Tesi sul tema "Fourier terms"

L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de proposer une méthode numérique basée sur les polynômes de Bernstein et des termes de sinusoidaux. Cette méthode est utilisée pour traiter numériquement les modèles structurels linéaires et non linéaires avec dérivée d'ordre fractionnaire. Comparé à l'ordre entier, l'ordre fractionnaire offre une meilleure mémoire temporelle et permet d'utiliser moins de paramètres pour simuler plus précisément le comportement dynamique du modèle. Cependant, il est très difficile d'obtenir la solution analytique du modèle structurel en raison de l'existence de l'ordre fractionnaire. Pour relever ce défi, nous construisons une matrice associée aux équations gouvernant le modèle structurel en nous basant sur les polynômes de Bernstein et les termes de Fourier. La méthode des moindres carrés par variables discrètes est ensuite appliquée pour obtenir des solutions approximatives au système d'équations linéaires. Certains modèles structurels complexes d'ordre fractionnaire sont régis par des équations différentielles partielles fractionnaires multidimensionnelles. Par conséquent, nous étendons la méthode proposée dans cette thèse d'une approximation de fonction inconnue unidimensionnelle à une fonction inconnue multidimensionnelle. Cela permet à la méthode numérique de mieux capturer et analyser les caractéristiques dynamiques du modèle structurel. Les équations différentielles partielles non linéaires sont omniprésentes dans de nombreux modèles structurels d'ordre fractionnaire. L'existence de termes non linéaires introduit plus d'interactions et de dépendances entre les variables, ce qui augmente la difficulté du calcul. Par conséquent, cette thèse traite également efficacement les termes non linéaires du modèle fractionnaire multidimensionnel et de manière itérative. De plus, nous avons non seulement calculé des solutions approximatives pour différents modèles, mais nous avons également identifié efficacement des paramètres pour les modèles d'ordre fractionnaire. Grâce à différents exemples numériques d'ordre fractionnaire et à la comparaison avec d'autres méthodes, l'efficacité, l'applicabilité et la précision de la méthode proposée dans cette thèse sont vérifiées
The main purpose of this thesis is to propose a novel and accurate numerical method based on Bernstein polynomials and Fourier terms. This method is used for the numerically process of fractional order linear and nonlinear structural models. Compared with the integer order, the fractional order has better time memory and can use fewer parameters to simulate the dynamic behavior of the model more accurately. However, it is very difficult to obtain the analytical solution of the structural model due to the existence of fractional order. To address this challenge, we derive the operator matrix associated with the structural model governing equations based on Bernstein polynomials and Fourier term function approximations. The fractional order partial differential governing equations are transformed into the form of an operator matrix. The least squares method by discrete variables is further applied to obtain approximate solutions to the system of linear equations. Some complex fractional order structural models are governed by multi-dimensional fractional partial differential equations. Therefore, we extend the method proposed in this thesis from a one-dimensional unknown function approximation to multi-dimensional unknown function. This allows the numerical method to better capture and analyze the dynamic characteristics of the structural model. Nonlinear partial differential governing equations are ubiquitous in many fractional order structural models. The existence of nonlinear terms introduces more interactions and dependencies between variables which increases the difficulty of calculation. Therefore, this thesis also effectively handles the nonlinear terms of the multi-dimensional fractional order model and corrects the errors. In addition, we not only calculated approximate solutions for different models but also effectively identified parameters for fractional order models. Through different fractional order numerical examples and comparison with other methods, the effectiveness, applicability and accuracy of the method proposed in this thesis are verified

Mestrado em Econometria Aplicada e Previsão
O call center é, hoje em dia, um dos fatores estratégicos para o crescimento de uma empresa. Sendo a satisfação do cliente uma prioridade e o call center um dos primeiros pontos de contacto com o mesmo, garantir um bom serviço poderá melhorar a relação e gerar oportunidades de crescimento. Cada contacto com o cliente traz mais conhecimento e este conhecimento é precioso para gerar aproximação e comunicação mais assertiva. Conhecer as suas características e os motivos que o fazem ligar são pontos-chave para antecipar as suas necessidades. Assim, um call center bem estruturado e preparado para atender de forma rápida mostra eficiência e preocupação da empresa. A aplicação empírica mostra análises capazes de traçar o perfil do cliente ao nível sociodemográfico e ao nível de segmentações do negócio. Mostra também a interpretação de todas as interações entre motivos de chamada, capazes de criar inputs para a tomada de decisão ao nível operacional. Corrobora-se a presença de padrões sazonais através da análise espectral, que foi tida em conta na modelação da série. Conclui-se que o melhor método de previsão é o ARIMA cujo padrão sazonal é explicado por termos de uma série de Fourier.
Call center are nowadays one of the strategic factors for the growth of a company. As customer satisfaction is priority, and since call centers are one of the first contact points with a company's clients, ensuring a good service can improve customer-relationship and generate growth opportunities. Each contact with a client brings additional knowledge, and that knowledge is precious to generate proximity and increase communication assertivity. Knowing their characteristics and the motivations behind their call are key factors in the anticipation of their needs. Thus, a well-structured call center which is ready for quick call handling shows efficiency and concern from the company. The empirical application introduces analytical methods capable of tracing the client profile at the socio-demographic level and at the business segmentation level. It also presents the interpretations of all interactions between call reasons capable of creating inputs for decision-making at the operational level. Spectral analysis validates the presence of seasonal patterns, which we controlled for when modelling the series. It is concluded that the best prediction method is the ARIMA model whose seasonal pattern is explained by terms of a Fourier series.
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No presente trabalho estudamos a existência e unicidade de solução bem como o decaimento exponencial do modelo abaixo. Nosso resultado mais importante versa sobre o decaimento exponencial do sistema termo-elástico-poroso: Cattaneo versus Fourier, dado por: ρutt = µuxx + bφx − βθx em (0, π) × (0, ∞), Jθφtt = αφxx − bux − ξφ+mθ – γφt em (0, π) × (0, ∞), cθt = k∗qx − βuxt − mφt em (0, π) × (0, ∞), τq mφt= −βq − θx em (0, π) × (0, ∞), u = φx = θ = q = 0 sobre (0, π) × (0, ∞), (u(., 0), φ (., 0), θ (., 0), q(., 0)) = (u0 (x), φ0 (x), θ0 (x), q0 (x)) em (0, π), (ut(., 0), φt(., 0)) = (u1(x), φ1(x)) em (0, π), a existência e unicidade sera´ obtida usando o Teorema de Lumer-Phillips e para o decaimento exponencial usaremos uma técnica de semigrupo.
In this dissertation we study there rst distance and uniqueness of solutions dog as well as the exponential decay model. Our most important result concerns the exponential decay of the system porous-thermo-elasticity: utt = uxx + b x − x em (0, ) × (0, 1), J tt = xx − bux − φ + mθ − t em (0, ) × (0, 1), c t = k qx − uxt − m t em (0, ) × (0, 1), qt = 쀀 q − x em (0, ) × (0, 1), u = x = θ = q = 0 sobre (0, ) × (0, 1), (u(:, 0), (:, 0), (:, 0), q(:, 0)) = (u0(x), 0(x), 0(x), q0(x)) em (0, ), (ut(:, 0), t(:, 0)) = (u1(x), 1(x)) em (0, ), the existence and uniqueness is obtained using the Theorem of Lumer-Phillips and the expo- nential decay will use a technical the semigroup.

After many years of slow but progressive development, the wave energy industry is on the cusp of breaking through the economic and technical barriers to full scale deployment of wave energy electrical generating devices. As the major obstacles in device design are solved, and with several devices in the water, the scope for increasing their efficiency through advanced control techniques is now becoming clearer. In some cases, it would be advantageous to integrate an advanced prediction of wave behaviour (of some tens of seconds into the future) into these control methods. Past research on wave prediction has focused on utilising the Fourier theorem to deconstruct wave records and then make predictions ahead in space, with published results indicating promise. However, predicting ahead in time has so far not been achieved. This thesis takes the Fourier theorem method of prediction to its logical conclusion by exploring its limitations in predicting over both time and space. A discussion as to why these limits should exist, and possible work into the solution of the wave prediction problem, are also presented. A review of current devices under development, and the history and emergence of the wave generating industry (which is a comparatively recent technology and still in its infancy), are also included as appendices to the main thesis in order to put the work into context.

Le fuseau mitotique assure la ségrégation des chromatides sœurs et le maintien de la poïdie des cellules filles. Le fuseau est composé de microtubules dynamiques (qui polymérisent et dépolymérisent continuellement), de nombreux moteurs moléculaires, d'agents de réticulations et de régulateurs. Bien que la structure du fuseau au niveau moléculaire soit connue, son fonctionnement reste délicat à comprendre, et nécessite la prise en compte de la dynamique de ses composants et leurs interactions. Les approches utilisées pour répondre à ces problématiques sont jusqu'à maintenant plutôt des approches in silico et in vitro. Il manque aujourd'hui une caractérisation de la mécanique du fuseau dans son contexte physiologique. Nous proposons une méthode non invasive basée sur de l'analyse d'image, combiné à une modélisation heuristique pour mesurer les paramètres mécaniques durant toute la division. Nous suivons les pôles du fuseau marqués par protéine fluorescente avec un taux acquisition rapide et une bonne résolution spatiale ce qui nous permet d'accéder aux fluctuations de longueur du fuseau in vivo. Avec la transformée de Fourier aux temps courts, nous calculons leurs densités spectrales de puissances — leurs signatures mécaniques. Ces spectres sont alors ajustés avec un modèle Kelvin — Voigt avec inertie (un ressort, un amortisseur et un terme inertiel en parallèle). Nous avons validé la méthode par des expériences numériques où nous retrouvons les évolutions des paramètres sur des données simulées et la calibration a été réalisée par l'utilisation de la rupture du fuseau induite par micro chirurgie laser ou par la génétique. Nous avons caractérisé le fuseau de l'embryon unicellulaire du nématode C. elegans. La méthaphase apparaît dominée par l'amortisseur, ce qui est cohérent avec la lente élongation du fuseau que nous observons. Mais contraste l'idée répandue de l'existence d'un mécanisme de maintien de la longueur du fuseau durant la métaphase. Au passage en anaphase, les trois paramètres mécaniques chutent, avant de réaugmenter environ 50 secondes après la transition pour réatindre un régime dominé de nouveau par l'amortisseur, ce qui suggère que les microtubules interpolaires jouent un rôle mineur durant l'élongation du fuseau en début d'anaphase. Dans la perspective de comprendre le lien entre la mécanique du fuseau et les interactions des acteurs moléculaires, nous avons partiellement supprimé un gène par sous-structure du fuseau. Nous avons alors retrouvé des comportements connus avec une perspective augmentée offerte par notre méthode. Cette méthode, ne va pas seulement permettre la compréhension fondamentale de la mécanique du fuseau, en remplaçant la modélisation du fuseau basé uniquement sur la longueur, mais aussi d'aller vers la prise en compte de la robustesse de fonctionnement du fuseau mitotique face aux défauts tel que la polyou l'aneuploïdie
The mitotic spindle ensures the correct segregation of the sister chromatids to maintain ploidy in daughter cells. The spindle comprises dynamical microtubules (alternating polymerizing and depolymerizing), a variety of molecular motors, crosslinker and the regulators. Although the molecular grounds of spindle structure is well known, the link to its functions remain elusive, calling for including the dynamics of its components and their interactions. These questions were mostly investigated by in silico or in vitro approaches. But a detailed characterizing of spindle mechanics, in physiological conditions, is missing. We propose an image processing based, non invasive, method combined to an heuristic model to measure mechanical parameters of the mitotic spindle along time. We tracked fluorescently labeled spindle pole at high temporal and spatial resolution and measured the variations of spindle length, in vivo. We computed their power density spectrum using short time Fourier transform (sliding window) — a blueprint of spindle mechanics. Such a spectrum is then fitted with a Kelvin —Voigt model with inertia (a spring, a damper, an inertial element in parallel). We validated this method by recovering the mechanical parameters over time from simulated data and calibrated it uses laser and genetically induced spinlde cut. We characterized the mitotic spindle of the one-cell embryo of nematode C. elegans. Metaphase appeared dominated by damping element, consistent with the slow spindle elongation observed. But in contrast with the common thought that a mechanism maintains the spindle length during metaphase. At anaphase onset, all three parameters collapsed, before increasing about 50s later to reach a regime where damping dominated again, suggesting the overlapping spinlde microtubules may play a minor role in early anaphase spinlde elongation. In perspective of understanding how spindle mechanics emerge of molecular players interactions, we depleted one gene per splindle sub-structure — overlapped microtubules, kinetochore microtubules, central spindle and astral microtubules. We succefully recovered some known behavior but with the augmented insight offered by our method. This method paves the way not only towards understanding the fundamentals of spindle mechanics, superseding the degenerated modeling based on the sole spindle length but also towards acounting for spindle functional robustness towards defect as polyor aneuploidy

This work concentrates on the application of diversity techniques and space time block coding for future high speed mobile wireless communications on multicarrier systems. At first, alternative multicarrier kernels robust for high speed doubly-selective fading channel are sought. They include the comparisons of discrete Fourier transform (DFT), fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) and wavelet transform (WT) multicarrier kernels. Different wavelet types, including the raised-cosine spectrum wavelets are implemented, evaluated and compared. From different wavelet families, orthogonal wavelets are isolated from detailed evaluations and comparisons as suitable for multicarrier applications. The three transforms are compared over a doubly-selective channel with the WT significantly outperforming all for high speed conditions up to 300 km/hr. Then, a new wavelet is constructed from an ideal filter approximation using established wavelet design algorithms to match any signal of interest; in this case under bandlimited criteria. The new wavelet showed better performance than other traditional orthogonal wavelets. To achieve MIMO communication, orthogonal space-time block coding, OSTBC, is evaluated next. First, the OSTBC is extended to assess the performance of the scheme over extended receiver diversity order. Again, with the extended diversity conditions, the OSTBC is implemented for a multicarrier system over a doubly-selective fading channel. The MIMO-OFDM systems (implemented using DFT and WT kernels) are evaluated for different operating frequencies, typical of LTE standard, with Doppler effects. It was found that, during high mobile speed, it is better to transmit OFDM signals using lower operating frequencies. The information theory for the 2-transmit antenna OSTBC does not support higher order implementation of multi-antenna systems, which is required for the future generation wireless communications systems. Instead of the OSTBC, the QO-STBC is usually deployed to support the design of higher order multi-antenna systems other than the 2-transmit antenna scheme. The performances of traditional QO-STBC methods are diminished by some off-diagonal (interference) terms such that the resulting system does not attain full diversity. Some methods for eliminating the interference terms have earlier been discussed. This work follows the construction of cyclic matrices with Hadamard matrix to derive QO-STBC codes construction which are N-times better than interference free QO-STBC, where N is the number of transmit antenna branches.

This work concentrates on the application of diversity techniques and space time block coding for future high speed mobile wireless communications on multicarrier systems. At first, alternative multicarrier kernels robust for high speed doubly-selective fading channel are sought. They include the comparisons of discrete Fourier transform (DFT), fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) and wavelet transform (WT) multicarrier kernels. Different wavelet types, including the raised-cosine spectrum wavelets are implemented, evaluated and compared. From different wavelet families, orthogonal wavelets are isolated from detailed evaluations and comparisons as suitable for multicarrier applications. The three transforms are compared over a doubly-selective channel with the WT significantly outperforming all for high speed conditions up to 300 km/hr. Then, a new wavelet is constructed from an ideal filter approximation using established wavelet design algorithms to match any signal of interest; in this case under bandlimited criteria. The new wavelet showed better performance than other traditional orthogonal wavelets. To achieve MIMO communication, orthogonal space-time block coding, OSTBC, is evaluated next. First, the OSTBC is extended to assess the performance of the scheme over extended receiver diversity order. Again, with the extended diversity conditions, the OSTBC is implemented for a multicarrier system over a doubly-selective fading channel. The MIMO-OFDM systems (implemented using DFT and WT kernels) are evaluated for different operating frequencies, typical of LTE standard, with Doppler effects. It was found that, during high mobile speed, it is better to transmit OFDM signals using lower operating frequencies. The information theory for the 2-transmit antenna OSTBC does not support higher order implementation of multi-antenna systems, which is required for the future generation wireless communications systems. Instead of the OSTBC, the QO-STBC is usually deployed to support the design of higher order multi-antenna systems other than the 2-transmit antenna scheme. The performances of traditional QO-STBC methods are diminished by some off-diagonal (interference) terms such that the resulting system does not attain full diversity. Some methods for eliminating the interference terms have earlier been discussed. This work follows the construction of cyclic matrices with Hadamard matrix to derive QO-STBC codes construction which are N-times better than interference free QO-STBC, where N is the number of transmit antenna branches.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Many fatal traffic accidents are caused by fatigued and drowsy drivers. In this context, automatic drowsiness detection devices are an alternative to minimize this issue. In this work, two new methodologies to drowsiness detection are presented, considering a signal obtained from a single electroencephalography channel: (i) drowsiness detection through best m-term approximation, applied to the wavelet expansion of the analysed signal; (ii) drowsiness detection through Mahalanobis distance with wavelet coefficients. The results of both methodologies are compared with a method which uses Mahalanobis distance and Fourier coefficients to drowsiness detection. All methodologies consider the medical evaluation of the brain signal, given by the hypnogram, as a reference.
A sonolência diurna em motoristas, principal consequência da privação de sono, tem sido a causa de diversos acidentes graves de trânsito. Neste contexto, a utilização de dispositivos que alertem o condutor ao detectar automaticamente o estado de sonolência é uma alternativa para a minimização deste problema. Neste trabalho, duas novas metodologias para a detecção automática da sonolência são apresentadas, utilizando um único canal de eletroencefalografia para a obtenção do sinal: (i) detecção da sonolência via melhor aproximação por m-termos, aplicada aos coeficientes wavelets da expansão em série do sinal; e (ii) detecção da sonolência via distância de Mahalanobis e coeficientes wavelets. Os resultados de ambas as metodologias são comparados a uma implementação utilizando distância de Mahalanobis e coeficientes de Fourier. Para todas as metodologias, utiliza-se como referência a avaliação médica do sinal cerebral, dada pelo hipnograma.

L'objectif de ce travail est la détection des défauts à travers la détection des changements dans les signaux mesurés. Notre travail présente une méthode permettant de construire, à partir d'historique de données, un modèle comportemental du procédé, puis de détecter des situations anormales issues des dysfonctionnements. Cette méthode consiste à générer des symptômes flous en ligne permettant de suivre l'évolution temporelle du fonctionnement du système à surveiller. Ces symptômes prennent en considération les incertitudes sur la décision en fusionnant le résultat du test de détection avec celui de sa validité. Les propriétés de la STFT et la SWT permettent d'extraire des informations des signaux analysés. Un symptôme graduel est obtenu en fonction du type et de l'ampleur du défaut. La méthode de détection a été testée sur des signaux contenant des défauts simulés, puis validée sur des données industrielles pour la détection des vibrations torsionnelles dans un laminoir réversible
The purpose of this work is fault detection through changes detection in the measured signals. Our work presents a method making possible to build a behavioral model of the process, using historical process data, in order to detect abnormal situations resulting from dysfunctions. This method consists in generating on line progressive symptoms, making possible to follow the temporal evolution of the system operation to be supervised. These symptoms take into account uncertainties on the decision by aggregating the result of the detection test with that of its validity. STFT and SWT properties allow this method to extract relevant information from the analyzed signals. A gradual symptom is obtained according to the type and from of the extent fault. The fault detection method conceived was initially tested on signals containing simulated faults was then validate on industrial signals to detect the torsional vibrations in a reversing rolling mill

This thesis focuses on the simulation of the gyroscopic effect using the software MSC Adams. A simple shaft-disk system was created and parameter of the sys-tem were changed in order to study the influence of the gyroscopic effect. It was shown that an increasing bearing stiffness reduces the precession motion. Fur-thermore, it was shown that the gyroscopic effect vanishes if the disk of system is placed symmetrically on the shaft, which reduces the system to a Jeffcott-Ro-tor. The second objective of this study was to analyze different defects in a simple fixed axis gear set. In particular, a cracked shaft, a cracked pinion and a chipped pinion as well as a healthy gear system were created and tested in Adams. The contact force between the two gears was monitored and the 2D and 3D frequency spectrum, as well as the Wavelet Transform, were plotted in order to compare the individual defects. It was shown that the Wavelet Transform is a powerful tool, capable of identifying a cracked gear with a non-constant speed. The last part of this study included fault detection with statistical methods as well as with the Sideband Energy Ratio (SER). The time domain signal of the individual faults were used to compare the mean, the standard deviation and the root mean square. Furthermore, the noise profile in the frequency spectrum was tracked with statistical methods using the mean and the standard deviation. It was demonstrated that it is possible to identify a cracked gear, as well as a chipped gear, with statistical methods. However, a cracked shaft could not be identified. The results also show that SER was only capable to identify major defects in a gear system such as a chipped tooth.

L'objectif de ce travail est la détection des défauts à travers la détection des changements ou des anomalies dans les signaux mesurés. Notre travail présente une méthode permettant de construire, à partir d'historique de données (signaux de référence), un modèle comportemental du procédé, puis de détecter des situations anormales issues des dysfonctionnements. Cette méthode consiste à générer des symptômes flous en ligne permettant de suivre l'évolution temporelle du fonctionnement du système à surveiller. Ces symptômes prennent en considération les incertitudes sur la décision en fusionnant le résultat du test de détection avec celui de sa validité. Par leurs propriétés de localisation fréquentielle et temps-fréquence, la transformée de Fourier à court terme et la transformée en ondelettes stationnaires sont deux méthodes adaptables au diagnostic. Les choix de la longueur et du type de la fenêtre de pondération pour la STFT, de l'ondelette mère et du nombre de niveaux de décomposition pour la SWT sont les degrés de liberté qui leur permettent d'extraire des informations pertinentes des signaux analysés. Un symptôme graduel est obtenu en fonction du type et de l'ampleur du défaut. La méthode de détection conçue a été testée sur des signaux contenant des défauts simulés, puis a été ensuite validée sur des données industrielles pour la détection des vibrations torsionnelles dans un laminoir réversible (laminage à chaud). Les degrés de liberté de la méthode proposée confèrent aux méthodes développées la flexibilité par rapport à différentes applications.

Long-term omni-directional ambient noise was collected at several sites in the Gulf of Mexico during 2004 and 2005. The Naval Oceanographic Office deployed bottom moored Environmental Acoustic Recording System (EARS) buoys approximately 159 nautical miles south of Panama City, Florida, in water depths of 3200 meters. The hydrophone of each buoy was 265 meters above the bottom. The data duration ranged from 10-14 months. The buoys were located near a major shipping lane, with an estimated 1.5 to 4.5 ships per day passing nearby. The data were sampled at 2500 Hz and have a bandwidth of 10-1000 Hz. Data are processed in eight 1/3-octave frequency bands, centered from 25 to 950 Hz, and monthly values of the following statistical quantities are computed from the resulting eight time series of noise spectral level: mean, median, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis and coherence time. Four hurricanes were recorded during the summer of 2004 and they have a major impact on all of the noise statistics. Noise levels at higher frequencies (400-950 Hz) peak during extremely windy months (summer hurricanes and winter storms). Standard deviation is least in the region 100-200 Hz but increases at higher frequencies, especially during periods of high wind variability (summer hurricanes). Skewness is positive from 25-400 Hz and negative from 630-950 Hz. Skewness and kurtosis are greatest near 100 Hz. Coherence time is low in shipping bands and high in weather bands, and it peaks during hurricanes. The noise coherence is also analyzed. The 14-month time series in each 1/3- octave band is highly correlated with other 1/3-octave band time series ranging from 2 octaves below to 2 octaves above the band's center frequency. Spatial coherence between hydrophones is also analyzed for hydrophone separations of 2.29, 2.56 and 4.84 km over a 10-month period. The noise field is highly coherent out to the maximum distance studied, 4.84 km. Additionally, fluctuations of each time series are analyzed to determine time scales of greatest variability. The 14-month data show clearly that variability occurs primarily over three time scales: 7-22 hours (shipping-related), 56-282 hours (2-12 days, weather-related) and over an 8-12 month period.

We analyzed long-term temperature trends in Utah using a relatively new signal processing method called Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD). We evaluated the available weather records in Utah and selected 52 stations, which had records longer than 60 years, for analysis. We analyzed daily temperature data, both minimum and maximums, using the EMD method that decomposes non-stationary data (data with a trend) into periodic components and the underlying trend. Most decomposition algorithms require stationary data (no trend) with constant periods and temperature data do not meet these constraints. In addition to identifying the long-term trend, we also identified other periodic processes in the data. While the immediate goal of this research is to characterize long-term temperature trends and identify periodic processes and anomalies, these techniques can be applied to any time series data to characterize trends and identify anomalies. For example, this approach could be used to evaluate flow data in a river to separate the effects of dams or other regulatory structures from natural flow or to look at other water quality data over time to characterize the underlying trends and identify anomalies, and also identify periodic fluctuations in the data. If these periodic fluctuations can be associated with physical processes, the causes or drivers might be discovered helping to better understand the system. We used EMD to separate and analyze long-term temperature trends. This provides awareness and support to better evaluate the extremities of climate change. Using these methods we will be able to define many new aspects of nonlinear and nonstationary data. This research was successful and identified several areas in which it could be extended including data reconstruction for time periods missing data. This analysis tool can be applied to various other time series records.

Cette thèse porte sur l’étude de séries temporelles biogéochimiques à moyen et long terme, de façon à caractériser leurs fluctuations à de multiples échelles, et en particulier leurs extrêmes. Les données a proviennent en grande partie des programmes MAREL et SOMLIT. Le programme MAREL a été mis en œuvre par l’Ifremer et basé sur des mesures à haute fréquence. Le programme SOMLIT est un service d’observation labellisé depuis 1997 par l’INSU. Ces mesures sont effectuées tous les 15 jours, par prélèvement, en un point fixe dans les eaux côtières en Manche. Pour l’analyse de ces séries temporelles, les méthodes utilisées sont empruntées aux domaines de l’analyse numérique et de la turbulence. Cette étude est effectuée en 3 parties. Dans la première partie, l’analyse du spectre de Fourier a permis de mesurer l’influence du forçage physique sur la distribution des paramètres à haute fréquence. Dans la seconde partie, la comparaison entre des données SOMLIT et MAREL recueillies en des endroits très proches à Boulogne-sur-mer a pu montrer une complémentarité mais tout en mettant en évidence le caractère plus informatif du système MAREL. La comparaison entre deux sites distincts en Manche (orientale et occidentale) a permis de déceler les similitudes et les différences dans les teneurs des ratios (N/P/Si ;COP/Chla). Dans la troisième partie, on a pu mettre en évidence l’influence des événements extrêmes du débit de la Seine sur la distribution de certains paramètres biogéochimiques mesurés à Honfleur. Nous avons également mis en évidence dans le cadre de la DCE, l’influence de l’échelle d’étude sur les estimations de certaines métriques nécessaires à la définition du bon état écologique à partir des données issues de la haute fréquence
This thesis focuses on the study of biogeochemical time series in order to characterize the dynamics of their fluctuations on a wide range of scales, and in particular their extremes. The databases analyzed here are mainly provided by the MAREL and SOMLIT programmes. The MAREL program is a network of automatic measuring devices monitoring coastal marine environments implemented by Ifremer. The SOMLIT is a French national program operated by INSU. The measurements are made once every two weeks on the fixed stations. In order to analyze these time series, methods have been borrowed from the fields of numerical analysis and turbulence. The study was conducted in three parts. In the first part, we consider the high frequency time series. The Fourier spectral analysis reveals the influence of physical forcing on the distribution of the parameters. The second part of the study compares SOMLIT and MAREL results recorded from sites near Boulogne-sur-mer. The comparison of the two measuring systems (manual and automatic) showed that while they are complementary, the automatic MAREL system is more informative. The probability density functions (pdfs) of some ratios reveal extreme values in their dynamics. These pdfs reveal in all cases a hyperbolic behavior in the tail probability of the ratios. In the third part, we consider the influence of extremes events of the Seine flow on the distribution of some biogeochemical parameters. This section is also concerned with the analysis of data at high frequency in order to estimate of water masses state in the English Channel within the context of the Water Framework Directive (WFD)

Nowadays, a significant proportion of the population in the world is affected by cerebral diseases like epilepsy. In this study, frequency domain features of electroencephalography (EEG) signals were studied and analyzed, with a view being able to detect epileptic seizures more easily. The power spectrum and spectrogram were determined by using fast fourier transform (FFT) and the scalogram was found by performing continuous wavelet transform (CWT) on the testing EEG signal. In addition, two schemes, i.e. method 1 and method 2, were implemented for detecting epileptic seizures and the applicability of the two methods to electrocardiogram (ECG) signals were tested. A third method for anomaly detection in ECG signals was tested.
En signifikant del av population påverkas idag av neurala sjukdomar som epilepsi. I denna studie studerades och analyserades egenskaper inom frekvensdomänen av elektroencefalografi (EEG), med sikte på att lättare kunna upptäcka epileptiska anfall. Effektspektrumet och spektrogramet bestämdes med hjälp av en snabb fouriertransform och skalogrammet hittades genom att genomföra en kontinuerlig wavelet transform (CWT) på testsignalen från EEGsignalen. I addition till detta skapades två system, metod 1 och metod 2, som implementerades för att upptäcka epileptiska anfall. Användbarheten av dessa två metoder inom elektrokardiogramsignaler (ECG) testades. En tredje metod för anomalidetektering i ECGsignaler testades.

Protéines sont largement utilisés dans la formulation dans le domaine pharmaceutique et de jouer un rôle important dans les fonctions biologiques. Il est bien connu que l'adsorption de protéines sur la surface solide est toujours observé pour un stockage à long terme, ce qui entraînera une réduction de la dose de substance active ou une perte de l'activité biologique. Dans certains cas, une courte période de contact avec la surface est suffisante pour modifier fortement la conformation des protéines : par exemple, l'insuline pertes 52% de son activité biologique après 5 minutes de contact avec la surface de verre, ainsi qu'une perte de 30% d’activité biologique du cétrorélix est observé après 2 heures de contact. Parmi tous les paramètres, la dénaturation des protéines est fortement liée à sa stabilité des propriétés de surface. La compréhension de l'adsorption de protéines est devenue une question cruciale dans l'industrie pharmaceutique.Pour mieux comprendre le comportement des protéines à la surface, la quantification des protéines adsorbées et sa conformation devrait être étudiée. L'objectif de notre recherche sera de comprendre les comportements des protéines sur différents surfaces de seringue pré - remplie classique.Le principal objectif de ce projet est de comprendre le comportement de plusieurs modèles de protéines comme la sérum d’albumine bovine (BSA), le lysozyme (LSZ) et la myoglobine (MGB) en contact avec des surfaces de seringues pré-remplie comme le verre et l’élastomère. Nous proposons d'utiliser la chromatographie liquide à haute performance (HPLC) pour la quantification de protéine adsorbée sur une surface plane en déterminant la déplétion des protéines en solution. La réflexion totale atténuée infrarouge à transformée de fourier (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopie est utilisée de suivre les changements structurels des protéines adsorbées sur des surfaces solides. [...]
Proteins are widely used in formulation in the pharmaceutical field and play a major role in biological functions. It is well known that protein adsorption on solid surface is always observed for a long-term storage, which will result in a reduced dose of active compound or a loss of biological activity. In some cases, only short time of contact are sufficient to drastically modify the protein conformation: for instance, insulin losses 52% of its biological activity after 5 minutes contacting with glass surface, as well as a loss of 30% of cetrorelix is observed after 2 hours. Among all parameters, the time frame of the denaturation process is strongly related to the protein stability and surface properties. The understanding of protein adsorption has therefore become a crucial issue in the pharmaceutical industry.To gain a better understanding of proteins’ behavior on the surface, adsorbed protein quantification and its conformation should be studied. The objective of our research in a first will be to understand proteins’ behaviors on various surfaces which composed a classical prefilled syringe.The main goal of this PhD project is to understand the behaviors of several model proteins like bovine serum albumin (BSA), lysozyme (LSZ) and myoglobin (MGB) in contact with the surfaces of prefilled syringes such as glass and elastomer. We propose to use the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to quantify the amount of protein adsorbed on a flat surface by determining the depletion of the proteins in solution. Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy was as well as employed to follow the structural changes of adsorbed BSA on solid surface. [...]

La mémoire longue, aussi appelée la dépendance à long terme (LRD), est couramment détectée dans l’analyse de séries chronologiques dans de nombreux domaines, par exemple,en finance, en économétrie, en hydrologie, etc. Donc l’étude des séries temporelles à mémoire longue est d’une grande valeur. L’introduction du processus ARFIMA (fractionally autoregressive integrated moving average) établit une relation entre l’intégration fractionnaire et la mémoire longue, et ce modèle a trouvé son pouvoir de prévision à long terme, d’où il est devenu l’un des modèles à mémoire longue plus populaires dans la littérature statistique. Précisément, un processus à longue mémoire ARFIMA (p, d, q) est défini comme suit : Φ(B)(I − B)d (Xt − µ) = Θ(B)εt, t ∈ Z, où Φ(z) = 1 − ϕ1z − · · · − ϕpzp et Θ(z) = 1 + · · · + θ1zθpzq sont des polynômes d’ordre p et q, respectivement, avec des racines en dehors du cercle unité; εt est un bruit blanc Gaussien avec une variance constante σ2ε. Lorsque d ∈ (−1/2,1/2), {Xt} est stationnaire et inversible. Cependant, l’hypothèse a priori de la stationnarité des données réelles n’est pas raisonnable. Par conséquent, de nombreux auteurs ont fait leurs efforts pour proposer des estimateurs applicables au cas non-stationnaire. Ensuite, quelques questions se lèvent : quel estimateurs doit être choisi pour applications, et à quoi on doit faire attention lors de l’utilisation de ces estimateurs. Donc à l’aide de la simulation de Monte Carlo à échantillon fini, nous effectuons une comparaison complète des estimateurs semi-paramétriques, y compris les estimateurs de Fourier et les estimateurs d’ondelettes, dans le cadre des séries non-stationnaires. À la suite de cette étude comparative, nous avons que (i) sans bonnes échelles taillées, les estimateurs d’ondelettes sont fortement biaisés et ils ont généralement une performance inférieure à ceux de Fourier; (ii) tous les estimateurs étudiés sont robustes à la présence d’une tendance linéaire en temps dans le niveau de {Xt} et des effets GARCH dans la variance de {Xt}; (iii) dans une situation où le probabilité de transition est bas, la consistance des estimateurs quand même tient aux changements de régime dans le niveau de {Xt}, mais les changements ont une contamination au résultat d’estimation; encore, l’estimateur d’ondelettes de log-regression fonctionne mal dans ce cas; et (iv) en général, l’estimateur complètement étendu de Whittle avec un polynôme locale (fully-extended local polynomial Whittle Fourier estimator) est préféré pour une utilisation pratique, et cet estimateur nécessite une bande (i.e. un nombre de fréquences utilisés dans l’estimation) plus grande que les autres estimateurs de Fourier considérés dans ces travaux
Long memory, also called long range dependence (LRD), is commonly detected in the analysis of real-life time series data in many areas; for example, in finance, in econometrics, in hydrology, etc. Therefore the study of long-memory time series is of great value. The introduction of ARFIMA (fractionally autoregressive integrated moving average) process established a relationship between the fractional integration and long memory, and this model has found its power in long-term forecasting, hence it has become one of the most popular long-memory models in the statistical literature. Specifically, an ARFIMA(p,d,q) process X, is defined as follows: cD(B)(I - B)d X, = 8(B)c, , where cD(z)=l-~lz-•••-~pzP and 8(z)=1-B1z- .. •-Bqzq are polynomials of order $p$ and $q$, respectively, with roots outside the unit circle; and c, is Gaussian white noise with a constant variance a2 . When c" X, is stationary and invertible. However, the a priori assumption on stationarity of real-life data is not reasonable. Therefore many statisticians have made their efforts to propose estimators applicable to the non-stationary case. Then questions arise that which estimator should be chosen for applications; and what we should pay attention to when using these estimators. Therefore we make a comprehensive finite sample comparison of semi-parametric Fourier and wavelet estimators under the non-stationary ARFIMA setting. ln light of this comparison study, we have that (i) without proper scale trimming the wavelet estimators are heavily biased and the y generally have an inferior performance to the Fourier ones; (ii) ail the estimators under investigation are robust to the presence of a linear time trend in levels of XI and the GARCH effects in variance of XI; (iii) the consistency of the estimators still holds in the presence of regime switches in levels of XI , however, it tangibly contaminates the estimation results. Moreover, the log-regression wavelet estimator works badly in this situation with small and medium sample sizes; and (iv) fully-extended local polynomial Whittle Fourier (fextLPWF) estimator is preferred for a practical utilization, and the fextLPWF estimator requires a wider bandwidth than the other Fourier estimators

This thesis deals with the problem of the instantaneous frequency (IF) estimation of sinusoidal signals. This topic plays significant role in signal processing and communications. Depending on the type of the signal, two major approaches are considered. For IF estimation of single-tone or digitally-modulated sinusoidal signals (like frequency shift keying signals) the approach of digital phase-locked loops (DPLLs) is considered, and this is Part-I of this thesis. For FM signals the approach of time-frequency analysis is considered, and this is Part-II of the thesis. In part-I we have utilized sinusoidal DPLLs with non-uniform sampling scheme as this type is widely used in communication systems. The digital tanlock loop (DTL) has introduced significant advantages over other existing DPLLs. In the last 10 years many efforts have been made to improve DTL performance. However, this loop and all of its modifications utilizes Hilbert transformer (HT) to produce a signal-independent 90-degree phase-shifted version of the input signal. Hilbert transformer can be realized approximately using a finite impulse response (FIR) digital filter. This realization introduces further complexity in the loop in addition to approximations and frequency limitations on the input signal. We have tried to avoid practical difficulties associated with the conventional tanlock scheme while keeping its advantages. A time-delay is utilized in the tanlock scheme of DTL to produce a signal-dependent phase shift. This gave rise to the time-delay digital tanlock loop (TDTL). Fixed point theorems are used to analyze the behavior of the new loop. As such TDTL combines the two major approaches in DPLLs: the non-linear approach of sinusoidal DPLL based on fixed point analysis, and the linear tanlock approach based on the arctan phase detection. TDTL preserves the main advantages of the DTL despite its reduced structure. An application of TDTL in FSK demodulation is also considered. This idea of replacing HT by a time-delay may be of interest in other signal processing systems. Hence we have analyzed and compared the behaviors of the HT and the time-delay in the presence of additive Gaussian noise. Based on the above analysis, the behavior of the first and second-order TDTLs has been analyzed in additive Gaussian noise. Since DPLLs need time for locking, they are normally not efficient in tracking the continuously changing frequencies of non-stationary signals, i.e. signals with time-varying spectra. Nonstationary signals are of importance in synthetic and real life applications. An example is the frequency-modulated (FM) signals widely used in communication systems. Part-II of this thesis is dedicated for the IF estimation of non-stationary signals. For such signals the classical spectral techniques break down, due to the time-varying nature of their spectra, and more advanced techniques should be utilized. For the purpose of instantaneous frequency estimation of non-stationary signals there are two major approaches: parametric and non-parametric. We chose the non-parametric approach which is based on time-frequency analysis. This approach is computationally less expensive and more effective in dealing with multicomponent signals, which are the main aim of this part of the thesis. A time-frequency distribution (TFD) of a signal is a two-dimensional transformation of the signal to the time-frequency domain. Multicomponent signals can be identified by multiple energy peaks in the time-frequency domain. Many real life and synthetic signals are of multicomponent nature and there is little in the literature concerning IF estimation of such signals. This is why we have concentrated on multicomponent signals in Part-H. An adaptive algorithm for IF estimation using the quadratic time-frequency distributions has been analyzed. A class of time-frequency distributions that are more suitable for this purpose has been proposed. The kernels of this class are time-only or one-dimensional, rather than the time-lag (two-dimensional) kernels. Hence this class has been named as the T -class. If the parameters of these TFDs are properly chosen, they are more efficient than the existing fixed-kernel TFDs in terms of resolution (energy concentration around the IF) and artifacts reduction. The T-distributions has been used in the IF adaptive algorithm and proved to be efficient in tracking rapidly changing frequencies. They also enables direct amplitude estimation for the components of a multicomponent

The thesis deals with determination the type, composition and structure of rubber materials comming from gas masks produced withing sixteen years. Rubber materials were tested to determine if storage conditions could influence or caused the change in composition and/or the structure. To judge it rubber specimens were exposed to termo-oxidative aging at 75 and 105 °C for 50 ad 20 days, respectively, to obtain data for comparison. Termogravimetry Fourie-transform Infrared Spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflection and Differential Scanning Calorimetry were used to characterize composition/structure of tested speciments. Thermo-oxidative aging at 75 °C led to degradation of additives in both types of rubber, at 150 °C also to chemical degradation of rubber network especially in case of NR (glass transition temperature increases with aging time). Neither additives or rubber network was degraded in original rubber specimens. Deterioration of mechanical and, thus, utility properties of gass masks are not supposed any they are recommended to safe usage.

The thesis focuses on the issue of signal processing. Using practical examples, it tries to show the use of individual signal processing operations from a practical point of view. For each of the selected signal processing operations, an application is created in MATLAB, including a graphical interface for easier operation. The division of the thesis is such that each chapter is first analyzed from a theoretical point of view, then it is shown using a practical demonstration of what the operation is used in practice. Individual applications are described here, mainly in terms of how they are handled and their possible results. The results of the practical part are presented in the attachment of the thesis.

Anthropologists claim that people in a variety of human societies differ enormously in how they experience, express and understand emotion (Kalat & Shiota, 2007). Research on emotions, around the world, has become increasingly popular during the past few decades. Emotion is involved in the mainstream of topics in psychology, be it about antecedents, emotional expressions and responses, or about the dimensions underlying the large emotion lexicon (Shaver, Schwartz, Kirson, & O’Connor, 1987). While the study of emotion is of universal interest, emotions are of special interest for South-Africa. By studying the emotion lexicon of the Setswana culture, an evidence-based intervention program could be implemented by the SAPS, which will be relevant and practical to address emotional needs and support for South African Police members to express their emotions more accurately. This will help to ensure a healthy, productive and motivated police service which is an important contributor to the society (Van der Doef & Maes, 1999). South Africa, a multi-cultural country, with its eleven official languages, makes an exceptional country for studying emotion as presented in different cultures. The main objective of this study was to investigate emotion and culture in accordance with a literature study, and to identify the different emotion words within the Setswana language group and determine the prototypical emotion words as well as the cognitive structure (different dimensions) of emotion concepts. A survey design with convenience sampling was used to achieve the research objectives in a series of three phases (studies). The study population for the first (N=154) and third (N=140) phases consisted of entry level police applicants (students) from the South African Police Services. The study population (N=51) of the second phase consisted of Setswana language experts. Free Listing questionnaires, Prototypicality questionnaires and Similarity rating questionnaires were administered. Statistical methods and procedures (Multidimensional Scaling and Descriptive Statistics) were used and Cronbach alpha coefficients were calculated to analyse the results. Results of the Free Listing task gave a strong indication that basic emotion concepts of joy, sorrow and love readily came to mind in the Setswana group. Most prototypical concepts listed by the Setswana-speaking group were those of: “lela” (cry), “rata” (like), “go tenega” (fed up), “kgalefo” (warning), “lerato” (love), “boitumelo” (joy), “go utlusiswa botloko” (being hurt), “kwata” (anger), “amego maikutlo” (affection), “itumeletse” (elation), “botlhoko” (disappointment) and “itumela” (happiness). In order to determine the cognitive structure of emotion concepts, a multi-dimensional scaling was performed. A five-factorial solution was created with dimensions of Pleasantness, Yearning, Arousal, and Potency with the last dimension, “Go amega maikutlo”, being unique to the Setswana group. Suggestions were made concerning future studies on the emotion lexicon.
Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010

碩士
中國文化大學
國際企業管理學系
100
This paper aims to examine the impact factors that influence the real effective ex-change rate (REER) of Thai baht. We discuss some of the applications that real effective exchange rates have been applied to in practice and highlight some of the limitations that have often come out. In this regard, some econometric evidences on the importance of long-term exchange rate fluctuations for macroeconomic variables and its role in the monetary transmission mechanism in Thailand are presented. Moreover, Fourier transform analysis is applied in order to decompose 4 dominant harmonic cycles from the real effec-tive exchange rate. Afterwards, 186 economic fundamentals in terms of import products and export products are taken into account by comparing with the 4 harmonic wavelets. Finally, based on our presupposition and previous supportive studies, the basis unit of the economic fundamentals and its characteristic of time-value (price x quantity) that existed in terms of sinusoidal function waveform can be attested. The influences of the values of 186 economic fundamentals data on the 4 harmonics of REER are presented. The results can be used to predict the trends of the exchange rate in the future.