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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Fluorides Physiological effect"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 20 febbraio 2023

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Fluorides Physiological effect"

Peckham, Stephen, e Niyi Awofeso. "Water Fluoridation: A Critical Review of the Physiological Effects of Ingested Fluoride as a Public Health Intervention". Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/293019.

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Fluorine is the world’s 13th most abundant element and constitutes 0.08% of the Earth crust. It has the highest electronegativity of all elements. Fluoride is widely distributed in the environment, occurring in the air, soils, rocks, and water. Although fluoride is used industrially in a fluorine compound, the manufacture of ceramics, pesticides, aerosol propellants, refrigerants, glassware, and Teflon cookware, it is a generally unwanted byproduct of aluminium, fertilizer, and iron ore manufacture. The medicinal use of fluorides for the prevention of dental caries began in January 1945 when community water supplies in Grand Rapids, United States, were fluoridated to a level of 1 ppm as a dental caries prevention measure. However, water fluoridation remains a controversial public health measure. This paper reviews the human health effects of fluoride. The authors conclude that available evidence suggests that fluoride has a potential to cause major adverse human health problems, while having only a modest dental caries prevention effect. As part of efforts to reduce hazardous fluoride ingestion, the practice of artificial water fluoridation should be reconsidered globally, while industrial safety measures need to be tightened in order to reduce unethical discharge of fluoride compounds into the environment. Public health approaches for global dental caries reduction that do not involve systemic ingestion of fluoride are urgently needed.

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Kensche, A., S. Pötschke, C. Hannig, G. Richter, W. Hoth-Hannig e M. Hannig. "Influence of Calcium Phosphate and Apatite Containing Products on Enamel Erosion". Scientific World Journal 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7959273.

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For the purpose of erosion prevention the present study aimed to compare the efficacy of two biomimetic products and a fluoride solution to optimize the protective properties of the pellicle. After 1 min ofin situpellicle formation on bovine enamel slabs, 8 subjects adopted CPP-ACP (GC Tooth Mousse), a mouthwash with hydroxyapatite microclusters (Biorepair), or a fluoride based mouthwash (elmex Kariesschutz) for 1 min each. Afterwards, samples were exposed in the oral cavity for 28 min. Native enamel slabs and slabs exposed to the oral cavity for 30 min without any rinse served as controls. After oral exposure, slabs were incubated in HCl (pH values 2, 2.3, and 3) for 120 s and kinetics of calcium and phosphate release were measured photometrically; representative samples were evaluated by SEM and TEM. The physiological pellicle reduced demineralization at all pH values; the protective effect was enhanced by fluoride. The biomimetic materials also reduced ion release but their effect was less pronounced. SEM indicated no layer formation after use of the different products. However, TEM confirmed the potential accumulation of mineral components at the pellicle surface. The tested products improve the protective properties of thein situpellicle but not as effectively as fluorides.

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Sauerheber, Richard. "Physiologic Conditions Affect Toxicity of Ingested Industrial Fluoride". Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2013 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/439490.

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The effects of calcium ion and broad pH ranges on free fluoride ion aqueous concentrations were measured directly and computed theoretically. Solubility calculations indicate that blood fluoride concentrations that occur in lethal poisonings would decrease calcium below prevailing levels. Acute lethal poisoning and also many of the chronic effects of fluoride involve alterations in the chemical activity of calcium by the fluoride ion. Natural calcium fluoride with low solubility and toxicity from ingestion is distinct from fully soluble toxic industrial fluorides. The toxicity of fluoride is determined by environmental conditions and the positive cations present. At a pH typical of gastric juice, fluoride is largely protonated as hydrofluoric acid HF. Industrial fluoride ingested from treated water enters saliva at levels too low to affect dental caries. Blood levels during lifelong consumption can harm heart, bone, brain, and even developing teeth enamel. The widespread policy known as water fluoridation is discussed in light of these findings.

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Lisjak, Darja, Maša Vozlič, Uliana Kostiv, Daniel Horák, Boris Majaron, Slavko Kralj, Irena Zajc, Lovro Žiberna e Maja Ponikvar-Svet. "NaYF₄-based upconverting nanoparticles with optimized phosphonate coatings for chemical stability and viability of human endothelial cells". Methods and Applications in Fluorescence 10, n. 1 (22 dicembre 2021): 014001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2050-6120/ac41ba.

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Abstract The increasing interest in upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) in biodiagnostics and therapy fuels the development of biocompatible UCNPs platforms. UCNPs are typically nanocrystallites of rare-earth fluorides codoped with Yb3+ and Er3+ or Tm3+. The most studied UCNPs are based on NaYF4 but are not chemically stable in water. They dissolve significantly in the presence of phosphates. To prevent any adverse effects on the UCNPs induced by cellular phosphates, the surfaces of UCNPs must be made chemically inert and stable by suitable coatings. We studied the effect of various phosphonate coatings on chemical stability and in vitro cytotoxicity of the Yb3+,Er3+-codoped NaYF4 UCNPs in human endothelial cells obtained from cellular line Ea.hy926. Cell viability of endothelial cells was determined using the resazurin-based assay after the short-term (15 min), and long-term (24 h and 48 h) incubations with UCNPs dispersed in cell-culture medium. The coatings were obtained from tertaphosphonic acid (EDTMP), sodium alendronate and poly(ethylene glycol)-neridronate. Regardless of the coating conditions, 1 − 2 nm-thick amorphous surface layers were observed on the UCNPs with transmission electron microscopy. The upconversion fluorescence was measured in the dispersions of all UCNPs. Surafce quenching in aqueous suspensions of the UCNPs was reduced by the coatings. The dissolution degree of the UCNPs was determined from the concentration of dissolved fluoride measured with ion-selective electrode after the ageing of UCNPs in water, physiological buffer (i.e., phosphate-buffered saline—PBS) and cell-culture medium. The phosphonate coatings prepared at 80 °C significantly suppressed the dissolution of UCNPs in PBS while only minor dissolution of bare and coated UCNPs was measured in water and cell-culture medium. The viability of human endothelial cells was significantly reduced when incubated with UCNPs, but it increased with the improved chemical stability of UCNPs by the phosphonate coatings with negligible cytotoxicity when coated with EDTMP at 80 °C.

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Clarkson, B. H. "Caries Prevention Fluoride". Advances in Dental Research 5, n. 1 (dicembre 1991): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374910050010501.

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A clear understanding of the mechanism of action of fluoride and its pharmacokinetics would ensure appropriate clinical use of fluoride and fluoride-containing modalities. Convincing evidence exists that fluoride has a major effect on the demineralization and remineralization of dental hard tissues, and that it interferes with the acid production from "cariogenic" bacteria. However, it has also been shown to be physiologically harmful if fluoride concentrations and/or exposure periods are inappropriate. In order to establish appropriate clinical concentrations and exposure periods for fluoride administration, this review is concentrated on the theme that fluoride controls but does not prevent caries. The review is organized along classical lines, with a discussion of the role of systemic vs. topical fluoride. Discussion of the systemic effects of fluoride includes ingestion through water fluoridation, fluoride supplements, topical fluoride applications, and dentifrices. The benefits and problems associated with the systemic route of fluoride administration are discussed with special reference to caries control and fluoride's mechanism of action and its toxic effect. The same discussions are focused on the role of the topical effects of fluoride, with particular emphasis placed upon: low vs. high fluoride concentrations; calcium fluoride vs. fluorhydroxyapatite; and fluoride distribution, in both the mouth and in the teeth.

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PELC, Justyna, Beata SMOLIK e Marcelina KRUPA-MAŁKIEWICZ. "EFFECT OF SODIUM FLUORIDE ON SOME MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF 10-DAY-OLD SEEDLINGS OF VARIOUS PLANT SPECIES". Folia Pomeranae Universitatis Technologiae Stetinensis Agricultura, Alimentaria, Piscaria et Zootechnica 338, n. 44 (30 dicembre 2017): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/aapz2017.44.4.16.

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Bagmut, I. Yu, e I. L. Kolisnyk. "EFFECT OF FLUORIDE INTOXICATION ON HISTOHORMONE CONTENT IN EXPERIMENTS". Здобутки клінічної і експериментальної медицини, n. 4 (12 febbraio 2021): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.11603/1811-2471.2020.v.i4.11751.

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Connection of work with scientific plans, topics. The work was performed in accordance with the research plan of the Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine and is a fragment of research work of the Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Topographic Anatomy and Operative Surgery "Pathophysiological mechanisms of radiotoxins on the body and principles of early diagnosis 2017–2021). SUMMARY. One of the important medical and biological problems is to elucidate the physiological and molecular mechanisms of the impact of harmful environmental factors on the body, including fluorine and its compounds, in particular sodium fluoride [1]. Solving this problem is of great theoretical and practical importance for understanding the intracellular defense mechanisms of the organism. Close attention to various aspects of the biological effects of fluoride on the body is due to the significant distribution of this halogen in nature. At physiological concentrations, it is necessary for normal growth and development of the organism, where it performs its specific metabolic function. Any changes in the external and internal environment are accompanied by changes in the function of the endocrine glands, which leads to certain changes in metabolism and energy. It is known that hormonal insufficiency is accompanied by a decrease in the body's resistance to various adverse factors, including physical, biological, chemical. Disturbance of hormone balance and functioning of endocrine organs and systems entails profound changes in metabolic processes and immunobiological reactivity of the organism, weakening of adaptive-protective mechanisms in support of homeostatic function [2,3]. It is important to study the effects of subchronic fluoride intake, which can in a relatively short time cause various intracellular and systemic disorders in the body.

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Jakubczyk, Karolina, Alicja Ligenza, Izabela Gutowska e Katarzyna Janda-Milczarek. "Fluoride Content of Matcha Tea Depending on Leaf Harvest Time and Brewing Conditions". Nutrients 14, n. 12 (20 giugno 2022): 2550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14122550.

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Matcha, or powdered green tea (Camellia sinensis) of the Tencha type, is popular all around the world, and its consumption continues to rise. Because of its unique cultivation method, it is rich in phytochemicals and has many health-promoting properties; it contains high concentrations of polyphenols, theanine and chlorophyll. Tea, and by extension matcha, contains numerous minerals, one of which is fluorine. Under physiological conditions, this mineral plays a significant role in hard tissue mineralisation processes. However, even in low concentrations, with prolonged exposure, fluoride can accumulate in the body, leading to a number of harmful effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, the fluoride content of the matcha infusions from different harvests, brewed using water at different temperatures (25 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C and 90 °C). The content of fluoride ions was measured by the potentiometric method. The fluoride content ranged from 3.36 to 4.03 mg/L and was dependent on both the leaf harvest time and brewing temperature. The concentration of this mineral in the dry powder ranged from 118.39 to 121.65 mg/kg. Irrespective of the water temperature or harvest time, matcha was found to have a high fluoride content, with particularly high concentrations being noted in the powder itself.

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Whitford, G. M., D. W. Allmann e A. R. Shahed. "Topical Fluorides: Effects on Physiologic and Biochemical Processes". Journal of Dental Research 66, n. 5 (maggio 1987): 1072–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345870660051801.

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Rodrigues, Douglas Almeida, Juliana de Fátima Sales, Sebastião Carvalho Vasconcelos Filho, Arthur Almeida Rodrigues, Eduardo Matheus Guimarães Teles, Alan Carlos Costa, Efraim Lázaro Reis, Thais Andrade de Carvalho Silva e Caroline Müller. "Bioindicator potential of Ricinus communis to simulated rainfall containing potassium fluoride". PeerJ 8 (1 luglio 2020): e9445. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9445.

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Background Fluoride pollution is a global problem because of its high phytotoxicity. Fluoride is released in air, water and soil through industrial processes, where it damages various plant species. Ricinus communis is widely distributed in Brazil, India and China and has been extensively used as a phytoremediation species in heavy metal-contaminated soils. However, few studies regarding the effect of air pollutants on R. communis have been published, and no information about the exposure of this species to fluoride is available. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of fluoride on R. communis morphoanatomical and physiological responses using simulated rainfall containing potassium fluoride (KF). Methods Young plants at approximately 10 days after emergence were treated daily with KF using simulated rainfall at 0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 mg L−1, for 37 consecutive days. Chlorophyll a fluorescence, gas exchange, anatomical characteristics and fluoride accumulation in the roots and leaves were evaluated after this period. Results No visual or anatomical symptoms were observed for the first three treatments. Necrosis and chlorosis were visually evident after the 37th day of KF application at 4.5 mg L−1, followed by changes in parenchyma tissues, cell collapse and phenolic compound accumulation at the end of the experiment. No damage was observed in terms of photosynthetic photochemical and biochemical stages. Maintenance of physiological characteristics in the presence of fluoride accumulation in roots and leaves were shown to be important fluoride biomarkers. These characteristics suggest that R. communis is tolerant to 1.5 and 3.0 mg L−1 KF, and is anatomically sensitive at 4.5 mg L−1 KF.

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Tesi sul tema "Fluorides Physiological effect"

Lou, Yali, e 娄雅俐. "The effect of silver diammine fluoride on tooth tissue". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4381430X.

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Wang, Shuhua Angelina, e 汪淑华. "Effects of silver diammine fluoride on microtensile bond strength of GIC to dentin". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/194564.

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Carrière, Daniel. "The effect of fluoride on reproductive performance and growth of captive American kestrels /". Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63154.

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Dalidjan, Mulyani. "Caries inhibitory effect of fluoride co-crystallized sucrose : establishing a field trial /". Title page, contents and summary only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phd143.pdf.

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Dharmshaktu, Neha. "A review of the effect of high fluoride content of water on health and environment and the strategy adopted for its prevention and control, with special reference to India". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/194569.

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This study aimed to (1) review the reported levels of fluoride in drinking waters, food stuffs and other environmental media around the world, and the current magnitude of prevalence of fluorosis observed in human being and animals, with special reference to India and (2) critically evaluate the strategy adopted for prevention and control of the fluorosis problem in India by conducting questionnaire surveys with professionals from 11 endemic districts, and high school students of two schools located at an endemic area with high fluorosis incidences. Through a comprehensive literature review, it was able to identify 18 endemic states in India with high fluoride levels in their drinking waters while having various degrees of fluorosis problems. These states were further classified into three categories, namely high (>10 mg/L fluoride in drinking waters), moderate (5-9.9 mg/L) and low (1-4.9 mg/L) endemic regions. There were five, nine and four states falling into the high, moderate and low endemic categories, respectively. High fluoride concentrations were observed in the soil near industrial sites, foodstuffs and beverages, and tea leaves. Also, adverse effects of fluoride on terrestrial and aquatic plants, terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates, and aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates, were observed and demonstrated in laboratory conditions. The questionnaire survey with Indian professionals in 11 fluoride endemic districts found that although all districts had received funds for combating fluorosis problems, there had been delays in executing the associated health promotion, monitoring and treatment programmes in some districts and the utilisation of the fund for the programmes was quite slow. Staff appointment, staff training, medical treatment provision, education and awareness activities, referral hospital facility provision, vehicle facility, monthly reporting, clinical survey and water and urine samples testing, timely monitoring and supervision, and involvement of various medical staff, were found to be inadequate in most districts. In the questionnaire survey conducted at the two high schools, one of the schools (school A) was supplied with alternate source of filtered water (i.e., with normal fluoride concentration) and the second school (school B) was one, which had non-defluoridated ground water supply for drinking (i.e., with high fluoride concentration). This survey found that the awareness about signs of fluorosis, field visit of health worker, cause and preventability of fluorosis, and perception of spread of fluorosis, was comparatively better amongst students of school A than that of school B. Both the schools’ students had positive attitude towards cooperation, prevention and control efforts being made for fluorosis.
published_or_final_version
Environmental Management
Master
Master of Science in Environmental Management

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Kebsch, Mark Peter. "The effect of fluoride administration on rat serum osteocalcin expression during orthodontic tooth movement : the Osteocalcin Project". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4795.

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Ongtengco, Kristine. "Remineralization of initial carious lesions using fluoridated milk in vitro". Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B44173490.

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Verma, Shefalee. "Effects of fluoridated milk on artificial enamel carious lesions". Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41758201.

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Thaveesangpanich, Puckpring. "An in vitro pH-cycling study on the effects of child toothpastes on enamel caries". Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2003. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31954315.

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Souza, Vivian Lima de [UNESP]. "Avaliação histopatológica da cápsula posterior associada ao implante intraocular com superfície modificada: estudo experimental em coelhos". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/123712.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-17T19:33:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-07-07. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-06-18T12:48:08Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000830055_20171230.pdf: 80373 bytes, checksum: 20490b26df82e8d2bcdfaa75862d2e7a (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2018-01-02T17:04:36Z: 000830055_20171230.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2018-01-02T17:05:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000830055.pdf: 870956 bytes, checksum: e8e35d0ce894f697bbae7590fb575ed7 (MD5)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
A opacidade de cápsula posterior (OCP) é a complicação tardia mais comum após a remoção da catarata. Caracteriza-se pelo desenvolvimento de uma nova barreira à passagem da luz, principalmente quando localizada no eixo óptico, promovendo perda gradativa da visão. Várias técnicas foram desenvolvidas com o intuito de se evitar a OCP. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento da superfície de LIOs acrílicas utilizando-se plasma de Flúor ou polietilenoglicol (PEG) na prevenção da OCP. Foram utilizados 40 olhos de coelhos, submetidos à cirurgia de facoemulsificação, e distribuídos em quatro grupos experimentais (n=10), sendo, grupo Controle (CG), coelhos sem implante de LIO; grupo com LIO tratada com plasma de polietilenoglicol (GPEG), grupo com LIO tratada com plasma de Flúor (GF), e grupo com LIO comercial (GL). As cápsulas posteriores das lentes dos grupos foram avaliadas por meio de análise histopatológica, incluindo morfometria e imunohistoquímica. Os grupos GPEG e GL apresentaram menor espessura da cápsula posterior na avaliação inicial (12 semanas) em relação ao controle. No período final de avaliação (seis meses), os tratamentos da superfície da LIO à base deplasma de flúor e polietilenoglicol não reduziram o desenvolvimento das alterações histológicas associadas à opacidade de cápsula posterior. O tratamento das superfícies das lentes intraoculares com plasma de flúor e polietilenoglicol pode ser realizado como adjuvante na prevenção da opacidade de cápsula posterior, pois não causa alterações na morfologia da lente após facoemulsificação
The posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is the most common late complication after cataract removal. It is characterized by the development of a new barrier to the passage of light, especially when located on the optical axis, promoting gradual loss of vision. Various techniques have been developed with the aim of preventing PCO. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of surface treatment of acrylic IOLs using Fluorine plasma or polyethylene glycol (PEG) in prevent for PCO. Forty rabbit eyes that underwent phacoemulsification were used and distributed into four experimental groups (n = 10): Control group (CG), rabbits without IOL implantation; IOL group treated with polyethylene glycol plasma (GPEG), IOL group treated with fluoride plasma (GF), and commercial IOL group (GL). The posterior capsule of the lens were evaluated by histopathological analysis, including morphometric and immunohistochemical studies. The GPEG and GL groups presented thinner posterior capsule at initial assessment (12 weeks) compared to control group. At the end of evaluation (six months), the treatment of IOL surface with fluorine and polyethylene glycol plasma did not reduce the development of histological changes associated with posterior capsule opacification. The surface treatment of IOLs with Fluoride and polyethylene glycol can be performed as an adjuvant in prevention PCO, because it does not cause changes in the morphology of lens after phacoemulsification surgery

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Libri sul tema "Fluorides Physiological effect"

Liteplo, R. Fluorides. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2002.

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Malik, Deepak. Crippling human life: A study of the effects of fluorosis on people in Rajasthan. Jodhpur: Gramin Vikas Vigyan Samiti, 2003.

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Leung, David C. W. Removal of fluorides from water supplies. [Edmonton?]: Alberta Environment, Standards and Approvals Division, Municipal Engineering Branch, 1985.

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Doley, David. Plant-fluoride relationships: An analysis with particular referene to Australian vegetation. Melbourne: Inkata Press, 1986.

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Fluoride in Australia: A case to answer. Sydney, N.S.W: Hale & Iremonger, 1986.

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J, Rugg-Gunn A., e Jenkins G. Neil, a cura di. Fluorides in caries prevention. 3^a ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1991.

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International Society for Fluoride Research. Conference. Fluoride research, 1985: Selected papers from the 14th Conference of the International Society for Fluoride Research, Morioka, Japan, 12-15 June 1985. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1986.

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Hallenbeck, William H. Risk assessment of exposure to radium and fluoride in Illinois public water supplies. Springfield, IL (325 W. Adams, Room 300, Springfield 62704-1892): The Division, 1986.

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), Ad Hoc Interagency Public Health Assessment Task Force (U S. Assessment of the public health impact from the accidental release of UFb6s at the Sequoyah Fuels Corporation facility at Gore, Oklahoma: Docket no. 40-8027, license no. SUB-1010. Washington, D.C: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1986.

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Yiamouyiannis, John. Fluoride, the aging factor: How to recognize and avoid the devastating effects of fluoride. 3^a ed. Delaware, Ohio: Health Action Press, 1993.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Fluorides Physiological effect"

Kierdorf, Horst, e Uwe Kierdorf. "The histopathology of fluorotic dental enamel in wild boar and domestic pigs". In Pigs and Humans. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199207046.003.0024.

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Studies into the behavioral ecology of wild boar and domestic pigs are promising, yet largely neglected, areas of archaeozoological research. Changes in both the diet and health of animals may reflect specific details about the possible scale and extent of human impact on hunted wild boar populations and domesticated pigs in the past. Histological and chemical ‘signatures’ of (for example) physiological stress, brought about by possible human influence, can often be recovered in the dental and skeletal tissues of Sus. However, a fuller interpretation of what the significance of these signatures might be can only be achieved if their aetiology is known, and that can only be done by studying these phenomena in modern extant populations. One of the many aspects of the human–Sus relationship is the exposure of wild boar to contaminants from anthropogenic sources. An example of this is the pollution of wild boar habitats by fluoride from power plants and other emission sources, leading to the occurrence of characteristic dental changes, known as dental fluorosis, in the affected individuals of Sus scrofa (Kierdorf et al. 2000). However, dental fluorosis also occurs in wild and domestic mammals (and in humans) living in areas with increased environmental levels of fluoride from natural sources (Shupe et al. 1983; Cronin et al. 2000, 2003; Garrott et al. 2002; WHO 2002). The macroscopic changes of dental fluorosis reflect a disturbance of the processes involved in enamel formation. Once the permanent dentition of an individual is fully formed, exposure to excess levels of fluoride will not lead to fluorotic enamel changes. Dental fluorosis can therefore be used as a highly sensitive indicator of excess fluoride exposure during the period of tooth formation in humans and other mammals (Fejerskov et al. 1988; DenBesten 1994; Boulton et al. 1999; Kierdorf & Kierdorf 1999; Kierdorf et al. 1999). Higher levels of fluoride also exert negative effects on the skeleton throughout the life of an individual, the pathological changes being known as skeletal fluorosis (WHO 2002). This crippling disability is a major human health problem in various regions of Africa, China, and the Indian subcontinent, where millions of people are affected (Finkelman et al. 1999; WHO 2002).

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Younger, Katherine. "Minerals and trace elements". In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, a cura di Katherine Younger, 1871–79. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0220.

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The essential minerals, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium (macrominerals) and trace elements chromium, copper, fluorine, iodine, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, phosphorus, selenium, and zinc, have diverse and critical functions in human metabolism. Dietary sources and the intake requirements for macrominerals and trace elements for optimal physiological well-being have been established, and the upper range of intake has been also been set so that unwanted or even toxic effects can be avoided. Deficiency of certain trace elements contributes importantly to the global burden of illness and mortality, especially in infants under the age of five years. An up-to-date familiarity with the scientific basis of mineral and trace element physiology is therefore critical for maintaining good standards of clinical practice and to inform the best standards of nutritional advice, especially in the treatment of severe illnesses associated with deficiency or toxic excess of one or more macrominerals or trace elements.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Fluorides Physiological effect"

Yang, Baoyi, Tonggao Sun, Hongyue Chen, Zhiyun Wang, Huixi Yang, Xiongfei Guo e Xiang Chen. "Effects of Hydrogen Fluoride-stress on Physiological Characteristics of Theaceae Tree Seedlings". In International Conference on Education, Management and Computing Technology (ICEMCT-15). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icemct-15.2015.365.

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