract Ruby grains are synthesized by laser heating of the dry mixture of Al2O3 and Cr2O3 in air. Quasi-continuous radiation of a Nd:YAG laser was used for this purpose with an average power of 15 W. The synthesized ruby was characterized by x-ray diffractometry. Ruby grains demonstrate strong photo-luminescence in the vicinity of 700 nm. Ruby particles were further fragmented to smaller particles using the technique of laser fragmentation in liquids and integrated into a polymer matrix. A luminescence map acquired with the help of a photo-fluorimeter confirms efficient photo-conversion of green-blue radiation of the synthesized ruby into the red region.

34

Shkrob, Ilya A., Timothy W. Marin, Sergey D. Chemerisov e James F. Wishart. "Radiation Induced Redox Reactions and Fragmentation of Constituent Ions in Ionic Liquids. 1. Anions". Journal of Physical Chemistry B 115, n. 14 (14 aprile 2011): 3872–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp2003062.

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Early, Julia T., e Timothy P. Lodge. "Fragmentation of 1,2-Polybutadiene-block-Poly(ethylene oxide) Micelles in Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids". Macromolecules 52, n. 18 (12 settembre 2019): 7089–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01530.

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36

Qiao, Feng Xia, e Meng Ge Wang. "Synthesis of RAFT Molecularly Imprinting Polymer Based on Ionic Liquid". Advanced Materials Research 668 (marzo 2013): 246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.668.246.

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A kind of sulfanilic acid molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized by reverisible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) process using (4-cyanopentanoic acid)-4-dithiobenzoate (CTA-2) as chain transfer reagent, methacrylic acid (MAA) as functional monomer and hydrophobic ionic liquids, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexfluorophosphate ([bmim]PF6), as functional reaction medium. The results showed that the obtained MIPs had regular shape with high affinity to sulfonamides, and when it was empolyed as the adsorbtion sorbent of solid phase extraction for selectively extracted the three kinds of sulfonamides (sulfamerazine, sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole) from chicken samples, the interferences of chicken matrix could be eliminated efficiently and the recoveries at three spiked leves were satisfied.

37

Trout, Cory J., Paul Kumpf, Karli Sipps, Julianne C. Griepenburg e Sean M. O’Malley. "The Influence of Alkanethiols on the Production of Hydrophobic Gold Nanoparticles via Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquids". Nanomanufacturing 1, n. 3 (22 settembre 2021): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nanomanufacturing1030009.

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The ability to suspend plasmonic metal nanoparticles in apolar environments is an important feat towards harnessing their optical properties for use in amphiphilic biological environments. Pulsed laser Ablation in Liquids (PLAL) is a well-established method for the production of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in aqueous environments; however, ablation in organic liquids for the synthesis of hydrophobic AuNPs still has many unknowns, such as the relationship between colloidal stability and the ligand shell. In this study, hydrophobic AuNPs were produced by PLAL of gold in a 1-alkanethiol/n-decane solution and treated with laser fragmentation. Results demonstrate that longer chain length ATs produced particles with a smaller average size; however, there was no strong correlation between alkanethiol (AT) concentration and particle size. Stability was investigated by monitoring the temporal evolution of the extinction spectra which revealed that lower concentrations of AT stabilize the colloids while higher concentrations tend to result in quicker particle aggregation. Furthermore, longer chain length ATs demonstrated improved stability. Additionally, vibrational spectroscopy was employed to examine the AuNP surface chemistry, which pointed to the presence of oxidized carbon species and graphitic carbon.

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Muratov, Cyrill B., e Matteo Novaga. "On well-posedness of variational models of charged drops". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 472, n. 2187 (marzo 2016): 20150808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2015.0808.

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Electrified liquids are well known to be prone to a variety of interfacial instabilities that result in the onset of apparent interfacial singularities and liquid fragmentation. In the case of electrically conducting liquids, one of the basic models describing the equilibrium interfacial configurations and the onset of instability assumes the liquid to be equipotential and interprets those configurations as local minimizers of the energy consisting of the sum of the surface energy and the electrostatic energy. Here we show that, surprisingly, this classical geometric variational model is mathematically ill-posed irrespective of the degree to which the liquid is electrified. Specifically, we demonstrate that an isolated spherical droplet is never a local minimizer, no matter how small is the total charge on the droplet, as the energy can always be lowered by a smooth, arbitrarily small distortion of the droplet's surface. This is in sharp contrast to the experimental observations that a critical amount of charge is needed in order to destabilize a spherical droplet. We discuss several possible regularization mechanisms for the considered free boundary problem and argue that well-posedness can be restored by the inclusion of the entropic effects resulting in finite screening of free charges.

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Wang, Shuo, Jinwu Kang, Xiaopeng Zhang e Zhipeng Guo. "A Study on the Effect of Ultrasonic Treatment on the Microstructure of Sn-30 wt.% Bi Alloy". Materials 11, n. 10 (1 ottobre 2018): 1870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101870.

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Abstract (sommario):

The effect of ultrasonic treatment on the microstructure of Sn-30 wt.% Bi alloy was studied at different temperatures. Results showed that the ultrasonic treatment could effectively refine the microstructure of Sn-30 wt.% Bi alloy at a temperature range between the liquidus and solidus. Application of the ultrasound could fragment the primary Sn dendrites during solidification due to a mixed effect of ultrasonic cavitation and acoustic streaming. The divorced eutectic formed when the ultrasonic treatment was applied for the whole duration of the solidification. The eutectic phase grew and surrounded the primary Sn dendrite, and pure Bi phase grew in between the Sn dendritic fragments. The mechanism of the fragmentation of dendrites and the divorced eutectic structure by ultrasonic treatment was discussed.

40

Shkrob, Ilya A., Timothy W. Marin, Sergey D. Chemerisov, Jasmine L. Hatcher e James F. Wishart. "Radiation Induced Redox Reactions and Fragmentation of Constituent Ions in Ionic Liquids. 2. Imidazolium Cations". Journal of Physical Chemistry B 115, n. 14 (14 aprile 2011): 3889–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp200305b.

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41

Perrier, Sébastien, Thomas P. Davis, Adrian J. Carmichael e David M. Haddleton. "First report of reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerisation in room temperature ionic liquids". Chem. Commun., n. 19 (2002): 2226–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b206534g.

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42

Kutlubulatova, Irina A., Maria S. Grigoryeva, Veronika A. Dimitreva, Stanislav Yu Lukashenko, Andrey P. Kanavin, Viktor Yu Timoshenko e Dmitry S. Ivanov. "Molecular Dynamics Modeling of Pulsed Laser Fragmentation of Solid and Porous Si Nanoparticles in Liquid Media". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, n. 19 (23 settembre 2023): 14461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914461.

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Abstract (sommario):

The production of non-toxic and homogeneous colloidal solutions of nanoparticles (NPs) for biomedical applications is of extreme importance nowadays. Among the various methods for generation of NPs, pulsed laser ablation in liquids (PLAL) has proven itself as a powerful and efficient tool in biomedical fields, allowing chemically pure silicon nanoparticles to be obtained. For example, laser-synthesized silicon nanoparticles (Si NPs) are widely used as contrast agents for bio visualization, as effective sensitizers of radiofrequency hyperthermia for cancer theranostics, in photodynamic therapy, as carriers of therapeutic radionuclides in nuclear nanomedicine, etc. Due to a number of complex and interrelated processes involved in the laser ablation phenomenon, however, the final characteristics of the resulting particles are difficult to control, and the obtained colloidal solutions frequently have broad and multimodal size distribution. Therefore, the subsequent fragmentation of the obtained NPs in the colloidal solutions due to pulsed laser irradiation can be utilized. The resulting NPs’ characteristics, however, depend on the parameters of laser irradiation as well as on the irradiated material and surrounding media properties. Thus, reliable knowledge of the mechanism of NP fragmentation is necessary for generation of a colloidal solution with NPs of predesigned properties. To investigate the mechanism of a laser-assisted NP fragmentation process, in this work, we perform a large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) modeling of FS laser interaction with colloidal solution of Si NPs. The obtained NPs are then characterized by their shape and morphological properties. The corresponding conclusion about the relative input of the properties of different laser-induced processes and materials to the mechanism of NP generation is drawn.

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Wölk, Michele, Corinna Gebauer, Ralf Hoffmann e Sanja Milkovska-Stamenova. "Analysis of the Endogenous Peptidomes of Different Infant Formula Types and Human Milk". Foods 10, n. 11 (26 ottobre 2021): 2579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10112579.

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Infant formula (IF) is a commonly used replacement whenever mother’s own milk is not available. Most IFs are based on cow milk (powders, liquids). Alternatives, based on other sources such as goat milk or plants, exist. Independent of the source, IF production and composition are strictly regulated. Besides proteins, minerals, and lipids, milk contains a variety of endogenous peptides. Whereas the human milk peptidome has been studied intensively, the peptidomes of IFs have been mostly neglected. This study investigated the peptidomes of different types of first stage IF, including cow milk-based powders and liquids, and powdered goat milk-based IF, highlighting major similarities and differences to human milk. Extracted native peptidomes were analyzed by nanoRPC-ESI-MS/MS using two different fragmentation techniques allowing the confident identification of 1587 peptides. β-Casein peptides dominated in all samples. Interestingly, powdered and liquid cow milk-based IFs differed in the numbers of β- and αS1-casein peptides, indicating processing-derived variations. However, the peptidomes of cow and goat milk-based IF appeared to be more comparable to each other than to human milk. Despite an overlap in the major source proteins, many peptide sequences were different, i.e., species-specific. Remarkably, the data indicate that the human milk peptidome might be donor-specific as well.

44

Kemmo, S., V. Ollilainen, Lampi A-M e V. Piironen. "Determination of stigmasterol hydroperoxides using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization". Czech Journal of Food Sciences 22, SI - Chem. Reactions in Foods V (1 gennaio 2004): S144—S146. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10639-cjfs.

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A new specific method using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) for the detection of stigmasterol hydroperoxides was developed. Hydroperoxides of stigmasterol were obtained by photo-oxidation (90 min) in the presence of methylene blue as a sensitizer. The separation was performed using normal-phase chromatographic conditions. The MS detection was carried out with an ion-trap mass spectrometer using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and positive ion mode. Stigmasterol hydroperoxides were seen to produce no protonated molecular ions [M + H]<sup>+</sup> but instead fragments representing loss of one or two water molecules [M – H<sub>2</sub>O + H]<sup>+</sup>, [M – 2H<sub>2</sub>O + H]<sup>+</sup>, loss of hydrogen peroxide [M – H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> + H]<sup>+</sup> or loss of hydrogen peroxide and water [M – H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> – H<sub>2</sub>O + H]<sup>+</sup>. The results showed that positional isomers of hydroperoxides had different fragmentation patterns and relative ion abundances. On the other hand anomeric isomers had more similar fragmentation. As a conclusion the method developed showed to be a useful tool for investigation the oxidation mechanism of sterols.

45

Xu, Bing, e Ren Guo Song. "Fabrication of Ag Nanoparticles Colloids by Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid". Advanced Materials Research 123-125 (agosto 2010): 675–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.675.

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Ag nanoparticles colloids have been fabricated by pulsed laser ablation in various liquids. The particle size, morphology and absorption spectroscopy of the obtained nanoparticles colloids were characterized by ultraviolet to visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the average diameter and its distribution were analyzed by Image-ProPlus software. The results showed that the Ag nanoparticles with best characterization are those produced at the repetition rate of 10Hz and laser fluence of 4.2J/cm2 by ablating for 7.5min in the distilled water, with the least average diameter(D=14.48 nm), the narrowest distribution of particles size (=25.8 nm) and more homogeneous morphologies. The effects of experimental conditions on the silver nanoparticles colloid can be explained by fragmentation and melting induced aggregation of colloidal particles by self-absorption of laser pulses.

46

Tateo, F., M. Bononi e F. Gallone. "Rapid detection of dimethyl yellow dye in curry by liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry". Czech Journal of Food Sciences 28, No. 5 (14 ottobre 2010): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/135/2009-cjfs.

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Abstract (sommario):

An accurate and rapid method, was devised for the identification and quantitation of dimethyl yellow dye in curry, based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry interfaced with electrospray. Mass spectral acquisition was done in positive ion mode applying two fragmentation transitions to provide a high degree of selectivity. The extraction system provided a very high recovery (100.0% to 105.8%) and good results were obtained for the limit of detection (5 μg/kg) and limit of quantitation (16 μg/kg). The applicability of the method to identifing and quantifing the unauthorised dimethyl yellow dye in curry was demonstrated.

47

Wang, Huixin, Cheng Hao Wu, Robert S. Weatherup, Bingmei Feng, Yifan Ye, Yi-Sheng Liu, Per-Anders Glans, Jinghua Guo, Hai-Tao Fang e Miquel B. Salmeron. "X-ray-Induced Fragmentation of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids Studied by Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy". Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 9, n. 4 (5 febbraio 2018): 785–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00057.

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Ban, Lu, Xu Han, Xian-Hua Wang, Yan-Ping Huang e Zhao-Sheng Liu. "Carprofen-imprinted monolith prepared by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization in room temperature ionic liquids". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 405, n. 26 (14 agosto 2013): 8597–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-013-7276-4.

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49

N R Alrawi, Nawfal, Mohammed Q Al-ani e Nahi Y. Yaseen. "CYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF SYNTHESIZED SILVER NANOPARTICLES BY PULSE LASER ABLATION ON BREAST CANCER CELL LINE (AMJ13) FROM IRAQI PATIENT AND NORMAL HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES". Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, n. 4 (1 aprile 2018): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i4.23878.

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Objective: Synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in liquids were investigated as anticancer cells in the present study. Cytotoxic activities of six different concentrations 0.78, 1.56, 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, and 25 μg/ml of AgNPs against human breast cancer cell line (AMJ13) and lymphocytes were assessed with MTT assay.Methods: A Q-Switched Nd: YAG pulsed laser (λ=1064 nm, 800 mJ/pulse) was used for ablation of a pure silver plate to synthesis AgNPs in the polyvinylpyrrolidone and deionize distilled water. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs and zeta potential was evaluated. Morphology and size were analyzed by transmission electron microscope. AgNPs concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Possibilities of apoptosis induction were confirmed using mitochondrial membrane potential assay, DNA fragmentation assay, and glutathione (GSH) assay.Results: The results indicated that AgNPs were able to induce an inhibition of AMJ13 cells compared their damaging effect toward normal lymphocytes were at minimal according to viability with MTT assay.. Furthermore, these results suggested that AgNPs-induced mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis cause DNA fragmentation, but no significant change in GSH level in AMJ13 cells.Conclusions: The overall results indicated that the physically synthesized AgNPs were exhibited dose-dependent cell death in AMJ13 breast cancer cell line, while the effect of AgNPs on lymphocytes was very low, suggesting that physically synthesized AgNPs might be a potential alternative agent for human breast cancer therapy.

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Castrejón-Pita, José Rafael, Alfonso Arturo Castrejón-Pita, Sumeet Suresh Thete, Krishnaraj Sambath, Ian M. Hutchings, John Hinch, John R. Lister e Osman A. Basaran. "Plethora of transitions during breakup of liquid filaments". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, n. 15 (30 marzo 2015): 4582–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1418541112.

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Thinning and breakup of liquid filaments are central to dripping of leaky faucets, inkjet drop formation, and raindrop fragmentation. As the filament radius decreases, curvature and capillary pressure, both inversely proportional to radius, increase and fluid is expelled with increasing velocity from the neck. As the neck radius vanishes, the governing equations become singular and the filament breaks. In slightly viscous liquids, thinning initially occurs in an inertial regime where inertial and capillary forces balance. By contrast, in highly viscous liquids, initial thinning occurs in a viscous regime where viscous and capillary forces balance. As the filament thins, viscous forces in the former case and inertial forces in the latter become important, and theory shows that the filament approaches breakup in the final inertial–viscous regime where all three forces balance. However, previous simulations and experiments reveal that transition from an initial to the final regime either occurs at a value of filament radius well below that predicted by theory or is not observed. Here, we perform new simulations and experiments, and show that a thinning filament unexpectedly passes through a number of intermediate transient regimes, thereby delaying onset of the inertial–viscous regime. The new findings have practical implications regarding formation of undesirable satellite droplets and also raise the question as to whether similar dynamical transitions arise in other free-surface flows such as coalescence that also exhibit singularities.