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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Forensic genetics"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 31 luglio 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Forensic genetics"

Smith, Lindsay A., e Vivette García-Deister. "Genetic syncretism: Latin American forensics and global indigenous organizing". BioSocieties 16, n. 4 (5 novembre 2021): 447–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41292-021-00263-3.

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AbstractIn the 1970s, Latin America became a global laboratory for military interventions, the cultivation of terror, and ideological and economic transformation. In response, family groups and young scientists forged a new activist forensics focused on human rights, victim-centered justice, and state accountability, inaugurating new forms of forensic practice. We examine how this new form of forensic practice centered in forensic genetics has led to a critical engagement with Indigeneity both within and outside the lab. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork with human rights activists and forensic scientists in Argentina, Guatemala and Mexico, this paper examines the relationship between forensic genetics, Indigenous organizing, and human rights practice. We offer the concept of ‘genetic syncretism’ to attend to spaces where multiple and competing beliefs about genetics, justice, and Indigenous identity are worked out through (1) coming together in care, (2) incorporation, and (3) ritual. Helping to unpack the uneasy and incomplete alliance of Indigenous interests and forensic genetic practice in Latin American, genetic syncretism offers a theoretical lens that is attentive to how differentials of power embedded in colonial logics and scientific practice are brokered through the coming together of seemingly incompatible beliefs and practices.

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Morling, Niels. "Forensic genetics". Lancet 364 (dicembre 2004): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17621-6.

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Li, Chengtao. "Forensic genetics". Forensic Sciences Research 3, n. 2 (3 aprile 2018): 103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20961790.2018.1489445.

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Vitoševic, Katarina, Danijela Todorovic, Zivana Slovic, Radica Zivkovic-Zaric e Milos Todorovic. "Forensic Genetics and Genotyping". Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research 20, n. 2 (1 giugno 2019): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjecr-2016-0074.

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Abstract Forensic genetics represents a combination of molecular and population genetics. Personal identification and kinship analysis (e.g. paternity testing) are the two main subjects of forensic DNA analysis. Biological specimens from which DNA is isolated are blood, semen, saliva, tissues, bones, teeth, hairs. Genotyping has become a basis in the characterization of forensic biological evidence. It is performed using a variety of genetic markers, which are divided into two large groups: bi-allelic (single-nucleotide polymorphisms, SNP) and multi-allelic polymorphisms (variable number of tandem repeats, VNTR and short tandem repeats, STR). This review describes the purpose of genetic markers in forensic investigation and their limitations. The STR loci are currently the most informative genetic markers for identity testing, but in cases without a suspect SNP can predict offender’s ancestry and phenotype traits such as skin, eyes and hair color. Nowadays, many countries worldwide have established forensic DNA databases based on autosomal short tandem repeats and other markers. In order for DNA profile database to be useful at a national or international level, it is essential to standardize genetic markers used in laboratories.

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Kowalczyk, Marek, Ewelina Zawadzka, Dariusz Szewczuk, Magdalena Gryzińska e Andrzej Jakubczak. "Molecular markers used in forensic genetics". Medicine, Science and the Law 58, n. 4 (30 settembre 2018): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025802418803852.

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Forensic genetics is a field that has become subject to increasing interest in recent years. Both the technology and the markers used for forensic purposes have changed since the 1980s. The minisatellite sequences used in the famous Pitchfork case introduced genetics to the forensic sciences. Minisatellite sequences have now been replaced by more sensitive microsatellite markers, which have become the basis for the creation of genetic profile databases. Modern molecular methods also exploit single nucleotide polymorphisms, which are often the only way to identify degraded DNA samples. The same type of variation is taken into consideration in attempting to establish the ethnicity of a perpetrator and to determine phenotypic traits such as the eye or hair colour of the individual who is the source of the genetic material. This paper contains a review of the techniques and molecular markers used in human and animal forensic genetics, and also presents the potential trends in forensic genetics such as phenotyping.

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Jorge, Rodríguez. "Forensic Genetics as a Tool for Forensic Investigation at the Crime Scene". International Journal of Forensic Sciences 8, n. 2 (2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ijfsc-16000303.

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The 21st century will bring us, as the 20th century brought us the specialization of forensic medicine, an increasing integration of subspecialties. The importance of DNA testing in the forensic field as a method of identification lies in its potential applicability to solve many cases that would be difficult to clarify by conventional investigative procedures and in the very high reliability of its results, only comparable with dactyloscopic expertise. The application of this profile allows the use of any fluid from the same person since it presents the same genetic code regardless of where the print comes from such as blood, saliva, semen, hair, sweat. The present research consists of a descriptive investigation that started with a transversal observational study of the application of DNA expertise for identification purposes. A bibliographic review of specialized sources on the subject was carried out, and an assessment was made of the importance of the application of DNA expertise as evidence in criminal proceedings and its impact on due process. It was analyzed the vulnerabilities that threaten the quality of the expertise and how the evaluation of the evidence can be thundered doubtful or inconclusive if the established protocols are not fulfilled, in addition the importance and perspectives of the genetic bank for forensic purposes were widely discussed, as well as the care to be taken by the risks that this has if the security measures provided for this purpose are not met.

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Linacre, Adrian. "Animal Forensic Genetics". Genes 12, n. 4 (1 aprile 2021): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12040515.

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Animal forensic genetics, where the focus is on non-human species, is broadly divided in two: domestic species and wildlife. When traces of a domestic species are relevant to a forensic investigation the question of species identification is less important, as the material comes from either a dog or a cat for instance, but more relevant may be the identification of the actual pet. Identification of a specific animal draws on similar methods to those used in human identification by using microsatellite markers. The use of cat short tandem repeats to link a cat hair to a particular cat paved the way for similar identification of dogs. Wildlife forensic science is becoming accepted as a recognised discipline. There is growing acceptance that the illegal trade in wildlife is having devasting effects on the numbers of iconic species. Loci on the mitochondrial genome are used to identify the most likely species present. Sequencing the whole locus may not be needed if specific bases can be targeted. There can be benefits of increased sensitivity using mitochondrial loci for species testing, but occasionally there is an issue if hybrids are present. The use of massively parallel DNA sequencing has a role in the identification of the ingredients of traditional medicines where studies found protected species to be present, and a potential role in future species assignments. Non-human animal forensic testing can play a key role in investigations provided that it is performed to the same standards as all other DNA profiling processes.

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Amorim, Antonio. "Nonhuman forensic genetics". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series 7, n. 1 (dicembre 2019): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigss.2019.09.019.

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Crysup, Benjamin, August E. Woerner, Jonathan L. King e Bruce Budowle. "Graph Algorithms for Mixture Interpretation". Genes 12, n. 2 (27 gennaio 2021): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12020185.

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The scale of genetic methods are presently being expanded: forensic genetic assays previously were limited to tens of loci, but now technologies allow for a transition to forensic genomic approaches that assess thousands to millions of loci. However, there are subtle distinctions between genetic assays and their genomic counterparts (especially in the context of forensics). For instance, forensic genetic approaches tend to describe a locus as a haplotype, be it a microhaplotype or a short tandem repeat with its accompanying flanking information. In contrast, genomic assays tend to provide not haplotypes but sequence variants or differences, variants which in turn describe how the alleles apparently differ from the reference sequence. By the given construction, mitochondrial genetic assays can be thought of as genomic as they often describe genetic differences in a similar way. The mitochondrial genetics literature makes clear that sequence differences, unlike the haplotypes they encode, are not comparable to each other. Different alignment algorithms and different variant calling conventions may cause the same haplotype to be encoded in multiple ways. This ambiguity can affect evidence and reference profile comparisons as well as how “match” statistics are computed. In this study, a graph algorithm is described (and implemented in the MMDIT (Mitochondrial Mixture Database and Interpretation Tool) R package) that permits the assessment of forensic match statistics on mitochondrial DNA mixtures in a way that is invariant to both the variant calling conventions followed and the alignment parameters considered. The algorithm described, given a few modest constraints, can be used to compute the “random man not excluded” statistic or the likelihood ratio. The performance of the approach is assessed in in silico mitochondrial DNA mixtures.

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Kayser, Manfred, e Walther Parson. "Transitioning from Forensic Genetics to Forensic Genomics". Genes 9, n. 1 (22 dicembre 2017): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes9010003.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Forensic genetics"

Tillmar, Andreas. "Populations and Statistics in Forensic Genetics". Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-54742.

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DNA has become a powerful forensic tool for solving cases such as linking a suspect to a crime scene, resolving biological relationship issues and identifying disaster victims. Traditionally, DNA investigations mainly involve two steps; the establishment of DNA profiles from biological samples and the interpreta-tion of the evidential weight given by theses DNA profiles. This thesis deals with the latter, with focus on models for assessing the weight of evidence and the study of parameters affecting these probability figures. In order to calculate the correct representative weight of DNA evidence, prior knowledge about the DNA markers for a relevant population sample is required. Important properties that should be studied are, for example, how frequently certain DNA-variants (i.e. alleles) occur in the population, the differences in such frequencies between subpopulations, expected inheritance patterns of the DNA markers within a family and the forensic efficiency of the DNA markers in casework. In this thesis we aimed to study important population genetic parameters that influence the weight of evidence given by a DNA-analysis, as well as models for proper consideration of such parameters when calculating the weight of evi-dence in relationship testing. We have established a Swedish frequency database for mitochondrial DNA haplotypes and a haplotype frequency database for markers located on the X-chromosome. Furthermore, mtDNA haplotype frequencies were used to study the genetic variation within Sweden, and between Swedish and other European populations. No genetic substructure was found in Sweden, but strong similari-ties with other western European populations were observed. Genetic properties such as linkage and linkage disequilibrium could be im-portant when using X-chromosomal markers in relationship testing. This was true for the set of markers that we studied. In order to account for this, we pro-posed a model for how to take linkage and linkage disequilibrium into account when calculating the weight of evidence provided by X-chromosomal analysis. Finally, we investigated the risk of erroneous decisions when using DNA in-vestigations for family reunification. We showed that the risk is increased due to uncertainties regarding population allele frequencies, consanguinity and compet-ing close relationship between the tested individuals. Additional information and the use of a refined model for the alternative hypotheses reduced the risk of making erroneous decisions. In summary, as a result of the work on this thesis, we can use mitochondrial DNA and X-chromosome markers in order to resolve complex relationship in-vestigations. Moreover, the reliability of likelihood estimates has been increased by the development of models and the study of relevant parameters affecting probability calculations.

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Santos, Leonardo Soriano de Mello 1976. "Viabilidade da utilização de amostras biologicas obtidas de dentes humanos para obtenção de perfis geneticos de DNA". [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/290762.

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Orientadores: Eduardo Daruge Junior, Darcy de Oliveira Tosello
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T19:58:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_LeonardoSorianodeMello_M.pdf: 882529 bytes, checksum: a98503a69a38c35d2491b2e9cd210308 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009
Resumo: Alguns fatores relacionados ao estado e lugares que dentes humanos se encontram, nos que diz respeito a estes enquanto amostras com finalidade forense, ainda constituem desafio ao que tange o uso dos mesmos como material para obtenção de perfis genéticos de DNA. Este estudo visou comparar a extração de DNA feita a partir de dentes humanos com a extração por meios de amostras de sangue fixadas em papel FTA® utilizadas como grupo controle, de maneira a comparar os alelos mapeados e definir se os dentes constituem nestas circunstâncias, fonte viável de amostras para obtenção de perfis genéticos, comparando os protocolos. Dezoito participantes foram abordados e, aceitaram participar da pesquisa por meio de TCLE's, doaram voluntariamente amostras de sangue e os elementos dentários terceiros molares superiores direitos, estes indicados para exodontia por outros profissionais. Verificou-se que os dentes humanos constituíram fontes viáveis de acordo com a análise estatística realizada (Teste de Poisson), onde p<0,0001, entretanto quando comparado com o protocolo de extração de material genético através do sangue, deixa de ser viável devido ao número de passos necessários para a obtenção dos resultados. Ainda, 78,125% dos alelos possíveis de serem mapeados, o foram com sucesso
Abstract: Several factors related to how and where human teeth are found in forensic cases still a challenge to obtain genetic DNA profiles, as using theses elements as source for genetic material. This study aimed to compare the DNA extraction done through blood stains in FTA® paper cards, used as control group, and compare the mapped alleles from these to ones extracted from human teeth samples, as the simplicity of theses protocols when in comparison. Eighteen participants were convinced to join this study. Blood samples and superior right third molars (element 18) were donated. As result, teeth provided good sources of biologic sampling to obtain genetic profiles when analyzed by Poisson statistic analysis (p<0,0001), however, when compared to genetic material extraction protocol by blood, teeth analysis is no longer viable due to extensive laboratorial steps in order to gain the same results. Also 78,125% of the possible locci to be mapped and amplified were indeed
Mestrado
Odontologia Legal e Deontologia
Mestre em Biologia Buco-Dental

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Gettings, Katherine Butler. "Forensic Ancestry and Phenotype SNP Analysis and Integration with Established Forensic Markers". Thesis, The George Washington University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3590467.

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When an evidential DNA profile does not match identified suspects or profiles from available databases, further DNA analyses targeted at inferring the possible ancestral origin and phenotypic characteristics of the perpetrator could yield valuable information. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), the most common form of genetic polymorphisms, have alleles associated with specific populations and/or correlated to physical characteristics. With this research, single base primer extension (SBE) technology was used to develop a 50 SNP assay designed to predict ancestry among the primary U.S. populations (African American, East Asian, European, and Hispanic/Native American), as well as pigmentation phenotype. The assay has been optimized to a sensitivity level comparable to current forensic DNA analyses, and has shown robust performance on forensic-type samples. In addition, three prediction models were developed and evaluated for ancestry in the U.S. population, and two models were compared for eye color prediction, with the best models and interpretation guidelines yielding correct information for 98% and 100% of samples, respectively. Also, because data from additional DNA markers (STR, mitochondrial and/or Y chromosome DNA) may be available for a forensic evidence sample, the possibility of including this data in the ancestry prediction was evaluated, resulting in an improved prediction with the inclusion of STR data and decreased performance when including mitochondrial or Y chromosome data. Lastly, the possibility of using next-generation sequencing (NGS) to genotype forensic STRs (and thus, the possibility of a multimarker multiplex incorporating all forensic markers) was evaluated on a new platform, with results showing the technology incapable of meeting the needs of the forensic community at this time.

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Nilsson, Martina. "Mitochondrial DNA in Sensitive Forensic Analysis". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7458.

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Andréasson, Hanna. "Sensitive Forensic DNA Analysis : Application of Pyrosequencing and Real-time PCR Quantification". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Genetics and Pathology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5775.

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The field of forensic genetics is growing fast and the development and optimisation of more sensitive, faster and more discriminating forensic DNA analysis methods is highly important. In this thesis, an evaluation of the use of novel DNA technologies and the development of specific applications for use in forensic casework investigations are presented.

In order to maximise the use of valuable limited DNA samples, a fast and user-friendly Real-time PCR quantification assay, of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA copies, was developed. The system is based on the 5’ exonuclease detection assay and was evaluated and successfully used for quantification of a number of different evidence material types commonly found on crime scenes. Furthermore, a system is described that allows both nuclear DNA quantification and sex determination in limited samples, based on intercalation of the SYBR Green dye to double stranded DNA.

To enable highly sensitive DNA analysis, Pyrosequencing of short stretches of mitochondrial DNA was developed. The system covers both control region and coding region variation, thus providing increased discrimination power for mitochondrial DNA analysis. Finally, due to the lack of optimal assays for quantification of mitochondrial DNA mixture, an alternative use of the Pyrosequencing system was developed. This assay allows precise ratio quantification of mitochondrial DNA in samples showing contribution from more than one individual.

In conclusion, the development of optimised forensic DNA analysis methods in this thesis provides several novel quantification assays and increased knowledge of typical DNA amounts in various forensic samples. The new, fast and sensitive mitochondrial DNA Pyrosequencing assay was developed and has the potential for increased discrimination power.

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Divne, Anna-Maria. "Evaluation of New Technologies for Forensic DNA Analysis". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5744.

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Reid, Kate Megan. "Forensic human identification: Generating Y-STR data for the South African population". Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30060.

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Salt River Mortuary (SRM), Cape Town, investigates ~3500 cases of unnatural death annually, with an apparent burden of unclaimed bodies. A retrospective review was first undertaken to assess the number of these individuals who remained unidentified. Medicolegal records were examined (2010-2017), and ~9% of cases remained unidentified each year. DNA analysis was performed in 23.5% of cases. At the time of this study, unidentified bodies were in storage for up to two years, pending pauper burial. DNA profiling assists forensic human identification, and the analysis of markers on the Y-chromosome has particular importance in kinship analysis. To evaluate the statistical probability of DNA profiles matching between samples, reference data from the background population is required. Such data for the Y-chromosome is lacking for some populations groups in South Africa (SA). As such this study aimed to generate Y-chromosome data relevant to SA. Second to this, the obtainability of DNA profiles from unidentified decedents at SRM, prior to pauper burial, was investigated. Biological samples were obtained from 653 SA individuals (living: n=480; deceased: n=173) belonging to four major population groups. Following internal validation, samples were processed using the Promega PowerPlex® Y23 System. A cohort-representative subset of DNA profiles were also generated using the forensically validated Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) assay on the MiSeq FGx™ system, to assess concordance. Statistical analysis was performed using Arlequin and STATA packages. Full DNA profiles (i.e. haplotypes) were obtained from 626 samples (African: n=183; Coloured: n=170; Indian/Asian: n=111; White: n=162), with 599 haplotypes being unique to a single individual. Following optimisation, haplotypes were obtained from >99% and 85% of living and deceased individuals, respectively. Haplotypes were generated from numerous individuals stored for over one year, and DNA profile quality was not associated with time between death declaration and sample collection. NGS results confirmed the presence of one micro-variant and resolved allele-calling in five instances where the capillary electrophoresis assay was incorrect. Thus, concordance was observed in 98% of loci reviewed. Overall, haplotypes were successfully obtained for four different SA population groups, including refrigerated decedents, even 887 days after death declaration. This demonstrates that DNA profiling can be successful for decedents and efforts should be made to store DNA profiles for the possibility of familial searching and identification, even after burial. Identification of the multitude of unclaimed bodies at forensic facilities nationwide holds immense value for living family members, and provides closure for the acceptance of death and life thereafter.

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Tully, Gillian. "DNA profiling for forensic identification : evaluation of polymerase chain reaction methods". Thesis, Cardiff University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264882.

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Bashir, Majid. "Application of autosomal INDELs as a forensic tool in Qatar". Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2016. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/15480/.

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Short tandem Repeats (STRs) are the most commonly genetic markers used in forensic human identification. However, in some cases they are not able to yield complete profiles because of DNA degradation and/or inhibition. The STR profiling of the degraded/inhibited DNA samples can result in allelic drop-outs and even no profile at all. Alternatively, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can be used to address the issues of DNA degradation and inhibition due to their smaller amplicons. But their use in regular forensic case work is limited due to additional steps (sequencing based) and time consuming process. To bridge the gap between STRs and SNPs by combining their characteristics, another type of genetic marker, insertion deletion polymorphisms (INDELs), offer an effective way to analyze challenged DNA sample (degraded and inhibited ones). INDELs have short amplicons, low mutation rates, no stutter peaks and are analyzed using the same equipment and protocols as STR polymorphisms. In this study, the forensic efficiency of 30 autosomal INDELs contained within the Qiagen™ Investigator™ DIPplex kit were tested by using 500 samples from individuals belonging to five different nationalities (Qatari, Pakistani, Sudanese, Tunisian and Yemeni) based in Qatar. Population indices and forensic parameters were calculated. The results showed no significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and no evidence of linkage disequilibrium for all of 30 markers was found after applying Bonferroni’s correction (P < 0.00166). The Combined Power of Discrimination (CPD) for the 30 INDEL loci was 0.9999999 for all of five populations which shows that these 30 markers are very efficient and suitable for forensic casework. The Combined Probability of Match (CPM) was calculated in the order of 10-13 which is a satisfactory value for forensic purposes. In addition to assess forensic efficiency of 30 autosomal INDELs, an effort was also made to derive ancestry information by using different statistical systems (Arlequin, Snipper and STRUCTURE). The results indicated that 30 INDELs contained in Qiagen™ Investigator® DIPplex kit, although useful for forensic identification, poorly differentiate five population groups of Qatar. The reason of failure in differentiating the populations, lies in the selection of INDEL markers, which were chosen for identification purpose (i.e. they have similar allele frequencies in different populations) rather than deriving the ancestry information (i.e. iii ancestry informative markers are chosen on the basis that their allele frequencies need to be different for different populations). In order to recover genetic information lost during DNA degradation, the concept of reduced sized PCR products (mini amplicons) has been developed. MiniFiler® kit (Applied Biosystems™) containing 8 mini-STRs (developed by re-designing the primers of 8 STRs contained in Identifiler Plus® kit) provide a possible solution of DNA degradation. By using similar mini-plex approach, a multiplex PCR assay for INDELs (named as mini-INDELs) has been developed in this research. A total of 14 autosomal INDEL markers were selected and short amplicons were designed for them keeping in view that they could perform efficiently on degraded samples. The multiplex of 14 INDELs was designed and optimized successfully in a single tube reaction. All the markers were amplified adequately with good peak balance and expected amplicon sizes. The sensitivity of mini-INDELs was found upto 0.03125 ng of genomic DNA with complete and balanced profile. The concordance between mini-INDELs kit and Qiagen™ Investigator™ DIPplex kit (for the common loci) was observed in 99.7% INDEL alleles. The efficiency of mini-INDELs PCR assay was also evaluated on a set of artificially prepared degraded and inhibited DNA samples. It is concluded that INDELs markers in general and mini-INDELs in specific, can be used as a useful tool in forensic case work and can also be employed in conjunction with STR typing as a complementary tool especially in those cases where low level of DNA and DNA degradation are suspected.

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Tau, Tiroyamodimo. "A forensic analysis of genetic variation in the Botswana population". University of the Western cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5657.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
This thesis has been placed under a long term embargo. Forensic and population genetic parameters were investigated in the Botswana population using autosomal and Y-chromosome short tandem repeat markers. AmpFlSTR Profiler plus markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity and forensic parameters in 773 individuals from Botswana from the reference database of the Botswana Police. The levels of polymorphism found using the AmpFlSTR Profiler Plus markers showed that the nine loci that make up the AmpFlSTR Profiler Plus can differentiate individuals for forensic casework in the Botswana population. AmpFlSTR Identifiler autosomal STR markers were used to investigate the population structure according to ethno-linguistics and geography 990 individuals from Botswana that serve as a reference database for the Botswana Police. Using pairwise genetic distances (Fst), analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), factorial correspondence analysis (FCA), and the unsupervised Bayesian clustering method found in STRUCTURE and the landscape genetics software TESS, ethno-linguistics were found to have a greater influence on population structure than geography. The patterns of population structure found using these markers highlight the need for regional reference databases that include both ethnolinguistic and geographic location information. These markers have important potential for bio-anthropological studies as well as for forensic applications. The 17 Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats found in AmpFlSTR Y-filer and a highly discriminatory Y-STR genotyping system (the Y-STR 10-plex developed in the Forensics DNA Laboratory at the University of the Western Cape) were analysed in 249 unrelated male individuals from Botswana. Rst, multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) and AMOVA were used to investigate population differentiation in Botswana. The discrimination capacity (DC) was found to be higher using the Y-STR 10-plex as compared to the 17 markers in the Y-filer genotyping system. No geographic regional or ethnic differentiation was observed between the Northern and Southern regions of Botswana using both marker systems. Regional and ethnic variation can be useful in forensic working hypotheses. Cluster analysis using the highly discriminatory Y-STR 10-plex haplotypes may provide information about ancestry and haplogroup information.
National Research Foundation (NRF)

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Più fonti

Libri sul tema "Forensic genetics"

Fabricio, González Andrade, a cura di. Forensic genetics research progress. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science, 2009.

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Goodwin, William. An Introduction To Forensic Genetics. S.l: Wiley & Sons, 2007.

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William, Goodwin. An introduction to forensic genetics. Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley and Sons, 2007.

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Adrian, Linacre, e Hadi Sibte, a cura di. An introduction to forensic genetics. 2^a ed. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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Alonso, Antonio, a cura di. DNA Electrophoresis Protocols for Forensic Genetics. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-461-2.

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Congress, International Society for Forensic Genetics. Progress in forensic genetics 11: Proceedings of the 21st International ISFG Congress held in Ponta Delgada, the Azores, Portugal between 13 and 16 September 2005. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2006.

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Boem, Federico, e Luca Marelli. Elementi per una genetica forense. Milano: Bruno Mondadori, 2012.

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Machado, Helena, e Rafaela Granja. Forensic Genetics in the Governance of Crime. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2429-5.

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Randi, Ettore. Forensic genetics and the Washington Convention CITES. Ozzano dell'Emilia (Bologna)]: Ministero dell'ambiente e della tutela del territorio, Direzione conservazione della natura natura, 2002.

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Machado, Helena. Forensic Genetics in the Governance of Crime. Singapore: Springer Nature, 2020.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Forensic genetics"

Schanfield, Moses S., Dragan Primorac e Damir Marjanović. "Basic Genetics and Human Genetic Variation". In Forensic DNA Applications, 3–44. 2^a ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429019944-2.

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Sessa, Francesco, Francesca Maglietta, Alessio Asmundo e Cristoforo Pomara. "Forensic Genetics and Genomic". In Forensic and Clinical Forensic Autopsy, 177–92. Second edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2020.: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003048114-5.

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Matsusue, Aya, e Shin-ichi Kubo. "Genetics in Forensic Science". In Forensic Medicine and Human Cell Research, 105–21. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2297-6_7.

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Wilson-Kovacs, Dana. "Deliberating forensic genetics innovations". In Law, Practice and Politics of Forensic DNA Profiling, 111–26. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429322358-10.

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Machado, Helena, e Rafaela Granja. "Forensic Genetics and Genetic Surveillance in Europe". In Genetic Surveillance and Crime Control, 22–48. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429261435-2.

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Baur, Max P. "Population Genetics: Mathematical Problems". In Advances in Forensic Haemogenetics, 534. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73330-7_109.

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Cambon-Thomsen, A., e E. Ohayon. "Practical Application of Population Genetics: The Genetic Survey “Provinces Françaises”". In Advances in Forensic Haemogenetics, 535–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73330-7_110.

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Zaya, David N., e Mary V. Ashley. "Plant Genetics for Forensic Applications". In Methods in Molecular Biology, 35–52. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-609-8_4.

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Williams, Erin D. "Some Ethical Issues in Forensic Genetics". In Forensic DNA Applications, 449–58. 2^a ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429019944-25.

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Mayr, W. R. "Population genetics, a short introduction". In Advances in Forensic Haemogenetics, 531–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73330-7_108.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Forensic genetics"

Chauhan, Namrata, e Ranjit Kumar. "Forensic Genetics Genealogy -The Genetic Blueprint: Dissecting the Interplay of Relationship Inference, Database Accessibility, and Ethical Concerns in Forensic Genealogy". In 2024 MIT Art, Design and Technology School of Computing International Conference (MITADTSoCiCon). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mitadtsocicon60330.2024.10575817.

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Udina, I. G., A. S. Gacheva, Yu А. Vasiliev, O. V. Gulenko e O. L. Kurbatova. "GENETIC DEMOGRAPHIC APPROACH FOR CREATING FORENSIC DATA BASES FOR POPULATION OF MEGALOPOLIS". In NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE, BIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY AND ECOLOGY. LLC Institute Information Technologies, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47501/978-5-6044060-3-8.195-201.

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Genetic demographic approach for creating forensic reference data base on an example of three generations of male population of Moscow by haplogroups of Y-chromosome was demonstrated. Obtained results demonstrate necessity of genetic demographic questionnaire data collection for creating reference data bases for population of megalopolis and im-portance of age factor.

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Rafael, Amanda Sousa Torres. "A IMPORTÂNCIA DA GENÉTICA NA PERÍCIA FORENSE". In I Congresso Nacional de Pesquisas e Estudos Genéticos On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/geneticon/9113.

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Introdução: A genética forense ou DNA forense é a área que trata da utilização de conhecimentos da genética e biologia molecular no auxílio à justiça. Objetivo: Este resumo visa como objetivo discorrer a, aplicação forense da genética e a sua importância na perícia. Metodologia: Para o estudo foi incluído analises de materiais especializados no assunto entre os anos 2000 e 2020. Resultados: Na perícia, o DNA é uma prova importante e incontestável nos tribunais, possibilitando estabelecer uma ligação entre o suspeito e a cena do crime, também sendo possível inclusive á identificação de cadáveres em estado avançado de decomposição ou mortos a dezenas de anos utilizando o DNA obtido de ossos e da arcada dentária. Hoje são inúmeros os espécimes biológicos do qual o DNA pode ser extraído, como pequenas amostras de sangue, cabelo, unha, sêmen, urina e entre outros fluidos, uma vez sendo feita uma análise cuidadosa desse material é possível identificar o criminoso. Após a lei 12.654/2012 ter sido modificada, permitindo a criação de um banco nacional de perfis genéticos (BNPG) de criminosos propiciando a comparação entre o material genético do suspeito com o coletado da cena do crime. Tal comparação é feita manuseando marcadores moleculares para identificar o DNA amostral investigado, assim identificado o suspeito, é confirmado a sua participação no crime. Confirmada sua atuação na infração criminal, o juiz responsável pelo caso possui provas e argumentos cabíveis para sentenciar uma condenação. Conclusão: Diante do exposto, é notório que a genética tem um papel importante e um tanto fundamental nas investigações o que pode fortalecer e qualificar ainda mais o processo de elucidação de casos hediondos pela justiça.

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Ballerini, Lucia, Oscar Cordon, Sergio Damas, Jose Santamaria, Inmaculada Aleman e Miguel Botella. "Craniofacial Superimposition in Forensic Identification using Genetic Algorithms". In Third International Symposium on Information Assurance and Security. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isias.2007.4299811.

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Ballerini, Lucia, Oscar Cordon, Sergio Damas, Jose Santamaría, Inmaculada Aleman e Miguel Botella. "Craniofacial Superimposition in Forensic Identification using Genetic Algorithms". In Third International Symposium on Information Assurance and Security. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ias.2007.80.

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Oreski, Dijana, e Darko Androcec. "Genetic algorithm and artificial neural network for network forensic analytics". In 2020 43rd International Convention on Information, Communication and Electronic Technology (MIPRO). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/mipro48935.2020.9245140.

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Tamjidyamcholo, Alireza. "Information security risk reduction based on genetic algorithm". In 2012 International Conference on Cyber Security, Cyber Warfare and Digital Forensic (CyberSec). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cybersec.2012.6246088.

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Altay, Osman, Mustafa Ulas, Mahmut OZER e Ece GENC. "An Expert System to Predict Warfarin Dosage in Turkish Patients Depending on Genetic and Non-Genetic Factors". In 2019 7th International Symposium on Digital Forensics and Security (ISDFS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isdfs.2019.8757526.

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Zhiming, Liu, Wang Cheng e Li Jiang. "Solving Constrained Optimization via a Modified Genetic Particle Swarm Optimization". In 1st International ICST Conference on Forensic Applications and Techniques in Telecommunications, Information and Multimedia. ACM, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/wkdd.2008.2663.

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Kronick, Mel N. "The Use of Air-Cooled Argon Ion Lasers in Automated Genetic Analysis". In Compact Blue-Green Lasers. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cbgl.1993.ctub.1.

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Significant advances in our understanding of biological function and dysfunction have been made possible over the last several years by the development of techniques to sequence and analyze DNA. Automation has been introduced to increase the speed and accuracy of such sequencing and analysis and to make the processes less laborious and less costly. Today, the method of choice of such automation utilizes laser excitation to detect, in real time, fluorescently labeled DNA fragments as they are electrophoretically driven through a separating gel medium (1). The fluorescence-based technology for analysis has been applied to many current problems in medical and biological research with great success. It is now routinely used in hundreds of laboratories worldwide to sequence DNA in a wide variety of biotechnology research projects including programs such as the Human Genome Initiative. Applications to the mapping and diagnosis of genetic disorders as well as to the use of DNA for forensic purposes have also been amply demonstrated (2,3). An even wider acceptance of the technology has unfortunately been significantly inhibited by its high price.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Forensic genetics"

Velsko, S. Bacterial Population Genetics in a Forensic Context. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), novembre 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/972405.

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Jackson, Paul J., e Karen K. Hill. Forensic assays of ricin: development of snp assays to generate precise genetic signatures for mixed genotypes found in ricin preparations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), novembre 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1127183.

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