Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Fishers jargon"

The 2010 Pediatric Research in Inpatient Settings survey stated that 44% of pediatric hospitals practiced family-centered rounds (FCRs). We aimed to study caregivers’ opinions of FCRs and determine if there are demographic associations with these opinions. A cross-sectional survey of caregivers who attended FCRs was conducted at a tertiary-care general pediatrics unit. The survey contained Likert-type scale and qualitative questions. Fisher’s exact test was used to test demographic associations. Only English proficient caregivers were included. Almost all (99%) caregivers liked being present during rounds, 19% felt that there were too many people present during rounds and 15% felt that medical jargon was used. Significant demographic associations were found including older caregivers being less comfortable asking questions as well as more neutral responses from African Americans and those with less education. Opportunity exists to customize FCRs and tailor rounding according to demographics, opening the door for future quality improvement projects.

Abstract: Introduction: The compromise effect is a well-known phenomenon in the world of marketing, but it is rarely examined in medical settings. In dental setting, the patient often has to make treatment-related decisions with price as the only available and comprehensible information to help informed choice. Aim: We sought to determine if the compromise effect plays a role in dental treatment choices, and if yes, how the effect is modified by factors such as perceived quality, professional jargon in the explanations, or the importance of keeping one’s own teeth intact. Method: 676 volunteers participated in this questionnaire-based study. The questionnaires were filled in anonymously. Altogether 8 versions of the same questionnaire were generated, in which the following information was given in varying combinations: the names of five different dental treatments from cheap to expensive, their possible prices, and additional information about the treatment. Statistical analysis: The significance of the relationship between the relative frequency of responses and the available additional information was determined by chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test. Results: The respondents did not approach dental treatment-related decisions on a heuristic basis by default, most probably because of their preconceptions and previous experiences in connection with dental treatments. Esthetics turned out to be of utmost importance and expectable lifespan was also information that significantly influenced the choices. Conclusion: Extra information can and does influence informed dental treatment choice on the patient side, provided it is offered in a clear, proper, and intelligible form, which points out the importance of professional communication. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(38): 1503–1509.

Introducción: La obesidad en menores de 6 años que asisten a Jardines INTEGRA en Chile, puede estar asociada a la alimentación en la institución, en el Hogar o de ambas. Objetivos: Establecer si hay relación entre patrones alimentarios de los infantes con el estado nutricional.Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, asociativo, transversal con una muestra (n=33) de infantes de 4 y 5 años de dos Jardines de infancia en Valparaíso, Chile. Se evaluó: i) el aporte energético de alimentación Jardín y Hogar en base a recomendaciones de las guías alimentarias de Chile y ii) el estado nutricional, P/E, P/T, T/E, índice de masa corporal según tablas de crecimiento de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para menores de 6 años, incluidas en las normas del Programa Nacional Salud de la Infancia (Chile). Para asociar patrones alimentarios y estado nutricional, se usó la prueba exacta de Fisher.Resultados: El Jardín aporta el valor esperado respecto a las recomendaciones calóricas, mientras que en el Hogar se excede un 67% sobre lo esperado, (más de 354kcal percápita/día). Entre el 21,2% y 27% tiene exceso de peso (P/T e IMC). Los infantes con patrón alimentario 1, tienen estado nutricional normal, mientras que con patrón alimentario 2, un 50% presenta malnutrición por exceso. El test exacto de Fisher arroja un valor de p=0,001.Conclusiones: Hay asociación entre patrón alimentario y estado nutricional de preescolares asistentes a los dos Jardines INTEGRA. El estudio está limitado por el tamaño de la muestra.

Review of clinical research by institutional review boards (IRBs) is integral to the protection of human subjects and necessary for the conduct of legal and ethical research. Because such review is time and resource intensive, it is critical to identify common issues that contribute to delayed review and approval of research. Hence, the aim of this quality improvement project was to identify factors associated with long delays in IRB approval and identify potential strategies to streamline the review process. In collaboration with the human subjects research protection program at a large academic health center in the northeastern United States, we conducted a content analysis of minutes of convened IRB meetings for every new protocol (initial submission) approved between January and September 2019 that required greater than or equal to two full board reviews prior to approval ( n = 33). We also examined characteristics of new protocols that were reviewed less than twice at convened meetings during the same time frame ( n = 244). Using χ2 or Fisher's exact tests, the characteristics of protocols with multiple reviews by the convened IRBs were compared with those protocol submissions reviewed by the convened IRBs only once. Three factors significantly associated with increased delays were researcher conflict of interest (30% vs. 12%, respectively, p < .01), need for radiation safety evaluation (36% vs. 20%, respectively, p = .03), and protocols that were clinical trials (73% vs. 60%, respectively, p < .01). Other factors associated with delayed IRB approval were excessive technical jargon (93.94%, n = 31), inadequate description of data security or inability to meet data security requirements of the institution (75.76%, n = 25), protocol design affecting patient safety (57.58%, n = 19), and lack of clarity regarding compensation and payment or study duration ( n = 18, 54.54% each). Approaches to mitigate delays in approval and increase the efficiency and efficacy of the IRB process are recommended.

Este artículo identifica y describe la influencia de los procesos sensoriomotores y ambientales sobre el comportamiento adaptativo y la capacidad para atender, requisitos indispensables para un desempeño ocupacional exitoso. Muestra la influencia del desarrollo en estos procesos. Identifica la relación entre estos, el ambiente y las habilidades para atender y responder adecuadamente al entorno. Explica que cuando el proceso de Integración Sensorial no es eficiente se pueden presentar problemas de Atención. Muchos autores como Mulligan en 1998,Cermak en 1988, Holborow y Oetter en 1986, han estudiado la relación entre los problemas de integración sensorial y los de Atención. Estos planteamientos también fueron comprobados por Fisher y Murray quienes proponen que los problemas de atención son el resultado de un deficiente procesamiento de la información sensorial: Táctil, Vestibular, Propioceptiva, Visualy Auditiva. Esta propuesta se apoya especialmente en las teorías sobre desarrollo sensoriomotor, integración sensorial y aprendizaje de autoras como Ayres, Fisher, Bundy, Mulligan, y Kranowitz. Este artículo también propone la evaluación de los prerrequisitos sensoriomotores y del ambiente. Esta se basa en la experiencia de la autora y del grupo de trabajo del Jardín Infantil Por un Mañana, ubicado en Bogotá, Colombia. La propuesta de evaluación consiste en: Una lista de chequeo cuyo objetivo es identificar los comportamientos que caracterizan el desempeño sensoriomotor y ejecutivo del niño. La observación sistemática de los ambientes con la elaboración de cuadros que permitan describir lo que se ve cuando se observa al niño durante la ejecución de sus actividades en los contextos en que se desempeña. Un cuestionario ambiental que permite conocer las características y posibilidades del ambiente físico y de personas de la casa con el fin de establecer la necesidad de hacer cambios y las opciones con que se cuenta.

Термин «безэквивалентная лексика» (БЭЛ) объединяет культурно-специфичные единицы, которые невозможно выразить на иностранном языке с помощью точного соответствия. Вместе с тем существует ряд приемов, позволяющих приблизить понимание иностранным реципиентом таких единиц. Соотнесение приемов перевода со стратегиями доместикации или форенизации позволяет оценить воспроизведение национально-культурного компонента в конкретном переводном тексте. Актуальность работы определяется важностью адекватной передачи безэквивалентной лексики при переводе текстов художественных произведений. Цель – выявление особенностей перевода безэквивалентной лексики на материале переводов романа И. Ильфа и Е. Петрова «Золотой теленок» на английский язык. Материалами исследования послужил оригинальный текст романа И. Ильфа и Е. Петрова «Золотой теленок», а также четыре его англоязычных перевода (1931–2009). В качестве методов применялись общенаучные методы анализа, синтеза и обобщения, а также частнонаучные методы описания и сопоставления, наряду с методом стилистического анализа текста. Безэквивалентная лексика в романе «Золотой теленок», действие которого происходит в период интенсивного формирования лексикона новой формации на фоне еще незабытых реалий царской России, представлена классами советизмов, наименований предметов и явлений традиционного быта, слов нерусского происхождения, историзмов, лексики фразеологических единиц, жаргонизмов и диалектизмов, фольклоризмов, а также авторских неологизмов. Сопоставительный анализ передачи данных групп БЭЛ в четырех англоязычных версиях позволяет говорить о методах, преимущественно использованных каждым из переводчиков для передачи культурной-исторической привязки исследуемого текста. Наиболее частотными оказались приемы описательного и приближенного перевода; далее следуют приемы гипонимического перевода и калькирования, а наименее популярным оказался прием перераспределения значения. Опущения в основном присущи ранним переводам романа (Ч. Маламут, Дж. Ричардсон); в версии К. Гуревича и Х. Андерсон преобладают приемы приближенного, описательного и гипонимического перевода; Э. Фишер, наряду с вышеописанным, также использует калькирование и дополняет текст переводческими комментариями. Соотнесение использованных приемов перевода БЭЛ со стратегиями форенизации и доместикации позволяет говорить о преобладании последней во всех изученных текстах; наиболее культурно-специфичной («форенизированной») оказалась версия Э. Фишер, а наиболее приближенным к реципиенту («доместицированным») – перевод К. Гуревича и Х. Андерсон. The notion of in-equivalent vocabulary stands for culture-specific lexicon units in a source text considered impossible to render into target language without more or less significant losses. Although, there exist a number of translation techniques aimed to facilitate understanding of such words for foreign readers. Each of such techniques can be correlated to two opposite strategies of domestication and foreignization, thus enabling to measure the degree to which translators managed to recreate culture-specific component in translated text. The purpose of the research is to analyze the specific features of in-equivalent lexicon units translation in four English versions of “The Golden Calf” novel by I. Ilf and E. Petrov. The research is based on 320 in-equivalent lexicon units in five text sources: 1) И. Ильф, Е. Петров. «Золотой телёнок» (1931), 2) The Little Golden Calf (transl. Ch. Malamut, 1932), 3) The Complete Adventures of Ostap Bender (transl. J.H.C. Richardson, 1961), 4) The Little Golden Calf (transl. A. Fisher, 2009), 5) The Golden Calf (transl. K. Gurevich, H. Anderson, 2009). The methods applied are general scientific (observation and description) and linguistic (text analysis, comparative analysis). In-equivalent lexicon units in “The Golden Calf” novel, set against the background of intensive formation of new Soviet lexicon, includes several classes such as sovietizms (32% of all in-equivalent units), objects and phenomena of everyday life (18%), words of foreign origin (14%), historical words (12%), phraseological units (10%), jargon and dialect words (10%), folklore words (3%), and nonce-words (1%). The comparative study of translation of the given classes of in-equivalent vocabulary in analysed English versions of “The Golden Calf” reveals the methods preferred by each interpreter. More often the authors used the techniques of description and approximate translation; less popular were the methods of hyponymic translation and calque, with the restribution of meaning as the least favorable method. Matching the techniques of in-equivalent lexical units translation to foreignization and domestication strategies makes it possible to declare that the most foreignized is Ann Fisher’s version while the most domesticated one – the translation by K. Gurevich and H. Anderson.

BackgroundInterstitial Lung Disease is relatively frequent in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome patients (SS-ILD), however, data on its prognosis are heterogenous. The American Thoracic Society (ATS) recently provided clinical-instrumental criteria for the definition of Progressive Pulmonary Fibrosis (PPF) (1), based on the assumption that this clinical phenotype is associated with worse prognosis and may benefit from treatment with the novel antifibrotic agents. Frequency and characteristics of PPF, defined according to ATS, have not been investigated in the context of SS-ILD.Objectives1. To describe the outcome of SS-ILD in terms of ILD progression according to the recent definition of PPF in our cohort. 2. To identify specific factors associated to PPF in well characterized SS-ILD patients.MethodsDemographic, clinical, biological and imaging data of SS patients attending our center were retrospectively analyzed. SS-ILD was defined based on clinical history, pulmonary function tests (PFT) and HRCT assessed by an expert thoracic radiologist for all patients. She also defined ILD pattern, extension (by Warrick score) and progression on HRCT. The new ATS definition of PPF was applied to all SS-ILD patients in follow-up in the last 4 years, who presented at least 2 clinical-instrumental evaluations at 1 year of distance. PPF was defined in the presence of 2/3 among: worsening symptoms, significant functional decline (FVC ≥5% or DLCO ≥10%) and radiological progression, within 1 year. PPF and non-PPF SS-ILD patients, with complete imaging and functional follow-up data available, were then compared in terms of clinical, biological, functional and imaging features. For statistical analysis, we used the Fisher test for categorical data and the ANOVA t-test or Mann-Whitney test for continuous data.ResultsOut of 620 primary SS patients attending our center, 52 (8.4%) were diagnosed with SS-ILD (F:M=46:6). Mean age at diagnosis was 61 (±13) years, positive SSA were present in 44/52 (84.6%), and the mean follow-up time was 8 (±7) years. ILD was the first manifestation of SS in 32/52 (61.5%) and followed SS diagnosis in 20/52 (38.5%) cases, with a mean latency of 8.5 (±6) years. The distribution of ILD patterns was in line with recent literature, with 24/52 (46.2%) patients presenting NSIP, 9/52 (17.3%) UIP, 7/52 (13.5%) LIP, 8/52 (15.4%) NSIP+OP, 2/52 (3.8%) OP, and 2/52 (3.8%) an unclassifiable pattern.Out of 46 SS-ILD patients with available follow-up data: 13/46 (28.3%) presented worsening clinical symptoms; 13/42 (31%) experimented significant decline of FVC (≥5%) and/or DLCO (≥10%), while 4 patients were unable to perform PFT due to desaturation; 3/46 (6.5%) patients died because of ILD progression.Complete seriate evaluations including HRCT at 1-year distance were available for 17 patients: 8/17 (47.1%) were defined as PPF and 10/17 (58.8%) as non-PPF according to the ATS definition. The former group exhibited older age at diagnosis (p=.001) and a UIP pattern in 5/8 vs 0/9 cases (p=.06). Standard of care immunosuppressive treatment did not differ significantly between the two groups, while no patients were treated with antifibrotics.ConclusionThe clinical phenotype of PPF is relatively common among SS-ILD patients and is associated with older age at diagnosis and a UIP pattern on HRCT. These characteristics may aid in the selection of patients eligible for antifibrotic therapy.Reference[1]Raghu G, Remy-Jardin M, Richeldi L, Thomson CC, Inoue Y, Johkoh T, et al. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (an Update) and Progressive Pulmonary Fibrosis in Adults: An Official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT Clinical Practice Guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022;205(9):e18-e47.Acknowledgements:NIL.Disclosure of InterestsNone Declared.

Abstract Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is an aggressive malignancy previously known as blastic natural killer cell lymphoma, CD4+CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm, or agranular CD4+ NK cell leukemia. BPDCN has recently been classified as the malignant counterpart of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), the most common dendritic cell subset in peripheral blood. Clinical outcomes in BPDCN are poor, with median survival of less than 12 months. The pathogenesis and genetic changes associated with pDC transformation are largely unknown, and the optimal treatment for this disease is unclear. Loss of the CDKN2A locus on 9p21 is the most common copy number alteration, and the sole targeted sequencing effort reported to date focused only on somatic mutations in TP53 and TET2 (Jardin et al. Br J Haem 2011). The goal of this study was to characterize the genetics of BPDCN by next-generation sequencing of all exons of 219 genes known to be recurrently mutated in hematologic malignancies. We sequenced a discovery cohort of seven adult patients with BPDCN, and confirmed the somatic status of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and insertion-deletions (InDels) not present in dbSNP using paired germline tissue where available. All cases met World Health Organization criteria for pathological diagnosis of BPDCN. We confirmed the presence of TET2 (4 of 7 patients) and TP53 (1 of 7) mutations in BPDCN, and noted that the overall mutational spectrum was overlapping with previously sequenced hematologic neoplasms. Specifically, we observed mutations in ASXL1 (in 2 patients: K586* and an InDel causing a frameshift at S795), IDH2 (R140Q), KRAS (G13D), ABL1 (T315I), ARID1A (R1721*), GNA13 (E313*), U2AF1 (Q157L), and SRSF2 (P95L) that have been reported in myeloid and mature B cell neoplasms. Also of interest was an IRF8 R404W mutation; IRF8 is a transcription factor that drives pDC development and germline loss of IRF8 in humans is associated with dendritic cell deficiency. The most striking finding was the presence of premature stop, frame shift, and splice site mutations in the splicing factor ZRSR2 on chromosome Xp22.1 in 4 of 7 (57.1%) BPDCNs. ZRSR2 mutations were present in 71-84% of sequence reads at their respective locations, consistent with homo/hemizygous alterations in a dominant clone. Xenografting of one BPDCN that harbored a ZRSR2 premature stop mutation resulted in leukemia engraftment that retained the ZRSR2 mutation. From a validation cohort of 32 additional adult and pediatric BPDCNs, ZRSR2 mutations were present in 11 cases, for a total of 15 of 39 (38.5%) patients. Ten of 15 mutations were premature stop, frame shift, or splice site, while the remaining were missense variants. ZRSR2 is recurrently mutated in MDS and AML but at a much lower frequency (1-5%), and ZRSR2 mutations have not been described as characteristic of any other malignancy. Thus, ZRSR2 mutations are approximately 10-fold more prevalent among BPDCNs as compared to MDS or AML, indicating a unique association between BDPCN and ZRSR2 mutation. BPDCN is predominantly a disease of the male sex, both in previous studies and in our cohort (28 males among 36 patients, 77.8%). In a prior report (Yoshida et al. Nature 2012), 12 of 12 cases of MDS with ZRSR2 nonsense and frame shift mutations were male. All 10 cases of BPDCN with ZRSR2 nonsense, frame shift, and splice site mutations in our cohort were male (P=0.076 by two-sided Fisher’s exact test). Thus, we hypothesize that BPDCN may be more common in males because of a gene dosage effect related to the chr.X location of ZRSR2. There was also a trend toward an association between ZRSR2 loss-of-function mutation and age ≥65 (P=0.068). There was no statistically significant difference in overall survival between patients with and without mutations in ZRSR2, although we were limited by the small cohort size and the heterogeneity of therapies received. We conclude that loss of ZRSR2 function is specifically associated with pDC transformation and leukemogenesis, as well as male sex and older age. Further studies to confirm these findings in additional cohorts and define the mechanism linking ZRSR2 mutation with BPDCN are underway. Disclosures: DeAngelo: Ariad, Novartis, BMS: Consultancy. Neuberg:Synta Pharmaceuticals: Trust owns stock; I am a Trustee Other.

Abstract Background: Alterations (particularly biallelic deletions) of the tumor suppressor gene CDKN2A are frequent in the ultra-aggressive lymphoblastic (Quesnel et al, Blood 1995) and Burkitt lymphomas (Schmitz et al, Nature 2012). They also occur in DLBCL, and in prior studies they were associated with poor prognosis in conjunction with TP53 mutations (Jardin, Blood 2010). However, recent genomic classifications of DLBCL have noted frequent CDKN2A alterations in the MCD subtype (characterized by MYD88L265P and CD79 mutations; Wright et al, Cancer Cell 2020-LymphGen classifier). MCD tumors show propensity for extranodal invasion, immune evasion, and are enriched among relapsed/refractory DLBCL (Ollila et al, Blood 2021). There is an interest in targeting the MCD subgroup with novel treatment approaches, but prognostic factors specific to MCD DLBCL are uncertain. We examined the association between CDKN2A deletions and other mutations, genomic subtypes, and prognosis in DLBCL. Methods: We selected DLBCL cases submitted for next generation sequencing (NGS) as part of routine clinical care (FoundationOne Heme assay, Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, MA). All samples underwent central review by a board-certified pathologist. NGS was performed on hybridization-captured, adaptor ligation-based libraries in up to 405 cancer-related genes (Frampton et al, Nat Biotechnol, 2013), identifying clinically relevant base pair substitutions, indels, copy number alterations, and rearrangements. Co-occurrence/exclusivity was evaluated by odds ratios (OR) with P-values corrected for multiple testing using false discovery rate (FDR). Prognostic analysis was performed using publicly available data from the Haematological Malignancy Research Network (HMRN) study of 648 patients treated with RCHOP chemotherapy for DLBCL (Lacy et al, Blood 2020). Results: Among 165 patients with confirmed DLBCL, median age was 67 (interquartile range, 56-76), and 48% were women. Biopsies were from an extranodal site in 113 cases (68%). CDKN2A alterations were present in 42 samples (25%): most commonly biallelic deletions (N=34), short variant alterations (N=7), and 1 rearrangement. CDKN2A deletions were found in 28 (25%) of extranodal and 6 (12%) of nodal biopsies (Fisher's exact P=.06). MYC-IGH rearrangement was detected in 3 (7%) of tumors with CDKN2A deletions and 5 (4%) of those without them (P=.42), but BCL2-IGH rearrangement was rare in tumors with CDKN2A deletions (2% vs. 33%, respectively; P&lt;0.001). Mutations in only 3 genes were statistically significantly associated with CDKN2A deletions: MYD88 (OR=12.6, Pcorr=3.9 x 10 -6), CD79B (OR=20.4, Pcorr =.00031) were highly co-occurring, whereas TP53 (OR=0.09, Pcorr=.0072) was highly mutually exclusive (Fig. A/B). Among tumors with CDKN2A deletions, 56% had mutations in MYD88, 32% in CD79B, and 32% in PIM1, but only 6% in TP53. Conversely, in DLBCL without CDKN2A deletions, TP53 mutations were present in 41%, while &lt;10% had mutations in MYD88, CD79B, or PIM1. When studied using the LymphGen DLBCL classifier, CDKN2A deletions were present in 14 out of 16 MCD (88%), 2 out of 10 (20%) BN2, 18 out of 111 (16%) of unclassifiable tumors, and in no tumors classified as A53, EZB, or ST2 (Fig. C; P&lt;.001 for MCD vs others). CDKN2A deletions were also specific to the hc-MCD subtype using our simplified hierarchical classifier developed for multi-gene NGS panels (Fig. D). In the HMRN data, CDKN2A deletions were observed in 10% of cases, significantly more often (34%) in the MYD88 cluster (corresponding to LymphGen MCD) than in other clusters (6.3%; P&lt;.001). Conversely, TP53 alterations were significantly less frequent in the MYD88 cluster (7% vs 21% in others, P=.004). CDKN2A deletions were associated with significantly worse progression-free and overall survival (Fig. E/F) within the MYD88 cluster (independently of the International Prognostic Index), but not in others. Conclusions: CDKN2A deletions are specific to the MCD genomic subtype of DLBCL and indicate particularly poor prognosis within this class. Relative mutual exclusivity with TP53 mutations suggests that CDKN2A deletion may constitute an alternative, critical "hit" to a tumor suppressor gene in MCD DLBCL. Further research should examine the clinical relevance of CDKN2A deletions for refractoriness to standard therapy and its role in immune evasion that is characteristic of relapsed/refractory MCD DLBCL. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Olszewski: TG Therapeutics: Research Funding; PrecisionBio: Research Funding; Celldex Therapeutics: Research Funding; Acrotech Pharma: Research Funding; Genentech, Inc.: Research Funding; Genmab: Research Funding. Sharaf: Foundation Medicine: Current Employment. Marcus: Foundation Medicine: Current Employment. Albacker: Foundation Medicine: Current Employment. Vergilio: Foundation Medicine: Current Employment.

Weiner, Andrew. Down by the River: A Family Fly Fishing Story. Harry N. Abrams, 2018. This is a beautifully illustrated book that tells a simple story about a boy, Art, who goes on a fly-fishing trip with his mother and grandfather. The story recalls a time when Art’s grandfather taught his mother to fish. April Chu has used a subdued palette for her two-page riverine landscapes, with lots of green and rich autumn colours in the environment. The book has a calm and peaceful feel about it that mirrors the contemplative nature of fly-fishing. The text is simple and descriptive of a day spent on the river. The reading level is too difficult for the intended Kindergarten to Grade 2 audience, so an adult will need to read the book aloud, especially those sentences that could confuse young readers with difficult concepts or complicated jargon: “The line arced forward and the fly landed softly a few feet above the rock. It drifted with the current past the rock. There was a splash and the line went tight.” The last three pages contain information about fly fishing, the clothing worn by fly fishers and where to get more information about the sport. The end pages are decorated with images of intricate flys with such fun and mysterious names as: “Ian’s Crunch Caddis,” “Black Fur Ant,” and “Purple Parachute Adams.” This book is a good introduction to fly fishing for younger children that also tells a charming story. Highly recommended for school and public libraries. Highly Recommended: 4 stars out of 4 Reviewer: Sandy Campbell Sandy is a Health Sciences Librarian at the University of Alberta, who has written hundreds of book reviews across many disciplines. Sandy thinks that sharing books with children is one of the greatest gifts anyone can give.

Many who pick up this book will be learning about schizophrenia for the first time, either because someone they care about has recently been diagnosed, or purely out of academic interest. As such, we aim to paint a very clear and basic picture of the disorder, and avoid jargon as much as possible (though sometimes this cannot be avoided). The first impression many people get about schizo­phrenia, however, is formed before they ever meet someone with the disorder, through exposure in films, television, or literature. Some of these portrayals are fair and accurate depictions of particular aspects of schizophrenia, and may be useful to review in combination with this book to help the reader develop a fuller picture of the disorder (though none is perfect in all regards). For ex­ample, some aspects of John Nash’s struggles with schizophrenia in the film A Beautiful Mind, and those of Nathaniel Ayers in The Soloist, ring true with these individuals’ first- person accounts of the disorder. The reality of schizophrenia has also been reasonably well captured in fictional films such as Clean, Shaven; Donnie Darko; and The Fisher King. Yet, far more commonly schizophrenia is portrayed in an unrealistic and unflattering light by authors and screenwriters, which adds to the stigma and negative views of the disorder held by many who have no first- hand experience of the illness. We will cover some examples of these faulty depictions later in the chapter ‘What is not schizophrenia’, but here, let us continue to describe the main facts about the disorder. Please keep in mind that schizophrenia is one of the most complicated and variable human disorders. Although this is a textbook on schizophrenia, there are no ‘textbook cases’ of schizophrenia. As such, you may sometimes find your­self reading these facts and thinking, ‘that doesn’t sound like what I’ve seen or experienced’. We try to paint as broad a picture of schizophrenia as possible to provide the reader with the best chance of recognizing and understanding schizophrenia when they see it. We use anecdotes about cases to illustrate fea­tures of the disorder, but these may not be relevant to the schizophrenia that you have seen.