Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Fire resist"
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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Fire resist":
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Leško, Róbert, e Martin Lopušniak. "Determination of Fire Resistance of Ceiling Structure Variant Design on the Basis of Timber Using Numerical Calculation Methods". Applied Mechanics and Materials 820 (gennaio 2016): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.820.379.
Abstract (sommario):
Ability to resist of high temperature impacts during fire is not based exclusively on ignitability of building materials. At the present time, fire resistance is declared mainly through fire tests, but numerical procedures for the determination of fire resistance also represent an effective alternative in this field. Using calculation methods for the determination of ceiling structure fire resistance on the basis of timber is subject of the submitted paper. The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate the fact that timber, or products from it, are building materials capable to resist impacts of fully developed fire for the period of more than 60 minutes in spite of their flammability. Applicability of these results in selected countries of Europe can be seen from the list of requirements.
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Wang, Xiaoyang, Qiaoran Zhang, Xia Zhang, Zhiwei Li, Ivan P. Parkin e Zhijun Zhang. "Modifying Epoxy Resins to Resist Both Fire and Water". Langmuir 35, n. 44 (8 ottobre 2019): 14332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02761.
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Santarpia, Luciano, Simone Bologna, Virgilio Ciancio, Iacopo Golasi e Ferdinando Salata. "Fire Temperature Based on the Time and Resistance of Buildings—Predicting the Adoption of Fire Safety Measures". Fire 2, n. 2 (10 aprile 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire2020019.
Abstract (sommario):
During a fire in enclosed spaces, having structures with a good level of resistance is very important. The post flashover fire time interval, during which rescue squads operate, is important to verify if the structure can still resist fire for an acceptable time interval. This can be determined through the REI value. Hence, the way the fire develops must be examined together with the trend of the temperature that might guarantee that the structure will resist the heat flux released during the combustion. This article examines and compares, through a case study, the most important methods for analysis of the fire risk: the prescriptive approach and the simplified performance-based approach. The performance-based method (more suitable for the actual planning demand with respect to the more cautious prescriptive approach) is affected by the parameters influencing its development. The goal of this article is to provide a graph (based on parameters like the type of building, opening factor “O” and fire load “q”) that might be used by designers and architects to carry out the planning phase and adopt fire prevention systems before dealing with the assessments required by the engineering field for the fire risk analysis.
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Huang, Yen-Chieh, Shin-Ku Lee, Chi-Chang Chan e Shui-Jinn Wang. "Full-scale evaluation of fire-resistant building integrated photovoltaic systems with different installation positions of junction boxes". Indoor and Built Environment 27, n. 9 (9 giugno 2017): 1259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x17713256.
Abstract (sommario):
Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems are a promising strategy to integrate photovoltaic (PV) systems with building materials to reduce construction costs and add aesthetic features. In this study, a fire test in accordance with ISO 834-1:1999, CNS 14803-2010 and ISO 3008:2007 to provide the standard heating curve was carried out to investigate the fire-resistant characteristics based on the breaking behaviour and surface temperature distribution of type I and type II BIPV modules. The BIPV modules tested have both open and hidden junction-box (J-box) designs, with the aim of reducing fire risks. Our results show that the proposed type II BIPV module could resist the simulated room fire test for about 12 min without reducing any risk with regard to the J-box. Furthermore, the type II BIPV module could resist a fire test at temperatures of up to ∼1000℃ for 60 min with better compartment functionality when refractory glasses are employed. The BIPV fire test data reported in this study can help to improve the design and development of BIPV systems.
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Li, Haoyang, Shimin Di, Calvin Hong Yi Li, Lei Chen e Xiaofang Zhou. "Fight Fire with Fire: Towards Robust Graph Neural Networks on Dynamic Graphs via Actively Defense". Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 17, n. 8 (aprile 2024): 2050–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3659437.3659457.
Abstract (sommario):
Graph neural networks (GNNs) have achieved great success on various graph tasks. However, recent studies have revealed that GNNs are vulnerable to injective attacks. Due to the openness of platforms, attackers can inject malicious nodes with carefully designed edges and node features, making GNNs misclassify the labels of target nodes. To resist such adversarial attacks, recent researchers propose GNN defenders. They assume that the attack patterns have been known, e.g., attackers tend to add edges between dissimilar nodes. Then, they remove edges between dissimilar nodes from attacked graphs, aiming to alleviate the negative impact of adversarial attacks. Nevertheless, on dynamic graphs, attackers can change their attack strategies at different times, making existing passive GNN defenders that are passively designed for specific attack patterns fail to resist attacks. In this paper, we propose a novel active GNN defender for dynamic graphs, namely ADGNN, which actively injects guardian nodes to protect target nodes from effective attacks. Specifically, we first formulate an active defense objective to design guardian node behaviors. This objective targets to disrupt the prediction of attackers and protect easily attacked nodes, thereby preventing attackers from generating effective attacks. Then, we propose a gradient-based algorithm with two acceleration techniques to optimize this objective. Extensive experiments on four real-world graph datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed defender and its capacity to enhance existing GNN defenders.
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Cheng Yong, Heah, Liew Yun Ming, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah e Kamarudin Hussin. "Fire Resistant Properties of Geopolymers: A Review". Key Engineering Materials 660 (agosto 2015): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.660.39.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper presents fire and thermal properties on geopolymer binders, composed of metakaolin, slag and fly ash as precursor. Geopolymers are inorganic polymeric materials that are believed being capable to resist heat, high temperature and fire. Based on the previous researches, geopolymers offer a feasible alternative to fire resistance applications and with further deep studies, it has great potential to be fabricated for engineering applications.
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Maleta, Yulia. "Playing with fire". Journal of Sociology 45, n. 3 (20 agosto 2009): 291–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783309335647.
Abstract (sommario):
This article considers the roles, identities and experiences of female emergency services volunteers, most of whom are active fire fighters, within a regional brigade of the NSW Rural Fire Service (RFS). It is based on interviews and explores how women both adapt to and resist the culture and in the process are transforming it. RFS women were motivated by values of camaraderie, skill and community participation. Their experiences were informed by inclusion and exclusion, and the complex association of gender and competence with physical strength and leadership. Drawing upon the Foucauldian insight that power is never simply repressive but productive and relational, the findings demonstrate how women actively negotiate their position as a collective and as individuals within a mixed gender environment. This article concludes that the demonstrated prowess and agency of women within a non-traditional work context is changing and transforming the cultures and practices of rural fire fighting.
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Nguyen, Ha, Ann E. Jeffers e Venkatesh Kodur. "Computational simulation of steel moment frame to resist progressive collapse in fire". Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 7, n. 4 (12 dicembre 2016): 286–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-12-2016-020.
Abstract (sommario):
Purpose This paper aims to address a need for improving the structural resilience to multi-hazard threats including fire and progressive collapse caused by the loss of a column. Design/methodology/approach The focus is on a steel moment frame that uses welded-unreinforced flange-bolted web connections between the beams and columns. A three-dimensional finite element (FE) model was created in ABAQUS with temperature-dependent properties for steel based on the Eurocode. The model was validated against experimental data at ambient and elevated temperature. Findings The failure mechanisms in the FE model were consistent with experimental observations. Two scenarios were considered: fixed load with increasing temperature (i.e. simulating column failure prior to fire) and fixed temperature with increasing load (i.e. simulating column failure during fire). Originality/value A macro element (or component-based) model was also introduced and validated against the FE model and the experimental data, offering the possibility of analyzing large-scale structural systems with reasonable accuracy and improved computational efficiency.
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Beh, Jing Han, e Ming Kun Yew. "Lightweight Flame-retardant Material Reinforced with Hevea Brasiliensis Ash Intumescent Agent". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1216, n. 1 (1 luglio 2023): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1216/1/012027.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Flame retardant materials play an important role in many building construction components. The ability of building components to resist fire is crucial to the safety and well-being of the occupants. This research examines a lightweight flame-retardant material-Vermiculite (V) reinforced with a renewable Hevea Brasiliensis Biomass Ash Intumescent Agent (HBAIA) in different compositions. Four specimens of vermiculite reinforced with HBAIA (V/HBAIA) with standard size 200 mm x 200 mm x 10 mm (W x Lx H) were fabricated for investigations. All V/HBAIA specimens were assessed in terms of their density, fire-resistant, fire endurance and smoke, char surface morphology, and flexural toughness. Data disclosed V/HBAIA-2 with the composition of 90% vermiculite reinforced with 10% HBAIA obtained the most prominent outcomes in overall. V/HBAIA-2 attained the lightest density of 37.5 kg/m3 and weight of 0.20 kg, with lowest end temperature of 122 °C after exposure to one-hour of 1000 °C fire. This indicated the best fire-resistant performance in V/HBAIA-2. No structural deformation and only mild smoke and odor were observed in V/HBAIA-2 during the fire endurance examination. V/HBAIA-2 was able to resist the maximum loading force of 67.4 N before and 52.5 N after the fire resistant, with the higher flexural toughness value of 1.47 MPa. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a more uniform, denser, closely connected air cavities char cell quality in V/HBAIA-2 explained its superior outcomes in fire-resistant and flexural toughness as compared to the rest of specimens.
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Minnich, RA, e YH Chou. "Wildland Fire Patch Dynamics in the Chaparral of Southern California and Northern Baja California". International Journal of Wildland Fire 7, n. 3 (1997): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9970221.
Abstract (sommario):
In ecosystems where fire occurrence has significant time-dependence, fire sequences should exhibit system-regulation that is distinguished by nonrandom (nonstationary), self-organizing patch dynamics related to spatially constrained fire probabilities. Exogenous factors such as fire weather, precipitation variability, and terrain alter the flammability of vegetation and encourage randomness in fire occurrence within pre-existing patch structure. In Californian chaparral, the roles of succession/fuel build-up and exogenous factors is examined by taking advantage of a 100 yr 'natural experiment' in southern California (SCA) and northern Baja California, Mexico (BCA), where factors influencing fire occurrence have been systematically altered by divergent management systems. In SCA, suppression has been practiced since 1900. In BCA, fire control was not official policy until the 1960s and has not been effectively practiced. Fire perimeter histories for 1920-1971 in SCA and BCA, reconstructed from fire history records and repeat aerial photographs, are compared for fire frequency (events/area), size, rotation periods, stand age structure, ignition rates, weather, burning season, and drought. Landscape-scale fire rotation periods are long (≈70 yr) regardless of management policies because fire occurrence is driven by the gradual development of fire hazard during succession, produced by small annual increments of growth and litterfall, as well as by high fuel moisture in evergreen shrubs. Without fire control frequent fires establish fine-grained mosaics. Fire control reduces fire frequencies, increases fire size, and encourages coarse-scale patch structure. Patch dynamics exhibit evidences of nonrandom turnover. Fire size distributions reflect the nearest-neighbor distances between patches below some age-dependent combustion threshold (CT) in the patch mosaic that resist the spread of fires in stands older than CT. Regional burn rates are poorly related to fire frequency, ignition rates, drought, and terrain. The small size of fires in BCA may be reinforced by interactions between fire and pre-existing, fine-grained patch structure, and by random fire occurrence in the probability distributions of fire weather and climate. In SCA, fires are nonrandomly restricted by fire control to extreme weather.
Tesi sul tema "Fire resist":
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Joseph, Rebecca Janine. "A fire in their bellies California teachers strategically and effectively resist a mandated reading curriculum /". Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=888842011&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Maloney, Margaret E. "A Trial of Fire and Ice: Assessing the Ability of Invasive Tree Pyrus Calleryana to Resist Disturbance During Grassland Invasion in The American Midwest". University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1618854700620354.
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Doumert, Bertrand. "Apport de la RMN 1D/2D à l'étude de systèmes inorganiques boratés : caractérisation structurale du réseau vitreux borophosphate et réactivité des retardateurs de flamme APP-ZBH". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDSMRE/2023/2023ULILR067.pdf.
Abstract (sommario):
La spectroscopie par Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire (RMN) à l'état solide est devenue une technique incontournable pour caractériser les matériaux inorganiques oxydes. Ces dernières années, la résolution des spectres RMN a été significativement améliorée par le développement de spectromètres de plus en plus puissants. Dans le contexte Lillois, cette amélioration de la résolution a particulièrement bénéficié aux études sur les matériaux boratés synthétisés par les différentes équipes de recherche de l'université. L'objectif de cette thèse est de soutenir le développement des études par RMN sur les matériaux boratés préparés localement en montrant notamment les apports des techniques de RMN de corrélation. Deux types de matériaux ont ainsi été sélectionnés pour l'étude : les verres de borophosphate de zinc préparés au LASIRE et les systèmes retardateurs de flamme à base de borate de zinc hydraté et de polyphosphate d'ammonium préparés à l'UMET.Les matériaux vitreux étudiés sont des borophosphates de zinc de composition xB2O3 - (50-x/2)ZnO - (50-x/2)P2O5, connus pour leur faible température de transition vitreuse (Tg) et leur bonne durabilité chimique. Les analyses par spectroscopie RMN avancée 11B et 31P 1D/2D ont permis de relier l'effet de formateur mixte observé sur la Tg avec la structure du réseau vitreux.Les systèmes de retardateur de flamme basés sur le borate de zinc hydraté (ZBH) et le polyphosphate d'ammonium (APP) sont couramment utilisés dans l'industrie. Les analyse par RMN 1D/2D de ce travail ont contribué à la compréhension du mécanisme de dégradation thermique de chaque composé dans un premier temps et à la compréhension de la réactivité entre les deux composés dans un second tempsSolid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has become an essential technique for characterizing inorganic oxide materials. In recent years, the resolution of NMR spectra has been significantly improved by the development of increasingly powerful spectrometers. In the Lille context, this improvement in resolution has particularly benefited studies on borate materials synthesized by the university's various research teams. The aim of this thesis is to support the development of NMR studies on locally-prepared borate materials, in particular by demonstrating the benefits of correlation NMR techniques. Two types of materials have been selected for study: zinc borophosphate glasses prepared at LASIRE, and flame-retardant systems based on hydrated zinc borate and ammonium polyphosphate prepared at UMET.The glassy materials studied are zinc borophosphates with the composition xB2O3 - (50-x/2)ZnO - (50-x/2)P2O5, known for their low glass transition temperature (Tg) and good chemical durability. Analyses by 11B and 31P 1D/2D advanced NMR spectroscopy linked the mixed-former effect observed on Tg with the structure of the glassy network.Flame retardant systems based on hydrated zinc borate (ZBH) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) are commonly used in industry. The 1D/2D NMR analyses in this work have contributed to understanding the thermal degradation mechanism of each compound in the first instance, and to understanding the reactivity between the two compounds in the second
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Berens, Sara Kathleen. "Residu(e/al)". The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1276704090.
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Farhat, Ali Farag. "Basic problems of fibre-reinforced structural components when fibres resist bending". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/31095/.
Abstract (sommario):
This thesis generates certain sets of analytical and approximate solutions to a new class of partial differential equations stemming from a version of asymmetricstress elasticity theory appropriate for the study and prediction of the behaviour of fibre-reinforced materials containing fibres that resist bending. These new solutions are of theoretical and practical interest in the static and dynamic analysis of thinwalled, linearly elastic fibre-reinforced structures influenced by couple-stress and unsymmetric stress due to fibre bending stiffness. The static and free vibration solutions are constructed considering bending resistance fibres in a small deformation of beams and plates. Numerical results for displacements, stresses, couple-stress and natural frequencies of vibration are provided to investigate the influence of the fibres resistance in bending on the deformed beams and plates.
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Orlicka, Dominika. "Development of novel coatings to resist fireside corrosion in biomass-fired power plants". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2016. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11825.
Abstract (sommario):
The emission of CO2 to the atmosphere from firing conventional fossil fuels has become a major concern for the power industry, due to the enhanced greenhouse effect and global warming predictions. The increasing worldwide demand for electricity production is another issue. The replacement of fossil fuels with increasing quantities of biomass is of interest as biomass is considered to be carbon neutral and is widely distributed. Unfortunately, due to its composition, the risk of fireside corrosion found on heat exchangers (super- heaters and re-heaters) is greater than in coal-fired plants. Consequently, biomass-fired power plants operate at lower steam temperatures and pressures, leading to their poorer efficiency. Biomass-fired power plants suffer from alkali chloride-induced corrosion, considered faster and more severe than alkali sulphate-based corrosion common in traditional coal-fired plants. The main aim of this project was to develop a range of novel coating compositions which would be resistant to fireside corrosion found on boiler tubes in biomass-fired power plants. To accomplish this, studies were carried out into salt stabilities, coating oxidation and deposit corrosion. Salt stability experiments have resulted in improved understanding of the evaporation and sulphidation behaviour of KCl, NaCl, K2SO4 and Na2SO4 at high temperatures in environments containing HCl and SO2. KCl was chosen as a deposit for coating screening. Two-target magnetron co-sputtering was successfully used to deposit a range of coating compositions. These coatings were analysed at 550°C in corrosion environments containing combinations of HCl, KCl and water vapour. The addition of gaseous HCl did not have a significant influence on the coating degradation compared to similar tests in air. Deposited KCl significantly increased the corrosion rate, whereas adding 10% moisture to the environment with KCl had little additional effect. The growth of either protective Cr2O3 or less protective mixed oxides was observed on the different coating compositions. The best performing coatings had compositions in the range: 26.2 – 79.4 at% Cr, 12.1 – 62.9 at% Fe, 8.5 – 10.9 at% Al.
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Mahmoudzadeh, H. "Flow and orientation in fibre-loaded resins". Thesis, Swansea University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.637979.
Abstract (sommario):
The present work has successfully used an ingenious experimental technique to make a detailed examination of flow fields and fibre orientation patterns in a number of geometries. The experimental technique consisted of dispersing short glass fibres in mixtures of epoxy resins with matching refractive indices to that of the glass fibre. This made the glass fibres to 'disappear' in the mixtures and resulted in transparent mixtures. Light-reflective nickel particles and opaque tracer fibres were added to the mixture in order to investigate velocity fields and fibre orientation patterns. Experiments have covered concentrated, semi-concentrated, and (almost) dilute regimes. It has demonstrated a number of phenomena in flow-induced fibre orientation particularly in the concentrated region which have not been described before, and which should be taken into account in any predictive theories of fibre suspension flow and orientation. In the highly-concentrated suspensions, where C > (d/21), plug-flow type velocity fields exist. (Here C is the mixture concentration, d is the fibre diameter, and 21 is the fibre length). The fibre resin mixtures behave as non-homogeneous continua where fibre clumps are separated by resin-rich areas. These clumps apparently deform under shear, but seem capable of elastic recovery, facilitated by shear-induced clump rotation. In the semi-concentrated regime, where (d/21)2 < C < (d/21), expected degrees of alignment are diminished by fibre-fibre interactions. In this concentration regime and in some flow situations there is some evidence of rate dependence of alignments achieved, i.e. dependence on viscous stress levels. In the (almost) dilute regime, where C is just higher than (d/21)2, the fibre behaviour is in theory predictable from single fibre mechanics if the flow fields are of the linear type. However, in practice this is seldom the case. For this reason a theory has been developed and implemented in a computer program, which predicts fibre motion in arbitrary velocity fields.
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Al-Obad, Zoalfokkar. "Designing PU resins for fibre composite applications". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/designing-pu-resins-for-fibre-composite-applications(561553ad-7bf1-4507-891a-00743c776637).html.
Abstract (sommario):
This thesis focuses on designing thermoplastic composites with high mechanical properties and a low processing temperature. Thermoplastic composites, which are used in this work, are composed of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrices and plain woven E-glass fabrics (GFs). TPUs were synthesised with large quantities of hard segments (HS), including 70% and 90%wt HS. The GF-TPU composites manufactured in this study have a melting point of around 175oC. As such, 180oC represents the processing temperature, which was used to produce GF-TPU composites. The influences of HS content and annealing treatment at 80oC on the thermal, dynamic mechanical and mechanical properties of TPU samples and GF-TPU composites with 25% fibre volume fraction (Vf) have been investigated. The highest crystallinity, storage modulus, Tg, yield strength, tensile strength and tensile modulus of all the TPU samples are seen in the TPU/90 samples annealed for 4 days. The TPU/90 samples display higher tensile properties than the TPU/70 and polypropylene (PP) samples, while the PP samples show the greatest elongation at break point. Furthermore, the tensile properties of the TPU/70 and TPU/90 samples are much higher than those of commercial TPUs. As such, annealed GF-TPU/90 composites with 25% Vf present the greatest dynamic mechanical, flexural, and tensile properties. GF-TPU/90 composites with 25% Vf show higher flexural strength than GF-PP composites or GF-polyamide 6 (PA6) composites with the same Vf. The effects of fibre surface treatments on the mechanical properties of GF and GF-TPU/70 composites with 25% Vf have also been studied in this investigation. GF treated with burn-off treatment is found to exhibit the lowest tensile properties. The interfacial adhesion between GF treated by NaOH for 0.5hrs and a TPU/70 matrix is greater than between GF treated by acetone for 5hrs and a TPU/70 matrix. Silanised GF presents greater tensile properties than desized GF. Thus, enhanced interfacial adhesion and tensile, flexural, ILSS and GIC properties are observed in the silanised GF-TPU/70 composites than in the desized GF-TPU/70 composites. GF-TPU/70 composites based on GFs treated by NaOH for 0.5hrs then sized with 0.15%wt. aminosilane display the greatest interfacial adhesion, flexural properties, ILSS and GIC, damage tolerance and impact-damage resistance. Conversely, the lowest interfacial adhesion, GIC, damage tolerance and impact-damage resistance are seen in the GF-PP composites based on 25% Vf as-received GF. There is a significant increase in the tensile and flexural properties of GF-TPU/90 composites with increasing the Vf from 25% to 50%. Moreover, the flexural strength of GF-TPU/90 composites with 50% Vf is not only higher than that of GF-EP composites or GF-vinyl ester composites with normalised 50% Vf, but is also much higher than that of GF-PP composites with 50% Vf. Despite this result, GF-TPU/90 composites with 50% Vf show the lowest fracture toughness, impact-damage resistance and damage tolerance, which are improved by adding 25% and 50%wt. of TPU/70 to the TPU/90 matrix. GF-TPU/90 composites based on a modified matrix have higher GIC, GIIC, impact-damage resistance and damage tolerance than GF-TPU/90 composites based on an unmodified matrix. The GIC, GIIC, impact-damage resistance and damage tolerance of GF-TPU/90 composites based on a modified matrix increase with increasing the percentage of TPU/70. Hence, the highest GIC, GIIC, impact-damage resistance and damage tolerance are seen in the GF-TPU/90 composites based on a modified matrix with 50%wt. of TPU/70.
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Chaplin, Adam. "Novel matrix resins and composites". Thesis, University of Surrey, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259908.
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Dhillon, Jagminder. "Coated fibre composites using rubbery and ductile fibre/matrix interlayers". Thesis, Loughborough University, 1991. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/33043.
Abstract (sommario):
Advanced composite materials possessing high specific stiffness and strength have been successfully employed as structural materials in the aerospace, military and automotive industries. Despite the advantages that composites have over other materials, further development has been restricted by their brittleness. The aim of this research project was to improve the energy absorbing capabilities of unidirectional glass fibre epoxy resin composites by coating the fibres with an interlayer. UHMWPE was used as the interlayer because of its outstanding toughness while EPDM of low modulus was used to assess the difference between energy absorption through plastic deformations (UHMWPE) and highly elastic deformations (EPDM).
Libri sul tema "Fire resist":
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Lennox, Kara. Hard to resist. Don Mills, Ontario: Harlequin, 2012.
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Tomás, Carmen. Opa a Endesa: El que resiste gana. Madrid: Esfera de los Libros, 2006.
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Ankara Devlet Resim ve Heykel Müzesi. Ankara Resim ve Heykel Müzesi =: Museum of Fine Arts. [Ankara]: Kültür Bakanlığı, 1993.
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Sack, Steven Mitchell. Getting fired: What to do if you're fired, downsized, laid off, restructured, discharged, terminated, or forced to resign. New York: Warner Books, 1999.
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(Firm), Bohlin Cywinski Jackson. Grand Teton: A national park building : the Craig Thomas Discovery and Visitor Center. San Rafael, CA: Oro Editions, 2009.
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Oren, Itsiḳ. Boʻer be-ʻatsmotai: Sipuram ha-ishi shel meyasde Shilav she-hovil le-haḳamatah shel ha-reshet ule-hatslaḥatah. [Tel Aviv?]: Globs, ha-sifriyah, 2011.
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Jokerst, Ronald W. Evaluation of flakeboard bonded with xylitol-modified alkaline phenolic resin. [Madison, Wis.?: Forest Products Laboratory, 1988.
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Jokerst, Ronald W. Evaluation of flakeboard bonded with xylitol-modified alkaline phenolic resin. [Madison, Wis.?: Forest Products Laboratory, 1988.
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Jokerst, Ronald W. Evaluation of flakeboard bonded with xylitol-modified alkaline phenolic resin. [Madison, Wis.?: Forest Products Laboratory, 1988.
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Kosky, Jules. The top of the Hill: A history of Hill Homes. London: Hill Homes, 1994.
Capitoli di libri sul tema "Fire resist":
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Gültekin, Yaşar Selman, e Pınar Gültekin. "Forest Fire Risk Management at the Country Scale: The Case of Turkey". In Fire Hazards: Socio-economic and Regional Issues, 43–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50446-4_4.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractForest fires cause hazards and damage to both ecosystems and humans increasing attention in the globalizing world. Forest fire risk analysis and management issues cover the prevention of forest fires, response to forest fires and what to do after the forest fires. This chapter is focused on the evaluation of forest fire risk management from socio-economic, landscape planning and risk management perspectives at the country scale. In this context, national policies, strategies, documents and practices are scrutinized in terms of forest fire mitigation acts in Turkey. As a result of the examination policy makers and decision-makers should increase pay attention to their primary stakeholders for better engagement in forest fires. There is an urgent need to obtain an annual forest fire risk assessment report from public institutions. Participatory approaches need to be applied through good governance to mitigate forest fires and decrease forest fire risks in Turkey.
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BOWDEN, M. J. "A Perspective on Resist Materials for Fine-Line Lithography". In ACS Symposium Series, 39–117. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1984-0266.ch003.
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Rohatgi, Vivek, L. James Lee e Adrian Melton. "Overview of fibre preforming". In Resin Transfer Moulding for Aerospace Structures, 148–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4437-7_6.
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Solelhac, Armelle. "The top five trends in mountain tourism set to emerge by 2035". In Mountain Resort Marketing and Management, 171–79. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003039396-8.
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Parente, Joana, Marj Tonini, Malik Amraoui e Mário Pareira. "Socioeconomic Impacts and Regional Drivers of Fire Management: The Case of Portugal". In Fire Hazards: Socio-economic and Regional Issues, 181–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50446-4_14.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractWildfires are uncontrolled and unwanted fires that usually occur in forested/rural areas and burn forests, agricultural areas, and wildlands. Land abandonment, with the consequent growth of the rural–urban interface, increases the exposure and vulnerability of fire-prone regions around the World. In the last two decades, Europe experienced a high number of wildfires causing large burnt areas mainly concentrated in the Mediterranean Basin. This high fire incidence seems to be the result of human activities including land use/land cover changes, but also of climate variability and change. In the present study, we analyse the current situation in Portugal, which is the European country with the highest total number of wildfires and the second-highest total burnt area. The spatial and temporal variability of the wildfires within the country is very heterogeneous, due to the human and biophysical drivers. In this regard, four main aspects are considered and discussed: (1) the spatial and temporal distribution of wildfires in mainland Portugal; (2) the main human and biophysical fire drivers; (3) socioeconomic impacts; and (4) the main strategies for fire risk mapping and management. The main results indicate high spatial heterogeneity of the fire incidence, with higher fire activity in the northern region than the southern region, mainly promoted by a higher irregular topography and significantly different types of climate and land use/land cover characteristics. We highlight how fire incidence is strongly dependent on many biophysical and human factors/drivers and the direct and indirect socioeconomic impacts of wildfires. Methodologies and indexes developed by Portuguese authorities to map fire risk and assess fire danger are described. The elements discussed in this chapter result from research and lessons learned in recent years on the fire regime in Portugal and Europe. These findings can contribute to improving forest, landscape, and fire management, in Mediterranean European countries which share similar characteristics.
6
Holmgren, Carl. "Verlust, Idée Fixe, and Teufelsmühle: Trauma Inside and Outside of a Music Education Researcher". In Traumas Resisted and (Re)Engaged, 69–87. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6277-8_5.
7
Andersson, Ragnar, e Thomas Gell. "Vision Zero on Fire Safety". In The Vision Zero Handbook, 1143–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76505-7_44.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractSince 2010, Sweden has a Vision Zero policy on fire safety: no one should die or be seriously injured as a result of fire. Compared to the traffic safety model, however, the preconditions for successful implementation appear more immature and less convincing in the fire area. The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate, using the Vision Zero policy on fire safety as an example, how a Vision Zero initiative in a new area, where the conditions for governance may differ significantly from the area of inspiration, can be dealt with as a dynamic process to gradually establish credibility and effectiveness.Globally, fire is a significant cause of death and injury. The general trend is toward a slow decline, especially among middle-income and high-income countries. The decline may be due to successful fire safety efforts, but also to other conditions affecting it indirectly. Both risk-increasing and risk-reducing factors determine fire safety. Risk increasing factors include an ageing population, an increasing diversity of possible ignition sources, and a change in the composition and amount of combustible materials present in our homes. The risk-reducing factors include generally favorable socioeconomic and technological developments, including concrete societal actions directed against fire risks such as the promotion of smoke detectors and sprinkler systems.Fire safety is one of the oldest documented examples of societal risk management. City planning and construction were early influenced by fire safety considerations, while in contrast, the legal responsibility for residential fire safety has largely remained a private and individual matter. The situation is similar to the one that for long prevailed in the traffic sector, that is, the primary responsibility rests with the system’s users, not with its designers.The launch of the Vision Zero on fire safety in 2010 represented a clear boost in ambition. Along with the vision, a strategy intended to guide the work toward the visionary goal was also presented. The strategy included four items: information, technical solutions, local collaboration, and evaluation/research. Several actions were taken in line with the strategy, including a significant research effort and the development of a set of indicators to monitor progress.Ten years later, the research effort has brought new knowledge that puts previous perceptions into partly new light. The notion that survival depends on the individual’s personal capacities is strengthened. Adverse outcomes such as death and serious injury appear mainly linked to specific vulnerabilities of certain groups for medical and social reasons. Most fires are handled by the residents themselves without injuries and without assistance from Rescue Services; on the other hand, even minor fires can be fatal for vulnerable residents. This turns the problem framing toward social aspects rather than technical, since broad groups of residents lack the capacities needed, conflicting with the prevailing view that the individual should bear the primary responsibility.Other findings relate to the proven inefficiency of certain measures for groups at elevated risk and the need for re-thinking and innovations to meet the challenges ahead. This includes extended inter-sectoral collaboration on a broader spectrum of residential risks besides fire, threatening the same groups for similar social and medical reasons.This updated state of knowledge is now being used as a basis for renewing current national fire safety strategies. With reference to general principles of systems control, this chapter will discuss obstacles and challenges to establish a more robust and systematic national control of the fire problem in line with the Vision Zero policy. The appropriateness of launching Vision Zero policies in fields that are not yet ripe for systematic governance is also discussed. It is concluded that a Vision Zero initiative can still be meaningful and successfully pursued, provided that limitations in the ability to influence crucial elements in the system are openly identified and systematically addressed in a process in which strategical and policy developments interact with research and innovation.
8
Andersson, Ragnar, e Thomas Gell. "Vision Zero on Fire Safety". In The Vision Zero Handbook, 1–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23176-7_44-1.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractSince 2010, Sweden has a Vision Zero policy on fire safety: no one should die or be seriously injured as a result of fire. Compared to the traffic safety model, however, the preconditions for successful implementation appear more immature and less convincing in the fire area. The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate, using the Vision Zero policy on fire safety as an example, how a Vision Zero initiative in a new area, where the conditions for governance may differ significantly from the area of inspiration, can be dealt with as a dynamic process to gradually establish credibility and effectiveness.Globally, fire is a significant cause of death and injury. The general trend is toward a slow decline, especially among middle-income and high-income countries. The decline may be due to successful fire safety efforts, but also to other conditions affecting it indirectly. Both risk-increasing and risk-reducing factors determine fire safety. Risk increasing factors include an ageing population, an increasing diversity of possible ignition sources, and a change in the composition and amount of combustible materials present in our homes. The risk-reducing factors include generally favorable socioeconomic and technological developments, including concrete societal actions directed against fire risks such as the promotion of smoke detectors and sprinkler systems.Fire safety is one of the oldest documented examples of societal risk management. City planning and construction were early influenced by fire safety considerations, while in contrast, the legal responsibility for residential fire safety has largely remained a private and individual matter. The situation is similar to the one that for long prevailed in the traffic sector, that is, the primary responsibility rests with the system’s users, not with its designers.The launch of the Vision Zero on fire safety in 2010 represented a clear boost in ambition. Along with the vision, a strategy intended to guide the work toward the visionary goal was also presented. The strategy included four items: information, technical solutions, local collaboration, and evaluation/research. Several actions were taken in line with the strategy, including a significant research effort and the development of a set of indicators to monitor progress.Ten years later, the research effort has brought new knowledge that puts previous perceptions into partly new light. The notion that survival depends on the individual’s personal capacities is strengthened. Adverse outcomes such as death and serious injury appear mainly linked to specific vulnerabilities of certain groups for medical and social reasons. Most fires are handled by the residents themselves without injuries and without assistance from Rescue Services; on the other hand, even minor fires can be fatal for vulnerable residents. This turns the problem framing toward social aspects rather than technical, since broad groups of residents lack the capacities needed, conflicting with the prevailing view that the individual should bear the primary responsibility.Other findings relate to the proven inefficiency of certain measures for groups at elevated risk and the need for re-thinking and innovations to meet the challenges ahead. This includes extended inter-sectoral collaboration on a broader spectrum of residential risks besides fire, threatening the same groups for similar social and medical reasons.This updated state of knowledge is now being used as a basis for renewing current national fire safety strategies. With reference to general principles of systems control, this chapter will discuss obstacles and challenges to establish a more robust and systematic national control of the fire problem in line with the Vision Zero policy. The appropriateness of launching Vision Zero policies in fields that are not yet ripe for systematic governance is also discussed. It is concluded that a Vision Zero initiative can still be meaningful and successfully pursued, provided that limitations in the ability to influence crucial elements in the system are openly identified and systematically addressed in a process in which strategical and policy developments interact with research and innovation.
9
Jones, F., e P. Jacobs. "Moisture Diffusion into Two-Phase Matrix Resins for Fibre Composites". In Developments in the Science and Technology of Composite Materials, 627–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1123-9_85.
10
Collings, T. A. "Moisture Management and Artificial Ageing of Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Resins". In Composite Structures 5, 213–39. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1125-3_9.
Atti di convegni sul tema "Fire resist":
1
Neal, Morgan C., Maria E. M. Garlock, Spencer E. Quiel e Shalva Marjanishvili. "Effects of Fire on a Tall Steel Building Designed to Resist Progressive Collapse". In Structures Congress 2012. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412367.023.
2
Walker, Steve, Rod Bleach, S. Carney, Greg Fairlie e L. A. Louca. "New Guidance on the Design of Offshore Structures to Resist the Explosion Hazard". In ASME 2003 22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2003-37120.
Abstract (sommario):
In 1992 Interim Guidance Notes were issued in the UK to provide guidance for the design of offshore topsides for fires and explosions. This Guidance was one consequence of the Piper Alpha Tragedy in the North Sea. Since 1992 a great deal of further research and technology has been developed in order to improve understanding of the characteristics of fires and explosions and the response of the structures and equipment to these events. In order to collate this new information in a readily useable format, the United Kingdom Offshore Operators Association (UKOOA) and the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) commissioned the MSL Consortium to update the existing Interim Guidance Notes and produce Part 1 of the new Guidance. The MSL Consortium consisted of the organisations represented by the authors with contributions from WS Atkins (Houston) and Beth Morgan Safety Solutions. The project manager was Minaz Lalani of MSL. The new Guidance is being developed in three parts. The first two parts deal with the philosophy for the avoidance and mitigation of explosions and fires respectively, which together establish the background for Part 3 which will provide detailed guidance on design practices for fire and explosion engineering. This paper describes the first document. Specific issues which are discussed include installation risk screening, nominal explosion loads, inherently safer design, hazard management, and the derivation of Design Explosion loads. This paper also describes the recommended method for explosion response assessment given in the Guidance.
3
Burgan, Bassam A., Fadi H. Hamdan, Darrell D. Barker e Frank J. Puskar. "Response of Topside Structures to Fires and Explosions: Recent Findings". In ASME 2003 22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2003-37183.
Abstract (sommario):
The design of topside structures to resist hydrocarbon fires and explosions necessitates consideration of a range of issues not normally addressed by the designer. This paper gives an overview of the key issues that have been studied in several sponsored R&D projects and by the Fire and Blast Information Group (FABIG). The results are presented in a form that is usable by designers. The main areas covered are: • Elevated temperature material property design data for use in fire engineering. • High strain rate material property design data for use in explosion resistant design. • Analysis techniques for fire and explosion design. • Design methods based on codified rules (i.e. covered by design standards) and advanced techniques.
4
Ibáñez, Carmen, Luke Bisby, David Rush, Manuel L. Romero e Antonio Hospitaler. "Analysis of concrete-filled steel tubular columns after fire exposure". In 12th international conference on ‘Advances in Steel-Concrete Composite Structures’ - ASCCS 2018. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/asccs2018.2018.7193.
Abstract (sommario):
Concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) columns have a high probability to resist high temperatures compared to steel structures, whose evaluation after a fire is limited by the resulting deformation. A better understanding of the behaviour of CFST columns after a fire, affected by the maximum temperature achieved by the concrete infill, is required to properly estimate their residual strength and stiffness in order to adopt a reasonable strategy with minimum post-fire repair. In this paper, a fiber beam model for the simulation of the post-fire response of slender concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns is presented. First, the model is validated against experimental results and subsequently it is employed to analyse the post-fire response of circular CFST columns. The variation of the residual strength with the load level for realistic fire resistance times is numerically studied. Actually, in a building, the columns support load even while a fire is being extinguished, so it is important to take into account this loading condition when predicting the post-fire behaviour. Therefore, in this research, the complete analysis comprises three stages: heating, cooling and post-fire under sustained load conditions. The model considers realistic features typical from the fire response of CFST columns, such as the existence of a gap conductance at the steel-concrete interface or the sliding and separation between the steel tube and the concrete.
5
Rahm, Michael, e Franz Evegren. "Structural Fire Integrity Testing of Lightweight Structures". In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54418.
Abstract (sommario):
To reduce environmental impact and to manage weight in shipping and offshore, lightweight structures are becoming increasingly important. A critical issue for loadbearing structures is their structural fire integrity. It is generally evaluated by loaded furnace fire resistance tests based on ISO 834. As part of the EU project BESST, a series of such tests were performed with typical lightweight fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite sandwich structures. The purpose was to determine whether structural fire integrity is sensitive to the design load, design method and safety factor against buckling. In particular was examined whether the temperature at the interface between the exposed laminate and the core is critical for structural integrity and how it depends on the applied loading. Independence of the applied load would make performance solely a matter of heat transfer, which would significantly reduce necessary testing. The tests were carried out with starting point in an insulated sandwich panel system, certified as a 60 minute Fire Resisting Division (FRD-60) for high-speed craft in accordance with the Fire Test Procedures (FTP) Code. The structure consisted of 1.3 mm glass fiber reinforced polyester laminates surrounding a cross linked PVC foam core called Divinycell H80 (80 kg/m3). It was constructed for a 7 kN/m design load, which is the loading applied in the FTP Code furnace test for high-speed craft. Hence, with a conventional safety factor against buckling of 2.5 it was designed to resist a critical load of 17.4 kN/m. With basis in this design, tests were performed with structures where the thickness of the laminates or core had been altered and with adjusted safety factor against the applied loading. In addition, a test was performed with a stiffened panel. Firstly it was noted that 60 minutes of fire resistance was not achieved in most of the tests, which was a consequence of an alteration in the FTP Code test procedures. The FRD-60 structure used as starting point was certified before the 2010 edition of the FTP Code was ratified. This harmonized the test procedure between laboratories and gave a slightly tougher temperature development than when the structure was certified. However, the test results are still valid and show a small variation in the time to failure in the tests with unstiffened sandwich structures, ranging between 51 and 58.5 minutes. Changing the safety factor from 2.5 to 1.5 resulted in a relatively small decrease in time to failure of 3 minutes. The stiffened test showed that structural resistance is better achieved by use of stiffeners than by thick laminates. Furthermore, applying this as a design principle and using a safety factor of 2.5 leaves a test variation between 55 and 58.5 minutes. The temperature at the exposed laminate-core interface was quite similar in the tests at the time of failure. This excludes the test when the laminate thickness was increased as a measure for structural improvement. In conclusion, the test series shows that fire resistance bulkhead testing of insulated FRP composite panels can be simplified and does not have to be performed with varying design loads. To achieve conservative evaluation, a design concept should be evaluated by testing the panel designed for the highest applicable load level, not by testing a weak panel at 7 kN/m loading. This applies to non-stiffened solutions.
6
Bajwa, Christopher S. "An Analysis of a Spent Fuel Transportation Cask Under Severe Fire Accident Conditions". In ASME 2002 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2002-1606.
Abstract (sommario):
Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations Part 71 section 73(c)(4), (10 CFR 71.73(c)(4)) requires that transportation packages used to ship radioactive material must be designed to resist an engulfing fire of a 30 minute duration and prevent release of radioactive material to the environment. In July, 2001, a derailed train carrying hazardous materials caught fire in a railroad tunnel in Baltimore, Maryland, and burned for several days. Although the occurrence of a fire of such duration during the shipment of spent nuclear fuel is unlikely, questions were raised about the performance of spent nuclear fuel casks under conditions similar to those experienced in the Baltimore tunnel fire incident. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission evaluates the performance of spent fuel transportation casks under accident conditions. The National Transportation Safety Board is responsible for investigating railroad accidents and identifying the probable cause(s) and offers recommendations for safety improvements. They are currently investigating the Baltimore tunnel fire accident. This paper assesses the performance of a spent fuel transportation cask with a welded canister under severe fire conditions. The paper describes the analytic model used for the assessment and presents a discussion of the preliminary results.
7
Bajwa, Christopher S. "Analysis of the Impact of a Tunnel Fire Environment on a Spent Nuclear Fuel Transportation Cask". In ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-2147.
Abstract (sommario):
On July 18, 2001, a train carrying hazardous materials derailed and caught fire in the Howard Street railroad tunnel in Baltimore, Maryland. Due to this accident, questions were raised about the performance of spent nuclear fuel transportation casks under severe fire conditions, similar to those experienced in the Baltimore tunnel fire. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) evaluates the performance of spent fuel transportation casks under accident conditions. Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations Part 71 section 73(c)(4), (10 CFR 71.73(c)(4)) requires that transportation packages used to ship radioactive material must be designed to resist an engulfing fire of a 30 minute duration and prevent release of radioactive material to the environment. The staff of the NRC, in cooperation with the National Transportation Safety Board, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Pacific Northwest National Labs and the Center for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analysis, have undertaken an analysis to determine the thermal conditions present in the Howard Street tunnel fire, as well as analyze the effects that such a fire would have on a spent fuel transportation cask. This paper describes the analytic models used in the assessment and presents a discussion of the results.
8
Abd Razak, Siti Nooriza, Nasir Shafiq, Laurent Guillaumat, Syed Ahmad Farhan e Vicky Kumar Lohana. "Geopolymer-Concrete-Based Eco-Friendly and Fire-Resistant Concrete Structures: Effect of Exposure to High Temperature at Varying Heating Duration". In 7TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RECENT ADVANCES IN MATERIALS, MINERALS & ENVIRONMENT (RAMM) 2022. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-vymw8n.
Abstract (sommario):
There are concerns towards the vulnerability of geopolymer concrete towards fire. High-temperature conditions instigate physical alterations and chemical reactions in concrete, which progressively breaks down the gel structure of cement. Consequently, the breakdown leads to an increase in tendency of drying shrinkage, changes to colors of aggregates and losses in load-bearing capacity and durability. In the present study, geopolymer concrete samples were exposed to fire at 1000°C at varying heating duration to investigate the effects on mass loss, residual strength and its microstructure properties. Samples with three grades of strength, GEO20, GEO40 and GEO60, were prepared. Six heating durations ranging from 30 to 180 minutes were adopted. Overall, mass losses were less than 3%, ranging from 1.65% as obtained by the low-strength concrete to 2.93% as obtained by the high-strength concrete. For the most part, as heating duration increased, residual strengths decreased, except for when residual strengths of low and medium-strength concrete initially increased at the heating duration of 30–60 minutes, where the exposure to fire facilitated geopolymerization. Analysis of the microstructure reveals that structural integrity of the matrix at high-temperature conditions is adequate. The study investigated the geopolymer concrete is able to resist the exposure to fire and must be seriously considered as an alternative to ordinary-Portland-cement-based concrete for the future of sustainable construction.
9
Hoshino, Eiichi, Masahiro Uraguchi, Yuhichi Yamamoto, Y. Sato, Toshikatsu Minagawa, Kojiro Suzuki e Keiji Watanabe. "Fine-pattern process with negative tone resist". In Photomask Japan '98 Symposium on Photomask and X-Ray Mask Technology V, a cura di Naoaki Aizaki. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.328820.
10
Heo, YeongAe, ByungWoo Kim e Jae-Kwang Eom. "Probabilistic Risk Assessment for FPSO Topside Structures Under Drop Impact: An Application to Pipeline Protections". In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-50340.
Abstract (sommario):
In offshore structural design, it is necessary to evaluate probabilistic risk so that the topside structure has sufficient capacity to resist the effects of accidental loads such as drop impact, helicopter impact, vessel collision, fire, and explosion. Most engineers in the offshore industry, however, have difficulties in estimating a reliable risk value because there are still too many uncertainties in computing the probability of exceeding a target structural damage where the guideline for hazard analysis, which provides design load, is quite well described. Therefore, a framework to compute reasonable probability of structural failure is proposed in this paper. 88 impact scenarios were applied to a pipeline protection system on a topside module of Nexus genetic FPSO in order to perform regression analysis for structural damage. For risk calculation, the hazard analysis in this study is based on the detail engineering report worked by Ramboll Oil & Gas.
Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Fire resist":
1
Regan, Jack, e Robin Zevotek. Study of the Fire Service Training Environment: Safety and Fidelity in Concrete Live Fire Training Buildings. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, luglio 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/wxtw8877.
Abstract (sommario):
The goal of fire service training is to prepare students for the conditions and challenges that they face on the fireground. Among the challenges that firefighters routinely face on the fireground are ventilation-controlled fires. The hazard of these fires has been highlighted by several line-of-duty deaths and injuries in which a failure to understand the fire dynamics produced by these fires has been a contributing factor. The synthetic fuels that commonly fill contemporary homes tend to result in ventilation-controlled conditions. While synthetic fuels are common on the residential fireground, the fuels that firefighters use for fire training are more often representative of natural, wood-based fuels. In order to better understand the fire dynamics of these training fires, a series of experiments was conducted in a concrete live fire training building in an effort to evaluate the fidelity and safety of two training fuels, pallets and OSB, and compare the fire dynamics created by these fuels to those created by a fuel load representative of a living room set with furniture items with a synthetic components. Additionally, the effects of the concrete live fire training building on the fire dynamics were examined. The two training fuel loads were composed of wooden pallets and straw, and pallets, straw, and oriented strand board (OSB). The results indicated that the high leakage area of the concrete live fire training building relative to the fuel load prevented the training fuel packages from becoming ventilation-controlled and prevented the furniture package from entering a state of oxygen-depleted decay. The furniture experiments progressed to flashover once ventilation was provided. Under the conditions tested, the wood based fuels, combined with the construction features of this concrete live fire training building, limited the ability to teach ventilation-controlled fire behavior and the associated firefighting techniques. Additionally, it was shown that the potential for thermal injury to firefighters participating in a training evolution existed well below thresholds where firefighter PPE would be damaged.
2
Kerber, Steve. Fire Service Summary: Study of the Effectiveness of Fire Service Vertical Ventilation and Suppression Tactics in Single Family Homes. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, giugno 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/roua2913.
Abstract (sommario):
There is a continued tragic loss of firefighter and civilian lives, as shown by fire statistics. One significant contributing factor is the lack of understanding of fire behavior in residential structures resulting from the use of ventilation as a firefighter practice on the fire ground. The changing dynamics of residential fires as a result of the changes in home construction materials, contents, size and geometry over the past 30 years compounds our lack of understanding of the effects of ventilation on fire behavior (Kerber S. , 2012). If used properly, ventilation improves visibility and reduces the chance of flashover or back draft. If a fire is not properly ventilated, it could result in an anticipated flashover, greatly reducing firefighter safety (Kerber S. , 2012). This fire research project developed empirical data from full-scale house fire experiments to examine vertical ventilation, suppression techniques and the resulting fire behavior. The purpose of this study was to improve firefighter knowledge of the effects of vertical ventilation and the impact of different suppression techniques. The experimental results may be used to develop tactical considerations outlining firefighting ventilation and suppression practices to reduce firefighter death and injury. This fire research project will further work from previous DHS AFG sponsored research (EMW-2008-FP-01774), which studied the impact of horizontal ventilation through doors and windows (Kerber S. , 2010).
3
Kim, Dong-Sang, Reid A. Peterson e Michael J. Schweiger. Fire Safety Tests for Spherical Resorcinol Formaldehyde Resin: Data Summary Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), luglio 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1051203.
4
Zevotek, Robin, e Steve Kerber. Fire Service Summary Report: Study of the Effectiveness of Fire Service Positive Pressure Ventilation During Fire Attack in Single Family Homes Incorporating Modern Construction Practices. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, maggio 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/ncck4947.
Abstract (sommario):
There is a continued tragic loss of firefighter and civilian lives, as shown by fire statistics. One significant contributing factor is the lack of understanding of fire behavior in residential structures resulting from the use of ventilation as a firefighter practice on the fire ground. The changing dynamics of residential fires as a result of the changes in home construction materials, contents, size and geometry over the past 30 years compounds our lack of understanding of the effects of ventilation on fire behavior. Positive Pressure Ventilation (PPV) fans were introduced as a technology to increase firefighter safety by controlling the ventilation. However, adequate scientific data is not available for PPV to be used without increasing the risk to firefighters. This fire research report details the experimental data from cold flow experiments, fuel load characterization experiments and full scale fire experiments. During the project it was identified that the positive pressure attack (PPA) and positive pressure ventilation (PPV) were often used interchangeably. For the purpose of this report they have been defined as PPA for when the fan is utilized prior to fire control and PPV for when the fan is used post fire control. The information from the full scale tests was reviewed with assistance from our technical panel of fire service experts to develop tactical considerations for the use of PPV fans in residential single family structures.
5
Zevotek, Robin, e Steve Kerber. Study of the Effectiveness of Fire Service Positive Pressure Ventilation During Fire Attack in Single Family Homes Incorporating Modern Construction Practices. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, maggio 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/gsph6169.
Abstract (sommario):
There is a continued tragic loss of firefighter and civilian lives, as shown by fire statistics. One significant contributing factor is the lack of understanding of fire behavior in residential structures resulting from the use of ventilation as a firefighter practice on the fire ground. The changing dynamics of residential fires as a result of the changes in home construction materials, contents, size and geometry over the past 30 years compounds our lack of understanding of the effects of ventilation on fire behavior. Positive Pressure Ventilation (PPV) fans were introduced as a technology to increase firefighter safety by controlling the ventilation. However, adequate scientific data is not available for PPV to be used without increasing the risk to firefighters. This fire research report details the experimental data from cold flow experiments, fuel load characterization experiments and full scale fire experiments. During the project it was identified that the positive pressure attack (PPA) and positive pressure ventilation (PPV) were often used interchangeably. For the purpose of this report they have been defined as PPA for when the fan is utilized prior to fire control and PPV for when the fan is used post fire control. The information from the full scale tests was reviewed with assistance from our technical panel of fire service experts to develop tactical considerations for the use of PPV fans in residential single family structures.
6
Dow, Nick, e Daniel Madrzykowski. Residential Flashover Prevention with Reduced Water Flow: Phase 2. UL's Fire Safety Research Institute, novembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/nuzj8120.
Abstract (sommario):
The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a residential flashover prevention system with reduced water flow requirements relative to a residential sprinkler system designed to meet NFPA 13D requirements. The flashover prevention system would be designed for retrofit applications where water supplies are limited. In addition to examining the water spray’s impact on fire growth, this study utilized thermal tenability criteria as defined in UL 199, Standard for Automatic Sprinklers for Fire-Protection Service. The strategy investigated was to use full cone spray nozzles that would discharge water low in the fire room and directly onto burning surfaces of the contents in the room. Where as current sprinkler design discharges water in a manner that cools the hot gas layer, wets the walls and wets the surface of the contents in the fire room. A series of eight full-scale, compartment fire experiments with residential furnishings were conducted with low flow nozzles. While the 23 lpm (6 gpm) of water was the same between experiments, the discharge density or water flux around the area of ignition varied between 0.3 mm/min (0.008 gpm/ft2) and 1.8 mm/min (0.044 gpm/ft2). Three of the experiments prevented flashover. Five of the experiments resulted in the regrowth of the fire while the water was flowing. Regrowth of the fire led to untenable conditions, per UL 199 criteria, in the fire room. At approximately the same time as the untenability criteria were reached, the second sprinkler in the hallway activated. In a completed system, the activation of the second sprinkler would reduce the water flow to the fire room, which would potentially lead to flashover. The variations in the burning behavior of the sofa resulted in shielded fires which led to the loss of effectiveness of the reduced flow solid cone water sprays. As a result of these variations, a correlation between discharge density at the area of ignition and fire suppression performance could not be determined given the limited number of experiments. An additional experiment using an NFPA 13D sprinkler system, flowing 30 lpm (8 gpm), demonstrated more effective suppression than any of the experiments with a nozzle. The success of the sprinkler compared with the unreliable suppression performance of the lower flow nozzles supports the minimum discharge density requirements of 2 mm/min (0.05 gpm/ft2) from NFPA 13D. The low flow nozzle system tested in this study reliably delayed fire growth, but would not reliably prevent flashover.
7
Kim, Dong-Sang, Michael J. Schweiger e Reid A. Peterson. Fire Safety Tests for Cesium-Loaded Spherical Resorcinol Formaldehyde Resin: Data Summary Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), settembre 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1063735.
8
Lasko, Kristofer. Incorporating Sentinel-1 SAR imagery with the MODIS MCD64A1 burned area product to improve burn date estimates and reduce burn date uncertainty in wildland fire mapping. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), settembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42122.
Abstract (sommario):
Wildland fires result in a unique signal detectable by multispectral remote sensing and synthetic aperture radar (SAR). However, in many regions, such as Southeast Asia, persistent cloud cover and aerosols temporarily obstruct multispectral satellite observations of burned area, including the MODIS MCD64A1 Burned Area Product (BAP). Multiple days between cloud free pre- and postburn MODIS observations result in burn date uncertainty. We incorporate cloud-penetrating, C-band SAR-with the MODIS MCD64A BAP in Southeast Asia, to exploit the strengths of each dataset to better estimate the burn date and reduce the potential burn date uncertainty range. We incorporate built-in quality control using MCD64A1 to reduce erroneous pixel updating. We test the method over part of Laos and Thailand during April 2016 and found average uncertainty reduction of 4.5 d, improving 15% of MCD64A1 pixels. A new BAP could improve monitoring temporal trends of wildland fires, air quality studies and monitoring post-fire vegetation dynamics.
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McKinnon, Mark B., e Daniel Madrzykowski. Four Firefighters Burned in Residential House Fire - Georgia. UL's Fire Safety Research Institute, giugno 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/gekk4148.
Abstract (sommario):
On September 3, 2018, two career Fire Lieutenants and two career Firefighters suffered burn injuries as a result of a residential structure fire. On September 10, 2018, personnel representing several other fire departments in the area, including a member of the Fire Safety Research Institute (FSRI) Advisory Board visited the fire scene to document the incident and collect material samples from the structure. The narrative and analysis presented in this report rely on the photographs and evidence collected on September 10, 2018, dispatch transcript [5] and videos recorded at the time of the incident, and interviews conducted by a local investigator between September 3, 2018 and September 7, 2018 with fire service personnel involved in the incident and the resident of the structure [6]. The LaGrange Fire Department invited FSRI to study this incident as part of FSRI’s Near-Miss Project which is supported by a DHS/FEMA Assistance to Firefighters Grant. The goal of this project is to enhance the safety and situational awareness of the fire service by applying fire dynamics research results to near-miss or line of duty injury fire incidents. By identifying factors that contributed to the incident, perhaps future incidents may be prevented. FSRI’s analysis of this incident will apply research results and utilize fire research tools, such as computer fire models, to examine key fire phenomena and tactical outcomes. This report will explain the incident, what occurred, why it occurred, and what can be done differently in the future to result in a more favorable outcome
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Kerber, Steve, Daniel Madrzykowski, James Dalton e Robert Backstrom. Improving Fire Safety by Understanding the Fire Performance of Engineered Floor Systems and Providing the Fire Service with Information for Tactical Decision Making. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, marzo 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/zcoq6988.
Abstract (sommario):
This research project was a collaboration of several research organizations, product manufacturers and fire service representatives to examine hazards associated with residential flooring systems to improve firefighter safety. Funding for this project was provided through the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Grant Program. The main objective of this study was to improve firefighter safety by increasing the level of knowledge on the response of residential flooring systems to fire. Several types (or series) of experiments were conducted and analyzed to expand the body of knowledge on the impact of fire on residential flooring systems. The results of the study have been prepared to provide tactical considerations for the fire service to enable improved decision making on the fire scene. Experiments were conducted to examine several types of floor joists including, dimensional lumber, engineered I-joists, metal plate connected wood trusses, steel C-joists, castellated I-joists and hybrid trusses. Experiments were performed at multiple scales to examine single floor system joists in a laboratory up through a full floor system in an acquired structure. Applied load, ventilation, fuel load, span and protection methods were altered to provide important information about the impact of these variables to structural stability and firefighter safety. There are several tactical considerations that result from this research that firefighters can use immediately to improve their understanding, safety and decision making when sizing up a fire in a one or two family home. This report summarizes the results from each of the experimental series and provides discussion and conclusions of the results.