Articoli di riviste: "Fluidized-bed combustion"

1

Erdiwansyah, Mahidin, Husni Husin, Nasaruddin, Muhtadin, Muhammad Faisal, Asri Gani, Usman, and Rizalman Mamat. "Combustion Efficiency in a Fluidized-Bed Combustor with a Modified Perforated Plate for Air Distribution." Processes 9, no. 9 (August 24, 2021): 1489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091489.

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Combustion efficiency is one of the most important parameters especially in the fluidized-bed combustor. Investigations into the efficiency of combustion in fluidized-bed combustor fuels using solid biomass waste fuels in recent years are increasingly in demand by researchers around the world. Specifically, this study aims to calculate the combustion efficiency in the fluidized-bed combustor. Combustion efficiency is calculated based on combustion results from the modification of hollow plates in the fluidized-bed combustor. The modified hollow plate aims to control combustion so that the fuel incorporated can burn out and not saturate. The combustion experiments were tested using palm oil biomass solid waste fuels such as palm kernel shell, oil palm midrib, and empty fruit bunches. The results of the measurements showed that the maximum combustion temperature for the palm kernel shell fuel reached 863 °C for M1 and 887 °C for M2. The maximum combustion temperature measurements for M1 and M2 from the oil palm midrib fuel testing reached 898 °C and 858 °C, respectively, while the maximum combustion temperature for M1 and M2 from the empty fruit bunches fuel was 667 °C and M2 847 °C, respectively. The rate of combustion efficiency with the modification of the hole plate in the fluidized-bed combustor reached 96.2%. Thermal efficiency in fluidized-bed combustors for oil palm midrib was 72.62%, for PKS was 70.03%, and for empty fruit bunches was 52.43%. The highest heat transfer rates for the oil palm midrib fuel reached 7792.36 W/m2, palm kernel shell 7167.38 W/m2, and empty fruit bunches 5127.83 W/m2. Thus, the modification of the holed plate in the fluidized-bed combustor chamber showed better performance of the plate than without modification.

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Grubor, Borislav, Dragoljub Dakic, Stevan Nemoda, Milica Mladenovic, Milijana Paprika, and Simeon Oka. "Research in the fluidized bed combustion in the Laboratory for thermal engineering and energy - Part B: Achievements in technology implementation." Thermal Science 23, Suppl. 5 (2019): 1655–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180725290g.

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Paper gives a review of the most important results of extensive and wide-ranging research program on R&D of fluidized bed combustion technology in the Laboratory for Thermal Engineering and Energy of the VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences. Paper presents detailed overview of R&D activities from the beginning in the second half of the 1970's up to present days. These activities encompass applied research achievements in the field of characterization of limestones and bed agglomeration and sintering and modeling of overall processes during fluidized bed combustion, all of which have facilitated the R&D of the fluidized bed combustion technology. Attention is also given to steady-state combustion testing of a wide-range of fuels (coals, liquid fuels, biomass, waste solid and liquid materials, etc.) in our fluidized bed combustor and development of original methodology for testing the suitability of fuels for fluidized bed combustion, as well as specific achievements in the area of technology application in Serbia.

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Leckner, Bo. "Fluidized Bed Combustion." Energy 30, no. 1 (January 2005): 97–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2004.02.024.

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4

Mladenovic, Milica, Dragoljub Dakic, Stevan Nemoda, Rastko Mladenovic, Aleksandar Eric, Branislav Repic, and Mirko Komatina. "Combustion of low grade fractions of Lubnica coal in fluidized bed." Thermal Science 16, no. 1 (2012): 297–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1201297m.

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In this paper a method of examination of fuel suitability for fluidized bed combustion is presented. The research of combustion characteristics of low grade fractions of Lubnica brown coal in the fluidized bed by the aforementioned methodology has been carried out on a laboratory semi-industrial apparatus of 200 kWt. Description of the experimental fluidized bed combustion facility is given, as well as experimental results, with the focus on furnace temperature distribution, in order to determine the location of the zone of intensive combustion. Based on investigation results, which are focused on combustion quality (combustion completion) as well as on satisfying the environmental protection criteria, it can be stated that the investigated coal is suitable for burning in bubbling, as well as in circulating fluidized bed.

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Hainley, D. C., M. Z. Haji-Sulaiman, S. Yavuzkurt, and A. W. Scaroni. "Operating Experience With a Fluidized Bed Test Combustor." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 109, no. 2 (June 1, 1987): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231325.

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This paper presents operating experience with a fluidized bed combustor burning various coals. The primary focus is on the effect of relevant coal properties on combustor performance. Tests were carried out using anthracite, HVB and HVC bituminous and sub-bituminous A coals, and petroleum coke. Comparisons of the performance of the combustion on the various fuels are made. A two-stage fluidized bed combustor operating in a single-stage mode without recycle was employed. Experimental measurements included temperature, fuel feed rate, fluidization velocity and bed height. For some of the coals, bed agglomeration was found to occur. The results indicate that coal properties have an important effect upon the operation of the fluidized bed combustor.

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HOSODA, Hideo. "Fluidized bed peat combustion." Journal of the Fuel Society of Japan 65, no. 9 (1986): 778–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3775/jie.65.9_778.

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Ismagilov, Z. R., and M. A. Kerzhentsev. "Fluidized bed catalytic combustion." Catalysis Today 47, no. 1-4 (January 1999): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5861(98)00315-0.

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Tavoulareas, E. Stratos. "Fluidized-Bed Combustion Technology." Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 16, no. 1 (November 1991): 25–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.eg.16.110191.000325.

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9

Liang, Yu Wen, Hui Song, and Yuan Xin Li. "Optimization Design of Limestone Conveyor System in Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 731–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.731.

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The qualities of the limestone conveyor system running directly affect the efficiency of circulating fluidized bed boiler combustion. Aiming at the problems of limestone conveyor system, this paper optimizes the design of the control system and the ring limestone fluidized bed boiler combustion control system networking, the use of configuration technology for real-time data control system to monitor and implement manual and automatic switching function. While improving the delivery system and improve the combustion efficiency of the boiler. For the circulating fluidized bed boiler combustion system provides a reference value.

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Arsenijevic, Zorana, Zeljko Grbavcic, Bosko Grbic, Nenad Radic, Radmila Garic-Grulovic, Sasa Miletic, Gordan Savcic, and Bojana Djordjevic. "Fluidized bed combustion of pesticide-manufacture liquid wastes." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 75, no. 4 (2010): 523–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc090820024a.

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Industrial liquid wastes can be in the form of solutions, suspensions, sludges, scums or waste oil and have organic properties. The objective of this work was to demonstrate the technical feasibility of a fluidized bed as a clean technology for burning liquid waste from a pesticide production plant. The combustion of liquid waste mixtures, obtained from realistic samples, was investigated in a pilot scale fluidized bed with quartz sand particles of 0.63-1.25 mm in diameter and 2610 kg/m3 in density at 800-950?C. To ensure complete combustion of liquid waste and additional fuel, the combustion chamber was supplied with excess air and the U/UmF (at ambient temperature) was in between 1.1 and 2.3. In the fluidized bed chamber, liquid waste, additional liquid fuel and air can be brought into intense contact sufficient to permit combustion in bed without backfire problems. The experimental results show that the fluidized bed furnace offers excellent thermal uniformity and temperature control. The results of the combustion tests showed that degradation of liquid wastes can be successfully realized in a fluidized bed with no harmful gaseous emissions by ensuring that the temperatures of both the bed and the freeboard are not lower than 900?C.

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11

Markolenko, Tetiana D., Dmitro G. Prodanov, and Yaroslav I. Beglov. "Boiler thermal load control during the combustion of solid household waste." ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS, no. 42(118) (2025): 43–51. https://doi.org/10.15276/eltecs.42.118.2025.5.

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Abstract. In modern conditions of increasing volumes of solid household waste (SHW) and the need for its environmentally safe disposal, particular attention is paid to fluidized bed combustion technologies. This approach significantly reduces waste volume, generates additional thermal energy, and minimizes the negative impact on the environment. However, effective SHW combustion in a fluidized bed requires precise control of combustion parameters, as fuel composition variations and temperature fluctuations can lead to decreased process efficiency, the formation of harmful emissions, and emergency situations. This study addresses the issue of automated control of the SHW combustion process in a fluidized bed, aimed at ensuring the stability of the temperature regime and the optimal air-to-fuel ratio. A control system using adaptive regulation algorithms has been proposed and developed to maintain the required process parameters. The primary focus is on developing a mathematical combustion model in a fluidized bed that accounts for dynamic changes in fuel composition, bed temperature, and air supply rate. The simulation results showed that the proposed control system significantly improves SHW combustion efficiency, reduces SOx emissions, and minimizes the formation of residual combustion products. The proposed control strategy can be implemented in industrial facilities to enhance the environmental safety and energy efficiency of waste disposal processes. Keywords: solid household waste, fluidized bed, automated control system, thermal load, modeling.

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Butt, Jawad Abdullah, Yasmin Nergis, Ahmad Hussain, Mughal Sharif, and Arjan Das. "Emissions Reduction by Combustion Modeling in the Riser of Fluidized Bed Combustor for Thar Coal Pakistan." Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: B. Life and Environmental Sciences 59, no. 4 (December 21, 2022): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(59-4)754.

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Pakistan has experienced a protracted electricity shortage for the past few years. However, despite Pakistan’s abundant coal deposits, modern coal combustion technology is still required to reduce emissions. Pakistan is struggling to utilize its energy resources and currently experiencing an electrical shortage of more than 8000 MW. The research study models the combustion performance in a fluidized bed riser using ANSYS FLUENT software to understand the combustion behavior of low-rank Thar coal. A simple circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustion riser was modeled for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to study the hydrodynamics of gas-solid flow in a circulating fluidized bed riser to reduce emissions and operating costs. Three different types of risers/combustors geometries were used center flow, counter flow, and parallel flow. The CFD model for the solids segment with a k-e turbulence model and the viscosity of static particles in the gas segment both showed excellent mixing performance. According to the FLUENT data, the riser/combustor maximum temperature is around 1400 K or 1130 o C at the primary burning sector in the bed center. According to velocity contours, the greatest velocity in the center-oriented riser/combustor peaks at 3.3 m/s. The CO and CO2 both mass fraction counters show maximum concentration in the center geometry, whereas lower CO concentration is found in parallel geometry. The lowest level of NOx is established in the parallel geometry at around 15 ppm, whereas the counter contours establish the maximum level of NOx at about 31 ppm. Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustor is found to be the most advantageous and effective technology for producing power from Thar lignite coal and reducing emissions.

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Cui, Lin Lin, Hua Lai, Xiao Qian Yu, and Ming Jie Qi. "Modeling and Simulation of Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler Combustion System Based on Neural Network." Advanced Materials Research 706-708 (June 2013): 859–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.706-708.859.

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According to the multivariable coupling、 large time delay, non-linearity and time-varying and other difficulties of circulating fluidized bed boiler combustion system, a kind of control technology based on neural network to circulating fluidized bed boiler combustion system was presented. Actual parameter data of a paper mill in Kunming and neural network control principle were used in the establishment of a circulating fluidized bed boiler combustion system mathematical model and modified BP neural network algorithm training. Results of MATLAB simulation show that boiler combustion system control precision was effectively improved and good effects in production and application were got.

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Ťažký, Martin, Lenka Bodnárová, and Rudolf Hela. "Physico-Mechanical Properties of Lightweight Concrete with Fluidized Bed Combustion Fly Ash Based Light Weight Aggregate." Materials Science Forum 908 (October 2017): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.908.106.

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Increasingly we see today among the conventional high temperature fly ash also with the production of fly ash from fluidized bed combustion. These fluidized bed combustions fly ashes, however, have little used this area, mainly for their chemical composition and morphology. Current efforts are directed towards the development of new technological processes and building materials that would allow the use of this industrial waste and its qualities. One possible way of fluidized bed combustion fly ash’s utilizing in construction industries the production of cold balled lightweight aggregate. Production of this material is economically advantageous and enables processing of large volumes of raw materials. This paper describes possibilities of using this aggregate for production of lightweight construction concrete and consequent testing of durability and resistance to various types of aggressive environment. For these lightweight structural concretes, will be verified in their thermal-technical parameters.

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Ťažký, Martin, and Rudolf Hela. "Synergistic Effect of High Temperature Fly Ash with Fluidized Bed Combustion Fly Ash in Cement Composites." Key Engineering Materials 722 (December 2016): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.722.113.

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Using high temperature fly ash for his pozzolan properties to cement composite production is known a few years ago. New ways combustion of fossil fuels also creates a new type of fly ash, named fluidized bed combustion fly ash. However, this fly ash has same pozzolan properties as has high temperature fly ash, this type is not using for production of cement composites. Fluidized bed combustion fly ash has highly variable chemical composition but usually it has a higher amount of free CaO together with sulphates. This higher amounts of free CaO after mixing of fluidized bed combustion fly ash with water to some extent becomes an activator for the beginning of the pozzolanic reaction, during which is consumed the extinguished CaO. If there is also present high temperature fly ash in cement composite, it could be accelerated his pozzolanic reaction in the same manner using a fluidized bed combustion fly ash. In this experiment was tested a synergy effect in the use of fluidized bed combustion fly ash with high temperature fly ash as an additive. The experiment was carried out on cement pastes that have been studied in particular the progress of hydration processes, pointing to a possible acceleration of pozzolanic reactions of both types of fly ash.

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Popoola, Olubunmi Tolulope, and Abraham A. Asere. "Emission and Combustion Characteristics of Lafia-Obi Coal in Fluidized Bed Combustor." Advanced Materials Research 824 (September 2013): 318–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.824.318.

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The technology of fluidized bed coal combustion (FBC) and its advantages over conventional coal burning systems is now well established and is extensively reported in the literature. There is also some emphasis in literature about the suitability of Lafia-Obi coal in FBC. However, there is little quantitative or qualitative information on theperformance of Lafia-Obi in FBC. This paper reports a study of the combustion of monosized coal fractions fed continuously to the bed via an overbed feeder. Using appropriate ASTM standards, proximate and ultimate analyses of samples of Lafia-Obi coal were carried out and the coal was then combusted in a fluidized bed. Results showed that Lafia-Obi coal has low moisture, high volatile matter and very high fixed carbon content. The volatile matter content places Lafia-Obi in the medium volatile bituminous rank. The data obtained is useful in application of fluidized bed combustion for energy production using Lafia-Obi Coal

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Han, J., T. Shimizu, M. Wataru, H. Kim, and G. Wang. "Polypropylene Combustion in a Fluidized Bed Combustor." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 32, no. 12 (April 15, 2010): 1121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567030802612499.

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Annamalai, K., M. Y. Ibrahim, and J. M. Sweeten. "Experimental Studies on Combustion of Cattle Manure in a Fluidized Bed Combustor." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 109, no. 2 (June 1, 1987): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231324.

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Manure from cattle feedlots is a renewable energy source which has the potential of supplementing the existing fossil fuels. But the heat content of manure is rather low. Since, the fluidized bed combustion technology has been used for the energy conversion of marginal fuels, such a technology is being explored for the combustion of feedlot manure. A fluidized bed combustor of 0.15 m (6 in.) diameter was used for the combustion tests on manure. Experiments were conducted with −20 to +20 percent excess air and at bed temperatures ranging from 600°C (1112°F) to 800°C (1472°F). Experimental data revealed that the gasification efficiencies ranged from 90 to 98 percent, while the combustion efficiencies varied from 45 to 85 percent. Higher combustion efficiencies were obtained with decreased volatile solids content of manure. The low combustion efficiencies are attributed to the limited residence time available for the volatiles to burn within the reactor.

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Antonio, Soria-Verdugo, Kauppinen Juho, Soini Teemu, Miguel García-Gutiérrez Luis, and Pikkarainen Toni. "Pollutant emissions released during sewage sludge combustion in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor." Waste Management 105 (February 1, 2020): 27–38. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5665211.

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The combustion of dry sewage sludge particles in a bubbling fluidized bed was studied in detail, analyzing the composition of the exhaust gases by means of a FTIR equipment. The operating conditions of the fluidized bed, i.e., the bed temperature and mass flow rate of fluidizing air, were varied to quantify their effect on the exhaust gas composition. The bed material was also varied, using sepiolite, silica sand and braunite particles, to evaluate the effect of different bed densities on the pollutant emissions. The results obtained for the combustion of sewage sludge particles in the different fluidized beds tested were compared to combustion tests run for the same operating conditions and bed materials using <em>Cynara cardunculus</em> L. as a fuel. 

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Osuská, Lucia, Rudolf Hela, and Martin Ťažký. "Influence of Use Fluidized Fly Ash Combined with High Temperature Fly Ash on Microstructure of Cement Composite." Key Engineering Materials 722 (December 2016): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.722.146.

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The constraint of using fluidized bed combustion fly ash as addition for concrete is mainly its chemical composition. Increased contents of sulphates and free lime in fluidized bed combustion fly ash causes development of undesirable ettringite during hydration. Expansive character of this mineral can have degrading effect on hardened concrete. Fluidized bed combustion fly ash as well as high temperature fly ash are considered pozzolanic addition, which is capable of reacting with Ca(OH)2 and form similar hydration products as cement hydration. Use of small amount of fluidized bed combustion fly ash can cause production of ettringite, however, when combined with high temperature fly ash, possible micro-failures could be healed with new hydration products - CSH gels. The paper deals with possibilities of confirming this theory mainly through examination of microstructure of cement composite with an electron microscope and clarifying observed hydration products.

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Nemoda, Stevan, Milica Mladenovic, Milijana Paprika, Aleksandar Eric, and Borislav Grubor. "Three phase Eulerian-granular model applied on numerical simulation of non-conventional liquid fuels combustion in a bubbling fluidized bed." Thermal Science 20, suppl. 1 (2016): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci151025196n.

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The paper presents a two-dimensional CFD model of liquid fuel combustion in bubbling fluidized bed. The numerical procedure is based on the two-fluid Euler-Euler approach, where the velocity field of the gas and particles are modeled in analogy to the kinetic gas theory. The model is taking into account also the third - liquid phase, as well as its interaction with the solid and gas phase. The proposed numerical model comprise energy equations for all three phases, as well as the transport equations of chemical components with source terms originated from the component conversion. In the frame of the proposed model, user sub-models were developed for heterogenic fluidized bed combustion of liquid fuels, with or without water. The results of the calculation were compared with experiments on a pilot-facility (power up to 100 kW), combusting, among other fuels, oil. The temperature profiles along the combustion chamber were compared for the two basic cases: combustion with or without water. On the basis of numerical experiments, influence of the fluid-dynamic characteristics of the fluidized bed on the combustion efficiency was analyzed, as well as the influence of the fuel characteristics (reactivity, water content) on the intensive combustion zone.

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Cai, N., T. Yu, J. Xiao, and G. Welford. "Thermal performance study for the coal-fired combined cycle with partial gasification and fluidized bed combustion." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 215, no. 4 (June 1, 2001): 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0957650011538686.

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The coal-fired combined cycle with partial gasification and fluidized bed combustion (PGFBC-CC), also referred to as a hybrid cycle, has advantages of staged energy conversion and utilization, which can attain high thermal efficiency with low emissions. Four kinds of PGFBC-CC are studied in this paper, two based on pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC) and two on atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC). Thermal performance calculations and parametric analyses were performed. On the basis of the results from the above analyses, the best integration system for China is suggested. In addition, a preliminary exergetic analysis is carried out for three of the PGFBC-CC variants.

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Johari, Anwar, Ramli Mat, Mohd Johari Kamaruddin, Tuan Amran Tuan Abdullah, Wan Rosli Wan Sulaiman, and Asmadi Ali. "Combustion of Municipal Solid Waste in a Pilot Scale Fluidized Bed Combustor." Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (May 2014): 1015–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.1015.

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Combustion study of municipal solid waste combustion in a pilot scale fluidized bed combustor had been carried out. The work was aimed at demonstrating sustainable combustion of municipal solid waste by employing operating parameters gained from previous studies. The primary and secondary air factor used were AF = 0.8 and AF = 0.6 respectively. The fluidization number was 5Umf and both in-bed and freeboard region temperature distributions were monitored continuously. Results on the combustion studies revealed that the initial bed temperature could be sustained due to high thermal capacity of sand but later dropped due to problem related to the mixing of bulky and heterogeneous components of municipal solid waste and sand.

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Paulauskas, Rolandas, Marius Praspaliauskas, Ignas Ambrazevičius, Kęstutis Zakarauskas, Egidijus Lemanas, Justas Eimontas, and Nerijus Striūgas. "Performance of Corn Cob Combustion in a Low-Temperature Fluidized Bed." Energies 17, no. 9 (May 3, 2024): 2196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17092196.

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This study investigates the combustion of agricultural biomass rich in alkali elements in the fluidized bed. The experiments were performed with smashed corn cob in a 500 kW fluidized bed combustor which was designed for work under low bed temperatures (650–700 °C). During the experiments, the formed compounds from corn cob combustion were measured by sampling particulate matter, and mineral compositions were determined. Also, the temperature profile of the FBC was established. It was determined that the emissions of K and Na elements from the FBC increased from 4 to 7.3% and from 1.69 to 3%, respectively, changing the bed temperature from 650 to 700 °C. Though alkali emissions are reduced at a 650 °C bed temperature, CO emissions are higher by about 50% compared to the case of 700 °C. The addition of 3% of dolomite reduced the pollutant emissions and alkali emissions as well. Potassium content decreased by about 1% and 4%, respectively, at the bed temperatures of 650 °C and 700 °C. The NOx emissions were less than 300 mg/m3 and did not exceed the limit for medium plants regarding DIRECTIVE (EU) 2015/2193. During extended experiments lasting 8 h, no agglomeration of the fluidized bed was observed. Moreover, the proposed configuration of the FBC and its operational parameters prove suitable for facilitating the efficient combustion of agricultural biomass.

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Gulyurtlu, I., T. Crujeira, M. H. Lopes, P. Abelha, D. Boavida, J. Seabra, R. Gonçalves, C. Sargaço, and I. Cabrita. "The Study of Combustion of Municipal Waste in a Fluidized Bed Combustor." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 128, no. 2 (January 30, 2006): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2191507.

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The combustion behavior of municipal solid waste was studied in a pilot fluidized bed combustor. The waste was pelletized prior to its use. Both co-firing with coal and combustion of waste alone were under taken. The combustion studies were carried out on the pilot installation of INETI. The fluidized bed combustor is square in cross section with each side being 300mm long. Its height is 5000mm. There is a second air supply to the freeboard at different heights to deal with high volatile fuels. There was a continuous monitoring of the temperatures in the bed, as well as the composition of the combustion gases. The combustion gases leaving the reactor were let go through the recycling cyclone first to capture most of particulates elutriated out of the combustor. There was a second cyclone, which was employed with the aim of increasing the overall efficiency of collecting solid particles. The gaseous pollutants leaving the stack were sampled under isokinetic conditions for particulate matter, chlorine compounds, and heavy metals. The ash streams were characterized for heavy metals. The results obtained were compared with national legislation. The results obtained suggest that (i) the combustion efficiency was very high, (ii) there was an enrichment of ashes with heavy metals in the cyclones compared to the bed material, (iii) in general, the flue gas emissions were below the permited limits, and (iv) for the compliance with the new European directive for stricter emission limits adequate control devices, like bag filters, should be integrated with refuse derived fuel (RDF) combustion.

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TAKEUCHI, Masao, Junko KONNO, and Yoshizo SUZUKI. "Combustion Characteristics of Fluidized Bed Catalytic Combustion." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 63, no. 605 (1997): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.63.605_323.

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Ren, Lijun. "Combustion efficiency control method of circulating fluidized bed boiler based on adaptive genetic algorithm." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2717, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 012040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2717/1/012040.

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Abstract In order to improve the traditional boiler combustion efficiency control method, which has the problem of low efficiency after control, a new combustion efficiency control method of circulating fluidized bed boiler based on adaptive genetic algorithm is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the iterative principle of adaptive genetic algorithm is analyzed; Secondly, the combustion process model of circulating fluidized bed boiler is constructed by BP neural network method; Finally, based on the above model, the optimal control objective function of adaptive genetic algorithm is constructed, and the objective function is solved according to the iterative principle of adaptive genetic algorithm to complete the control of combustion efficiency of circulating fluidized bed boiler. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional control method, the combustion efficiency of the boiler controlled by this method is always more than 98%.

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Saxena, S. C., W. Y. Wu, and M. B. Fei. "Fluidized-bed combustion of coal." Energy 22, no. 11 (November 1997): 1029–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-5442(97)00046-7.

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Badin, Elmer J., and George C. Frazier. "Sorbents for fluidized-bed combustion." Environmental Science & Technology 19, no. 10 (October 1985): 894–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00140a003.

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Datta, Ahi Bhushan, Shib Shankar Nandi, and Debdas Bhaduri. "Fluidized bed combustion of coal." Fuel 64, no. 4 (April 1985): 564–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(85)90094-8.

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Priem, Richard J. "Pressurized fluidized bed combustion technology." Combustion and Flame 62, no. 1 (October 1985): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(85)90098-7.

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32

Mladenovic, Milica, Stevan Nemoda, Milijana Paprika, and Ana Marinkovic. "Application of analytical and CFD models of liquid fuels combustion in a fluidized bed." Thermal Science 23, Suppl. 5 (2019): 1627–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180226317m.

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In Laboratory for Thermal Engineering and Energy of Institute Vinca, University of Belgrade, a 2-D CFD modeling procedure of numerical simulation of unconventional liquid fuel combustion in bubbling fluidized bed has been developed. This procedure is based on a two-fluid Euler-Euler approach modeling a fluidized bed with the determination of the velocities field of gas and particulates in two-phase, granular flows, analog to the kinetic theory of gases. This model describes in detail the unsteady motion of gas and solid phases, the formation and movement of bubbles with the combustion process in the fluidized bed, but temperature profiles calculated by the bed height differ to some extent from the experimentally obtained profiles. This discrepancy is probably due to the inability of a two-fluid CFD model to give a realistic simulation of the liquid fuel mixing in a fluidized bed. Therefore, an analytical model has been developed, where one of the basic assumptions is that the particles are mixed in the vertical direction of fluidized bed mainly by the bubble wakes. The proposed zonal type of calculating procedure is based on Davidson and Harrison two-phase model of the bubbling fluidized bed, where fluidized bed is divided into zones within which material and energy balances are set.

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33

Anderson, J. S., E. L. Carls, P. J. Mainhardt, W. M. Swift, J. M. Wheeldon, S. Brooks, A. J. Minchener, and J. Stringer. "Wastage of In-Bed Heat Transfer Surfaces in the Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustor at Grimethorpe." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 109, no. 3 (July 1, 1987): 298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240039.

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The wastage of in-bed heat transfer surfaces has recently emerged as a potentially serious problem for both pressurized and atmospheric fluidized bed combustors. The experimental pressurized fluidized bed combustion facility at Grimethorpe has accumulated a considerable quantity of data covering the wastage of in-bed tubes obtained during a total of just over 3600 h of operation. The combustor operated with different tube banks, with some degree of wastage being experienced with each one. The data are described, evidence for possible solutions is presented, and plans for future tests at Grimethorpe to prove these solutions are outlined.

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34

Moreno, Joseba, Matthias Hornberger, Max Schmid, and Günter Scheffknecht. "Oxy-Fuel Combustion of Hard Coal, Wheat Straw, and Solid Recovered Fuel in a 200 kWth Calcium Looping CFB Calciner." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 2162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082162.

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The fluidized bed combustion (FBC) of biomass and solid recovered fuel (SRF) is globally emerging as a viable solution to achieve net-negative carbon emissions in the heat and power sector. Contrary to conventional fossil fuels, alternative fuels are highly heterogeneous, and usually contain increased amounts of alkaline metals and chlorine. Hence, experimental studies are mandatory in order to thoroughly characterize the combustion behavior and pollutant formation of non-conventional fuels in novel applications. This work gives an overview of experimental investigations on the oxy-fuel combustion of hard coal, wheat straw, and SRF with a limestone bed in a semi-industrial circulating fluidized bed (CFB) pilot plant. The CFB combustor was able to be operated under different fuel blending ratios and inlet O2 concentrations, showing a stable hydrodynamic behavior over many hours of continuous operation. The boundary conditions introduced in this study are expected to prevail in carbon capture and storage (CCS) processes, such as the oxy-fuel combustion in the CFB calciner of a Calcium Looping (CaL) cycle for post-combustion CO2 capture.

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35

Yan, Yi. "Analysis and Discussion on Burning Low Calorific Value Fuel of Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler." E3S Web of Conferences 329 (2021): 01074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132901074.

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China's coal-dominated energy structure will not change in a short time. In order to implement the relevant national policies on energy conservation and emission reduction, it is a good response to adopt circulating fluidized bed boilers in coal-fired power stations. Circulating fluidized bed boiler adopts fluidized combustion, which has high reliability and high utilization rate because of its special combustion mode and particle recycling device. For the low calorific value inferior fuel which is difficult to burn in common boiler, CFB boiler also has certain adaptability and compatibility. In this background, this article with coal gangue as the representative of the inferior coal are discussed its application in the circulating fluidized bed boiler, the combustion process, boiler equipment and special fly ash produced by combustion is proposed that often appear in the three aspects of problems, and accordingly put forward the solution and optimization measures, provides reference for the actual process.

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36

Yang, Yu Ping, and Yun Feng Xu. "The Application of SunyPCC800 in CFB Boilers." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 779–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.779.

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The combustion technology of Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers is a Cleaning and high efficent of Coal Powder Combustion technology. Traditional control methods can hardly get ideal control effect. To Realize datas reading and writing by self_control software throgh DCS, when coal quality, loading altered, realized automatic closed-loop control of combustion process of circulating fluidized bed, to implement primary air flow, secondary air flow and air-induced automatic cordinated control and reached cleaning of coal quality and combustion high efficiency.

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37

Minchener, A. J. "Fluidized bed combustion systems for power generation and other industrial applications." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 217, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095765003321148646.

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Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) in various forms has been used to burn all types of coal, coal waste and a wide variety of other fuels, either singly or cofired with coal. FBC boilers are currently available commercially in the capacity range from 1 MWth to over 250 MWe and continue to be adopted for a variety of commercial, industrial and power generation applications. There are two main derivatives of FBC, namely bubbling fluidized bed combustion (BFBC) and circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC). There are also several hybrid systems and pressurized versions of both BFBC and CFBC. The status of these different systems, with some now fully commercial and some still under development, is described, with projections made for future development requirements and market opportunities.

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38

Hrdlicka, Jan, Pavel Skopec, Jan Opatril, and Tomas Dlouhy. "Oxyfuel Combustion in a Bubbling Fluidized Bed Combustor." Energy Procedia 86 (January 2016): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.01.012.

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39

Sharma, Vishal, and Rajeev Kamal Sharma. "Fluidized Bed Combustion: Technology for Efficient Utilization of Biomass Residues." Asian Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology 7, no. 2 (October 5, 2018): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajeat-2018.7.2.951.

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Fossil fuels are the most common and reliable energy source, which presently fulfill 80% energy requirements all across the world. In the last few decades, over-consumption, fast pace modernization and population growth are some prominent factors which are exploiting the fossil fuels. The degradation of natural resources has gone up at an alarming rate which provoked to look for an alternate source of energy. From all available alternative renewable energy sources, biomass is the only carbon-based sustainable option. But, its diversity makes it a complex and difficult fuel. Among all technologies used for energy generation from the biomass, fluidized bed combustion is emerging as a suitable best option to handle fuel diversity. This article deals with biomass fluidization and its combustion in a fluidized bed. The difficulties encountered during biomass combustion and different solutions for the same have been highlighted. Problems like deposition, corrosion, agglomeration and trace metal emission have been discussed and their remedies to avoid the discontinuity in the operation of biomass-fired fluidized bed combustor. This technical approach will help to reduce environmental problems, improve the economic structure of the nation, and remove obstacles for sustainable energy development.

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40

Kakaras, Emmanuel, Panagiotis Grammelis, George Skodras, and Panagiotis Vourliotis. "Fluidized bed combustion with the use of Greek solid fuels." Thermal Science 7, no. 2 (2003): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0302033k.

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The paper is an overview of the results obtained up to date from the combustion and co-combustion activities with Greek brown coal in different installations, both in semi-industrial and laboratory scale. Combustion tests with Greek lignite were realized in three different Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) facilities. Low rank lignite was burned in a pilot scale facility of approx. 100kW thermal capacity, located in Athens (NTUA) and a semi-industrial scale of 1.2 MW thermal capacity, located at RWE's power station Niederaussem in Germany. Co-combustion tests with Greek xylitic lignite and waste wood were carried out in the 1 MWth CFBC installation of AE&E, in Austria. Lab-scale co-combustion tests of Greek pre-dried lignite with biomass were accomplished in a bubbling fluidized bed in order to investigate ash melting problems. The obtained results of all aforementioned activities showed that fluidized bed is the appropriate combustion technology to efficiently exploit the low quality Greek brown coal either alone or in conjunction with biomass species.

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41

Wang, Haitian, Liye Wang, Silin Zeng, Shijin Zheng, Fei Zhou, Xuzhou Jiang, Bingjun Ma, and Baosheng Jin. "The impact of ash layer diffusion on the combustion of coal gangue particles of different sizes under low-oxygen conditions in the dense phase zone of a circulating fluidized bed: an experimental study." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 3000, no. 1 (April 1, 2025): 012019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3000/1/012019.

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Abstract The 660 MW circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler in Shuozhou, Shanxi, primarily utilizes coal gangue as its main fuel. To achieve ultra-low NOx emissions, the oxygen concentration in the dense phase zone of the fluidized bed boiler is maintained at a low level. Under low-oxygen conditions, the high ash content characteristic of coal gangue has a particularly significant impact on its combustion behavior. However, there is currently no research on the effect of ash layer diffusion resistance on combustion characteristics under low-oxygen conditions. Therefore, this study establishes a one-dimensional ash layer diffusion model to investigate the effects of ash layer diffusion resistance on the combustion characteristics of coal gangue particles with different sizes under a 3% oxygen concentration. This study provides important guidance for optimizing the combustion of coal gangue in 660 MW circulating fluidized bed and thus reducing NOx emission.

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42

Leckner, Bo. "Developments in fluidized bed conversion of solid fuels." Thermal Science 20, suppl. 1 (2016): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci150703135l.

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A summary is given on the development of fluidized bed conversion (combustion and gasification) of solid fuels. First, gasification is mentioned, following the line of development from the Winkler gasifier to recent designs. The combustors were initially bubbling beds, which were found unsuitable for combustion of coal because of various drawbacks, but they proved more useful for biomass where these drawbacks were absent. Instead, circulating fluidized bed boilers became the most important coal converters, whose design now is quite mature, and presently the increments in size and efficiency are the most important development tasks. The new modifications of these conversion devices are related to CO2 capture. Proposed methods with this purpose, involving fluidized bed, are single-reactor systems like oxy-fuel combustion, and dual-reactor systems, including also indirect biomass gasifiers.

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43

Schneider, Tanja, Dominik Müller, and Jürgen Karl. "Effect of Natural Ilmenite on the Solid Biomass Conversion of Inhomogeneous Fuels in Small-Scale Bubbling Fluidized Beds." Energies 15, no. 8 (April 8, 2022): 2747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15082747.

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The application of oxygen carriers as alternative bed material in fluidized bed combustion originates from chemical lopping processes. They serve as oxygen transport agents undergoing consecutive redox cycles. Thereby, oxygen carriers can provide surplus oxygen in oxygen-lean areas of fluidized bed combustion processes. In turn, re-oxidation takes place in oxygen-rich reactor parts. A more homogeneous combustion and reduced CO emissions follow during steady-state operation. However, especially regarding solid biomass conversion, inhomogeneous fuel qualities result in transient combustion conditions. Therefore, this research deals with the influence of the oxygen carrier ilmenite on solid biomass conversion. Separated batch experiments with methane (volatile), char and wood pellets took place in a laboratory bubbling fluidized bed reactor. They reveal that ilmenite enhances the in-bed CO2 yield by up to 63% during methane combustion. Batch char experiments confirm that solid–solid reactions with ilmenite are negligible. However, heterogeneous gas–solid reactions reduce the O2 partial pressure and limit the char conversion rate. The batch wood pellet experiments show that the ilmenite oxygen buffering effect is mitigated due to high local oxygen demand around the pellets and limited pellet distribution in the bed. Finally, the continuous operation in a 100 kWth BFB with inhomogeneous fuel input indicates a higher in-bed fuel conversion and confirms lower CO emissions and less fluctuation in the flue gas during inhomogeneous fuel supply.

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44

Cojbasic, Zarko, Vlastimir Nikolic, Ivan Ciric, and Ljubica Cojbasic. "Computationally intelligent modeling and control of fluidized bed combustion process." Thermal Science 15, no. 2 (2011): 321–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci101205031c.

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In this paper modelling and control approaches for fluidized bed combustion process have been considered, that are based on the use of computational intelligence. Proposed adaptive neuro-fuzzy-genetic modeling and intelligent control strategies provide for efficient combining of available expert knowledge with experimental data. Firstly, based on the qualitative information on the desulphurization process, models of the SO2 emission in fluidized bed combustion have been developed, which provides for economical and efficient reduction of SO2 in FBC by estimation of optimal process parameters and by design of intelligent control systems based on defined emission models. Also, efficient fuzzy nonlinear FBC process modelling strategy by combining several linearized combustion models has been presented. Finally, fuzzy and conventional process control systems for fuel flow and primary air flow regulation based on developed models and optimized by genetic algorithms have also been developed. Obtained results indicate that computationally intelligent approach can be successfully applied for modelling and control of complex fluidized bed combustion process.

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45

Olofsson, Göran, Zhicheng Ye, Ingemar Bjerle, and Arne Andersson. "Bed Agglomeration Problems in Fluidized-Bed Biomass Combustion." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 41, no. 12 (June 2002): 2888–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie010274a.

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46

Saxena, S. C., N. S. Rao, and L. A. Thomas. "Combustion of propane and fluidized-bed co-combustion." Energy 18, no. 10 (October 1993): 1045–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(93)90053-g.

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47

Jadlovec, Marek, and Stanislav Honus. "Developing of experimental combustion boiler with stationary fluidized bed and multifuels combustion." MATEC Web of Conferences 345 (2021): 00014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134500014.

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Due to the outdated higher requirements for reducing emissions of harmful substances in the combustion of fossil fuels and waste in particular, more and more research is needed, which will lead to the provision of various alternatives to influence the emerging pollutants into the atmosphere. This study deals with the development of experimental combustion units with a stationary fluidized bed with regulated parameters of primary and secondary air supply, performed fuel supply and flue gas parameters. Combustion is carried out in a bubbling stationary fluidized bed with a height of 100 mm and a diameter of 140 mm. The fluidized bed consists of ST 54 glass sand with a mean grain size of 0.22 mm. The basic purpose of the study is to describe the construction of the experimental unit with verification of its functionality. On the experimental equipment was realized experiments in terms of combustion various types of fuels, whether they are fossil fuels (coal), alternative fuels as straw pellets, sludge from wastewater treatment plants, sludge from paper mills or their combinations. Determination of temperature and pressure along the entire length of the unit is a device equipped with thermocouples and pressure sensors.

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48

Constable, T. W., R. Kissel, S. E. Sawell, and W. Cunningham. "Laboratory evaluation of solid residues from atmospheric fluidized bed combustion systems." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 1 (February 1, 1988): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l88-005.

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Tests and analyses were conducted to characterize the physical, chemical, exothermic, and leaching properties of solid residues from bubbling bed atmospheric fluidized bed combustion units. The residues were produced during the combustion of eastern Canadian high-sulphur bituminous coals (4–8% sulphur) in a bed of eastern Canadian limestone. The residues were highly buffered and composed primarily of calcium and sulphur salts. They were exothermic and swelled considerably when contacted with water. Leachates generated during 20-cycle serial batch leaching tests were highly alkaline with high total dissolved solids concentrations, primarily calcium and sulphate ions. Column leaching test results and field observations suggest reactions may continue to occur over several months until the residues eventually solidify. The residues have properties that are unique, in comparison with conventional pulverized coal combustion wastes. Key words: fluidized bed combustion, ash, leaching.

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49

Nemoda, Stevan, Milijana Paprika, Milica Mladenovic, Ana Marinkovic, and Goran Zivkovic. "Two-dimensional mathematical model of liquid fuel combustion in bubbling fluidized bed applied for a fluidized furnace numerical simulation." Thermal Science 22, no. 2 (2018): 1121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci170922307n.

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Lately, experimental methods and numerical simulations are equally employed for the purpose of developing incineration bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) facilities. The paper presents the results of the 2-D CFD model of liquid fuel combustion in BFB, applied for numerical simulation of a fluidized bed furnace. The numerical procedure is based on the two-fluid Euler-Euler approach, where the velocity field of the gas and particles are modeled in analogy to the kinetic gas theory. The proposed numerical model comprises energy equations for all three phases (gas, inert fluidized particles, and liquid fuel), as well as the transport equations of chemical components that are participating in the reactions of combustion and devolatilization. The model equations are solved applying a commercial CFD package, whereby the user submodels were developed for heterogenic fluidized bed combustion of liquid fuels and for interphase drag forces for all three phases. The results of temperature field calculation were compared with the experiments, carried out in-house, on a BFB pilot facility. The numerical experiments, based on the proposed mathematical model, have been used for the purposes of analyzing the impacts of various fuel flow rates, and fluidization numbers, on the combustion efficiency and on the temperature fields in the combustion zone.

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50

Yang, Jian Meng, Bi Zheng Wang, and Wei Wang. "Lignite-Fired CFB Boiler SO₂, NO Emission Control Technology Research." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.256.

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For study on SO2 and NO emission characteristics of circulating fluidized bed boiler experiments were carried out in a 300MW circulating fluidized bed boiler. In these experiments, the variables were the amount of limestone and bed temperature. While conducting the test, the reasons for the changes in emission were analyzed, and some advices about combustion adjustment were proposed.

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