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Tesi sul tema "Finite element modelling"

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1

Roberts, D. P. "Finite element modelling of rockbolts and reinforcing elements." Thesis, Swansea University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.638679.

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Abstract (sommario):
The aim of this research was to produce a generic rockbolt model for inclusion in two and three dimensional explicit finite element analyses of mining problems. Installation of rockbolts is completely automated. Algorithms for the automatic placement of rockbolt nodes within continuum elements are developed and described. The rockbolts are described independently of the continuum degrees of freedom. Continuum elements and the rockbolt elements are connected through bond elements. Displacements from the continuum are transferred to the rockbolt system through these elements, and the resultant r
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2

Kolstad, Gaute Thorson. "Finite Element Modelling of Weldments." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for produktutvikling og materialer, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-19322.

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Abstract (sommario):
Brittle fracture is a large problem for steel structures in the arctic region. It is thus important to qualify materials and welds so they do not behave in a brittle manner. Since fracture testing of the heat affected zone (HAZ) around a weld gives a lot of scatter, doing weld simulated testing is proposed as an alternative method. In this thesis cracks in weld simulated HAZ specimens are compared to cracks in real welds, by use of finite element simulations. A weld simulated specimen is usually more brittle than a real weld. The goal of this thesis is thus to find a general rule for how much
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3

Pires, F. M. A. "Issues on the finite element modelling." Thesis, Swansea University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.638539.

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Abstract (sommario):
Aspects of constitutive modelling and numerical prediction of failure in finitely straining ductile metals are investigated in this thesis. Attention is focused on the construction of a framework for prediction of failure. The development of a model for finite strain elasto-(visco)plastic damage; a low order finite element for the numerical treatment of incompressibility and an adaptive mesh refinement strategy for this class of problems, constitute the building blocks of the overall approach. Emphasis is given to the efficient numerical simulation of the proposed theories in large scale probl
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4

Bayrakdar, Haluk. "Finite element modelling of transportation tunnels." Thesis, Durham University, 1995. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5175/.

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Abstract (sommario):
The aim of this thesis is to determine the ground deformation and stress distribution around highway tunnels at various stages of excavation and for several support conditions using finite element modelling techniques. When ground is excavated and material removed the subsequent redistribution of stress in the remaining surrounding material needs to be treated by one of three methods. These are the gravity difference method, the stress reversal technique and the relaxation approach. The first two methods were chosen for the simulation of excavation in this study. The tunnel data are in the for
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5

Knock, Clare. "Finite element modelling of estuarine hydrodynamics." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.258716.

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6

Datta, Kanyakumari. "Finite element modelling of hot rolling." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242200.

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7

Adam, Alexandros. "Finite element, adaptive spectral wave modelling." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/45307.

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Abstract (sommario):
The ability to predict the wave climate has a great impact on a wide range of sectors, including coastal and offshore engineering, marine renewable energy and shipping. The state of the art in wave prediction is called spectral wave modelling and is based on a phase-averaged, spectral description of the sea-surface elevation. The governing equation, called the action balance equation, is five-dimensional and describes the generation, propagation and evolution of action density in geographic space, spectral space and time. Due to the multidimensional nature of the equation the feasible resoluti
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8

Bates, Paul David. "Finite element modelling of floodplain inundation." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/edf8eb51-e701-4c18-a482-7f0dac785f84.

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Abstract (sommario):
Flood inundation phenomena typically occur over reach lengths of 5- 30 km and incorporate a number of complex flow mechanisms. These include a momentum transfer between the main channel and floodplain and turbulent mixing caused by the delivery of water to the floodplain from the channela nd its subsequenrte turn. However, currently available one dimensional schemes applicable at scales appropriate to floodplain inundation processes cannot effectively simulate such processes. This is due to both an incomplete description of the flow physics and a failure to treat floodplain areas in realistic
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9

Swarbrick, Sean James. "Finite element simulation of viscoelastic flow." Thesis, Teesside University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278423.

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10

Kukula, S. J. "Finite element modelling of delaminations in composites." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7711.

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11

Power, Philip William. "Error measures for finite element ocean modelling." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485614.

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Abstract (sommario):
This thesis presents goal-based error measures and applies them, via appropriate metric tensors, to the adaptation of three dimensional anisotropic tetrahedral finite element meshes for a range of oceanographic modelling problems. The overall aim of this work is to produce error measures which are able to resolve the flow features of an ocean over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales simultaneously. For example, western boundary currents, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), equatorial jets, meddies (mid-latitude eddies) and Open Ocean Deep Convection. Conventional numerical ocean m
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12

Piefort, Vincent. "Finite element modelling of piezoelectric active structures." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211645.

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13

Pamudji, Rahardjo A. "Finite element modelling of river bed dynamics." Thesis, Swansea University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.638405.

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Abstract (sommario):
Numerical modelling of Bed Dynamics in 1-D and 2-D poblems using the Two-Step Taylor Galerkin Finite Element scheme has been proposed. It has been shown that the scheme is capable of handling the coupled system that exists between unsteady hydrodynamics and a mobile bed. Fully coupled codes have been developed with an option to semi-couple the system while maintaining numerical accuracy for both the hydrodynamics and the bed level change. The semi-coupled extension enables the modelling of the hydrodynamics and the bed level change with different time steps. Coupling is maintained at common ti
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14

Kabir, Saiful. "Finite element modelling of photonic crystal fibres." Thesis, City University London, 2007. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/8592/.

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Abstract (sommario):
Photonic crystal fibre (PCF), a new kind of optical fibre, has many air-holes in their cross-section and has potential applications to new optical communication systems. The main objective of this research is the modelling of photonic crystal fibre to identify the fundamental and higher order quasi-TE and TM modes with square, ,rectangular and circular air holes in a square and hexagonal matrix, by using a rigorous full-vectorial H-field based finite element method (FEM). Besides the modal solutions of the effective indices, mode field profiles, spot sizes, modal hybridness, polarization beat
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15

Hiett, Ben. "Photonic crystal modelling using finite element analysis." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274031.

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16

Abosaf, Mohamed. "Finite element modelling of multi-point forming." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8012/.

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The general aim of this study is to develop a 3-D FE model for multi-point forming dies using ABAQUS software and use this to study the effect of process parameters related to tool geometry such as radius of curvature of deformed parts, pin size, elastic cushion thickness and coefficient of friction. Doubly curved parts will be investigated in this research. The material properties for two blanks were determined for use as required parameters for the simulation analysis. Finite element models of the doubly curved forming process were developed and validated for two materials: DC05 steel sheet
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17

Mayne, David A. "Finite element modelling of cohesive sediment transport." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15300.

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Abstract (sommario):
The movement of cohesive sediment is of great importance in many coastal and estuarine engineering problems. Navigation channels often used to be dredged to maintain navigable depths, allowing for the effect of a harbour or wharf on the local sediment transport regime. Contaminants are readily absorbed by silt and clay particles, causing a range of water quality problems. This thesis describes the development and testing of a finite element program to model cohesive sediment transport. The program solves the coupled Navier-Stokes and scalar-transport equations along with several complex numeri
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18

Conradie, Johan. "Finite Element Modelling of Off-Road Tyres." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/45957.

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Abstract (sommario):
Most tyre models developed to date require a fair amount of data before an accurate representation of the tyre can be obtained. This study entails the development of a simplified, yet accurate, non-linear Finite Element (FE) model of an “off-road” tyre to study the behaviour of the tyre due to radial loading conditions. The study aims to develop a FE tyre model that can solve fast and be accurate enough to be used in multibody dynamic vehicle simulations. A model that is less complex than conventional detailed FE models is developed. The work explores the use of superimposed finite elements t
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19

Oliveira, Ana Carolina Carius de. "Hierarchical modelling for the heat equation in a heterogeneous." Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, 2006. http://www.lncc.br/tdmc/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=68.

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In this dissertation, we study the stationary heat equation in a heterogeneous tridimensional plate, using a "dimension reduction" techinique called hierarchical modelling and we generate model the original problem in a two-dimensional domain. To estimate the error modelling, we develop an asymptotic expansion for the original problem solution and for the aproximate solution. Comparing both solutions with their own asymptotic expansions, we obtain an estimative of the error modelling. We perform some computational experiments, using the Residual Free Bubbles (RFB) Method and the Multiscale Fin
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20

Unosson, Mattias. "On failure modelling in finite element analysis : material imperfections and element erosion." Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-4679.

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21

Di, Meglio Alberto. "Finite element-boundary elements modelling of acoustic scattering from viscoelastic anechoic structures." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2000. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/488/.

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Abstract (sommario):
This research work focuses on the analysis of multi-layered, anechoic tiles for underwater applications, especially in the field of communications. It is firstly shown how the sound absorbing properties of viscoelastic materials can be modified and enhanced by the proper use of fillers, such as lead oxide and mica. Successively, a new method for identifying the viscoelastic frequency-dependent properties of such materials from experimental data is presented. The method is based on a variational method analogous to the Hamilton Principle. It allows calculating hard-to-find properties such as th
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22

Runnemalm, Henrik. "Efficient finite element modelling and simulation of welding." Doctoral thesis, Luleå, 1999. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1544/1999/20/index.html.

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23

Elkhouri, Nidal. "Finite-element modelling of the gerbil middle ear." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98957.

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Abstract (sommario):
Hearing loss is the third leading chronic disability after arthritis and hypertension, and the most frequent birth defect. Non-invasive diagnoses and middle-ear prostheses are often unsatisfactory, partly because of a lack of understanding of middle-ear mechanics. The focus of this thesis is to develop a 3-D finite-element model to quantify the mechanics of the gerbil middle ear. An MRM dataset with a voxel size of 45 &mgr;m, and an x-ray micro-CT dataset with a voxel size of 5 um, supplemented by histological images, are the basis for 3-D reconstruction and finite-element mesh generation. The
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24

Mikhael, Chadia. "Finite-element modelling of the human middle ear." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82619.

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Abstract (sommario):
Most models of the middle ear are based on oversimplified geometries and iterative material-property fitting to experimental data which may yield physiologically incorrect estimates.<br>The aim of our work was to build an accurate human middle-ear finite-element model that is based on accurate geometry and a priori material-property estimates.<br>A human temporal-bone specimen was obtained for which the middle-ear response had been measured by means of laser Doppler vibrometry. High-resolution micro-computed tomography data for the specimen were used for accurately defining structure geometry.
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25

Thomas, Sadiq. "Comprehensive finite element modelling of electromagnetic acoustic transducers." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.509874.

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26

Mohd, Ihsan A. K. A. "Powder compaction, finite element modelling and experimental validation." Thesis, Swansea University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.638216.

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Abstract (sommario):
In the modelling of powder compaction, the behaviour of powders is assumed to be rate-independent elastoplastic, and the process may be described by a large displacement based finite element formulation. Three constitutive relationships to describe the mechanical behaviour of the powders were examined, namely a Mohr-Coulomb yield surface, an elliptical cap yield surface and a combined yield surface model. Of all the models tested, an elliptical cap was shown to be the most appropriate for the compaction phase. An incremental elastoplastic material model was used to simulate the relaxation phas
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27

Trigo, Teixeira A. A. "Finite element modelling of hydrodynamics in coastal zones." Thesis, Swansea University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.639260.

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A Finite Element Model is developed and implemented in order to study the hydrodynamics of coastal zones. The Shallow Water Equations for well mixed waters are derived integrating the Reynolds Equations along the water depth, using the surface and bottom stress laws, and taking into account the geostrophic acceleration. The system of equations is derived in conservation form. The Euler-Taylor-Galerkin scheme is used to discretize the system of equations, with the temporal discretization preceding the spatial discretization. In the process, triangular elements are used, taking advantage of exac
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28

Herbert, Rolf China. "Modelling insect wings using the finite element method." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370012.

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29

Rabbani, Khawar. "Material behaviour modelling for finite element crash simulation." Thesis, Birmingham City University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430363.

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30

Hanspal, Navraj S. "Finite element modelling of high performance aeronautical filters." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2005. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14001.

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Abstract (sommario):
The primary aim of this study is to develop and validate a computer model for the design of pleated cartridge filters. Mathematical modelling of incompressible creeping flow and low permeability Darcy flow are well established and a number of reliable schemes for the simulation of these regimes are available in the literature. In the context of the present studies a computer model for modelling of combined Stokes/Darcy flows encountered in pleated cartridge filters has been developed. A two-dimensional simulation code that can model fluid hydrodynamics in permeable media as in dead-end pleated
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31

Arabshahi, Saeed. "Finite element idealisation in a solid modelling environment." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305391.

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32

El-Shawish, Jamal M. "Investigation of variable transformers by finite element modelling." Thesis, City University London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412619.

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33

Rui, Yi. "Finite element modelling of thermal piles and walls." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708657.

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34

Cotton, John. "Finite element modelling of concrete at elevated temperatures." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.630477.

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This thesis presents a new plastic damage constitutive model for concrete subjected to elevated temperatures. The proposed Cardiff Concrete Temperature (CARCOT) model combines the original theory presented by Lubliner et al. (1989) with newly derived temperature dependent material parameters developed for normal and high strength concrete. The temperature dependent material parameters have been obtained from a laboratory based experimental study conducted by the author. The CARCOT model has been implemented into the finite element code LUSAS after a successful validation programme using a sing
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35

Cronje, M. "Finite element modelling of shielded metal arc welding." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2649.

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Abstract (sommario):
Thesis (MScEng (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.<br>This study involved the modelling and verification of the Shielded Metal Arc Welding of mild steel with the focus on displacement and temperature distribution prediction of welded plates. The project was divided into three phases namely; the literature survey into finite element modelling of welding processes, the modelling of a welding process and verification of the modelling with experimental results. A working welding model was created using a commercial finite element software package wit
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36

Elmasoudi, Solayman. "Finite element modelling of a pedestrian impact dummy." Thesis, KTH, Neuronik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-183557.

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37

Kormendy, Imre, and Mustafa Muwaili. "Timber Shear Wall Analysis : Parameterized Finite Element Modelling." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-77199.

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This paper investigates the linear elastic behavior of timber shear walls under monotonic prescribed displacement. ABAQUS© 16.4-5, is a numerical finite element software used as the primary analysis methodology.  Parameterized models are created for two shear wall specimens of different geometry concerning door and window configurations. The shear walls are simulated as solid timber framing which is mechanically connected to gypsum sheathing board through fasteners. The primary findings are the linear elastic shear force distribution of the mechanical joints. Additionally, deformations and rea
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38

Cheng, Yew Bie. "Finite element modelling and optimization of solenoid actuators." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1994. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/47958/.

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This thesis is concerned with the application of electromagnetic finite element (FE) analysis, using a general purpose package, OPERA-2d, and optimization techniques to the design of solenoid actuators used in hydraulic control valves. Different methods of force calculations are reviewed, including Maxwell Stress Tensor (MST), multi-solution Virtual Work Principle (VWP), and single-solution based VWP methods. While the MST method enables the calculation of force using a single solution and provides the distribution of force transmitted across various sections of the integration surface enclosi
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39

Saksono, Prihambodo Hendro. "On finite element modelling of surface tension phenomena." Thesis, Swansea University, 2002. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42392.

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The objective of this work is to develop a computational framework for modelling the motion of liquid phase between moving particles associated with the processing of complex multiphase materials. The liquid phase may be present at various levels of saturation and necessarily includes numerous and irregular free surfaces. In this kind of situation the surface tension is dominant and governs the interparticle motion that plays a fundamental role during material processing. This work focuses on surface tension modelling using the finite element method. Two issues related to the modelling of surf
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40

Li, Chenfeng. "Stochastic finite element modelling of elementary random media." Thesis, Swansea University, 2006. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42770.

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Following a stochastic approach, this thesis presents a numerical framework for elastostatics of random media. Firstly, after a mathematically rigorous investigation of the popular white noise model in an engineering context, the smooth spatial stochastic dependence between material properties is identified as a fundamental feature of practical random media. Based on the recognition of the probabilistic essence of practical random media and driven by engineering simulation requirements, a comprehensive random medium model, namely elementary random media (ERM), is consequently defined and its m
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41

Qureshi, Jawed Qureshi. "Finite element modelling of steel-concrete composite structures." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2010. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21112/.

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The main objective of this research is to contribute to the knowledge and understanding of the behaviour of the headed stud shear connector in composite beams with trapezoidal profiled metal decking laid perpendicular to the axis of the beam through experimental and numerical studies. Push tests are used to study the behaviour of composite beams. A three-dimensional finite element model of the push test is developed using the general purpose finite element program ABAQUS and the push test is analysed using different concrete material models, and analysis procedures. The Concrete Damaged Plasti
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42

Ljungberg, Björn. "3D Finite Element Modelling of ICRH in JET." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-253263.

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This master's thesis assesses the possibility of using the nite element method to solve the electromagneticwave equation in a fusion plasma in 3D. In particular, the frequency is chosen to match that of ioncyclotron resonance heating in the fusion experiment JET. In this work, a brief introduction on fusion isgiven, followed by an explanation of the damping process in a plasma. A projection of the 3D wave eldonto a poloidal plane is compared to the 2D wave eld produced by the code FEMIC for validation ofthe developed 3D code. The comparison was done with good results.The power spectrum and cou
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43

Gong, Nai-Guang. "Finite element analysis of masonry arch bridges." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335791.

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44

Dávalos, Chargoy César Emilio. "Particle finite element methods for modelling granular material flows." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/276169.

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The aim of this work is to present a new procedure for modelling industrial processes that involve granular material flows, using a numerical model based on the Particle Finite Element Method (PFEM). The numerical results herein presented show the potential of this methodology when applied to different branches of industry. Due to the phenomenological richness exhibited by granular materials, the present work will exclusively focus on the modelling of cohesionless dense granular flows. The numerical model is based on a continuum approach in the framework of large-deformation plasticity theor
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45

Stenius, Ivan. "Finite element modelling of hydroelasticity in hull-water impacts." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Aeronautical and Vehicle Engineering, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4304.

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<p>The work in this thesis focuses on the use of explicit finite element analysis (FEA) in the modelling of fluid-structure interaction of panel-water impacts. Paper A, considers modelling of a two-dimensional rigid wedge impacting a calm water surface. From analytical methods and results of a systematic parameter study a generalised approach for determination of fluid discretization and contact parameters in the modelling of arbitrary hull-water impact situations is developed and presented. In paper B the finite element modelling methodology suggested in paper A is evaluated for elastic struc
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46

Antypas, Dionyssios. "Structural response modelling using the stochastic finite element method." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8314.

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47

Cai, Qingbo. "Finite element modelling of cracking in concrete gravity dams." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01302008-160623.

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48

Suriyachat, Phanuwat. "Modelling of mine openings using nonlinear finite element method." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39380.

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A nonlinear finite element model, called MINE-PAL, has been developed for elasto-plastic, large deformation analysis of underground and surface mining excavations. The model accounts for both material nonlinearity due to yielding and strain-hardening and strain-softening effects and geometric nonlinearity due to large deformations. The finite element equations are formulated using incremental plasticity theory with Total Lagrangian approach where the Kirchhoff stress tensor and Green strain increment tensor are used. The model is developed for use on microcomputer system and is designed to per
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49

Wadham-Gagnon, Matthew. "Hyperelastic modelling of rubber behaviour in finite element software." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99797.

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Abstract (sommario):
Experimental characterisation of rubber in uniaxial, equi-biaxial and planar tension under cyclic quasi-static loading shows strain-induced stress softening, hysteresis and unrecoverable strain. The objective of this work is to study the applications and limitations involved in predicting the behaviour of rubber with hyperelastic models. To assume a preconditioned perfectly elastic material, the data obtained from experiments must first be simplified. The data is then fitted to popular hyperelastic models in the finite element analysis (FEA) software ANSYS(TM). A single hyperelastic model (wit
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Ladak, Hanif M. "Finite-element modelling of middle-ear prostheses in cat." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68035.

Testo completo
Abstract (sommario):
Discontinuity of the middle-ear ossicular chain results in conductive hearing loss. Two prostheses commonly used to surgically repair the ossicular chain are the MSA and the MFA. In the MSA, a strut is connected between the malleus and the head of the stapes, while in the MFA a strut is connected between the malleus and the footplate of the stapes. In this work, finite-element models of the MSA, MFA and normal cat middle ear are developed. The models are valid for low frequencies (below 300 Hz) and for physiological sound levels. The mechanical behaviour of the normal middle-ear model is compa
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