Articoli di riviste: "Forestry biotechnology"

1

Harborne, Jeffrey B. "Biotechnology in Agricukure and Forestry:". Phytochemistry 36, n. 1 (maggio 1994): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)97053-5.

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Hasnain, Sadiq, e William Cheliak. "Tissue Culture in Forestry: Economic and Genetic Potential". Forestry Chronicle 62, n. 4 (1 agosto 1986): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc62219-4.

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Vegetative propagation of Canadian conifers by tissue culture methods will allow the exploitation of the maximum genetic gain achieved in forest tree breeding programs. Tissue culture could provide a much more rapid means for delivering the genetic gain achieved to the commercial forests. Key Words: Forestry, biotechnology, plant tissue culutre, genetics, tree improvement.

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3

Charest, Pierre J. "Biotechnology in forestry: Examples from the Canadian Forest Service". Forestry Chronicle 72, n. 1 (1 febbraio 1996): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc72037-1.

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As a general trend, research activities related to biotechnology in the Canadian Forest Service (CFS) have increased significantly during the last decade as illustrated by a marked increase in resources committed to this field and in the number of publications produced by the scientists involved. The three areas covered by CFS biotechnological activities are forest regeneration, forest protection and environmental impact assessment. In forest regeneration, the tissue culture of conifers using somatic embryogenesis is a good example of potential application of biotechnology to conventional tree improvement. This technology is being used on a large scale in British Columbia and involves private firms such as BC Research Inc. Other technologies are also being developed such as genetic engineering which eventually will allow the incorporation of advantageous traits into trees which would otherwise be difficult or impossible to achieve. In forest protection, Bacillus thuringiensis is a well known success of biotechnology. This bacterium is used as a biopesticide in Canada to control spruce budworm and gypsy moth. Its use has been increasing during the last few decades and, with the phasing out of chemical insecticides for forestry use, Bacillus thuringiensis will become one of the few alternatives available for insect control. Insect viruses are also becoming more attractive for the biological control of forest pests. The CFS has registered three viruses for forestry use and the next generation of viruses will be genetically engineered to increase their efficiency and effectiveness. The last area of activity encompasses environmental impact studies of biotechnology products for forestry use. The CFS has been a pioneer in the development of microcosms (soil and aquatic) for studying microbial pesticides used to evaluate the impact of engineered biopesticides. Key words: biotechnology, genetic engineering, biopesticides, molecular biology, tissue culture, microcosm, regulation, environmental impact

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Gaston, Christopher, Steven Globerman e Ilan Vertinsky. "Biotechnology in forestry: Technological and economic perspectives". Technological Forecasting and Social Change 50, n. 1 (settembre 1995): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1625(94)00084-a.

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5

Hubbes, M. "Development of biotechnology programmes for energy forestry". Biomass 22, n. 1-4 (gennaio 1990): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-4565(90)90008-8.

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6

Mayer, A. M. "Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry: Crops II". Phytochemistry 29, n. 1 (gennaio 1990): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(90)89081-j.

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MCCOWN, B. "Applications of biotechnology in forestry and agriculture". Trends in Biotechnology 8 (1990): 365–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-7799(90)90230-u.

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Williams, Claire G., e Thomas D. Byram. "Forestry's Third Revolution: Integrating Biotechnology into Pinus taeda L. Breeding Programs". Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 25, n. 3 (1 agosto 2001): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/25.3.116.

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Abstract The Third Revolution—the application of molecular biology to plant improvement—is providing biotechnology for Pinus taeda breeding programs in the southern United States. To harness commercial value, forest biotechnology must be integrated with pine breeding. Overlaying an agriculture biotechnology template on any aspect of forestry ignores key historical, economic and biological factors unique to pine breeding programs and even to biotechnology applications. Understanding differences between forestry and agriculture will aid policy decisions about the use of genetically enhanced pines and identify numerous leverage points for directing forest biotechnology research toward commercial advantage. Integrating biotechnology into a P. taeda breeding program is illustrated using a case study approach. A molecular marker system is proposed for improving the selection efficacy of a pine breeding program. South. J. Appl. For. 25(3):116–121.

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9

Duchesne, Luc C. "Impact of biotechnology on forest ecosystems". Forestry Chronicle 69, n. 3 (1 giugno 1993): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc69307-3.

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This paper discusses the potential risks and benefits that may be derived from present and future use of forest biotechnology in Canada. The complementary use of forest biotechnology along with traditional silvicultural programs has the potential to improve the quality of Canadian forests by promoting: increased forest productivity, a reduction of exploitation pressure on forest lands, an increase in gene conservation, and improved forest management. However, these benefits could also be followed by undesirable effects such as pest adaptation to control methods, non-target pest emergence, reduction of biodiversity, and genetic pollution. Measures that could be implemented to circumvent these potentially undesirable effects are discussed. Such measures should be based on a sound understanding of the ecological effects of biotechnology and should promote biotechnology use within programs of integrated forest management.

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Иванова, Anna Ivanova, Дракин e Mikhail Drakin. "Organizational development of the regional research and educational cluster forest biotechnology Voronezh region". Forestry Engineering Journal 6, n. 1 (19 aprile 2016): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/18746.

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It is proved that the current rate of innovation in the forestry sector is extremely low, the volumes produced innovative products does not meet the volume of demand for them, and emerging trends may soon lead to a reduction in the creation of innovative forest biotechnology products and, consequently, to deterioration established forests. In this regard, the article hig-hlighted the need for institutional development of the regional scientific-educational cluster of biotechnology. Proved localization of the cluster in the Voronezh region.

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11

Roberts, E. H. "Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 2: Crops 1". Agricultural Systems 24, n. 3 (gennaio 1987): 244–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-521x(87)90007-2.

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12

Pyle, D. L. "Biotechnology in agriculture & forestry 1: Trees, I". Agricultural Systems 23, n. 2 (gennaio 1987): 155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-521x(87)90093-x.

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13

Bett, Larissa Amanda, Celso Garcia Auer, Susan Grace Karp e Leila Teresinha Maranho. "Forest biotechnology: economic aspects and conservation implications". Journal of Biotechnology and Biodiversity 9, n. 1 (24 marzo 2021): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/jbb.uft.cemaf.v9n1.bett.

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The importance of forest ecosystems for ecological balance and as a reservoir of genetic heritage and biodiversity is evident, the need for conservation is further exalted by the great anthropic pressure suffered by these ecosystems due to the increasing demand of the forest sector. The possibility of using biotechnological practices to combine conservation with sustainable economic development emerges as a promising alternative for the recovery and use of forest species, especially those threatened with extinction. The aims of the article is to demonstrate the main aspects of Forest Biotechnology with regard to conservation and the continuity of the supply of the demand of the economic sector. The central role of wood in economic development has led to the intense exploitation of forest ecosystems, which has resulted in the loss of biodiversity and reduced capacity to meet the demands of the sector. The tools of forest biotechnology, when employed in the optimization of conservation, allow a compatibilization with commercial production, acting as instruments of sustainable development. Forestry Biotechnology acts as an instrument to reconcile conservation with economic development, including forests at the heart of a strategy for a sustainable future.

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14

Reed, F. L. C. "The Potential Economic Impact of Biotechnology and Related Research on the Forest Sector". Forestry Chronicle 65, n. 3 (1 giugno 1989): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc65185-3.

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The Canadian forest sector is at a critical juncture in maintaining its competitive position internationally. One reason is the difficulty that we are experiencing in holding the line on the costs of timber and its processing. The expenditure on silviculture alone is often in the range of 10-20% of the cost of delivering roundwood to manufacturing plants. The entire forest community is counting of forestry science, and especially biotechnology, to enhance industry viability and provide solutions to problems with environmental quality. However, the funding of forestry R&D has always been handicapped by our inability to argue persuasively for science budgets. The central theme of this paper is that the application of biotechnology and other science to forestry certainly does pay. A synthesis of traditional and newer approaches to benefit-cost analysis is recommended to assist science managers in making their case for financial support.

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Tepfer, David. "Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry 45, Transgenic Medicinal Plants". Plant Science 160, n. 2 (gennaio 2001): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00372-1.

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16

Ahuja, M. R. "Fate of forest tree biotechnology facing climate change". Silvae Genetica 70, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2021): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sg-2021-0010.

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Abstract Woody plants have been cultured in vitro since the 1930s. After that time much progress has been made in the culture of tissues, organs, cells, and protoplasts in tree species. Tree biotechnology has been making strides in clonal propagation by organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. These regeneration studies have paved the way for gene transfer in forest trees. Transgenics from a number of forest tree species carrying a variety of recombinant genes that code for herbicide tolerance, pest resistance, lignin modification, increased woody bio-mass, and flowering control have been produced by Agrobacterium-mediated and biolistic methods, and some of them are undergoing confined field trials. Although relatively stable transgenic clones have been produced by genetic transformation in trees using organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis, there were also unintended unstable genetic events. In order to overcome the problems of randomness of transgene integration and instability reported in Agrobacterium-mediated or biolistically transformed plants, site-specific transgene insertion strategies involving clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR-Cas9) platform offer prospects for precise genome editing in plants. Nevertheless, it is important to monitor phenotypic and genetic stability of clonal material, not just under greenhouse conditions, but also under natural field conditions. Genetically modified poplars have been commercialized in China, and eucalypts and loblolly pine are expected to be released for commercial deployment in USA. Clonal forestry and transgenic forestry have to cope with rapid global climate changes in the future. Climate change is impacting species distributions and is a significant threat to biodiversity. Therefore, it is important to deploy Strategies that will assist the survival and evolution of forest tree species facing rapid climate change. Assisted migration (managed relocation) and biotechnological approaches offer prospects for adaptation of forest trees to climate change.

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17

Krugman, Stanley L. "Biotechnology and biodiversity — the interrelationships". Forestry Chronicle 68, n. 4 (1 agosto 1992): 459–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc68459-4.

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Although the two current high profile scientific fields of biotechnology and biodiversity have extremely different scientific foundations and philosophies, they are still closely interrelated. Useful forest biotechnology is dependent on the availability and maintenance of a broad genetic foundation. Such a foundation is best achieved over time by maintaining the biological diversity of natural systems. In contrast, it is conceivable that with the release of genetically engineered organisms, natural biological diversity could be negatively impacted. The possibility of such an influence will be discussed. Finally, the politics of the relationship between these two emerging scientific fields will be briefly reviewed.

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18

Иванова, Anna Ivanova, Евлаков e Yakov Evlakov. "Management techniques create innovative products of forest biotechnology in the country´s forestry". Forestry Engineering Journal 5, n. 3 (15 novembre 2015): 316–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/14180.

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Biotechnology is one of the powerful levers lifting sector. At the same time the need for product innovation in the practice and commercialization should be justified only possibility of achieving objective, which is to the country´s forestry is reforestation. Solve the strategic goal is made possible through the use of innovative technologies, restoration and use of product innova-tions. Innovative products of forest biotechnology in view of the high social significance can not be effectively evaluated using the so-called common (economic) assessment methods.

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19

Mullin, T. J., e S. Bertrand. "Environmental release of transgenic trees in Canada — potential benefits and assessment of biosafety". Forestry Chronicle 74, n. 2 (1 aprile 1998): 203–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc74203-2.

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The release of new genetic materials into forest ecosystems, regardless of the method used to develop them, should be done in an environmentally responsible manner. Canada is participating with the OECD in efforts to harmonize regulatory control of products derived from biotechnology, including forest trees. Prepared under contract to the Canadian Forest Service, the purpose of this document is to facilitate a discussion within the forestry community, leading to improved direction of research and contributing to the harmonization of regulatory oversight of genetically engineered forest trees. While the focus of the paper is on transgenic trees, many of the issues raised are equally applicable to all novel products from tree breeding. Key words: biotechnology, environmental impact, genetic engineering, plants with novel traits, regulations, risk assessment, transgenic trees, tree breeding

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20

Nowak, David J. "Institutionalizing urban forestry as a “biotechnology” to improve environmental quality". Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 5, n. 2 (agosto 2006): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2006.04.002.

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Schuch, Wolfgang. "Advances in plant biotechnology and their implication for forestry research". In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant 27, n. 3 (luglio 1991): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02632191.

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22

Морковина, Светлана, Svetlana Morkovina, Иван Торжков e Ivan Torzhkov. "Mechanisms of Diversification in Forest Sector". Forestry Engineering Journal 7, n. 3 (1 novembre 2017): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_59c21ba6be03a9.24492898.

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In the article substantiates that development of forest complex of the Russian economy is not possible without the implementation of structural reforms and emphasis on diversification of forestry as an important industry segment. Reasons for diversification of forest complex are shown, including: disparities in development of technological chain - forestry-logging-woodworking; technological, territorial and economic fragmentation of forest, harvesting and processing enterprises and industries; infrastructural and economic barriers; low level of Research and Advanced Development and industrial innovation at all stages of technologically related industries. It is proved that diversification of forestry should be carried out at the level of the most significant sub-systems: reforestation and afforestation in order to transfer to the technologies allowing reducing the period of growing of wood and target assortments. Diversification of forestry is possible during the transition from forest crops to plantation afforestation through the establishment of industrial forest plantations on the lands of forest fund. To reduce the risk component in the diversification of forest production, creation of industrial forest plantations must be carried out not far from industrial consumers of wood, which will ensure the economic feasibility of growing, harvesting and delivery of wood raw material. The proposed mechanism of diversification in combination with biotechnology will provide increasing demand for timber, with significant reduction of the environmental load on natural forest stands, allowing you to preserve natural ecosystems for purposes of recreation. Introduction of biotechnology in forestry will reduce the gap in development segments of the forest complex and increase wood supply for diversified industries. Diversification of forestry and development of industrial plantation afforestation is constrained by legal framework and absence of measures of financial support of enterprises of forest complex.

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Valenzuela, Sofia, Claudio Balocchi e Jaime Rodriguez. "Transgenic trees and forestry biosafety". Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 9, n. 3 (15 giugno 2006): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.2225/vol9-issue3-fulltext-22.

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Porth, Ilga, Gary Bull, Suborna Ahmed, Yousry A. El-Kassaby e Mark Boyland. "Forest genomics research and development in Canada: Priorities for developing an economic framework". Forestry Chronicle 91, n. 01 (gennaio 2015): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2015-011.

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Forest genomics is a relatively recent research field and is often poorly understood both by the public and forest managers. Genomics in forestry, an expansion of forest biotechnology, seeks to develop generalized technologies for use in industrial plantations and/or natural forests as well as within process optimization, product development and international trade facilitation. With such tools it is possible to address formerly intractable issues such as understanding the underpinnings of complex traits for conservation management purposes, improved use of forest trees as carbon sinks, feedstock for biofuels and “green chemistry” through deeper understanding and effective utilization of forests’ natural variation. Diverse end-users could benefit from genomics tools; for example, real-time detection and mapping of known and novel pathogens along with risk assessments to protect forest nurseries and natural forests from invasive pathogens and reduce economic losses associated with diseases. Since 2001, there has been approximately $123 million invested in Canadian forest genomics research; we thought it would be helpful to summarize projects in Canada and the USA and to identify research priorities and potential economic implications by: (a) developing a robust typology of forest sector genomics research relevant to Canadian application; (b) categorizing each initiative for its application potential (commercial, noncommercial); and, (c) demonstrating with silvicultural gain, insect resistance, and wood composition themes the application of modeling and economic analysis.

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B. Harborne, Jeffrey. "Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry, vol. 4, medicinal and aromatic plants:". Phytochemistry 28, n. 8 (gennaio 1989): 2228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)97960-3.

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Harborne, Jeffrey B. "Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, Vol. 21. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants". Phytochemistry 33, n. 5 (luglio 1993): 1279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(93)85070-8.

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Mayer, A. M. "Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry volume 20: High-tech and micropropagation". Phytochemistry 33, n. 4 (luglio 1993): 950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(93)85318-l.

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Dicosmo, Frank. "Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 21. Medicinal and aromatic plants IV". Trends in Biotechnology 12, n. 4 (aprile 1994): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-7799(94)90092-2.

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Hammatt, Neil. "Clonal forestry I and II". Trends in Biotechnology 12, n. 7 (luglio 1994): 287–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-7799(94)90142-2.

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30

Henderson, Anna R., e C. Walter. "Genetic Engineering in Conifer Plantation Forestry". Silvae Genetica 55, n. 1-6 (1 dicembre 2006): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2006-0033.

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Abstract In this review we examine the history and progression of conifer genetic engineering. The review includes the methods used, the conifer species transformed, the genes inserted and the regeneration of genetically engineered conifer trees. We cover both Biolistic® and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, and we detail transformation events with and without plant regeneration. We show that almost all conifer transformation work uses nptII as a selective marker, and very often uidA is included as a reporter gene. Further, we show that a range of genes that are of commercial interest for forest tree plantations have been introduced, such as herbicide resistance, insect resistance and those related to wood properties. We briefly discuss the future for biotechnology in the context of socially acceptable enhanced plantation forestry and under consideration of benefits and risks.

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Galovic, Vladislava, Andrej Pilipovic, Miroslav Markovic, Verica Vasic, Predrag Pap, Sasa Pekec e Marina Katanic. "New biotechnologies in Serbian forestry". Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, suppl. (2014): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf14s1141g.

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This paper presents an overview of the results achieved in the laboratory for molecular studies of the Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, University of Novi Sad, in the field of biotechnology, mainly in molecular genetics, genomics and functional genomics. Researches are designed to serve as a breeding tool. The aim was to clarify the processes of classical genetics by applying modern methods and enable a qualitative and rapid progress in understanding the processes that occur at the level of genes in the genome of forest plant species and thus help the processes of conservation of valuable taxa at the time of global climate change. The results are presented within various research fields and by type of forest trees that were given priority by importance in forest ecosystems. Studies have in most cases been of applicative character with the aim of solving the major problems in forestry, but also of fundamental nature when they were necessary to elucidate the response of forest species to the induced stress, which is an inevitable component of the time characterized by tolerance and adaptation as keywords.

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Keserű, Zsolt, Ildikó Balla, Borbála Antal e Károly Rédei. "Micropropagation of Leuce-poplars and evaluation of their development under sandy site conditions in Hungary". Acta Silvatica et Lignaria Hungarica 11, n. 2 (1 dicembre 2015): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aslh-2015-0011.

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AbstractLeuce-poplars are a native stand-forming tree species throughout Hungary. Several species or selections of them are used as ornamental plants in parks or to line streets and highways. They cover approximately 4.0 per cent of the total forested area in Hungary (70000 ha). The white (grey) poplar belongs to the Leuce poplars and plays a significant role in sand fixation, regional forestation, and nature conservation. The National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Forest Research Institute or NARIC-FRI (formerly known as the Forest Research Institute) is involved in long-term breeding work for the selection of fast-growing white poplar trees under dry conditions. In vitro multiplication of trees is applied mainly to fruit growing trees in Hungary; in forestry research it is used primarily for selective breeding. This paper presents a short overview of the most important issues concerning the biotechnology of different Populus species, the related research on micropropagation trials, and the results of field investigations of micropropagated Leuce-poplar clone experiments.

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Durzan, Don J. "Biotechnology and the Cell Cultures of Woody Perennials". Forestry Chronicle 61, n. 5 (1 ottobre 1985): 439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc61439-5.

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Strauss, Steven H., Stephen P. DiFazio e Richard Meilan. "Genetically modified poplars in context". Forestry Chronicle 77, n. 2 (1 aprile 2001): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc77271-2.

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Poplars (genus Populus) have emerged as a model organism for forest biotechnology, and genetic modification (GM: asexual gene transfer) is more advanced for this genus than for any other tree. The goal of this paper is to consider the benefits expected from the use of GM poplar trees, and the most significant claims made for environmental harm, by comparing them to impacts and uncertainties that are generally accepted as part of intensive tree culture. We focus on the four traits with greatest commercialization potential in the near term: wood modification, herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, and flowering control. After field trials and selection of the top performing trees, similar to that during conventional poplar breeding, GM poplars appear vigorous and express their new traits reliably. The ecological issues expected from use of GM poplars appear similar in scope to those managed routinely during conventional plantation culture, which includes the use of exotic and hybrid genotypes, short rotations, intensive weed control, fertilization, and density control. The single-gene traits under consideration for commercial use are unlikely to cause a significant expansion in ecological niche, and thus to substantially alter poplar's ability to "invade" wild populations. We conclude that the ecological risks posed by GM poplars are similar in magnitude, though not in detail, to those of routine poplar culture. We also argue that the tangible economic and environmental benefits of GM poplars for some uses warrant their near-term adoption—if coupled with adaptive research and monitoring—so that their economic and ecological benefits, and safety, can be studied on commercially and ecologically relevant scales. We believe that the growing demand for both wood products and ecological services of forests justifies vigorous efforts to increase wood production on land socially zoned for tree agriculture, plantations, or horticulture. This is the key reason for poplar biotechnology: the combination of economic efficiency with reduction of farm and forestry impact on the landscape. Key words: biotechnology, environmental risk assessment, forestry, genetic engineering, Populus

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Wilson, J. P. "Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 36: Somaclonal variation in crop improvement II". Crop Protection 16, n. 3 (maggio 1997): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-2194(97)83770-2.

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Kreis, Wolfgang. "Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry. Vol. 37: Medicinal and aromatic plants IX". European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 44, n. 1 (luglio 1997): 104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0939-6411(97)00046-5.

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Krikorian, A. D. "Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry. Volume 2: Crops I.Y. P. S. Bajaj". Quarterly Review of Biology 62, n. 1 (marzo 1987): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/415326.

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Abdullah, Ruslan. "Rice. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, Volume 14. Y. P. S. Bajaj". Quarterly Review of Biology 68, n. 2 (giugno 1993): 273–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/418091.

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Ahuja, M. R. "Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry, volume 12: Haploids in crop improvement I". Forest Ecology and Management 46, n. 1-2 (dicembre 1991): 154–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(91)90251-p.

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Godwin, I. D. "Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 11: Somaclonal variation in crop improvement I". Field Crops Research 29, n. 2 (aprile 1992): 180–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(92)90089-r.

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Corredoira, Elena, Mª Martínez, Mª Cernadas e Mª San José. "Application of Biotechnology in the Conservation of the Genus Castanea". Forests 8, n. 10 (17 ottobre 2017): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f8100394.

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Myburg, A., J. Bradfield, E. Cowley, N. Creux, M. de Castro, T.-L. Hatherell, M. Mphahlele et al. "Forest and fibre genomics: biotechnology tools for applied tree improvement". Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science 70, n. 2 (agosto 2008): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/south.for.2008.70.2.1.529.

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Gupta, Pramod K., Gerald Pullman, Roger Timmis, Mary Kreitinger, William C. Carlson, Jim Grob e Elaine Welty. "Forestry in the 21st Century". Nature Biotechnology 11, n. 4 (aprile 1993): 454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0493-454.

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Cheliak, W. M., e D. L. Rogers. "Integrating biotechnology into tree improvement programs". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, n. 4 (1 aprile 1990): 452–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-062.

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Time is a major constraint in the progress of tree improvement programs. Four ways in which time influences the tree improvement process are (i) evolutionary time, (ii) time to harvest, (iii) time to achieve phenotypic stability, and (iv) time to reach reproductive maturity. The ways in which each of these affects the three phases of a tree improvement program (conservation, selection and breeding, and propagation) are identified and discussed. How biotechnological techniques, as well as other enabling technologies, address the time constraint problem is also discussed. The biotechnological approaches include tissue culture, molecular genetics, and genetic engineering; the enabling technologies include early testing and flower induction. Through tissue culture it is possible to increase genetic gain per unit time and increase total genetic gain by using more of the total genetic variation. Development of high-resolution linkage maps, through application of molecular genetics technology, will provide new approaches to early screening, testing, and selection. Additionally, molecular probes will be useful in improving methods that genetically fingerprint germ plasm. Genetic engineering has considerable potential to reduce time constraints. However, because of the diverse breeding and production populations typically employed, much basic work needs to be done to integrate genetically engineered materials into tree improvement programs. Early selection and flower induction address the time constraints imposed by age-stable performance and reproductive maturity. When used in combination with the previously described biotechnologies, a powerful system is created that can dramatically reduce the time required to integrate genetically improved material into forest regeneration programs. An example of integrating tree improvement, clonal forestry, and biotechnology is described for an existing black spruce regeneration program.

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45

Khan, Fasiha F., Kaleem Ahmad, Aleem Ahmed e Shujjah Haider. "APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE- REVIEW ARTICLE". World Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 2, n. 1 (15 aprile 2017): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.33865/wjb.002.01.0013.

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Agricultural biotechnology plays a key role in research tools that scientists use to understand and manipulate the genetic makeup of organisms for use in agriculture: crops, livestock, forestry and fisheries. Biotechnology has vast application than genetic engineering; it also includes genomics and bioinformatics, markers-assisted selection, micropropagation, tissue culture, cloning, artificial insemination, embryo transfer and other technologies. However, genetic engineering, mainly in crop sector, is the area in which biotechnology is most directly affecting agriculture in developing countries and in which the most vital public concerns and policy issues have arisen. Therefore, this review report tries to touches all the aspect of biotechnology in the field of agriculture.

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46

Gupta, Pramod K., Roger Timmis e A. F. Mascarenhas. "Field performance of micropropagated forestry species". In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant 27, n. 4 (ottobre 1991): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02632210.

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47

Raparelli, Elisabetta, Sofia Bajocco e Giuseppe Scarascia Mugnozza. "The perception of biotechnology in agro-forestry: The opinion of undergraduates and researchers". Land Use Policy 66 (luglio 2017): 364–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.05.015.

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48

Altman, Arie. "From plant tissue culture to biotechnology: Scientific revolutions, abiotic stress tolerance, and forestry". In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant 39, n. 2 (marzo 2003): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ivp2002379.

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Sederoff, Ronald. "Regulatory science in forest biotechnology". Tree Genetics & Genomes 3, n. 2 (10 gennaio 2007): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11295-006-0081-x.

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Larocque, Robert. "Forestry for the Future: Delivering on Canada's Bioeconomy Potential". Industrial Biotechnology 16, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ind.2020.29202.rla.

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